™ 156 8 Solid Waste Management and Environmental Ao. RO 6.1 Solid Waste Generation : Solid waste can be defined as any organic and inorganj, waste which is generated and accumulated by various human activities. It consist of highly heterogeneous mass (land fill dump, Sludge) of discarded materials (¢0 085/eA7% 50Q /S5700@) thrown to the streets, outside city limits or even to the roadsides as city dumps by urban community (Sno wis TAMPOT/HEMOBOOG) ag well as by various activities of industry, agriculture, mining ete, > Examples of Solid Wastes : Solid waste broadly cover / include : garbage, trash, rubbish materials (throw away - 33, soxg TRwIG, Bacweuaed), refuse, sludge (¢%0v/oe8), scrap materials, junked instruments/vehicle parts/appliances iC 86 MGS Aosdnd, madd ox oseric Oaeerine), metal pieces, glass and ceramic substances, waste paper, rubber, tire/tubes, wood, leather wastes, plastic bottles, carry bags, hospital/medical wastes (like injection syringe/tubes, needles, cotton, waste syrup, expiry dated tablets, ointments etc., bandage clothes, rubber pipes, scisors, blades - throw away), chemicals, paints, sand mixtures, sewage (e¢esd0@ 02/298 BAR), dead animal bodies, human excreta (@e 2x) any discarded materials including oil and industrial effluents (a2, Bzyrivo). «* Thus the term solid waste - include all those solid and semi- solid materials that are discarded as waste (throw away) by a society/community (of human activities). (Am odecess, SmBonDs Res, Ps saws BYBLOS oPmode chrirog aetba atxdried),agricultural w Types and I.158 re i Dip. I* Sem. Environmental Sustainability 6.2 Sources and Characteristics of Municipal Solid Wastes (MSW) : The solid wastes produced via-by way of domestic and commercial activities are classified as Municipal Solid Wastes and also termed as refuse or garbage (804, 3AcdHOHNE, meas Bz). Also, the Solid waste generated by agricultural activities may be considered as part of Municipal Solid Waste. ® = ©Sources of MSWs : Municipal Solid Wastes is a heterogeneous mixture of kinds of waste materials that are discarded as refuse or garbage (throw-away QARBG/SBx 8Qa Besa Sane). Such waste materials cannot be transported with water as different e Sewage or sludge (w#dd0ANGD mAs wWOs Boogrrivd) One can classify these solid wastes as : 1. Biodegradable (80703) and Putrescible (8298) 20s): Garbage 2. Non-biodegradable (sore) and Non-putrescible (82800): Rubbish. 1. Garbage : It includes food waste veg and non-veg (meat-left over egg shells) organic, bio-degradable collection/residue from Home, Hotel, Resorts, Restaurants, Marriage Halls. 2, Rubbish : It includes both combustible substances (=9432, SoAxwaGO) like - paper, plastic, clothes (textiles), tetrapacks boxes etc, and non-combustible items such ecient Cn AMATO nn eeee *Onmental Sustainabili ability 159 as broken glass pieces, Crockery (283, eoeq3 3, Lorecd AADAdMIs), Masonary (33 SUBS eaeried), Wooden Parts/furniture broken parts etc. The MSW items also include Ash (300), Fine dust, silt and sand (3293, wx35 serie) obtained from burning wood and street Sweeping (22eQ BANLADBBOod), 4 The MSW items may consist of special items like ® — construction work debris (888 ARDFeD BWwY-weeA moda BOAD Aadosse, WAdd, TBAT’ SYD Badris, coer, aoc BEN rows, sord Dey, Hor 2so0). e abondoned appliances (wvé7 AsieQad ROBIN) e bioken-unrepaired vehicle parts ® plastic-carry bags, containers, cans, cups, plates, bottles, packing papers. e plastic (electronic) toys (4832 ADB ADayosdried). «© Un-repairable - TV sets, Radio sets, cell phones, electronic oven, video/audio players, stereo, mic, speakers, computers, printers, washing machine, iron boxes etc., home appliances as e-wastes. ye All these “new kind of solid wastes generation” is due to : +» Modern Civilisation® Characteristics of MSWs : Bio medical/Hospital wastes may introduce infections (Geers; Apeow srhens soq3) and health hazards (ed.eer\§ YEA), > Waste/Unused Food, fruits, decay, vegetables, left over meat products foul odour/smell (comers 2ecdsss). > Give rise to Mosquito, Fly and insect generations (6a¢s Smo : Rag, at, dode Hoos Horio wgsii RoOLODOTvSS Ne vad somanoos deed Aecoh BWR). 