Here's a list of prominent green building certification programs, including IGBC, ECBC, and

GRIHA, among others:

International Green Building Certification Programs:

1. LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design)

o Administered by the U.S. Green Building Council (USGBC).
o Categories: Building Design and Construction, Interior Design and
Construction, Building Operations and Maintenance, Neighborhood
Development, and Homes.
2. BREEAM (Building Research Establishment Environmental Assessment
Method)
o Developed by the Building Research Establishment (BRE) in the UK.
o Assesses energy use, health and wellbeing, pollution, transport, materials,
waste, water, land use and ecology, and management processes.
3. Green Globes
o Managed by the Green Building Initiative (GBI).
o Evaluates energy, indoor environment, site, water, resources, emissions, and
project management.
4. Living Building Challenge
o Administered by the International Living Future Institute.
o Aimed at net-zero or net-positive energy buildings, free of toxic chemicals,
and using responsible materials.
5. WELL Building Standard
o Developed by the International WELL Building Institute (IWBI).
o Focuses on health and wellness of building occupants, assessing air, water,
nourishment, light, fitness, comfort, and mind.
6. Green Star
o Developed by the Green Building Council of Australia.
o Rates environmental design and construction on management, indoor
environment quality, energy, transport, water, materials, land use and ecology,
emissions, and innovation.
7. DGNB (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Nachhaltiges Bauen)
o German Sustainable Building Council certification.
o Evaluates ecological, economic, sociocultural, technical, process, and site
quality.
8. CASBEE (Comprehensive Assessment System for Built Environment Efficiency)
o Developed in Japan.
o Assesses indoor environment, service quality, outdoor environment, and
energy efficiency.
9. SITES
o Managed by Green Business Certification Inc. (GBCI).
o Focuses on sustainable land design and development.
10. EarthCraft
o Developed by Southface Energy Institute and Greater Atlanta Home Builders
Association.
o Focuses on energy efficiency and environmentally friendly construction in the
Southeastern U.S.
o
Indian Green Building Certification Programs:

1. IGBC (Indian Green Building Council)

o Offers various rating systems for homes, commercial buildings, schools,
healthcare facilities, and more.
o Categories include energy efficiency, water conservation, use of renewable
energy, waste management, and indoor environmental quality.
2. GRIHA (Green Rating for Integrated Habitat Assessment)
o Developed by The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI) and endorsed by the
Ministry of New and Renewable Energy, Government of India.
o Evaluates buildings on site planning, construction management, energy, water,
waste management, and innovation.
3. ECBC (Energy Conservation Building Code)
o Developed by the Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE), Ministry of Power,
Government of India.
o Sets minimum energy performance standards for commercial buildings.
4. EDGE (Excellence in Design for Greater Efficiencies)
o Developed by the International Finance Corporation (IFC), part of the World
Bank Group.
o Aims at making buildings more resource-efficient, focusing on energy, water,
and materials.

Other Notable Programs:

1. Minergie (Switzerland)
o Focuses on energy efficiency, comfort, and overall sustainability in buildings.
2. Passivhaus (Passive House)
o Focuses on ultra-low energy buildings that require little energy for heating or
cooling.
3. Energy Star
o A U.S. government-backed program that certifies buildings and products for
energy efficiency.

These certification programs provide comprehensive frameworks for assessing and certifying
the sustainability and environmental impact of buildings, ensuring they meet high standards
for energy efficiency, resource conservation, and occupant health.

GRIHA (Green Rating for Integrated Habitat Assessment)

Overview: GRIHA, developed by The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI) and endorsed
by the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy, Government of India, is India's national
rating system for green buildings. It evaluates buildings on various sustainability criteria to
minimize resource consumption, reduce energy and waste, and improve overall
environmental impact.

Key Assessment Areas:

1. Site Planning: Evaluates site selection, development density, preservation of

landscape, and minimizing soil erosion.
 2. Construction Management: Focuses on minimizing waste, pollution, and
environmental impacts during construction.
3. Energy Efficiency: Assesses energy-saving measures, renewable energy use, and
energy-efficient systems.
4. Water Management: Includes water-saving fixtures, rainwater harvesting, and
wastewater treatment.
5. Materials Management: Encourages the use of recycled, sustainable, and locally
sourced materials.
6. Indoor Environmental Quality: Ensures healthy indoor air quality, natural lighting,
and thermal comfort.
7. Innovation: Rewards innovative sustainable practices and technologies.

Famous Example:

 Indira Paryavaran Bhavan, New Delhi: This is India’s first net-zero energy
building and is the headquarters of the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate
Change. The building incorporates solar panels, energy-efficient lighting, water
recycling systems, and sustainable materials.

