0% found this document useful (0 votes)
6 views8 pages

Chapter# 01 Eng 2025

Chapter 1 covers the fundamentals of chemistry, including its definition and various branches such as organic, inorganic, physical, and biochemistry. It explains the significance of these branches in understanding matter, chemical reactions, and the development of new materials. The chapter also discusses states of matter, mixtures, and the properties of elements and compounds.

Uploaded by

alshifacomputer2
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
0% found this document useful (0 votes)
6 views8 pages

Chapter# 01 Eng 2025

Chapter 1 covers the fundamentals of chemistry, including its definition and various branches such as organic, inorganic, physical, and biochemistry. It explains the significance of these branches in understanding matter, chemical reactions, and the development of new materials. The chapter also discusses states of matter, mixtures, and the properties of elements and compounds.

Uploaded by

alshifacomputer2
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 8

Chapter#01: Fundamentals of Chemistry Scope: it helps to study the structure and functions of proteins, carbohydrates,

lipids and nucleic acid.


Q#1: Define Chemistry?
v. Polymer chemistry:
The branch of science that deals with the composition, structure, properties and
reactions of matter along with physical and chemical changes is called chemistry. The branch of chemistry that deals with the properties, structure and synthesis of
polymers and macromolecules.
Q#02: Why is there a need to divide chemistry into many branches. Give
three reasons? (Polymer: These are large molecules made by
linking the series of small molecules called
To understand the complex subject of chemistry it is divided into many branches
monomers e.g polystyrene, plastic bags
because of
i. to understand fundamental principles of chemistry easily vi. Nuclear Chemistry
ii. to focus on specific aspects The branch of chemistry that deals with the processes taking place in nucleus.
Such as radioactivity, nuclear processes and properties of nucleus is called
iii. to help scientist to develop new materials and technologies nuclear chemistry.
Q#3: Explain the branches of chemistry? vii. Environmental Chemistry: The branch of chemistry that deal with the
i. Physical Chemistry: (Which branch of chemistry predicts the changes?) components of the environment and the effects of human activities on the
environment is called environmental chemistry.
The branch of chemistry that deals with the relationship between the composition
and physical properties of matter and predicts changes in them is called physical Scope: it helps to understand the causes, effects and solution of different types
chemistry. of pollutions.
ii. Organic Chemistry: The study of covalent compounds of carbon and viii. Analytical Chemistry: The branch of chemistry that deals with problems
hydrogen (hydrocarbons) and their derivative is called organic chemistry. related to separation, identification and determination of concentration of
substance is called analytical chemistry.
iii. Inorganic Chemistry: The study of all compounds except the compounds of
carbon and hydrogen (hydrocarbons) and their derivatives is called inorganic (What types of problems are solved in analytical chemistry?)
chemistry. ix: Geochemistry:
iv. Define Biochemistry: The branch of chemistry that deal with the structure, The study of chemical composition of earth and its sources and minerals is called
composition, and chemical reactions of substances found in living organisms is geochemistry. It is used in forestry, environment study and medical research.
called biochemistry.
(Muhammad Asif BS chemistry) GHS Kamar Mushani {0305-7263558}
x. Medicinal chemistry: An inorganic compound can be formed by metals, non-metals, salts, acid, base
or their mixture.
The branch of chemistry that deal with the synthesis of a medicine or drug which
is useful for mankind is called medicinal chemistry. Uses: inorganic compounds used as medicine, fuel, catalyst, coatings etc.
xi. Astro-chemistry: Q#7: Define Matter and write the names of states of matter?
The branch of chemistry that deal with the molecules and ions found in the space Matter: Anything that has mass and occupies space is called matter.
and their interaction with radiations is called Astro-chemistry.
States of matter: Matter have four major states solid, liquid, gas and plasma
Q#4: The reaction may occur due to electron present inside the nucleus or
Q#8: What is plasm? Write its composition. Where it is found?
outside the nucleus. Which branch of chemistry cover these two types of
reactions? Plasma is the fourth state of matter. It is composed of partially ionized gases that
contain electrons, ions, photons etc.
Physical chemistry involves when electron present outside nucleus, Nuclear
chemistry involves when electron present inside the nucleus. Plasma is found in fluorescent tubes, lightning and welding arcs.
Q#5: differentiate between the areas which are studied under inorganic and Q#9: What are supercritical fluids? Why supercritical fluids are important?
organic chemistry? OR How are they different from ordinary liquids?
(write the scope of organic and inorganic chemistry) Super critical fluids are highly compressed state of matter which have both
Organic Chemistry Inorganic chemistry properties of liquid and gases. e.g. supercritical carbon dioxide.
The study of covalent compounds of The study of all compounds except the Importance:
carbon and hydrogen (hydrocarbons) compounds of carbon and hydrogen
and their derivative is called organic (hydrocarbons) and their derivatives is They are important because some chemical reactions cannot be carried out in
chemistry. called inorganic chemistry. ordinary solvents, but they can possibly have carried out in supercritical carbon
dioxide.
Scope/Applications: Scope/Applications:
Organic compounds are found in all Inorganic compounds are used as Difference between supercritical fluids and ordinary liquids:
forms of life and are essential for life. medicines, fertilizers, catalyst, Supercritical fluids Ordinary liquids
coatings etc.. They diffuse quickly They diffuse slowly
They can dissolve more substances. They can dissolve only few
Q#6: What are inorganic compounds? Write their uses? substances.