6.3 Solid Waste Management Rules 2016 - 3R in SWM: 3R - in SWM (Solid Waste Management) : R - REDUCE (2o3rne) R - REUSE (ows) R - RECYCLE (aso'wet-sbameigriod abno#) Solid Waste Management Rules-2016 suggest the following 10 guidelines in handling solid wastes : 1. Segregation of Waste is important (BBesmacd - ded ded BwwB Lonard) As per the guidelines of the new rules - all waste generators must start separating their wastes into 3 categories as : > Biodegradables > Dry Waste (Plastic, Paper, Metal, Wood) > Domestic Hazardous Wastes (Napkins, diapers, mosquito repellents, cleaning agents etc.)160 Solid Waste Management and Environmental Acts a a iad een Me fi ae R 6.3 3R - 1. Characteristics of MSWs : Bio medical/Hospital wastes may introduce infections (Geeney Aeow srbenss xpqg) and health hazards (edAcrg Ss2cde6), Waste/Unused Food, fruits, decay, vegetables, left over meat products foul odour/smell (sers 2ecdss). Give rise to Mosquito, Fly and insect generations (6a¥g SRO : Ang, dom, dove mm we gsr woPMETdSs mene saris sacngdoos decid Aecow BwwArd), Solid Waste Management Rules 2016 - 3R in SWM: in SWM (Solid Waste Management) : R - REDUCE (n3iinea) R - REUSE (@mhw¥é) R - RECYCLE (bso0'n¢s-sbsmnsrsob m00#) Solid Waste Management Rules-2016 suggest the following 10 guidelines in handling solid wastes : Segregation of Waste is important (BEesmyAm - Ges wed Ae LonBraAcd) As per the guidelines of the new rules - all waste generators must start separating their wastes into 3 categories as : > Biodegradables > Dry Waste (Plastic, Paper, Metal, Wood) > Domestic Hazardous Wastes (Napkins, diapers, mosquito repellents, cleaning agents etc.) SS RE inWell before these e For which hotelDip. I" Sem. Environmental Sustainability > at rket 30d) itr, into im - lers tion lary ory) ver/ heir hey ers ida- > i looking into the growing accumulation of sanitary waste, se new rules (SWM)/guidelines have made it compulsory that all the local city municipal authorities (waste collectors) to set up a sanitary land fill (7>,/roo® rich wood mot Sooedehe>) in their area. Introduction of New Things - User Fees & Spot Fines : (8A Horses we, - “A rupee a Day Keeps Garbage Away”!) As per these rules, waste generators will have to pay some minimum (negligible) amount (say Rs. 10/- monthly to HDMC- Municipal Corporation’s Waste Collectors) to the waste collector’s for their activities of collection, disposal and processing of waste. local bodies (Aveo 8H Dar wre 3 apres ANOAGS/ decide and For which the urban/rural 1 somns - Td Bo2soocds* /Htsfo wowe0d shaesnd sed%) - across India are authorised to collect the nominal ‘user fees’ for waste collection & sorting & transportation. Also, the “spot fines” (Agcomeen Bow DOA) can be introduced and collected by local bodies from those who are throwing, burning the solid wastes on roadside, streets, Open public places etc. Collect Back’System for Non-biodegradable Packing Waste : As per these rules - the brand owners/manufacturer’s who lucts in packaging materials that are sell or market their prodi not environment friendly and non-biodegradable - will have to arrange for a system of recollecting back the packaging waste as is generated due to their production. seen—s © we — 5, A Bin is a Must for Street Vendors : (ei wo/ard eaprorise xcs acatsem) all street vendors must keep and ns or containers for dumping and hem such as food waste (left- plates, cups, cans, wrappers, fruit/vegetable-cuttings/ As per these guidelines - maintain necessary dustbi storage of waste generated by t over), disposable plastic/paper egg sheels, coconut shells, leftover wastes etc, 6. Guidelines for the Over-Growing Landfills : As per the new guidelines/rules - the landfill site (@c2obQ moa/sr, eich 84 goons sort) must be 100 metres away from a River, 200 metres away from pond and 500 