MINOR PROJECT

INTRODUCTION

In the modern age of technology and education, calculators have become indispensable tools
in various fields of study and professional work. Among them, the scientific calculator
stands out as a versatile and powerful device designed to perform a wide range of complex
mathematical functions. Unlike basic calculators, which are limited to simple arithmetic
operations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division, scientific calculators
are equipped with advanced features that make them essential for students, engineers,
scientists, and professionals who deal with higher-level mathematics and scientific
computations.

A scientific calculator supports functions that include, but are not limited
to, trigonometric calculations (such as sine, cosine, tangent, and their inverses), logarithmic
and exponential operations, powers and roots, factorials, permutations and combinations,
statistical functions (mean, standard deviation, variance, etc.), and sometimes even
operations involving complex numbers and matrices. These features are particularly useful in
subjects like algebra, geometry, trigonometry, calculus, physics, chemistry, and statistics.

In educational institutions, scientific calculators have become a standard part of

the learning toolkit, aiding students in understanding and solving intricate mathematical
problems. In the professional world, they play a crucial role in engineering design, scientific
research, financial modelling, and data analysis. Whether in the classroom or the workplace,
scientific calculators provide accuracy, efficiency, and reliability, making them a cornerstone
in the application of mathematics and science.

Functions

Modern scientific calculators generally have many more features than a standard four or
five function calculator, and the feature set differs between manufacturers and models;
However, the defining features of a scientific calculator include:
 scientific notation
 floating point arithmetic
 logarithmic functions, using both base 10 and base e
 trigonometric functions (some including hyperbolic trigonometry)
 exponential functions and roots beyond the square root
 quick access to constants such as pi and e
 In addition, high-end scientific calculators will include:
 hexadecimal, binary, and octal calculations, including basic Boolean math
 complex numbers
 fractions

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 statistics and probability calculations

 programmability — see Programmable calculator
 equation solving
 calculus
 conversion of units
 physical constants

While most scientific models have traditionally used a single-line display similar to
traditional pocket calculators, many of them have at the very least more digits (10 to 12),
sometimes with extra digits for the floating point exponent.

Uses

A scientific calculator is used for performing advanced mathematical functions beyond

simple arithmetic. It is commonly used in fields such as mathematics, engineering, physics,
and chemistry. Here's a breakdown of its uses:
 Addition, subtraction, multiplication, division
 Square roots and cube roots
 Powers and exponents (e.g., , )
 Fractions and percentages
 Scientific function
 Advanced mathematical operation

History of Scientific Calculator

The scientific calculator has a rich history tied to the development of computing and
mathematical tools. Here's a concise timeline highlighting its
key milestones:
Before electronic calculators, scientists used slide rules for complex calculations.
The idea of an electronic calculator that could handle scientific functions began in the early
1960s. Hewlett-Packard (HP-35) Released in 1972, it was the first handheld scientific
calculator. Could perform trigonometric, exponential, and logarithmic functions. Designed
primarily for engineers and scientists. Priced at around $395 (over $2,000 today adjusted for
inflation). Replaced the slide rule, quickly becoming essential in technical fields. Scientific
calculators became more powerful and more affordable. Texas Instruments (TI), Casio, and
Sharp joined the market.
Features expanded:
 Memory functions
 Programming capabilities (e.g., TI-59 in 1977)
 LCD displays

Real Life Applications

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Scientific calculators are not just tools for classrooms—they are widely used in various
real-world situations where complex and precise calculations are necessary. Below are some
key areas where they are applied:
 School and Colleges
 Engineering Fields
 Architecture and Design
 Science Labs
 Finance and economics

Encouraging More Students

Scientific calculators are powerful tools that can enhance mathematical learning
and problem-solving skills. However, many students hesitate to use them due to lack of
familiarity or fear of complexity. Here are some ways to attract more students to start using
scientific calculators confidently and effect

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TECHNOLOGY USED

Software
 Desktop Application
 Programming Language: Python
 GUI Library: Tkinter
 Compiler/IDE: PyCharm
 Packaging Tool (for .exe): PyInstaller

 Optional Libraries

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 math (for basic operations)

 sympy (for symbolic math, algebra)
 numpy (for advanced scientific calculations)

Hardware
Details Specification of this monitor used for creating this Scientific Calculator.