IGBC (Indian Green Building Council)

Overview: The Indian Green Building Council (IGBC) offers a variety of rating systems
tailored to different types of buildings, including homes, commercial buildings, healthcare
facilities, and schools. IGBC aims to facilitate India’s emergence as a global leader in green
buildings by promoting practices that are environmentally responsible and resource-efficient.

Key Rating Systems:

1. IGBC Green Homes: Focuses on residential projects.

2. IGBC Green Factory Buildings: Designed for industrial buildings.
3. IGBC Green Schools: Aims at creating healthy and sustainable learning
environments.
4. IGBC Green Healthcare: Targets hospitals and healthcare facilities.
5. IGBC Green Townships: Encompasses large-scale developments including multiple
buildings and infrastructure.

Assessment Criteria:

1. Sustainable Architecture and Design: Site selection, development density, and

preservation of green spaces.
2. Water Conservation: Efficient water use, rainwater harvesting, and wastewater
treatment.
3. Energy Efficiency: Use of energy-efficient appliances, renewable energy, and
efficient lighting systems.
4. Building Materials and Resources: Use of recycled, locally sourced, and sustainable
materials.
5. Indoor Environmental Quality: Ensures good indoor air quality, lighting, and
acoustic comfort.
6. Innovation: Encourages innovative sustainable practices.
Famous Example:

 Infosys Mysore Campus: This is a large IT campus that has implemented extensive
sustainable practices, including solar power, water recycling, and energy-efficient
buildings, achieving IGBC Platinum certification.

LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design)

Overview: LEED, administered by the U.S. Green Building Council (USGBC), is one of the
most widely recognized and used green building rating systems globally. It provides a
framework for healthy, efficient, and cost-saving green buildings.

Key Rating Systems:

1. LEED for Building Design and Construction (BD+C): Applies to new buildings
and major renovations.
2. LEED for Interior Design and Construction (ID+C): Focuses on interior spaces.
3. LEED for Building Operations and Maintenance (O+M): For existing buildings
seeking sustainable operations.
4. LEED for Neighborhood Development (ND): Applies to new land development
projects.
5. LEED for Homes: Specific to residential buildings.

Assessment Criteria:

1. Sustainable Sites: Encourages environmentally friendly site development.

2. Water Efficiency: Promotes water-saving techniques and efficient water use.
3. Energy and Atmosphere: Focuses on energy performance, renewable energy, and
greenhouse gas reductions.
4. Materials and Resources: Encourages sustainable building materials and waste
reduction.
5. Indoor Environmental Quality: Ensures a healthy indoor environment.
6. Innovation in Design: Rewards innovative and sustainable building practices.
7. Regional Priority: Addresses geographically specific environmental priorities.

Famous Example:

 One Bryant Park, New York City: Known as the Bank of America Tower, this
skyscraper is one of the greenest buildings in the world. It incorporates features like a
cogeneration plant, waterless urinals, and a comprehensive recycling program,
achieving LEED Platinum certification.

These certification programs play a crucial role in promoting sustainable building practices
and reducing the environmental impact of construction projects globally.
The lux (symbol: lx) is the SI unit of illuminance and luminous emittance. It measures the amount of
light that hits or passes through a surface, and it is equal to one lumen per square meter. Lux is used
to quantify the intensity of light as perceived by the human eye in a given area.

The lumen (symbol: lm) is the SI unit of luminous flux, which measures the total amount of visible
light emitted by a source per unit of time. Unlike the lux, which measures illuminance (light on a
surface), the lumen measures the total quantity of visible light emitted from a light source.

Lux and Lumens: As mentioned earlier, lux measures the illuminance (light falling on a surface),
whereas lumens measure the total light output. The relationship between them is given by:

1 lux = 1 lumen per square meter (1 lx = 1 lm/m²).

Measurement Context: Lux is commonly used to measure the brightness of light in various settings,
such as offices, homes, streets, and workplaces.

Measurement Context: Lumens are used to describe the brightness of a light source, such as bulbs,
LEDs, and other lighting devices.

Standard Lux Levels for Various Spaces:

Residential Spaces:

Living Rooms: 50 - 300 lux

Dining Rooms: 150 - 300 lux

Kitchens: 300 - 750 lux

Bedrooms: 50 - 100 lux (general), 100 - 200 lux (task lighting)

Bathrooms: 200 - 300 lux

Hallways and Stairs: 100 - 200 lux

Office Spaces:

General Office Areas: 300 - 500 lux

Meeting Rooms: 300 - 500 lux

Computer Workstations: 300 - 500 lux

Reception Areas: 200 - 300 lux

Archives and Storage: 100 - 200 lux

Educational Facilities:

Classrooms: 300 - 500 lux

Lecture Halls: 500 - 1000 lux

Libraries: 300 - 500 lux

Laboratories: 500 - 750 lux

Corridors: 100 - 200 lux

Healthcare Facilities:

Examination Rooms: 500 - 1000 lux

Operating Theaters: 10,000 - 20,000 lux

Patient Rooms: 100 - 300 lux

Waiting Areas: 200 - 300 lux

Industrial Spaces:

General Assembly Areas: 300 - 750 lux

Detailed Manufacturing: 750 - 1500 lux

Warehouses: 100 - 200 lux (general), 300 - 500 lux (loading areas)

Inspection Areas: 500 - 1000 lux

Retail Spaces:

General Retail Areas: 300 - 500 lux

Supermarkets: 500 - 1000 lux

Showrooms: 750 - 1500 lux

Display Windows: 1500 - 3000 lux

Outdoor Spaces:

Street Lighting: 10 - 30 lux (residential), 30 - 50 lux (urban)

Parking Lots: 50 - 100 lux

Building Entrances: 100 - 200 lux

Sports Fields: 200 - 750 lux (amateur), 750 - 2000 lux (professional)

LUMEN

Standard incandescent bulb (60 watts): ~800 lumens

Compact fluorescent lamp (CFL, 15 watts): ~900 lumens

LED bulb (10 watts): ~800-1000 lumens

Car headlight: ~1,200 - 3,000 lumens

Common Types of Lights and Recommended Lumens:
Incandescent Bulbs:
40-watt bulb: Around 450 lumens

60-watt bulb: Around 800 lumens

75-watt bulb: Around 1100 lumens

100-watt bulb: Around 1600 lumens

LED Bulbs:
8-watt LED bulb: Around 800 lumens (equivalent to 60-watt incandescent)

10-watt LED bulb: Around 1000 lumens (equivalent to 75-watt incandescent)

15-watt LED bulb: Around 1600 lumens (equivalent to 100-watt incandescent)

Compact Fluorescent Lamps (CFLs):

9-watt CFL: Around 450 lumens (equivalent to 40-watt incandescent)

13-watt CFL: Around 900 lumens (equivalent to 60-watt incandescent)

18-watt CFL: Around 1200 lumens (equivalent to 75-watt incandescent)

Other Types of Lights:

Fluorescent Tubes: Lumens vary widely based on tube type and length. A typical 4-foot fluorescent
tube may produce around 2600 lumens.

Halogen Lamps: Lumens depend on the wattage and type of lamp. For example, a 50-watt halogen
lamp may produce around 850 lumens.

Candela and Lumens: The candela (cd) is the SI unit of luminous intensity, which measures the
power emitted by a light source in a particular direction. The lumen can be related to the candela by
considering the solid angle (measured in steradians) over which the light is emitted:

Lumens =candelas × steradians

1. Incandescent Lighting:

Uses a glowing filament heated by an electric current to produce light.

Provides warm, soft light with a color temperature typically around 2700K to 3000K.

Commonly used in residential settings for ambient and accent lighting.

2. LED (Light Emitting Diode) Lighting:

Utilizes semiconductor technology to produce light.

Highly energy-efficient and long-lasting.

Available in various color temperatures, ranging from warm to cool white.

Used in residential, commercial, and outdoor lighting applications.

3. Fluorescent Lighting:

Employs a gas-discharge process to produce light when electricity flows through a tube containing
mercury vapor and phosphor coating.

Available in different forms including linear tubes and compact bulbs.

Provides efficient lighting with a range of color temperatures.

Commonly used in commercial and industrial settings, as well as for task lighting.

4. Halogen Lighting:

Uses a halogen gas to extend the life of the tungsten filament.

Produces a bright, white light with excellent color rendering.

Often used for accent lighting, display lighting, and floodlights.

5. Compact Fluorescent Lamps (CFLs):

Compact version of traditional fluorescent tubes.

Energy-efficient alternative to incandescent bulbs.

Available in various color temperatures and shapes.

Used in residential and commercial lighting applications.

6. High-Intensity Discharge (HID) Lighting:

Employs an electric arc discharge to produce light.

Includes metal halide, high-pressure sodium, and mercury vapor lamps.

Produces high levels of light output, often used for outdoor and industrial lighting.

7. Induction Lighting:

Utilizes electromagnetic induction to produce light.

Offers long lamp life and high efficiency.

Commonly used in street lighting, parking lots, and industrial facilities.

8. Fiber Optic Lighting:

Uses optical fibers to transmit light from a remote source to the desired location.

Provides flexibility in lighting design and is often used for decorative and accent lighting.
9. Neon Lighting:

Utilizes glass tubes filled with neon gas to produce colored light.

Offers vibrant colors and is commonly used for signage and decorative purposes.

10. OLED (Organic Light Emitting Diode) Lighting:

Employs organic compounds to produce light.

Provides thin, flexible, and energy-efficient lighting solutions.

Used in applications such as display panels and decorative lighting.

These are just some of the common types of lighting used in different environments, each offering
unique characteristics suited to specific lighting needs and preferences.