metres away from Highway Roads, Water Supply Wells (202), public parks and 20 Kilometres away from Airports. » Also, the Non-Recyclable solid waste having calorific value of 1500 K/cal/kg or more should not be disposed in the landfills. As per the guidelines such wastes can be utilised for generating energy or can be used for preparing refuse derived fuel. = Such wastes can also be used for co-processing in cement or thermal power plants, 7. Waste Processing and Treatment Guidelines : As per these new rules - the bio-degradable wastes must be Processed, treated and disposed through composting (mixing- Rayo ovpe BwadsA\cd) well within the premises of waste- generation and remaining residual waste can be handed over to the local body/waste collectors, i ict ll bates aia it he i164 + Solid Waste Management and Environmental Acts s Also, it is directed that the developers of special economic zones, industrial estates/parks (¢7eoe> SxS =YHECD) will have to fix or reserve 5% of the total plot/site area or a minimum of 5 plots/sheds for recovery and recycling purposes. 8. Involvement of Ragpickers : (Sdob wid /800 vodvsiaics sacbrl/qericttemas) As per these new guidelines - the state governments can help and/or promote the integration of ragpickers, waste pickers from the informal sector to the formal sector. r* Since these ragpickers indirectly help in recycling/reusing of solid waste simply because of their job/activity (2400 eodnayad). 9; Guidelines for Municipal Authorities : As per the new guidelines - all local bodies like municipalities (Aecob—arioandé aoeeaTIC zndéne>) must frame and/or set up new by-laws and conduct educational campaign for awareness with respect to waste segregation and management and handling of the same smoothly by waste generators and promote the idea of composting (55%, TaycaaeA BOBS DYIR, Baesolomacd). 10. Process of Monitoring : As per these new guidelines - the government has established a central monitoring committee under the chairmanship of Secretary, MOEF & CC (Ministry of Environment, Forest & Climate Changes) to supervise and give timely guidance for Cael ema) Te2. Industrial Activities —3 ti : sa Same as commercial. 2 Schools, hospitals, prisons, government centers. modFNOD) Building Construction and demolition Activities Municipal New construction sites, Wood, steel, concrete, dirt, road repair, renovation | etc. sites, demolition of buildings. Street sweepings: landscape Street cleaning, land- and tree trimmings, general scaping, parks, beaches, services (aromOF other recreational areas, wastes from parks, beaches, Fesneos) water and waste water and other recreational areas; sludge. treatment plants. Industrial process wastes, scrap materials, off-specifi- cation products, slay tailings. Heavy and light manu- facturing, refineries, chemical plants, poweT plants, mineral extraction and processing. 7, Process (manufacturing etc) production Activities (BET opaizéneod) Spoiled food wastes, agricultural wastes, hazardous wastes. Crops, orchards, vine- yards, dairies, feedlots, farms. . Agriculture Activities (4a aenadezéneod) 6.4 E-Waste Generation, Sources and Characteristics : e-waste refers to the generation of solid waste Id which is dominated by the use of cially electronic home a Electronic waste or from the Engineering Industry Wor! ctrical devices and equipments, espe electronic/ele eoxedeone). appliances (7, ngsob AaAASDip. I* Sem. Environmental Sustainability 167 > e-waste is a new source of solid waste containing heavy metals and other inorganic components which are toxic and hazardous to health (Oxo Bone Sones, emeobmd) and can cause soil pollution if disposed in landfill (jam eres Bevoyyod) and can cause air pollution if burnt (=xy0o0z3). (=I Sources of e-waste Generation : e-waste is generated from un-used, unwanted, not-working, junk, good-old model/make electronic products or appliances like :- Computers and laptop’s tabs, Notepads including peripherals like Speaker, Mic, Monitor, Keyboard, Mouse, Printer, Gaming device/s if any. Electronic Entertainment Equipments (Audio-Visual devices) like TV, DVD’s and CD Players, VCR & VCP’s Stereo/ Speaker Sound box, Tape/Casette Records, Radio sets. Electronic Telecommunication Equipments like Landline, Telephone, Fax/Copier (Xerox) Machines, Cell Phone, Mobile/Smart Phone, Telex/Teleprinter. Electronic Home Appliances/consumer electronics/House- hold items like Calculator, Washing machine, Iron box, Microwave ovens, Vacuum cleaners, air-conditioners, clocks, wrist watches, CFL bulbs/Tubelights (Compact Fluorescent Lamps).