 Device Specifications

Victus by HP Gaming Laptop 15-fa1xxx

 Device name: HP
 Processor: 12th Gen Intel(R) Core(TM) i5-12450H 2.00GHz
 Installed RAM: 8.00 GB (7.65 GB usable)
 Device ID: F2095A4A-D69D-4DCE-B222-775FB78EF9A6
 Product ID: 00356-24748-26586-AAOEM
 System type: 64-bit operating system, x64-based processor
 Pen and touch: No pen or touch input is available for this
Display

 Windows Specifications
 Edition: Windows 11 Home Single Language
 Version: 24H2
 Installed on: 12-01-2025
 OS build: 26100.4061
 Experience: Windows Feature Experience Pack
1000.26100.84.0

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design

Flow Diagram of Scientific Calculator :

START
T

Import Modules
(tkinter,math,os,sys)

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Define
resource_path()

Setup Main Window (root)

 Title,Icon,Geometry
 Menu Bar

Define Math Functions

 fsin,fcos,ftan
 arcsin,arccos,arctan

Event Handlers in Class Event Handlers in Class

 Initializes all widgets and  btn_click() – updates
buttons  btn_equal() – evaluates
 Uses grid layout  btn_clear() / btn_clear_all(),
 Screen: Entry widget convert_deg/red – sets
 Buttons: Digits,ops,scientific,  answer() – recalls last result
functions

Menu Commands
Mainloop()  Standard/Scientific
(Event loop starts here)
 iExit() - confirmation

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coding

import tkinter as tk
import math
from math import *
import tkinter.messagebox
import sys
import os

def resource_path(relative_path):

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try:
# PyInstaller temporary folder path
base_path = sys._MEIPASS
except Exception:
# Normal dev path
base_path = os.path.abspath(".")
return os.path.join(base_path, relative_path)

root =tk.Tk()
root.title("Smart Scientific Calculator")
icon_path = resource_path("1.ico")
root.wm_iconbitmap(icon_path)
root.geometry("480x584+0+0")
root.resizable(False, False)
calc = tk.Frame(root)
calc.grid()

convert_constant = 1
inverse_convert_constant = 1

def fsin(arg):
return sin(arg * convert_constant)

def fcos(arg):
return cos(arg * convert_constant)

def ftan(arg):
return tan(arg * convert_constant)

def arcsin(arg):
return inverse_convert_constant * (asin(arg))

def arccos(arg):
return inverse_convert_constant * (acos(arg))

def arctan(arg):
return inverse_convert_constant * (atan(arg))

class Calc():
def __init__(self,master):
self.expression = ""
self.recall = ""

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self.sum_up = ""
self.text_input = tk.StringVar()
self.master = master
self.result=False

Screen = tk.Entry(calc, font=('Helvetica', 20, 'bold'),

textvariable=self.text_input,
bg="azure", bd=30, width=28, justify="right")
Screen.grid(row=0, column=0, columnspan=4, pady=1, padx=1)
Screen.insert(0, "0")
#================Row 0=================================#
self.btn_7=tk.Button(calc,text="7",width=6,height=2,
font=('Helvetica',20,'bold'),
bd=4,bg="lavender",command=lambda:
self.btn_click(7)).grid(row=2,column=0,pady=1)

self.btn_8=tk.Button(calc, text="8", width=6, height=2,

font=('Helvetica', 20, 'bold'),
bd=4, bg="lavender",command=lambda: self.btn_click(8)).grid(row=2,
column=1, pady=1,padx=2)

self.btn_9=tk.Button(calc, text="9", width=6, height=2,

font=('Helvetica', 20, 'bold'),
bd=4, bg="lavender",command=lambda: self.btn_click(9)).grid(row=2,
column=2, pady=1,padx=2)

self.btn_Mul=tk.Button(calc, text="x", width=6, height=2,

font=('Helvetica', 20, 'bold'),
bd=4, bg="turquoise",command=lambda:
self.btn_click("*")).grid(row=2, column=3, pady=1,padx=2)

self.btn_left_bracket=tk.Button(calc, text="\u0028", width=6, height=2,

font=('Helvetica', 20, 'bold'),
bd=4, bg="turquoise",command=lambda: self.btn_click("(")).grid(row=2,
column=4, pady=1,padx=2)

self.btn_right_bracket=tk.Button(calc, text="\u0029", width=6, height=2,

font=('Helvetica', 20, 'bold'),
bd=4, bg="turquoise",command=lambda: self.btn_click(")")).grid(row=2,
column=5, pady=1,padx=2)

