Chapter 1: Getting Started 37

since no matter which is performed earlier the result would be

same.

Appendix A gives the associativity of all the operators available in

C.

Control Instructions in C
As the name suggests the ‘Control Instructions’ enable us to
specify the order in which the various instructions in a program are
to be executed by the computer. In other words the control
instructions determine the ‘flow of control’ in a program. There
are four types of control instructions in C. They are:

(a) Sequence Control Instruction

(b) Selection or Decision Control Instruction
(c) Repetition or Loop Control Instruction
(d) Case Control Instruction

The Sequence control instruction ensures that the instructions are

executed in the same order in which they appear in the program.
Decision and Case control instructions allow the computer to take
a decision as to which instruction is to be executed next. The Loop
control instruction helps computer to execute a group of statements
repeatedly. In the following chapters we are going to learn these
instructions in detail. Try your hand at the Exercise presented on
the following pages before proceeding to the next chapter, which
discusses the decision control instruction.

Summary
(a) The three primary constants and variable types in C are
integer, float and character.
(b) A variable name can be of maximum 31 characters.
(c) Do not use a keyword as a variable name.
 38 Let Us C

(d) An expression may contain any sequence of constants,

variables and operators.
(e) Operators having equal precedence are evaluated using
associativity.
(f) Left to right associativity means that the left operand of a
operator must be unambiguous whereas right to left
associativity means that the right operand of a operator must
be unambiguous.
(g) Input/output in C can be achieved using scanf( ) and printf( )
functions.

Exercise
[A] Which of the following are invalid variable names and why?

BASICSALARY _basic basic-hra

#MEAN group. 422
population in 2006 over time mindovermatter
FLOAT hELLO queue.
team’svictory Plot # 3 2015_DDay

[B] Point out the errors, if any, in the following C statements:

(a) int = 314.562 * 150 ;

(b) name = ‘Ajay’ ;

(c) varchar = ‘3’ ;

(d) 3.14 * r * r * h = vol_of_cyl ;

(e) k = ( a * b ) ( c + ( 2.5a + b ) ( d + e ) ;

(f) m_inst = rate of interest * amount in rs ;

Chapter 1: Getting Started 39
(g) si = principal * rateofinterest * numberofyears / 100 ;

(h) area = 3.14 * r ** 2 ;

(i) volume = 3.14 * r ^ 2 * h ;

(j) k = ( (a * b ) + c ) ( 2.5 * a + b ) ;

(k) a = b = 3 = 4 ;

(l) count = count + 1 ;

(m) date = '2 Mar 04' ;

[C] Evaluate the following expressions and show their hierarchy.

(a) g = big / 2 + big * 4 / big - big + abc / 3 ;

(abc = 2.5, big = 2, assume g to be a float)

(b) on = ink * act / 2 + 3 / 2 * act + 2 + tig ;

(ink = 4, act = 1, tig = 3.2, assume on to be an int)

(c) s = qui * add / 4 - 6 / 2 + 2 / 3 * 6 / god ;

(qui = 4, add = 2, god = 2, assume s to be an int)

(d) s = 1 / 3 * a / 4 - 6 / 2 + 2 / 3 * 6 / g ;
(a = 4, g = 3, assume s to be an int)

[D] Fill the following table for the expressions given below and
then evaluate the result. A sample entry has been filled in the
table for expression (a).
40 Let Us C

Operator Left Right Remark

/ 10 5 or 5 / 2 Left operand is
/1 unambiguous, Right
is not

.. .. .. ..

(a) g = 10 / 5 /2 / 1 ;
(b) b = 3 / 2 + 5 * 4 / 3 ;
(c) a = b = c = 3 + 4 ;

[E] Convert the following equations into corresponding C

statements.

8.8 ( a + b ) 2 / c - 0.5 + 2 a / ( q + r )
(a) Z=
( a + b ) * (1 / m )
- b + ( b * b ) + 2 4ac
(b) X=
2a

2v + 6.22 ( c + d )
(c) R=
g+v
7.7b ( xy + a ) / c - 0.8 + 2b
(d) A=
( x + a ) (1 / y )

[F] What would be the output of the following programs:

(a) main( )
{
Chapter 1: Getting Started 41
int i = 2, j = 3, k, l ;
float a, b ;
k=i/j*j;
l=j/i*i;
a=i/j*j;
b=j/i*i;
printf( "%d %d %f %f", k, l, a, b ) ;
}

(b) main( )
{
int a, b ;
a = -3 - - 3 ;
b = -3 - - ( - 3 ) ;
printf ( "a = %d b = %d", a, b ) ;
}

(c) main( )
{
float a = 5, b = 2 ;
int c ;
c=a%b;
printf ( "%d", c ) ;
}

(d) main( )
{
printf ( "nn \n\n nn\n" ) ;
printf ( "nn /n/n nn/n" ) ;
}

(e) main( )
{
int a, b ;
printf ( "Enter values of a and b" ) ;
scanf ( " %d %d ", &a, &b ) ;
printf ( "a = %d b = %d", a, b ) ;
}
42 Let Us C