=I Characteristics : hole Solid Waste Management and Environmental Acts Constituent Materials in E-waste and Problems created by E-Waste Toxic and hazardous as well as valuable substances Present in the items of e-waste include : Precious metals like gold, silver, platinum and palladium. Useful metals (that can be reclaimed by burning or dipping in Acid) like Copper, Aluminium, iron, steel, brass (ea, Bee, Se). Toxic substances like dioxin, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB). Hazardous materials like Mercury, radioactive isotopes. — Plastic cables/casing, PVC (Polyvinyl chloride) cable and insulations - pipes/tubes, glass material casing in CRT picture tubes. : Lead and cadmium in Computers, Batteries, Printed Ci ‘ Boards (P.C.B’s), Cathode Ray Tubes (CRT) Monito Mercury in Switches, flat screen Monitors. 4 To conclude on e-waste generation : sources and chara e-waste items if burnt produces dioxin, dangerous acid fum (Qaim vPe/ser AexdgHXod) in the air that are ha health and causing air pollution. e-waste items that cannot be burnt are thrown or disposed landfill (gadnodd moar vicd Sawaya), Usually, it is observed that nearly 70% of unused comput and 80% of Television sets crushed (broken into piece: ended up in landfills.ee ae ee Pa : . 169 py doing * ae of the BFOund oi icems (e-waste) such ag lead, arcen: : Seni cadmium, beryllium, lead o ride ete c, Mercury (mraz), Wrong handling of e-waste and direct can introduce chronic (eeaig, Be 3dx diseases in Human beings such 3s : 2) damages to thyroid, kidney, lungs bones brai ¥ D . in. 2 harmful to foetus/foetal development (7 Q tar aA OO A: Se acre), oa ) harmful to Reproductive System (Hozstoex3). % introduce lung cancer (axéaewcs RAO /ewrd deen) and asthmatic bronchitis (83, ay, eran). 6.5 E-waste Management Rules-2016 : As per these rules nearly 20 guidelines can be listed out. We shall shortlist a fiew important ones ; ©, Manufacturer, Dealer, Refurbisher and Producer Responsibility Organization (PRO) is introduced. Q, A collection mechanism based approach has been adopted to include collection center, collection point, take back system (say buy back : replacement of older one with new one) for e collection of e-waste by Producers or Manufacturers under Producer Responsibility (EPR). been given for setting up of Producer i ion (PRO), e-waste exchange, e-retailer,170 je eo je Dip. I* Sem. Environmental Sustainability ie Retin Schemes as an additional channel for the : ip yeaa of EPR (Extended Producer Responsibility) y the ee uncnee 4 in order to ensure efficient channelization of e-waste. The dealer who has been given the responsibility of collecting e-waste on behalf of the producer, needs to collect the e-waste by providing the consumer with a box and channelising it to the Producer. Dealer/Retailer or e-retailer shall refund the money/amount as per the guidelines/provisions of take back system or Deposit Refund Scheme of the Producer to the depositor of e-waste. Refurbisher (Restore or Redeocrator) needs to collect e-waste uring the process of refurbishing (recycling) and generated di e to authorised channelise (handover residual) the wast ugh its collection center and seek dismantler or recyler thro State Pollution Control one time authorization from SPCB ( Board). The rules of the State Govts. have been also introduced in the nsure the safety, health and skill development Rules in order to ¢ of dismantling