PORT DE ENTRY EXPOSURE

OF THE TOXIC

CORPORATE SAFETY TRAINING

BY: ALFINA
 GENERAL TERMS

LETS DISCUSS SOME OF THE TERMS THAT

WILL BE HELPFUL IN UNDERSTANDING THE
BASICS OF TOXICOLOGY.

INDUSTRIAL
TOXICOLOGY
INTRODUCTION TO TOXICOLOGY

HAZARDOUS WASTE
START DATE:______________
AMOUNT:__________________
CONTENTS:________________
HANDLE WITH CARE

THE
STUDY
OF
POISONS
INTRODUCTION TO TOXICOLOGY
(Continued)

“ALL THINGS ARE POISONS, OR

THERE IS NOTHING WITHOUT
POISONOUS QUALITIES. IT IS
ONLY THE DOSE WHICH MAKES A
THING POISON.”

PARACELSUS
(1493 - 1541)
 pH
The pH of a Liquid Is the Numerical Measure of Its Relative
Acidity or Alkalinity.
 Range Is From 0 - 14
 Neutral Level Expressed 7.0
 Above 7.0 Liquid Is More Alkaline or Basic
 Below 7.0 Liquid Is More Acidic
COMMON ACIDS (pH 0-6) COMMON BASES (pH 8-14)

- HYDROCHLORIC ACID - SODIUM HYDROXIDE (LYE)

- HYDROFLUORIC ACID - SODIUM HYPOCHLORITE (BLEACH)
- NITRIC ACID - AQUEOUS AMMONIA
- PHOSPHORIC ACID - POTASSIUM HYDROXIDE (POTASH)
- CHROMIC ACID - AMMONIUM HYDROXIDE
 pH
Limewater 12
Household ammonia 11
Milk of magnesia 10 BASE
9
Blood 8
Pure Water 7 NEUTRAL
Tap Water 6
Coffee 5
Wine 4 ACID
Vinegar
Lemon juice 3
Gastric juice 2
 GENERAL CONCEPTS OF TOXICOLOGY
(Continued)

FOUR PRIMARY ROUTES

INHALATION
INGESTION
ABSORPTION
INJECTION
 GENERAL CONCEPTS OF TOXICOLOGY
(Continued)

Breathing and smoking causes

INHALATION us to inhale substances which
enter the lungs. Substance
inhaled into the lungs are
readily absorbed into the blood
stream.

 INHALATION
 INGESTION
 ABSORPTION
 INJECTION
 GENERAL CONCEPTS OF TOXICOLOGY
(Continued)

Swallowing a substance causes

INGESTION penetration into the blood
stream via the stomach and
small intestine.

 INHALATION
 INGESTION
 ABSORPTION
 INJECTION
 GENERAL CONCEPTS OF TOXICOLOGY
(Continued)

FOOD CHAIN EXPOSURE

We Could Potentially Eat Toxic Food

START

GROUND CONTAMINATION BARLEY

 GENERAL CONCEPTS OF TOXICOLOGY
(Continued)

Entering the body through the

ABSORPTION skin causes substances to enter
the blood stream at a slower rate
than by inhalation or absorption.
However, the resulting entry and
distribution within the body is
the same.
 INHALATION
 INGESTION
 ABSORPTION
 INJECTION
 GENERAL CONCEPTS OF TOXICOLOGY
(Continued)

Injection occurs when substances

INJECTION are forced through this skin. This
can occur as a result of such
means as compressed air, or by
having the skin abraded by a
penetrating object.

 INHALATION
 INGESTION
 ABSORPTION
 INJECTION
 GENERAL CONCEPTS OF TOXICOLOGY
(Continued)

EXPOSURE LIMITS

SOURCES INCLUDE:
 American Conference of Gov. Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH)

 Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)

 National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)

 GENERAL CONCEPTS OF TOXICOLOGY
(Continued)

EXPOSURE LIMITS

 American Conference of Government Industrial Hygienists:

 Threshold Limit Values (TLV). (Respiratory)
 Biological Exposure Indices (BEI). (Dermal)
 8 Hour Time Weighted Averages (TWA).
- How Much a Worker Can Be Exposed to in an 8 Hr. Shift.
 Published by ACGIH Annually, Provides Exposure Levels.
 Legally Enforceable.
 FACTORS INFLUENCING TOXIC ACTION
(Continued)

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE A Dose Absorbed Through the

Skin Will Be Deposited in the
Blood Much Slower Than a
Dose Inhaled Through the
Lungs and Transferred Directly
Into the Blood. Four Routes:
INHALATION
INGESTION
ABSORPTION
INJECTION
 FACTORS INFLUENCING TOXIC ACTION
(Continued)

AGE OF INDIVIDUAL Older Persons Are Often More

Sensitive to Toxic Action
Than Are Younger Adults.
With Aging Comes a
Diminished Reserve Capacity
in the Face of Toxic Stress.
 FACTORS INFLUENCING TOXIC ACTION
(Continued)

