Microwaves and Radar =Z, tI) 1+]T] _ 7 | #04136 + j 0.4185 ~ “1+ 0136 = j 0.4185 = 756.8 |-46.06° [se = 756.88 |- 46.06° 600 {9° : 1.10 SMITH CHART Smith chart is « graphical aid for solving transmission line problems very easily which Would be tedious to solve by using analytical methods, For example, the input impedanceof a lossless line is given by equation (1.129) as {with ct = 0 and y = jB} | Zt iRetanBe °1@, + jZ, tanBz IZ, Z, ae known and Z, specified, the length of the line can be determined from the above equation. This requires a lot of calculations and hence cumbersomie: But, by using Smith chart the problem can be solved very easily. Construction of Smith’ Chart ie _ Smith chart is constructed on voltage reflection coefficient plane i.e,, on the P-plane From equation (1.133), we have I+ Z=2Z, ‘The input impedance Z, when divided by Z, is called "Normalized input impedance" given soe (LIST) by sve (1.152) Let the normalized input impedance (also called per wnit impedance which is « complex quantity) be given by we (1.153) r4jx Scanned with CamScannerThe quantity (I |,6~28z is also a complex quantity and let it be given by i =utjy Bae (1.154) Using equations s(l. 153) and (1.154) in equation (1,152), we get 7 -(ltu)+jv [(l-u)+jv rejects {=} +) atonalizaton ((-0)+ jv) Equating real and imaginary parts, ive get = defo ee Te (155) (1.156) and Constant Resistance Circles From equation (1.155), we have r{l-2utu?+ v4 w(l+p-2urtev(1 +1) <.) (<) eve ~ aye) * ier. (o-e) *” ltr. 2 rt a Gee) a2 ( J Equation (1.157) represents the equation ofa circle ofratis( -) and centre at| ly represents normalized resistance circles, which are shown prose din This equation actuall figure 1.45. Scanned with CamScanner(0,-1) 1.15 : Ilustrating constant r circles onstant Reactance.Circles | From equation (1.156) (+? 20+ 1)x = 2v 4 W@-2u4 I xtv'x-2W = 0 Dividing by x throughout, we get 2v @-t+v-= 20 x ; 1 Completing the square by adding 3 10 both sides, we get 2 L 1y u 1)? (v 4) [= wns (v-4 sity Tie ae ed as (1.158) ‘This equation (1.158) is again the equation of a family of circles called "constant reactance icles" with radius equal to { 1.) , 1 qual to | =} and centre at |. =) which are shown plotted in figure 1.16. Scanned with CamScanner@-1 Fig. 1.16 : Ilustrating constant x-circles “The superposition of these constantsesistance circles and constant reactance circles forms the SMITH CHART. The outermost circle in figure 1.17 represent the wavelength toward generator (clockwise) Jock wise). The next inner circle shows the angle of reflection and the wavelength toward load (antic coefficient in degrees. 4a (4) angle bf reflection Wavelength ward self dees generator / 3 vavtolength tow wavelengt a EY “NOP -tttustrating outer circles of ‘SMITH CHART Scanned with CamScannerMicrowaves and Radar Because the the line corres ‘ncident and the reflected w: Ponds to two degrees phase di Constant VswR (p) Circles From equation (1.157), we have ry Ly w=) pe (4 ( eal a (4) when v= 0 (i.e., all.along the horizontal axis of the Smith Chart), ara) we I+r aves travel in the opposite direct tions, one degree on ffetence between the incident anc id reflected waves, we have u u Either u . Consider Ne: rel By Componendo and dividendo, ltu r+l+r-1 2r t 1 [ou.> reine 2 . 2 the l-u From. equation (1.154), we have IT] |= 282 w= i Using this in equation (1.159), we get 1410) jon (1.108) = ——75) =p from equation (1. r= qo"? sve (1.159) r u+jveu sincev=0 (1.160) When v = 0, =p | horizontal axis. With leapt c= ps fosted on he cena hoizontt ere pi ircle, Js Tocated ing the cent a centre of Smith Cras of side, The point onthe let hand sil ofthe cha e right hand side. : axis at p on the rig {1 always be at (I/p) as illustrated in figure 1.18, will alwa Scanned with CamScannerConstant Fig, 1.18: Illustrating Constant p-circle Applications and Properties of Smith Chart 1, Smith, Chart consists of resistance and reactance circles (i.e oF st and ao: circles where Z, = R, + j X,). Hence the given load impedance Z, has to ie divided oy, before entering in the Smith Chart. This process-is called "normalization" and the ratio (2,) is called "per tinit load impedance” or "normalized impedance". Plotting of an impedanee : Any complex impedance ‘can be shown y a.single point on the a Smith Chart. This point i the intersection of r= BE circle and x =j ¥ are of a circle, Example : Let Z,= 120 +j 160 Qand Z, = 4002 and Fig. 1.19 : Illustrating application (2) Scanned with CamScannerThe point A in figure 1 i ae [Od one chen! igure 1.19 shows the point corresponding to a normalized impedance 3. VSWR Determination : With'O' : i ae a 'O' as centre and ‘OA’ as radius, a circle is drawn which cuts peur . value of 3.9 (shown as point B in figure 1.19). This gives the 4, ee ofr i magnitude and direction : The line OA in figure 1.19, is produced \¢ outer circle at point C. The angle at point C=6 = 9 earn gle at p 9 = 133.20 is the phase angle of the ae ‘To find magnitude of [the linear scale atthe bottom ofthe chart is referred which is marked oltage reflection coefficient”, With 0.0as centre and radius exactly equal to OA, an arc is cut on the linear scale as shown in figure 1.20. The value of [I is read as 0.59 corresponding to point A. VOLTAGE a REFLECTION COFFICIENT Fig. 1.20: Measurement of reflection coefficient ‘The reflection coefficient I = 0.59 1332° ! The constant p circle intersects the, central horizontal axis at 9. The pint D corresponds to Voltage minima and B to 5, Location of Vig, 22d Vie point D and B as shown in figure 1.1 Voltage maxima. R Line impedance at Ving, =~" = tina = 3.91 Rain ; and line impedance at Vij, = "gy = Finn = 026 (The reactive components are zero) : 6. Open and Short circuited line: At point F on the horizontal axis, r= © and x =<. This represents the open circuit termination of the Fine, {At point E we have r = 0, x = 0. This represents short circuit termination. 7, Movement along periphery of the results in number of wavelengths towal from point E in wavelengths toward toad. On N2. 8. Matched I chart Moveriient in clockwise direction from point E rd gonerator and movement in anti-clockwise direction 'e full rotation on the periphery corresponds to load: Consider the circle r= 1. ristic-impedance of the line. This mponent is neutralized by equal This will be discussed later Z. i.e, the resistive component of the load dition of no reflection provided ils plays an important part in stub load is equal to characte! d its reactive co! ts the con : represen matching ( | put opposite reactance, This sein chanter. & a Scanned with CamScanner9. Conversion of impedance to admittance To find the admittance of an impedance at point A, the point A is rotated through const s-circle by an amount 1/4 which is equivalent to 180°, The point G diametrically opposite » has a value 1.2 —j 1.6 which is the admittance corresponding to the impedance 0.3 + j 0.4. (Th property is discussed in detail just after example 1.21). Constant p-Circle PIN Fig. 1.21: Illustrating Conversion of impedance to admittance A transmission line with a characteristic inSdance (50 +j 0) Q is terminated in mn ent at the terminal load end an impedance (25 ~j 100.2). Determine the voltage reflection coefficic of the line using Smith Chart. Cherailis Zo Solution : The following steps indicate how a Smith Chart can be used to solve the above problem. 1. The given load impedance is first normalized, oat a Bri BOS-j2=6+jX yay ‘The point A on the Smith Chart is located at the intersection ofr = 0.5 circle and x =— {bottom half of Smith Chart is used for negative reactance] as shown in figure 1.22. With 'O' as centre, radius equal to OA, a circle is drawn. This is the constant-p circle, This constant-p ciele cuts the central horizontal axis at point B on the right side. At this point, the value-of p (equal to VSWR) is read equal to the value of 'r at point B. In figure 1.22, the value of r at point B is equal to 10. * p:= VSWR =10. 4 Below the Smith Chart, we,have the radially scaled parameters showing 4 different quantities viz, Reflection coefficient and reflection loss in dB onthe right hand:side, Voltage standing wave and transmission loss on the left-hand side. With'O'as centre and radius equal to OA and are DBs cut on the reflection coefficient line nee in figure 1.22. Let this interséction point be F. Atpoint F, the value of |F]isreadas _Theline OA i extended upto point C. The angle corresponding tC gives the phase angle of ion coefficient. At point C, the value of phase angle 0 = ~ 51° * The voltage reflection coefficient atthe terminal load end of the Tine iS rp ae y 2 Panos oo Scanned with CamScannerFig. 