and of the workers involved in the process recycling operations. The department of Industry in the state govt. OF any other authorised agency of industrial space or shed for dismantling and recy existing or upcoming industrial estate/parks. the govt., must ensure the allocation of cling in theDip. I* Sem. Environmental Sustainability 171 effective implementation of all these provisions (all the above as mentioned for e-waste management) and to submit an 3 annual monitoring report to the central govt. i.e., to Ministry | of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEF & CC). ©, The state govt. will have to prepare an integrated plan for ©, The Urban Local Bodies such as City Municipal Corporations, Town Panchayaths (Sndxe/abmennid ses) etc., have been assigned the responsibility of collecting and handling over these orphane (e-waste) products (Omad SHAT, Soe) to the authorised dismantlers or recyclers. 6.6 Plastic Waste Generation, Sources and Characteristics : Use of plstic items in modern civilised society is wide spreading and seems unavoidable plastic has become part of living life....! Pastic things or sit items are light weight, handy, easily portable, costing less (inexpensive). They are convenient to carry and use in attractive shape, size and models, unbreakable, non-sticky in nature. Plastics are used extensively in our day-today life ranging from food packaging, playing Game Toys to biomedical containers/accessories, household appliances (broomstick - Bact /exwOr1), sports items, laboratory accessories (scientific & defence), communication accessories (cell phone casing & cover, telephone (landline) set) etc.i 1 Solid Waste anagement and Environmental Acts 172 M [Sources of Plastic Waste Generation ic i t rec Once after their use, if the plastic items are not recyclable then they are the plastic wastes. Once they served their purpose for example plastic container/ bottle used for packaging mineral drinking os ie thrown to streets after the water is exhausted or ig purpose is over.... Similar is the situation of carrybags, plastic paper plates, food container/packaging boxes/tins etc. ® Sources : Household utility or domestic usage plastic goods at marriage halls, social gatherings, festivals used to carry food, eatables, water etc. - Thin Napkin (paper like) roll, furniture items like plastic chair, tables. - Crushed, broken bottles, watercans. - Carry bags (thin) used to bring vegetables and other commodities from markets. - Plates, lunch box tin/containers. Toys articles (6833 sexnaore) with children, ~ Plastic-cover, casing, lining, electric wire Carrying pipes ( Pipes also) used with electronic home appliances and thrown as orphan items (QNF38 oked ¢ dustbins after their usage and/or as older, able articles. 3300) to broken, non-téDip. Sem. Environmemal Sustainability Burning of plastic articiec ; fae in the open air produce poisonous fumes carbon monoxide (CO), dioxin, faran and ri ao affect breathing and introduce respiratory Problems FERS FOn0os wrod Bac). To conclude - Disposal of plastic waste is very difficult. © 0 Ra fr oe — €co-friendly building materials long-lasting (22 Deicanxoms chdoh gad, cowries, 4. rr a . AUN? woBrOriezc») items from plastic and plastic wastes can be manufactured. s* For example : Roof Tiles, floorings, windows/doors, removable window partitions/components, room isolators/partitions ¢tc., in attractive colors, shapes models can be introduced to the domestic and commercial buildings/houses. 