STATE OF HEALTH Pre-Existing Disease or Other

Medical Conditions Can Result
in Greater Sensitivity to Toxic
Agents. An Individual With a
Pre-Existing Sensitivity to a
Known Material Should Not Be
Placed in a Work Environment
That Might Compound the
Condition.
 FACTORS INFLUENCING TOXIC ACTION
(Continued)

PREVIOUS EXPOSURE Previous Exposure to Work

Place Chemicals or Vapors
Can Sometimes Result in
Cumulative Effects Within
the Body. In Addition,
INDIVIDUAL
Some People Can Develop
EXPOSURE
a Sensitivity to These
HISTORY
Materials Over Time.
 FACTORS INFLUENCING TOXIC ACTION
(Continued)

WORKPLACE ENVIRONMENTAL In Industries Such As

FACTORS Smelting or Steel Making,
High Temperatures Are
Encountered. As Well As
Air Contaminants That
CAUTION Must Be Controlled.
ENSURE
EXHAUST
VENTILATION
IS OPERATING
 FACTORS INFLUENCING TOXIC ACTION
(Continued)

INDIVIDUAL SUSCEPTIBILITY, Males and Females may

HEREDITY, AND GENDER respond differently to the
Same Material. Hereditary
Factors Also Can Be of
Importance. Genetic Defects
May Render Certain
Individuals More Sensitive to
a Given Material.
 EXPOSURE TERMINOLOGY

 Acute Exposure:

Usually Minutes, Hours or Several Days.

 Chronic Exposure:

Regular Exposure Over Months, Years, or a Lifetime.

The Toxicity of the Chemical or Material Combined With

the Susceptibility of the Individual Determines Whether
the Exposure Is Acute or Chronic.
 EXPOSURE TERMINOLOGY
(Continued)

 Latent Exposure: An injury or disease that

remains undeveloped until an incubation
period has elapsed. The period of time
could be hours, days, months or years.

The Toxicity of the Chemical or Material Combined With

the Susceptibility of the Individual Is a Key Factor.
 EXPOSURE TERMINOLOGY
(Continued)

 Irritant: A chemical substance that injures

the tissues of the respiratory system and
lungs, thereby causing inflammation of the
respiratory passages.

The Toxicity of the Chemical or Material Combined With

the Susceptibility of the Individual Is a Key Factor.
 FACTORS AFFECTING EXPOSURE

 The Amount Entering the Body.

 The Length of Time of Exposure.
 The Rate of Absorption Into the Blood.
 The Physical Nature of the Chemical.
 The Chemical Nature of the Chemical.
 The Age of the Individual.
 The Health of the Individual.
 BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS

TERATOGEN:

MUTAGEN:
DANGER

CARCINOGENIC: CANCER
CAUSING
AGENT
 BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS
(Continued)

TERATOGEN: (Latin - “The Study of Monsters”)

 The Study of Congenital Malformations
 Relatively New Discipline (1941)
 First Correlated German Measles to Birth Defects
 Causes of Congenital Malformations
- Heredity
- Maternal Diseases Like German Measles
- Maternal Viral Infections During Pregnancy
- Maternal Malnutrition
- Physical Injury
- Ionizing Radiation Exposure
- Chemical Exposure
 BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS
(Continued)

TERATOGEN AFFECTS IN LAB ANIMALS:

 Review the Respective Material Safety Data Sheet
 Chemicals Having Potential Teratogenic Effects
- Quinine
- Boric Acid
- Insecticides
- Pesticides
- Chloroform
- Carbon Tetrachloride
- Benzene
- Xylene
- Propylene Glycol
 BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS
(Continued)

TERATOGEN AFFECTS IN HUMANS:

 Review the Respective Material Safety Data Sheet
 Agents Having Conclusive Teratogenic Effects
- Anesthetic Gases
- Organic Mercury Compounds
- Ionizing Radiation
- German Measles
- Thalidomide
 BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS
(Continued)

MUTAGEN:
 Potential to Cause Mutation in the Genetic Code
 Can Cause Changes in Chromosomes
 Review the Respective Material Safety Data Sheet
 Agents Shown to Cause Potential Mutagenic Effects
- Hydrogen Peroxide (a Bleaching Agent)
- Ethyleneimine (an Alkylating Agent)
- Ethylene Oxide (Hospital Sterilant)
- Hydrazine (Used in Rocket Fuel)
- Ionizing Radiation Exposure
- Benzene
 BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS
(Continued)

CARCINOGENIC: DANGER

 Has a Potential to Cause Cancer CANCER

CAUSING
 Can Induce a Malignant Tumor in Humans AGENT
 Can Cause or Accelerate Tumors
 Some Confirmed or Suspected Human Carcinogens
- Acrylimide - Beryllium - Nickel Sulfide
- Acrylonitrile - Calcium Chromate - Tetranitromethane
- 4-Aminodiphenyl - Chromium (Vi) - O-Tolidine
- Arsenic - Ethylene Dichloride - Vinyl Bromide
- Benzine - Ethylene Oxide - Xylidine
- Benzidine - Lead Chromate - Zinc Chromates