BIO KEYSTONE KEY VOCABULARY 26.

Lipids (CH2) – long chains of carbon saturated with H and

almost no O. Are hydrophobic (fear water). Aka fats/oils
This is designed to be list of the vocab and concepts that students 27. Mitosis vs meiosis – mitosis = body cells, no variation,
struggle with the most. Many key words are not included because same chromos number (diploid 2n). Meiosis= gametes,
students have not traditionally had problems with them… for variation built in, half the chromos (haploid 1n)
example nucleus and chromosome are critical, but not on the list. 28. Nondisjunction – chromos don’t split correctly in
metaphase II of meiosis and the gametes will have either
1. Abiotic vs biotic – biotic is living, or made by living, things, 22 or 24 chromos (45 or 47 after fertilization)
abiotic is nonliving like sun and water 29. Nonsense mutation -turns a codon into a stop codon and
2. Aerobic vs anaerobic -aerobic is with oxygen(Krebs and cuts the peptide short
etc), anaerobic is without oxygen (fermentation) 30. Nucleotide and nucleic acids – nucleic acids (DNA and
3. Allele – a form of a gene (the blue-eyed allele) RNA) are made of nucleotides (a sugar +phosphate
4. ATP – a 5-sided ring with 3 phosphates attached that store backbone with a nitrogenous base (A,T,C,G or U) attached
energy in their bonds 31. Observation vs inference vs hypothesis vs conclusion vs
5. Carbohydrates (CH20) -sugars, starches, cellulose- have 1 theory vs law -listed weak to strong – note – theory is very
carbon per oxygen and twice as many hydrogens. Glucose highly supported and proven, not a “guess”
is a six-sided ring 32. Osmosis – the diffusion of water (see hyper and hypotonic)
6. Cellular respiration – glycolysis + Krebs + ETC turns sugar 33. Peptide – and unfolded amino acid chain (a baby protein)
into NADH then into ATP. Needs O2 to suck up extra e-, 34. Phospholipid (and bilayer membranes) – a phosphorous
and H+ to make H20. Releases the sugar as CO2 head that is hydrophilic and 2 fatty acid tails that are
7. Codominance vs incomplete dominance – codominance = hydrophobic and make the inner layer of a membrane
both show. Incomplete = blend of traits selectively permeable
8. Codons (reading a codon chart!) – always read the mRNA, 35. Polygenic trait -a trait controlled by more than one gene
look for stop and start codons resulting in great variation in the trait (like skin color)
9. Concentration gradient -a high concentration in one area, 36. Polymers and monomers -Polymers are a long chain of
will try to diffuse if it can get through the membrane repeating units (the monomers)
10. Crossing over – 2 chromosomes in a tetrad exchange legs 37. Producer vs consumer – Producers are autotrophs (plants),
during prophase I of meiosis to increase variation in sex consumers are herbivores or carnivores that can’t make
cells their own food
11. DNA replication- happens in S phase of interphase and is 38. Proteins (N-C-C) – chains of amino acids that have a
semi-conservative repeating N-C-C backbone with unique R group side chains
12. Endemic vs invasive species – endemic = natural home. that give the aminos different properties
Invasive is from somewhere else and may not have a 39. Selectively permeable – only some things can pass through
natural food web to control population a membrane if they have the right charge and shape or are
13. Endocytosis vs. exocytosis – membrane surrounded accepted by a membrane protein
vesicles melt into (endo-) or out of the cell (exo-) 40. Semiconservative replication – when DNA is copied the
14. Enzymes and catalysts – proteins that lower the activation “new” strands will have half old and half new DNA
energy needed to start reactions and speed them up. They 41. Sex linked vs sex influenced trait – linked is on the X or Y
work on a specific substrate and if recessive more common in men. Influenced is
15. Eukaryote vs prokaryote -Eu – true modern cells with usually dominant in males only due to their hormones
internal membrane organelles. Pro – old style simple cells 42. Succession or successional stages – the pattern of natural
with no internal membranes = bacteria development from bare rock to soil and moss to weeds
16. Food chain vs food web – chain is one line of a food web and shrubs to softwood trees to hardwood trees to old
that shows energy flow (arrow shows energy going in) growth forests. A “disturbance” can send the system back
17. Frame shift mutation – change in nucleotide numbers not to an earlier stage (secondary succession)
in a multiple of 3 that messes up all the rest of the codons 43. Symbiosis or symbiotic relationship - parasitism (parasite
18. Gametes and germ cells – sperm/pollen and eggs are wins, host loses) vs. commensalism (one organism wins,
haploid cells with 23 chromos in humans the other doesn’t care) vs. mutualism (both win!)
19. Gene expression or expressed -a gene that is being used 44. Transcription (in the nucleus when RNA polymerase turns
and transcribed into mRNA DNA code into mRNA code) vs translation (at the ribosome
20. Genotype vs phenotype -geno is code, pheno is the visible when the mRNA code is turned into an amino acid
trait that results sequence – use your codon chart)
21. Homeostasis – maintaining internal conditions like water 45. Trophic levels and the 10% rule -only 10% of the producer
balance or temp in birds and mammals plants energy moves up to the herbivores, and then only
22. Homologous structures vs analogous structures -H show 10% of that moves to predators and so on up to apex
similar design and show common ancestry. A are similar predators
function but not design doesn’t show relationship 46. Vestigial structure – a leftover structure that shows
23. Hypertonic (a high level of particles with low water evidence of past use
content, will dehydrate surrounding) vs. Hypotonic (low
level of particles with high water content, will give water
to their surroundings)
24. Isolation and speciation – populations are “isolated” by
geography or habits and become separate species
25. Limiting factor – the resource that there is the least of that
keeps the population from getting larger