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BE Iyear BEEE SynchronousMachine AshishSuryavanshi

The document details the construction and operation of synchronous machines, highlighting the roles of rotor and stator windings in generating electricity. It explains the use of DC current to create a magnetic field in the rotor and discusses various methods for supplying this current, including slip rings and brushless exciters. Additionally, it covers the relationship between rotor speed, electrical frequency, and the effects of armature reaction on the output voltage of synchronous generators.

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lokeshshrivastava044
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2 views19 pages

BE Iyear BEEE SynchronousMachine AshishSuryavanshi

The document details the construction and operation of synchronous machines, highlighting the roles of rotor and stator windings in generating electricity. It explains the use of DC current to create a magnetic field in the rotor and discusses various methods for supplying this current, including slip rings and brushless exciters. Additionally, it covers the relationship between rotor speed, electrical frequency, and the effects of armature reaction on the output voltage of synchronous generators.

Uploaded by

lokeshshrivastava044
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Construction of synchronous machines

In a synchronous generator, a DC current is


applied to the rotor winding producing a rotor
magnetic field. The rotor is then turned by
external means producing a rotating magnetic
field, which induces a 3-phase voltage within
the stator winding.

• Field windings are the windings


producing the main magnetic field
(rotor windings

• armature windings are the windings


where the main voltage is induced
(stator windings)
Construction of synchronous machines

The rotor of a synchronous machine is a large electromagnet. The


magnetic poles can be either salient (sticking out of rotor surface) or non-
salient construction.

Non-salient-pole rotor: usually two- and four-pole rotors. Salient-pole rotor: four
and more poles.

Rotors are made laminated to reduce eddy current losses.


Construction of synchronous machines

Two common approaches are used to supply a DC current to the field


circuits on the rotating rotor:

1. Supply the DC power from an


external DC source to the rotor by
means of slip rings and brushes;

2. Supply the DC power from a


special DC power source mounted
directly on the shaft of the
machine.

Slip rings are metal rings completely encircling the shaft of a machine but
insulated from it. Graphite-like carbon brushes connected to DC terminals
ride on each slip ring supplying DC voltage to field windings.
Construction of synchronous machines

• On large generators and motors, brushless exciters are used.


• A brushless exciter is a small AC generator whose field
circuits are mounted on the stator and armature circuits are
mounted on the rotor shaft.
• The exciter generator’s 3-phase output is rectified to DC by
a 3-phase rectifier (mounted on the shaft) and fed into the
main DC field circuit.
• It is possible to adjust the field current on the main machine
by controlling the small DC field current of the exciter
generator (located on the stator).
Construction of synchronous machines

A brushless exciter: a
low 3-phase current is
rectified and used to
supply the field circuit
of the exciter (located
on the stator).

The output of the


exciter’s armature
circuit (on the rotor) is
rectified and used as
the field current of the
main machine.
Construction of synchronous machines

To make the excitation of


a generator completely
independent of any
external power source, a
small pilot exciter is often
added to the circuit.

The pilot exciter is an AC


generator with a
permanent magnet
mounted on the rotor
shaft and a 3-phase
winding on the stator
producing the power for
the field circuit of the
exciter.
Construction of synchronous machines

A rotor of large
synchronous
machine with a
brushless exciter
mounted on the
same shaft.
Construction of synchronous machines

Exciter

Salient poles.
Rotation speed of synchronous generator
By the definition, synchronous generators produce electricity
whose frequency is synchronized with the mechanical rotational
speed.
p
fe  nm
120
Where fe is the electrical frequency, Hz;
nm is the rotor speed of the machine, rpm;
p is the number of poles.

• Steam turbines are most efficient when rotating at high speed;


therefore, to generate 60 Hz, they are usually rotating at 3600
rpm (2-pole).
• Water turbines are most efficient when rotating at low speeds
(200-300 rpm); therefore, they usually turn generators with many
poles.
The induced voltage in a 3-phase set of coils
In three coils, each of NC turns, placed around the rotor magnetic field,
the induced in each coil will have the same magnitude and phases
differing by 1200:

eaa ' (t )  NCm cos mt


ebb ' (t )  NCm cos mt  120 
ecc ' (t )  NCm cos mt  240 

Peak voltage:

Emax  NCm Emax  2 NC f

2
RMS voltage: EA  NC f  2 NC f
2
Internal generated voltage of a synchronous
generator
The magnitude of internal generated voltage induced in a given stator is

EA  2 NC f  K
where K is a constant representing the construction of the machine,  is flux in it
and  is its rotation speed.

Since flux in the


machine depends
on the field current
through it, the
internal generated
voltage is a
function of the
rotor field current.
Magnetization curve (open-circuit characteristic) of a
synchronous machine
Equivalent circuit of a synchronous generator

The internally generated voltage in a single phase of a


synchronous machine EA is not usually the voltage appearing
at its terminals. It equals to the output voltage V only when
there is no armature current in the machine. The reasons
that the armature voltage EA is not equal to the output
voltage V are:
1. Distortion of the air-gap magnetic field caused by the
current flowing in the stator (armature reaction);
2. Self-inductance of the armature coils;
3. Resistance of the armature coils;
Equivalent circuit of a synchronous generator

Armature reaction:

• When the rotor of a


synchronous generator is
spinning, a voltage EA is
induced in its stator.
• When a load is connected, Lagging
a current starts flowing load
creating a magnetic field in
machine’s stator.
• This stator magnetic field BS
adds to the rotor (main)
magnetic field BR affecting
the total magnetic field and,
therefore, the phase
voltage.
Equivalent circuit of a synchronous generator

The load current IA will create a stator magnetic field BS, which will
produce the armature reaction voltage Estat. Therefore, the phase voltage
will be

V  EA  Estat
The net magnetic flux will be

Bnet  BR  BS
Rotor field Stator field
Equivalent circuit of a synchronous generator
Since the armature reaction voltage lags the
current by 90 degrees, it can be modeled by

Estat   jXI A
The phase voltage is then

V  EA  jXI A
However, in addition to armature reactance effect, the stator coil
has a self-inductance LA (XA is the corresponding reactance) and
the stator has resistance RA. The phase voltage is thus

V  EA  jXI A  jX A I A  RI A
Equivalent circuit of a synchronous generator
Often, armature reactance and self-
inductance are combined into the
synchronous reactance of the machine:

XS  X  X A
Therefore, the phase voltage is

V  EA  jX S I A  RI A

The equivalent circuit of a 3-phase


synchronous generator is shown.

The adjustable resistor Radj controls


the field current and, therefore, the
rotor magnetic field.
Equivalent circuit of a synchronous generator
A synchronous generator can be Y- or -connected:

The terminal voltage will be


VT  3V  forY VT  V  for
Equivalent circuit of a synchronous generator

Since – for balanced loads – the three phases of a synchronous


generator are identical except for phase angles, per-phase
equivalent circuits are often used.
Phasor diagram of a synchronous generator
(similar to that of a transformer)
Since the voltages in a synchronous generator are AC voltages, they are
usually expressed as phasors. A vector plot of voltages and currents within
one phase is called a phasor diagram.

A phasor diagram of a synchronous


generator with a unity power factor
(resistive load)

Lagging power factor (inductive load): a


larger than for leading PF internal
generated voltage EA is needed to form
the same phase voltage.

Leading power factor (capacitive load).

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