self.btn_Mod=tk.Button(calc, text="\u0025", width=6, height=2,

font=('Helvetica', 20, 'bold'),

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bd=4, bg="turquoise",command=lambda:
self.btn_click("%")).grid(row=2, column=6, pady=1,padx=2)

self.btn_Sqrt=tk.Button(calc, text="√", width=6, height=2,

font=('Helvetica', 20, 'bold'),
bd=4, bg="turquoise",command=lambda:
self.btn_click("sqrt(")).grid(row=2, column=7, pady=1,padx=2)
#============================Row 1=====================#
self.btn_4 = tk.Button(calc, text="4", width=6, height=2,
font=('Helvetica', 20, 'bold'),
bd=4, bg="lavender",command=lambda: self.btn_click(4)).grid(row=3,
column=0, pady=1)

self.btn_5 = tk.Button(calc, text="5", width=6, height=2,

font=('Helvetica', 20, 'bold'),
bd=4, bg="lavender",command=lambda: self.btn_click(5)).grid(row=3,
column=1, pady=1, padx=2)

self.btn_6 = tk.Button(calc, text="6", width=6, height=2,

font=('Helvetica', 20, 'bold'),
bd=4, bg="lavender",command=lambda: self.btn_click(6)).grid(row=3,
column=2, pady=1, padx=2)

self.btn_Div = tk.Button(calc, text="\u00F7", width=6, height=2,

font=('Helvetica', 20, 'bold'),
bd=4, bg="turquoise",command=lambda: self.btn_click("/")).grid(row=3,
column=3, pady=1, padx=2)

self.btn_Power_n = tk.Button(calc, text="x"+"\u207F", width=6, height=2,

font=('Helvetica', 20, 'bold'),
bd=4, bg="turquoise",command=lambda:
self.btn_click("**")).grid(row=3, column=4, pady=1, padx=2)

self.btn_Fact = tk.Button(calc, text="n!", width=6, height=2,

font=('Helvetica', 20, 'bold'),
bd=4, bg="turquoise",command=lambda:
self.btn_click("factorial(")).grid(row=3, column=5, pady=1, padx=2)

self.btn_Deg = tk.Button(calc,text="Deg", width=6, height=2,

font=('Helvetica', 20, 'bold'),
bd=4, bg="turquoise",command=self.convert_deg).grid(row=3,
column=6, pady=1, padx=2)

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self.btn_Rad = tk.Button(calc, text="Rad",width=6, height=2,

font=('Helvetica', 20, 'bold'),
bd=4, bg="turquoise",command=self.convert_rad).grid(row=3,
column=7, pady=1, padx=2)
#===============================Row 2==================#
self.btn_1 = tk.Button(calc, text="1", width=6, height=2,
font=('Helvetica', 20, 'bold'),
bd=4, bg="lavender",command=lambda: self.btn_click(1)).grid(row=4,
column=0, pady=1)

self.btn_2 = tk.Button(calc, text="2", width=6, height=2,

font=('Helvetica', 20, 'bold'),
bd=4, bg="lavender",command=lambda: self.btn_click(2)).grid(row=4,
column=1, pady=1, padx=2)

self.btn_3 = tk.Button(calc, text="3", width=6, height=2,

font=('Helvetica', 20, 'bold'),
bd=4, bg="lavender",command=lambda: self.btn_click(3)).grid(row=4,
column=2, pady=1, padx=2)

self.btn_Add = tk.Button(calc, text="\u002B", width=6, height=2,

font=('Helvetica', 20, 'bold'),
bd=4, bg="turquoise",command=lambda:
self.btn_click("+")).grid(row=4, column=3, pady=1, padx=2)

self.btn_Pi = tk.Button(calc, text="\u03C0", width=6, height=2,

font=('Helvetica', 20, 'bold'),
bd=4, bg="turquoise",command=lambda:
self.btn_click('pi')).grid(row=4, column=4, pady=1, padx=2)

self.btn_Ln = tk.Button(calc, text="\u33D1", width=6, height=2,

font=('Helvetica', 20, 'bold'),
bd=4, bg="turquoise",command=lambda:
self.btn_click("log(")).grid(row=4, column=5, pady=1, padx=2)

self.btn_log = tk.Button(calc, text="log", width=6, height=2,

font=('Helvetica', 20, 'bold'),
bd=4, bg="turquoise",command=lambda:
self.btn_click("log10(")).grid(row=4, column=6, pady=1, padx=2)

self.btn_x_square = tk.Button(calc, text=u"x\u00B2", width=6, height=2,

font=('Helvetica', 20, 'bold'),
bd=4, bg="turquoise",command=lambda:

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self.btn_click("**2")).grid(row=4, column=7, pady=1, padx=2)

#==================================Row 3===============#
self.btn_Clear = tk.Button(calc, text=chr(68)+chr(69)+chr(76), width=6, height=2,
font=('Helvetica', 20, 'bold'),
bd=4, bg="turquoise",command=self.btn_clear).grid(row=5, column=0,
pady=1)

self.btn_0 = tk.Button(calc, text="0", width=6, height=2,

font=('Helvetica', 20, 'bold'),
bd=4, bg="lavender",command=lambda: self.btn_click(0)).grid(row=5,
column=1, pady=1, padx=2)

self.btn_All_Clear = tk.Button(calc, text=chr(65)+chr(67), width=6, height=2,

font=('Helvetica', 20, 'bold'),
bd=4, bg="turquoise",command=self.btn_clear_all).grid(row=5,
column=2, pady=1, padx=2)

self.btn_Sub = tk.Button(calc, text="\u002D", width=6, height=2,

font=('Helvetica', 20, 'bold'),
bd=4, bg="turquoise",command=lambda: self.btn_click("-
")).grid(row=5, column=3, pady=1, padx=2)

self.btn_Sin = tk.Button(calc, text="sin", width=6, height=2,

font=('Helvetica', 20, 'bold'),
bd=4, bg="lavender",command=lambda:
self.btn_click("fsin(")).grid(row=5, column=5, pady=1, padx=2)

self.btn_Cos = tk.Button(calc, text="cos", width=6, height=2,

font=('Helvetica', 20, 'bold'),
bd=4, bg="lavender",command=lambda:
self.btn_click("fcos(")).grid(row=5, column=6, pady=1, padx=2)

self.btn_Tan = tk.Button(calc, text="tan", width=6, height=2,

font=('Helvetica', 20, 'bold'),
bd=4, bg="lavender",command=lambda:
self.btn_click("ftan(")).grid(row=5, column=7, pady=1, padx=2)

self.btn_change_sign= tk.Button(calc, text="+/-", width=6, height=2,

font=('Helvetica', 20, 'bold'),
bd=4, bg="turquoise",command=self.change_sign).grid(row=5,
column=4, pady=1, padx=2)
#=================================Row 4================#
self.btn_Dot = tk.Button(calc, text="\u002E", width=6, height=2,

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font=('Helvetica', 20, 'bold'),

bd=4, bg="turquoise",command=lambda: self.btn_click(".")).grid(row=6,
column=0, pady=1)

self.btn_Power_2 = tk.Button(calc, text="10"+"\u207F", width=6, height=2,

font=('Helvetica', 20, 'bold'),
bd=4,
bg="turquoise",command=lambda:self.btn_click("10**")).grid(row=6, column=1, pady=1,
padx=2)

self.btn_Ans = tk.Button(calc, text=chr(65)+chr(110)+chr(115), width=6, height=2,

font=('Helvetica', 20, 'bold'),
bd=4, bg="turquoise",command=self.answer).grid(row=6, column=2,
pady=1, padx=2)

self.btn_Equal = tk.Button(calc, text="\u003D", width=6, height=2,

font=('Helvetica', 20, 'bold'),
bd=4, bg='turquoise',command=self.btn_equal).grid(row=6, column=3,
pady=1, padx=2)
super_s="⁻¹"
self.btn_Sin_Inverse = tk.Button(calc, text="sin"+super_s, width=6, height=2,
font=('Helvetica', 20, 'bold'),
bd=4,
bg="lavender",command=lambda:self.btn_click("arcsin(")).grid(row=6, column=4, pady=1,
padx=2)

self.btn_Cos_Inverse = tk.Button(calc, text="cos"+super_s, width=6, height=2,

font=('Helvetica', 20, 'bold'),
bd=4,
bg="lavender",command=lambda:self.btn_click("arccos(")).grid(row=6, column=5, pady=1,
padx=2)

self.btn_Tan_Inverse = tk.Button(calc, text="tan"+super_s, width=6, height=2,

font=('Helvetica', 20, 'bold'),
bd=4,
bg="lavender",command=lambda:self.btn_click("arctan(")).grid(row=6, column=6, pady=1,
padx=2)

self.btn_e = tk.Button(calc, text="e", width=6, height=2,

font=('Helvetica', 20, 'bold'),
bd=4, bg="lavender",command=self.e).grid(row=6, column=7, pady=1,
padx=2)
#======================================================#