(Muhammad Asif BS chemistry) GHS Kamar Mushani {0305-7263558}


They have low viscosity and can flow They have high viscosity ii. liquids: There are very few elements which occur in liquid state e.g. mercury
more easily. and bromine.
They are more compressed They are less compressed.
iii. Gas: A few elements exist as gases e.g. nitrogen, oxygen, chlorine and
Q#10: How does a supercritical state look like?
hydrogen.
It is an intermediate state of matter that look like a dense fluid which show the
iv. Metals and non-metals: On the basis of their properties, elements are divided
properties of both gases and liquids. For example, supercritical fluids, graphene,
into metals, non-metals and metalloids.
liquid crystals etc.
Q#11: what are liquid crystal? Give an example. where they are used? Q#14: What type of movements are present in gaseous and liquid molecules?

Liquid crystals are state of matter which have properties between liquids and Movements in Gases: (Write the properties of gases?)
crystalline solids e.g. graphene i. Gases has fast and random movements. ii. they can move freely and quickly.
Uses: they are used in display devices like monitor screens, clocks, watches etc. iii. Gases can expand their volume according to container.
Q#12: What do you mean by exotic state of matter? iv. Gases are easily compressible. v. gases have very low densities.
The states of matter that are not commonly studied are called exotic states of Movements in Liquids: (write the properties of liquids?)
matter.
i. liquid molecules have continuous random motion.
e.g. dark matter, Bose-Einstein condensate, nuclear matter, quantum spin liquid
ii. They can flow easily and can get the shape of container.
etc.
iii. They do not expand their volume like gases.
Q#13: Define Element and classify the elements with examples?
iv. They are not easily compressible.
OR
Q#15: What is compound?
Element: It is a substance made up of same type of atoms, having same atomic
Compound is a substance made up of two or more elements chemically combined
number and cannot be decomposed into simple substances by ordinary chemical
together in a fixed ratio by mass.
means.
For example: Water is a compound
Types: Elements may be solids, liquids or gases.
i. Solid: Majority of the elements exist as solids e.g. sodium, copper, gold, etc. Q#16: Define Mixture and write the types of mixture?
Mixture:
movements: it has only vibrational movements
(Muhammad Asif BS chemistry) GHS Kamar Mushani {0305-7263558}
When two or more elements or compounds mix up physically without any fixed vi. Compounds have They may be Element is
ratio, they form a mixture. homogeneous homogeneous represented
Types of mixture: There are two types of mixture. composition. or by a symbol
heterogeneous e.g sodium
in composition Na
i. Homogeneous Mixture: Mixtures that have uniform composition throughout
are called homogeneous mixtures e.g. air, gasoline, ice cream.
v Compounds Mixture do not Elements
ii. Hetrogeneous Mixture: Mixtures that have not uniform composition always have a have chemical have specific
throughout are called hetrogeneous mixtures e.g. soil, rock and wood. chemical formula formula. symbols e.g
H for
Technetium was the first hydrogen
element created by scientist in
the laboratory