1.22 Illustrating example 1.21 Example 1.22 : Determine the length of short circuited stub having characteristic impedance Z, = 200 Q and Z, =~ j100 Q using Smith Chart. . Solution : 1 The normalized value of input impedance is found using the relation . 00, er a a a 505 tersection of r=O circle and x 0.5 arc as shown in the 2. The point Ais located at the int gmith chart of figure 1.23. Scanned with CamScanner{FIG TBRL iiivating exampie3-22"] . Let ‘0’ be'the centre of the chart. Then OA is joined and extended to point A' as shown. 4, From the point of short circuit marked S.C. on the chart, the number of wavelengths upto point A' is measured moving in a clockwise direction as shown along the periphery of the chart. This length gives the value of (1/A) where ‘I’ is the required length of the short circuited stub. From the chart, the distance of point A’ from L SC. = 7 =0.426 = 0.4264 Knowing the value of A, the exact length of the short-circuited line can be calculated. Length of the line = Scanned with CamScanner62 Example 1.23 : Determine the inputimpe ‘ance > ir pe ‘ance of 2000 i ina 100 O resistance using Smith Chart. \lso find PS 8) Wavelensts long terminated + Solution : 1. The load impedance is first normalized, given by 05+j0 00 This impedance is plotted as point'A' on the Smith Chart of fi component of Z, is zerd, point A lies on the central horizontal 2. The constant S-circle is now drawn with 3. OA is joined and extended to point B. Th igure 1.25. Since the reactive axis on the left hand side. Oas centre and OA as radius, 1 value of (I/A) is calculated from the data given. It isgiventhat “7 = (3) d 3 Loss 3x0 1 4. A distance equal to > = clockwise direction to get point B'. {Note that one full revolution on the periphery of the chart is‘equal to one half wavelength}, This movement og the chart can be visualized by moving on the transmission line from load towards generator as illusteated in figure 1.24, .375 is moved from point B on the periphery of the chart in the input point A' ». Load point (A) 130375 ¥ a Generator i] Zz, ale “~~ direction of movement from point A (Toad point) towards generator (clockwise movement on chart) to arrive at point A’ (input point) + Fig. 1.24 : Line representation of example 1.23 5. QB'is joined to cut the constant - p circle at A' which is the required input point. _ 6, Normalized impedance at point A'= 2, = 0.8 ~j 0.6 - ® Input impedasce Z, = 2, Z, = (0.8 -j0.6) 200) =160-j1200 i 7. With OA as radius, an arc is cut on the voltage reflection coefficient line as shown in 3 o * a 0) figure 1.25, to get reflection coefficient = I = 0.33 |180° [The phase angle at B = 180") Ay, Scanned with CamScannerFig. 1.25 : Illustrating example 1.23 Example 1.24 : A 300 2 line is terminated by an unknown impedance. VSWR is 4.48 and the first voltage minimum is situated at 6 cm from the tetmination when the frequency is 300 MHz. Determine the unknown load impédance ifthe line isin air [phase velocity = velocity of light] Solution : : 1. The point D is located on the.central horizontal axis,on the RHS correspondit ing t p=VSWR=r=4.48, ic 2. With ‘O'as centre, radius €qual to OD, the constant-S-circleis drawn as shown in figure 1.26. 3. The citcle cuts the horizontal axis on LHS at point E. This point corresponds 10 V., Don the right corresponds to V,*,, point: 4, Given dV,,,, = 6 em from the termination; f = 200 MHz . iat Point Scanned with CamScannerMicrowaves and Radar Fig. 1.26 : Illustrating example 1.24 Wavelength 4 =. from equation (1.55) Also given Scanned with CamScannerMicrowave Transmission Lines 65 ‘This is illustrated in-figure 1.27. To locate the load terminal point, a distance equal to 0.04 is moved in anti-clockwise direction from point E’ cS a to get point F' on the chart, This is equivalent to moving @ distance 0.04 2, from V,,.. point towards right (ie., towards load) in figure 1.26, Va, Point —f ) Le ee pint * (Fon chart) (Don chart) FiestV,, point (Eon chart) : Fig, 1.27 : Line representation of example 1.24 5. “The line OF 'is joined which cuts the constant p-circle at point R.