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def btn_click(self, expression_val):

self.result=False
self.expression = self.expression + str(expression_val)
self.text_input.set(self.expression)

def pi(self):
self.result=False
self.expression=str(math.pi)
self.text_input.set(self.expression)

def e(self):
self.result=False
self.expression=str(math.e)
self.text_input.set(self.expression)

def change_sign(self):
self.result=False
self.expression=self.expression + '-'
self.text_input.set(self.expression)

def answer(self):
self.answer=self.sum_up
self.expression=self.expression + self.answer
self.text_input.set(self.expression)

def convert_deg(self):
global convert_constant
global inverse_convert_constant
convert_constant = pi / 180
inverse_convert_constant = 180 / pi

def convert_rad(self):
global convert_constant
global inverse_convert_constant
convert_constant = 1
inverse_convert_constant = 1

def btn_clear(self):
self.result=False
self.expression=self.expression[:-1]
self.text_input.set(self.expression)

def btn_clear_all(self):

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self.expression = ""
self.text_input.set("")

def btn_equal(self):
self.result=True
self.sum_up = str(eval(self.expression))
self.text_input.set(self.sum_up)
self.expression = self.sum_up

lblDisplay = tk.Label(calc, text="Smart Calculator",

font=('Helvetica',35,'bold'),
#bg='black',
fg='black', justify='center')
lblDisplay.grid(row=0, column=4, columnspan=4)
#=================================Menu================#

def iExit():
iExit = tkinter.messagebox.askyesno("Smart Scientific Calculator",
"Confirm if you want to exit ?")
if iExit > 0:
root.destroy()
return

def Scientific():
root.resizable(width=False, height=False)
root.geometry("960x565+0+0")

def Standard():
root.resizable(width=False, height=False)
root.geometry("480x565+0+0")

menubar = tk.Menu(calc)
filemenu = tk.Menu(menubar, tearoff=0)
menubar.add_cascade(label="File", menu=filemenu)
filemenu.add_command(label="Standard", command=Standard)
filemenu.add_command(label="Scientific", command=Scientific)
filemenu.add_separator()
filemenu.add_command(label="Exit", command=iExit)

root.config(menu=menubar)
b = Calc(root)
root.mainloop()

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OUTPUT

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Standard:

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Addition :

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Subtraction :

Multiplication :

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Division :

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Scientific :

Modulus :

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Square root :

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To the power :

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Factorial :

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Pi :

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Log :

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Sin :

Degree value :

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Radian value :

Cos :

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Degree value :

Radian value :

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Sin inverse :

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Cos inverse :

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Tan inverse :

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e:

Exit :

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CONCLUSION

This minor project on the scientific calculator successfully demonstrates

the integration of mathematical logic with programming to create a functional and user-
friendly tool. By incorporating advanced operations such as trigonometric, logarithmic, and
exponential functions, the project goes beyond basic arithmetic and showcases the
capabilities of scientific computing in a compact application.
Throughout the development process, we gained practical experience in designing
user interfaces, handling errors, and implementing core functionalities. This project not only
strengthened our understanding of programming concepts but also improved our problem-
solving and debugging skills.
In conclusion, the scientific calculator minor project has been an excellent learning
experience and serves as a solid foundation for future projects involving GUI development.
In Near future we are planning to develop this project further and add some more cool
features into it. Like file, video, photos, etc hide in calculator. Add the feature copy and
paste.

BIBLIOgraphy

https://youtu.be/glN87rNH0L8?si=vFRFzDtm__9uYSfH (on 25th April , 2025 at 1

AM)
https://youtu.be/1zfYZ1N4JEc?si=HZH5LubATQCw_DfY (on 27th April , 2025 at 12
AM)
https://youtu.be/E2yLX2qLG3c?si=StlBwdFSLceN24kf (on 1th May , 2025 at 9 PM)

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