Q#17: Differentiate between a Element, Compound and a Mixture? Q#18: Which elements are found in pure state in Earth?
Gold, Platinum, copper, Silver, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon
Compound Mixture Elemen Q#19: Which elements are in very small amount in earth?
t
i
Astatine (At) is the least abundant element on the earth.
It is formed by a chemical Mixture is formed by An element is
combination of atoms of the simple mixing up simplest form of Technetium, francium, plutonium etc. are also found in very small amount on
the elements. of the substances. matter. earth.
ii. Its components lose Its components It is not possible Q#20: What are Allotropic forms? Explain the allotropic forms of carbon
their identity and form does not lose their to break element and Sulphur? How does coal differ from diamond?
a new substance. identity. in simple Elements exist in more than one different physical forms. These forms are called
particles. allotropic forms and this process is called allotropy.
iv The components cannot The components can Gaseous elements
. be separated by physical be separated by exist in the form Allotropes of oxygen are oxygen (O2) and ozone (O3)
methods. simple physical of independent 1. Allotropes of carbon are Diamond, Graphite and Buckminster fullerene (C60)
methods. molecules.
Nitrogen (N2), Diamond: it has three dimensional crystal lattice structure.
Oxygen O2
(Muhammad Asif BS chemistry) GHS Kamar Mushani {0305-7263558}
Graphite: it has hexagonal structure of carbon rings. Example: pencil is mixture of graphite It is used to prepare light weight
and clay. material like transistors, biomedicines
Buckminster fullerene (C60): it consists of spheres with the shape of
hexagon and pentagon.
Q#22: In which state does matter exist in the sun?
Characteristics:
Most of the matter exist in plasma state in the sun. plasma is composed of
It is very stable at high temperature and pressure. It has low melting points.
partially ionized gases that contain electrons, ions, photons etc.
It has cage like structure. It is soft and cannot conduct electricity.
Q#23: What is the importance of graphene?
2. Allotropes of Sulphur are rhombic and monoclinic.
Graphene is a very tough, flexible and light material with high resistance, due to
Rhombic: it has S8 molecule in a rhombic crystal lattice. Rhombic is more which it is used in many industries like construction, health, electronics etc.
stable than monoclinic. (Mcqs)
Q#24: Which form of matter most of the material things in this world belong
Monoclinic: it has S8 molecule in a monoclinic crystal lattice. to?
Most of the material things in this world belong to the solid state of matter.
3. difference between Coal and Diamond: Q#25: In what way plasma created in fluorescent tube?
In fluorescent tube plasma is created by applying high voltage current at low
Coal Diamond
pressure that ionize the gas in tube.
Coal is black or brownish color Diamond is a hardest form of carbon
mixture of carbon with hydrogen, with three dimensional structure. Q#26: Most of the molecules we study in biochemistry are organic in nature.
Sulphur, oxygen and nitrogen. Where does the difference exist in organic and biochemistry branches of
Coal is used as a source of energy for It is used in industries and jewelry chemistry?
heating and electricity generation. making.
Biochemistry only deal with the study of organic compound found in living
organisms while organic chemistry deal with the organic compound found in both
Q#21: Both graphite and graphene have hexagonal layered structure. What living and non-living things.
is the difference?
Q#27: Give the reason of brilliance shown by diamond. Can you improve it?
Graphite Graphene
Graphite has three dimensional It has two dimensional structure. The brilliance shown by diamond is due to its high refractive index. Diamond
structure. It has single layer of carbon atoms. reflects white light into different colors and shines.
It has many layers of graphene.
(Muhammad Asif BS chemistry) GHS Kamar Mushani {0305-7263558}
We can improve brilliance of diamond by cutting it into suitable angle and solution particles cannot be seen by naked eye and pass through filter paper so
polishing it regularly. it is called true solution.
Q#28: Why graphite is slippery to touch, which property of graphite enable iii. Suspension: These are a heterogeneous mixture of undissolved particles in a
it to be used as lubricant? given medium. Its Particles are big enough to be seen with naked eyes.
The forces between graphite layers are very weak so these layers can easily slide Its particle cannot pass through filter paper. Its particles settled down after
over each other. That is why graphite feels slippery to touch. This property makes sometime.
graphite to be used as a lubricant.
e.g chalk in water,
Q#29: mention the name of the branch of chemistry in which you will study
iv. Colloids: solute particles of colloids are larger than the true solutions but not
each of the following topics.
large enough to be seen by naked eye.
Topic Branch of chemistry
Its particle can pass through filter paper. It particles does not settled down.
(a). Rate of reaction Physical chemistry
e.g starch, white of egg
(b). Digestion of food in human body Bio chemistry
v. Saturated solution: A solution containing maximum amount of solute at a
(c). properties of plasma physical chemistry given temperature is called saturated solution.
(d). ecosystem Environmental chemistry vi. Unsaturated solution: A solution which contains lesser amount of solute than
that which is required to saturate it at a given temperature, is called unsaturated
(e). reaction taking place during fire-works inorganic chemistry
solution.
(f). measurement absorption of wavelength with the help of ultraviolet
Q#31: Discuss the effect of temperature on solubility?
spectrometer. Analytical chemistry
OR
Q#30: Define the followings? OR
Define solubility of solute. How does the solubility of solute changes with the
write the difference between Solution, colloid and suspension?
increase in temperature?
i. Solution: A solution is a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances.
Solubility is the number of grams of the solute dissolved in 100 g of a solvent to
e.g solution of salt in water prepare a saturated solution at a particular temperature.
ii. True solution: (Why solution is called true solution?) There are different possibilities with reference to effect of temperature on
solubility.
(Muhammad Asif BS chemistry) GHS Kamar Mushani {0305-7263558}
1. Heat is absorbed: Q#35: Preparation of solutions lead to an important process in chemistry
which enable us to purify a compound through crystallization. Describe a
Solubility of salts like KNO3, AgNO3 and KCl usually increases with the increase
process in which potassium nitrate purified by crystalizing it in water?
in temperature and heat is absorbed.
Potassium nitrate is purified through crystallization by following steps:
2. Heat is given out: solubility of salts like Li2CO3 and CaCrO4 decreases with
the increase of temperature and heat is released. i. Prepare the solution: dissolve the impure potassium nitrate in hot water.