«* 6. The point F is the load point. The impedance at point.F is 2, = 0.24 ~j 0.24 ‘+ Londimpedance Z, = 2,2, = (0.24~} 0.24) (300) o Z,=2-jn2Q Lane 1.25 : A voltage minimum occurs 18 em from the termination of a lossless line of length 52 cm. Adjacent voltage minima are 20 cm apart, The voltage standing wave ratio is 2.5-and the characteristic impedance is 300 Q. Using Smith Chart, find the input impedance and the Joad . impedance of the line. re Ze Solution : Data given. dV, i, = 18cm, P=2.5,Z, = 300.2, Z,=? and Z, Steps : ~ 2 =1=52em, > = distance between adjacent V,,, = 20cm, 1. With O as centre, radius OP = p = 2.5, a constant-p circle is drawn as shown in figure 1,28 [Point P is located to the right of centre O at r= p = 2.5}. ‘3 au 2. Given dV,ig= 18 emand >= 200m -. 40 em. ; a = 40 Let the constant-p circle cut the left side ot Point. The load point A is located ‘on the periphery of the chart in .45 wavelengths}. OA’ is joi f central horizontal axis at point C. This is V,., by moving from point C through a distance of 0.45 wavelength an anti-clockwise direction [ie., from C' to A‘ (anti-clockwise) ined to cut the constant-p circle at point A. Scanned with CamScannerMicrowaves and Radar Fig, 1.28 : Ilusteating example 1.25 ‘The impedance at point A is the normalized load impedance given by z, = 0.435 + j 0.27 . Load impedance Z, = (2) Z,) (0.435 + j 0.27) (300) 130.5 +j 81.2 1=S52em 2= 40cm 52 : 40 4. Given 0 =13 hin os Scanned with CamScanner© To locate input impedance point, a distance equal to 1.3 is moved’ fron, Poim a’, periphery of the chart in a clock-wise direction fadistance of 1.3issameas a distance of. 7 one rotation corresponds to 0.5] to get point B'. OB'is joined to cut the constant-p circle at rin B. This is the input impedance point. : At point B, normalized input impedance z, is z, = 0.9 ~j 0.88 + ¢,Input impedance = Z,=(z,) (Z,) ‘ (0.9 - j 0.88) (300) ze 270 - j 264 Z, = 317.62 |~4436" Q “ Some More Applications of. Smith.Chart 1. Conversion of impedance to admittance using Smith chart: The input impedance Z, of a line of length ‘P is given by equation (1.65), with z= J, as 2 cosh +2 °| Z, coshyl +Z, sinh yl a ESS (E160) Dividing both numerator and denominator by cost, we get [# +2, tanh 4] is Z,+Z tanh yl] SS ee (1.162) Dividing both numerator and denominator now by tanh yf, we get hak ey Lae - (1.163) Fora lossless quarter-wave line, we have y = jB and = te) if aay 2 x a 4 -¥-0(3} Scanned with CamScannerMicrowave Transmission Lines. “The conduc ance equal t0 0.205 2 is moved on the Petipy 7 tt : 1 of the chart from point A' iri anticlockwise direction to et point B’, Ss 3. OB' is joined cutting the Constant-p circle at point B. Point B is the required load admittance point. 4. From the chart, the normalized load admittance at Point B is given by Y, = 0.32 + j0.26 3 1.11 IMPEDANCE MATCHING Whenever a high frequency transmission line is terminated in its. characteristic resistance R,, it becomes a smooth Tine with’no reflections, Not all the time the load resistance will be equal to R, so that it becomes necessary to introduce an impedance-transforming section such as quarter-wave section or exponential tapered section toachieve impedance. ‘matching. Another Convenient way to achieve matching is by using single-stub matching, In single-stub matching, an open ot closed stub line of suitable length “?” as a reactance is shunted zeros the transmission line at a designated distance “a” from the load, to tune the length of the line and the load to resonance with an anti-resonant resistance equal to R,. This is shown in figure 1.35, : 1 i i 7 t Y, Voltage minimum before insertion of stub Fig. 1.35 : Illustrating single-stub impedance matching At the position of Vis the current will be I, and the impedance at this point will be maximum as given by equation (1:123) as ves Nou! «Rp (L171) lal Scanned with CamScannerfsoyded ou ‘Microwaves and Radar c+ The conductance at this point will be minimum given by G. joe (1.172) Similarly, atthe position of V,,. the current will be ] max 2nd the impedance at this point will be minimum given by [Refer example 1.8] Rea wn (1173) ‘The conductance at this V,;, point will be maximum given by ee (1.174) Soig= Rain Ro ‘At some intermediate point'11" in figure 1.35, the real part of the input admittance Y, may have ain intermediate value of 1/R,, Hence input admittance at 11" is given by 1 Pode oe eee Oe 1.175 Y= Rete : (1.175) where B is the susceptance. After locating points 11" where the conductance is 1/R,, a short stub line having an input susceptance of + B may be connected across the transmission line, The input admittance at this point will then be 1 1 i B= asi 17 Y= gy tBeB (1.176) +, The input iinpedance at point 11° looking towards the load = Z,= R,, The line from source to point 11; is then terminated in R, and becomes a smooth line. From points 11’ to the load, there will be reflections and standing ‘waves, but the losses will be negligible. Important reasons for impedance-matching 1. Maximum power will be transmitted to the load, thus making the eifcincy of transmission greatest. 2. A line terminated in R, has a standing wave rato of unity and transmits a giveh power with a smaller peak voltage. 3, A line terminated in R, becomes non-resonant ie,, its input impedance remains at R, and will be independent of frequency. 4.12 SINGLE-STUB MATCHING USING SMITH CHART The following steps are involved in the design of single stub matchiing using Smith chart, of figure 1.36. 1. The normalized load impedance point is located at point A. 2. with 'O' as centre and OA as radius, the constant p-circle is drawn and the diametrically onnosite point B is located on the constant-9 circle as shown in figure 1.36, Scanned with CamScannerMicrowave Transmission Lines va 3, Location of the stub is found by moving towards generator (clockwise direction) from point B to point C which is the intersection of the constant-p circle with g = | circle. OB is extended to B' and OC to C.. The distance (44) corresponding to the arc B'C’ gives the stub position. 4, The susceptance value of point C represents the susceptance of the line at the stub connection. Let this value be equal to "jb". This value of capacitive susceptance has to be neutralized by an inductive susceptance of — jb. + 5, The point corresponding to a susceptance of - jb is plotted on g =0 circle at point D as shown, 6, The point P in figure 1.36 represents the short circuit point. The arc length from P to D moving clock-wise gives the value of (14) from which the length ''of thes, -irevited stub is found out.” : = Ocircle g=Icircle Short circuit point Fig. 1.36 : Illustrating Single Stub Matching using Smith Chart Example 1.30 : A load impedance of Z, = 60 ~j 80 Q is required to be matched to a'50 ohm co-axial line, by using a short circuited stub of length located at a distance 'd’ from the load. ‘The wavelength of operation is 1 metre. Using Smith Chart, find ‘d' and ‘7. Solution : Given load impedance 60-j802 502 Zr 0-180 Z, 50 = 12-j16 1. Normalized load impedance z, = z, Scanned with CamScanner78 Microwaves and Radar This ; : ; is impedance is located in the Smith Chart of figure 1.37 as point A. Its normalized ee i foun ee Pi is diametically opposite at point B. With O (centre of the radius i i i i Teonetl ne aicarveun uty a ou to OA, the constant-p-circle is drawn and point B is. =0 SACLE LY g cincee Robe sre tere i —— Ft fos teadevpnfcedeed Pietra rr et Fig. 1.37: Mustrating example 1.30 2. OB is joined and extended to'B' on the peripheiy. . R Yo : : ; 3. Theciteler= J = 1 org=- = Lis thelocos ofall points for which the load impedance is equal to the characteristic impedance. The intersection of thep-circle with g= 1 circle as shown as point C in figure 1.37, will locate the stub. 4, In fact, there are two points C and E where constant-p-circle cuts g = I circle. But the point nearer to the load point B is always considered while going toward generator in clockwise direction. In this case itis point c Scanned with CamScanner‘Microwave Transmission Lines 5. OC is joined and extended to C’ on the periphery. The number of wavelengths from , Cis measured. It is (0.176 - 0.065) 4= 0.111 4=0.111 x 1m=0.111 m= 11.1 cm d= item 6. The susceptance value of point C represents the susceptance of the line at the stub connection. It is equal to