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Module+1+Lesson+2+(Cell+Structure+and+Function)

The document discusses the structures surrounding a cell, primarily the cell membrane and cell wall, and their roles in regulating substance movement. It also explains how cell size affects material transport, emphasizing the importance of surface area to volume ratio. Additionally, it outlines various organelles involved in material transport, including ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, vacuoles, Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, and the nucleus, highlighting their functions and significance in cellular activities.

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3 views6 pages

Module+1+Lesson+2+(Cell+Structure+and+Function)

The document discusses the structures surrounding a cell, primarily the cell membrane and cell wall, and their roles in regulating substance movement. It also explains how cell size affects material transport, emphasizing the importance of surface area to volume ratio. Additionally, it outlines various organelles involved in material transport, including ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, vacuoles, Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, and the nucleus, highlighting their functions and significance in cellular activities.

Uploaded by

Abo Moussa
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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What surrounds a cell?

Cell Membrane
The cell membrane surrounds the cytoplasm.
The cytoplasm is a fluid inside a cell that contains salts and other molecules.
However, as you just observed, another important role of cell membranes is
to control the movement of substances into and out of cells.

A cell membrane is semipermeable. This means it allows only certain substances,


like nutrients and wastes, to enter or leave a cell

What surrounds a cell?


Cell Wall
*Every cell has a cell membrane, but some
cells are also surrounded by a structure called
the cell wall.
Plant cells, fungal cells, bacteria, and some
types of protists have cell walls.

A cell wall is a stiff structure outside the cell


membrane.
* A cell wall protects a cell from attack by
viruses and other harmful organisms.

*In some plant cells and fungal cells, a cell wall


helps maintain the cell’s shape and gives
structural support.

How does cell size affect the transport of materials?


Surface Area and Volume
 The movement of nutrients, waste material, and other substances into and
out of a cell is important for survival.
 For this movement to happen, the area of the cell membrane must be
large compared to its volume.
 The area of the cell membrane is the cell’s surface area.
 The volume is the amount of space inside the cell.
 As a cell grows, both its volume and its surface area increase.
 The volume of a cell increases faster than its surface area.
 If a cell were to keep growing, it would need large amounts of nutrients and
would produce large amounts of waste material. However, the surface area
of the cell’s membrane would be too small to move enough nutrients and
wastes through it for the cell to survive.
 High surface area to volume ratio means high diffusion rate(more efficient)

What organelles are involved in the transport of materials?

1- Cell membrane enables materials to enter and leave the cell.

2- Ribosomes
Function: Protein production
 Amino acid molecules made up of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen,
and sometimes sulfur.
 join together to form long chains called proteins.
 Some proteins help cells communicate with each other.
 others transport substances inside cells.
Notes:
 Proteins are made on small structures called ribosomes.
 Unlike other cell organelles, a ribosome is not surrounded by a membrane.

3-
Endoplasmic Reticulum Ribosomes can be attached to a weblike
organelle called the endoplasmic reticulum or ER.
Location: The ER spreads from the nucleus throughout most of the
cytoplasm.
Types Rough endoplasmic smooth ER
reticulum.

Difference Endoplasmic reticulum ER without ribosomes


with ribosomes on its
surface
Function Rough ER is the site of it helps remove harmful
protein production substances from a cell

4- Vacuoles are saclike structures inside some cells.

Plant cell Vacuole Animal cell Vacuole

Size usually has one large have many small vacuoles


vacuole (up to half the
cell size)
Function  store food, water,  store food, water, and
and waste waste material.
material.
 enables the plant
to stay rigid and
supported when
filled with water.

5.The Golgi Apparatus


Function:
1. Prepare proteins for their specific jobs or functions.
2. Packages the proteins into tiny, membrane-bound, ball-like
structures called vesicles.
Vesicles are
1. organelles that transport substances from one area of a cell to
another area of a cell.
2. Some vesicles in an animal cell are called lysosomes.
3. Lysosomes contain substances that help break down and recycle
cellular components.
5-

Mitochondria
Structure:
1. The bean-shaped organelle you just studied is called a mitochondrion.
2. Mitochondria are found in both plant and animal cells.
3. It has two membranes to increase the surface area for these reactions to
occur.
Function:
1. it powers the cell through chemical reactions.
2. Mitochondria are a vital part of cellular respiration.
Cellular respiration is a series of chemical reactions that convert the energy in
food molecules into a usable form of energy called ATP.

Powering Plant Cells


 In addition to mitochondria, plant cells contain organelles called
chloroplasts.

 Chloroplasts are organelles that use light energy and make food—a sugar
called glucose—from water and carbon dioxide.
The nucleus
Structure:
1. The largest organelle inside most eukaryotic cells is the nucleus.
2. Contains important cellular information stored in DNA.
3. DNA is organized into structures called chromosomes.
4. , the nucleus contains proteins and an organelle called the nucleolus
Function:
1. Directs cell activities
2. The DNA of each cell carries information that provides instructions for
making all the proteins a cell requires.
3. Proteins are needed for almost every function in the body.

The nucleolus
Function:
makes ribosomes, organelles that are involved in the production of proteins.

What can different cells do?


Types of Cells and Structures Cells in the body can be incredibly
diverse, as you just saw.
1. Red blood cells are disk-shaped, which helps them move through
blood vessels so that they can carry oxygen throughout the body.
2. Xylem cells are tubelike cells that transport water from the roots
to the leaves of plants.
3. The neuron is a cell found in many animals that transmits
impulses from different parts of the body.

Each cell is unique but works with other cells as body functions are
carried out.

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