3. No change in heat: ii. Filtration: filter the hot solution to remove any insoluble impurities or
undissolved particles.
When salt like NaCl is added in water, the solution temperature remains almost
the same. In such case temperature has a minimum effect on solubility. iii. Cooling the solution: slowly cool down the filtered solution.

Q#32: How formation of solution can be useful in daily life? iv. Crystallization: crystal of potassium nitrate will start to form as the solution
cools.
Solution plays an important role in our daily life. The air we breathe, the fluids
in our body, the solid steel we use are all solutions. v. isolation of crystals: separate the crystal from liquid by filtration or
decantation.
Q#33: Explain the dissolution of NaCl in water?
vi. Drying: dry the crystals to remove remaining extra water.
Water is a polar molecule, when NaCl is added into water the partially positive
end of water attracts the positive and negative ions of NaCl due to this it dissolves By using above process we can purify the potassium nitrate by crystallizing it in
into water. water.
Q36# Graphene is called miracle material and it is a material of future.
Which of its many properties makes it very useful in electronics?
Graphene is very useful in the field of electronics and also called miracle material
due to its unique properties such as;
Q#34: Why NaCl cannot be crystalized from water just like KNO3? i. it is very strong material ii. It is very light weight.
Solubility of KNO3 increases with increase in temperature and on cooling excess iii. it is good conductor of heat and electricity.
KNO3 crystalized out easily. On the other hand, solubility on NaCl does not
increase with increase in temperature so it does not crystalize out on cooling like iv. it is a transparent material. v. graphene is 200 times stronger than steel.
KNO3. Uses in field of electronics:

(Muhammad Asif BS chemistry) GHS Kamar Mushani {0305-7263558}


Graphene is used to make transistors, sensors, and many electronic devices.
Due to its transparency, it is used in touch-screens, solar cells and other
optoelectronic devices.

Q#37: Why do different compounds have different solubilities in water at


particular temperature?
Solubility of a compound in water depends upon the attraction between solute
particles and water molecule.
For example, concentration of sodium chloride and sugar is 5.3 molar and 3.8
molar respectively.
It is because sodium chloride has more attraction with water than sugar.
Q#38: How variation of solubility at different temperature can be useful for
us?
variation of solubility at different temperature can be useful for us in the
purification and separation of different compounds.

(Muhammad Asif BS chemistry) GHS Kamar Mushani {0305-7263558}

You might also like