6.7 Plastic Waste Management Rules, 2016 / Recycled Plastic Rules, 2016 : Plastic carry bags, water bottles etc., are biggest contributors to “throw-away to streets/roadside” ? plastic waste/s. Millions and millions of plastic bags/cups/tins/containers every year introduce soil and water pollution. To decompose or degrade such plastic waste/s completely nearly an average of 1000 years are required! Therefore to handle the issue of scientific waste management, the government has issued and notified the plastic waste management rules, 2016 which were an improverhent or new rules over the plastic waste (management and handling) Rules, 2011, which were notified in 2011.175 @ Role / Importance of Plastic Waste Management Rules- 2016 The aims and objectives of Plastic Waste Management Rules, 2016 include the following :- Increase minimum thickness of plastic carry bags from 40 to 50 microns and fix minimum thickness of 50 microns for plastic sheets. Promote or Encourage collection and recycling of plastic waste. As plastic waste generation has reached rural areas also, so tules extended to cover municipal areas to rural areas and Gram Panchayath’s have been given the responsibility of framing rules to handle plastic waste generation & management, As per Extended Producer’s Responsibility - a collect back system of plastic waste by producers and brand owner’s is introduced. Individuals and bulk generators (like offices, industries, shops, vendors) of plastic waste must Segregate (separate/categorise) the plastic waste at source and hand over it to local bodies (collectors) and pay the necessary waste management fees/as service charge as per the bye-laws of the local bodies (Municipal corporations - 2x0 seers DORMS ge we HOOD Doarew) To promote the use of plastic waste for road construction as per the Indian Road Congress guidelines for gainful utilization of plastic waste.> > ment and Environmental Agts jable only with those shop. pre-registered with local ration fees. al bodies is to be Solid Waste Manage’ ‘The plastic carry bags will be aval keepers or sireet-vendors who have bodies on payment of necessary regist ‘The registration fees hence collected by loc used for plastic waste management, ’ As per these rules manufacturer's OF producer s “ plastic will have to keep a record of their vendors « whom they have supplied raw materials for manufacturing carrybags, plastic-sheets and multilayered packaging. curb or stop the manufacturing of - This arrangement is to anised sector or in an such plastic products in an unorg: unauthorised manner, 2 As per these rules - retailers, street vendor's, shop-l who use plastic bags/plastic sheets/carry bags and multilay packaging for their product sales will have to pay fine a (Goes smei8acietd) if they do not stick on to waste rules/standards. For instance local bodies authorities/inspector’s will condu an inspection or ride on shop-keeper’s to check whether th are using carry bags of appropriate thickness (50 m say) or not and accordingly heavy fine will be levied on Y if poor or less than a standard thickness fixed plastic ca bags usage is found by shop-keepers. A large number of commodities (goods are being wrapped into plastic sheets and afterwards such she left for litered or thrown away as useless. But as per these rules/new guidelines, provisions are m ensure the collection of such waste plastic packaging shsolid Waste Management and Environmental Ags 7 Dip. * Sem. Environmental Sustainability and handing over (0 aiiiaisey Teeycler or recyclit ling plant facilites, > ‘The Central Pollution Control C Board (CPCB) has been the responsibility of framing rules/guidel thermoset pl i es ie plastic (Le., a plastic difficult to tecycle) usage: To conclude be held motiey, meetings, summits worksi:nps sponsible for the management of plastic solid wastes (house: yn. sources. wastes, biomedical wastes, municipal hold/domestic waste) and noise pollutio Therefore, there was & need for an act or new rules to check control and prevent all these different Kinds of pollution souross and to supplement (support) already existing water and i pollution control acts. Thus this act on Environment Protection exercises @ central control on preventing the environmental pollution In otherwords this act Environment (Protection) Act 1986 ‘and the corresponding Environment (Protection) Rules-1986 is a general enactment that empowers the central government to prevent, control and abate (820575, pohosms Dey tasbhne=ms) environmental