j1.5 indicating capacitive susceptance. This value of capacitive susceptance has to be neutralized by an inductive susceptance of - j1.5 . The point corresponding to an admittance of 0 -j 1.5 is plotted on g = 0 circle and b=-15 as shown in the chart indicated as point D. . The point P on the chart is the short-circuit point in admittance chart. The number of wavelengths from P, moving toward generator in clockwise direction, to E, is measured which gives the required inductive susceptance: From the chart Length of the stub = 7 = (0.344 - 0.25) 2 Fess 7, 1 = (0.094) (1 m) = 0.094 m or : 1=94cem Example 1.31: A line of R, = 400 © is connected to a load of 200+ j 300.2; which is excited by a matched generator at 809 MHz, Find the location and length of a single stub nearest to the load to produce.an impedance match. Solution : 1. The normalized load impedaince is given by 2004 500 #0545075 This point is located on the chart of figure 1.38, as point A. 2, With’O’ as cenitre, radius OA, the constant-S cifcle is drawn and the diametrically opposite point 'B' is located as shown, ‘Admittance of 2, = y, = 0.625 —j 0.925. Point B on the chart is the load admittance point. -p circle cuts the g = 1 circle at two point C and D. Moving towards the 3 pasta eke direction from point B, point C appears first. This point locates i 3 stub. : 4 Seta eel to C’, OB is also joined and extended to B". The distance from BY to C= (0.136 + 0.17) 2 = 0.306 2 isthe value of d ‘ =.0,306 A= (0.306) (c/f) 3x10" = (0.306) | 60x10 d= 11475 em Scanned with CamScanneree ee ae oe ae aes Fig. 1.38 + Illustrating example 1.31 j1.3 which is capacitive, The required inductive hhown in figure 1.38 on, the chart. The point E sited stub. Since the piont P denotes the short 5, The value of gusceptance at point i is+ . js marked. as point E as s ie te Tength of the short circ Se the distance from P to Ein clockwise direction is the léngth of the stub 'T. i point erent i pe chat = (0354-025) 2= 0.104 2 3x10" = (0.104)| goosc10" 1=3.9em Scanned with CamScannerExample 1.32 : A 300 @ line feeding an antenna has a standing wave ratio of 4 and the distance from load to the first voltage minimium is 28 cm. If the frequency is 150 MHZ, design asingle stub matching system to eliminate standing waves, Solution = The point A corresponding to VSWR = p = r = 4.is located on the right side of the horizontal axis as shown in figure 1.39. Lé With,'O’ as centre, radius OA, the constant p-circle is drawn cutting the left side of horizontal axis at B. Since the Smith Chart is used as admittance chart, point Avis the V,,, point. OA is then joined sind extended to P. ™ Given f= 150MHz, dV,,, = 28cm Poo on B 3x10" 150x108 = 200m nin. 78. og a 200 ~"* From point P, in order to locate the load amittance point, a distance equal to 0.14'2 is moved on the periphery, in anti-clockwise direction (wavelengths-toward-load direction), to get point C’ as shown. OC’ is joined to cut the constant p-circle at C. This is the load admitane point. From; the chart of figure 1.39, the normalized load admittance is y= 04 + 50.75 - The diametrically opposite point to C on the constant-p circle gives the normalized ce i 5s yu impedance at pointQas. z, = 058 +} 1.05 The load impedance Z, R, 0.58 — j 1.05) (300) o Z, = 174-5315 6. The constant-p circle cuts the g = 1 circle-at two points D and E, While moving from load admittance point C in clockwise direction (toward generator), the point Dis reached first, Therefore, the shori circuited stub is to be connected at this point. OD is joined and extended to D', The distance from C’ to D' gives the location ‘d' of the stub as d = (0.176 - 0.11) A= 0.066% d = (0.066) (200) Ti d = 13.2cm Scanned with CamScanner82 Microwaves and Rada Fig, 1.39 : Hlustrating example 1.32 7. The point P on the chart represents the short circuit point. The susceptance at point D is capacitive given by j 1.5. To neutralize this an inductive susceptance of 1.5 is required. ‘The point F is located on the periphery of the chart corresponding to co-ordinates 0-j 1.5. ‘The distance from P to F in clockwise direction gives the length ‘fof the short circuited stub as 1 = (0.344 -0.25)1 = (0.094) (200) 1 = 18.8em Scanned with CamScanner