pollution (Woxd swe), +> Objectives of this Act include : © Protection and improvement of the environment © Prevention of hazards (szzcbyiomeose 22x00) to all Tiving creatures (human beings, plants & animals) and. property (¥2, 702) wD sE70IC) @ Maintain harmonious (P22 ¢ -od3 208032) relationship between human beings and their living environment (plants, ‘animals, forest, property etc.) a Salen praa eitares (erode thi Act include the following ones (To list a few.....) : This act empowers central govt. to take or exercise measures (e=2rs) suh as :Dip. I Sem. Environmental Sustainability 179 180 authority (off >» Make rules by notification in the official Gazette (Gee, =) > Provisins of this acts can constitute an a for carrying out the purposes of this act, central/state govt, departments =<) for : al Govt., in order to imp > Co-ordinate, plan and execute nationwide programmes for powers and functions of Central Govt., . the prevention, control and abatement of environment this Act effectively 3 oe > This act empowers the central govt., and its officers g > To take measures and lay down proeceures for protecting and and/or collect samples of air (fumes, steam etc.,) improving Quality of the Environment (xox0s Torembe and other polluting materials from the factory or P HORS mecyeyeD Sabrv eabaye), further analysis as per laid down procedures of this > This act prohibits discharge of environmental pollutants in excess of the prescribed regulatory standards. 6.9 Occupational Health and Safety Measures > To examine or inspect any industrial plant, processes, (wthagn Avg edamt, mx, Day Sse sebriet) materials, equipments causing environmental pollution and : J seize or take actions if any necessary (2agofevcixs toc Ree oben yee ade s2axsicb : lock down) conditions and safety is an important concern of any a working environments like corporate offices, banks, > To sponsor and carry out investigations & research and he Scotia. F 3 campus, hospitals, industrial sheds, manufacturing prepare manuals, guidelines o publish or 1 create awareness fi se of about environmental pollution, its prevention and control Busstand, Railway Station, Airports, Market places ( (For example : to establish environmental laboratories, for gn 80 al. soil, water pollutants testing). > A highly disciplined organizational culture and > Provisions of this act penalise any person or organization (2,50) following health/hygiene standards and violating the guidelines/rules/provisions of this act (i.e., for guidelines or safety tips by individual employees and the offences (= AeErivexioeGns) committed under ‘management as well can definitely prevent and control wo se this Act) and punishable accordingly with a fine amount (Sow 2%e, =58) of upto Rs, One Jakhs or an imprisonment for a term that extend upto 5 years (wesog aabaico/eOrt BebAa\cd) or both. place casualities like accidents, injuries, explosions, Circuit electric shocks, fire hazards, machinery fai accidents, food & water infections and pollution problems/hazards if any...« list out andl @xf osimeasures that OMe: nd healthy on the . Occupational Healt! ky 10 your job oF zs Donot go to work at your il health (like fever. couBhs ‘All these affect job concentration, judgement, decision making, rmétor/machine control deviations, wrong placement of tools and jobs in the machine ...t Maintain Correct Posture/Gestare = (eens wort areas amen Dade! sed Body Movement) Use scientific guidelines while lifting heavy weight objects i.e, use both hands to lift or to carry heavy weight goods. Keep your shoulder, hip in line while sitting at desk/chair, Avoid stooping (rach), twisting etc., while working continuously. Test the item weight before lifting them; Hold the load close to your body and lift or handle items smoothly and slowly. Take Regular Breaks : Take pause and keep quiet for sometime possibly close your eyes - as short breaks in the day long working hours.... That is - Relax for sometime by drinki on break or lunch breaks. ae