(f) main( )
{
int p, q ;
printf ( "Enter values of p and q" ) ;
scanf ( " %d %d ", p, q ) ;
printf ( "p = %d q =%d", p, q ) ;
}

[G] Pick up the correct alternative for each of the following

questions:

(a) C language has been developed by

(1) Ken Thompson
(2) Dennis Ritchie
(3) Peter Norton
(4) Martin Richards

(b) C can be used on

(1) Only MS-DOS operating system
(2) Only Linux operating system
(3) Only Windows operating system
(4) All the above

(c) C programs are converted into machine language with the

help of
(1) An Editor
(2) A compiler
(3) An operating system
(4) None of the above

(d) The real constant in C can be expressed in which of the

following forms
(1) Fractional form only
(2) Exponential form only
(3) ASCII form only
Chapter 1: Getting Started 43
(4) Both fractional and exponential forms

(e) A character variable can at a time store

(1) 1 character
(2) 8 characters
(3) 254 characters
(4) None of the above

(f) The statement char ch = ‘Z’ would store in ch

(1) The character Z
(2) ASCII value of Z
(3) Z along with the single inverted commas
(4) Both (1) and (2)

(g) Which of the following is NOT a character constant

(1) ‘Thank You’
(2) ‘Enter values of P, N, R’
(3) ‘23.56E-03’
(4) All the above

(h) The maximum value that an integer constant can have is

(1) -32767
(2) 32767
(3) 1.7014e+38
(4) –1.7014e+38

(i) A C variable cannot start with

(1) An alphabet
(2) A number
(3) A special symbol other than underscore
(4) Both (2) & (3) above

(j) Which of the following statement is wrong

(1) mes = 123.56 ;
(2) con = 'T' * 'A' ;
(3) this = 'T' * 20 ;
(4) 3 + a = b ;
44 Let Us C

(k) Which of the following shows the correct hierarchy of

arithmetic operators in C
(1) **, * or /, + or -
(2) **, *, /, +, -
(3) **, /, *, +, -
(4) / or *, - or +

(l) In b = 6.6 / a + 2 * n ; which operation will be performed

first?
(1) 6.6 / a
(2) a + 2
(3) 2 * n
(4) Depends upon compiler

(m) Which of the following is allowed in a C Arithmetic

instruction
(1) [ ]
(2) { }
(3) ( )
(4) None of the above

(n) Which of the following statements is false

(1) Each new C instruction has to be written on a separate
line
(2) Usually all C statements are entered in small case letters
(3) Blank spaces may be inserted between two words in a C
statement
(4) Blank spaces cannot be inserted within a variable name

(o) If a is an integer variable, a = 5 / 2 ; will return a value

(1) 2.5
(2) 3
(3) 2
(4) 0

(p) The expression, a = 7 / 22 * ( 3.14 + 2 ) * 3 / 5 ; evaluates to

Chapter 1: Getting Started 45
(1) 8.28
(2) 6.28
(3) 3.14
(4) 0

(q) The expression, a = 30 * 1000 + 2768 ; evaluates to

(1) 32768
(2) -32768
(3) 113040
(4) 0

(r) The expression x = 4 + 2 % - 8 evaluates to

(1) -6
(2) 6
(3) 4
(4) None of the above

(s) Hierarchy decides which operator

(1) is most important
(2) is used first
(3) is fastest
(4) operates on largest numbers

(t) An integer constant in C must have:

(1) At least one digit
(2) Atleast one decimal point
(3) A comma along with digits
(4) Digits separated by commas

(u) A character variable can never store more than

(1) 32 characters
(2) 8 characters
(3) 254 characters
(4) 1 character

(v) In C a variable cannot contain

(1) Blank spaces
46 Let Us C

(2) Hyphen
(3) Decimal point
(4) All the above

(w) Which of the following is FALSE in C

(1) Keywords can be used as variable names
(2) Variable names can contain a digit
(3) Variable names do not contain a blank space
(4) Capital letters can be used in variable names

(x) In C, Arithmetic instruction cannot contain

(1) variables
(2) constants
(3) variable names on right side of =
(4) constants on left side of =

(y) Which of the following shows the correct hierarchy of

arithmetic operations in C
(1) / + * -
(2) * - / +
(3) + - / *
(4) * / + -

(z) What will be the value of d if d is a float after the operation

d = 2 / 7.0?
(1) 0
(2) 0.2857
(3) Cannot be determined
(4) None of the above

[H] Write C programs for the following:

(a) Ramesh’s basic salary is input through the keyboard. His

dearness allowance is 40% of basic salary, and house rent
allowance is 20% of basic salary. Write a program to calculate
his gross salary.
Chapter 1: Getting Started 47
(b) The distance between two cities (in km.) is input through the
keyboard. Write a program to convert and print this distance
in meters, feet, inches and centimeters.

(c) If the marks obtained by a student in five different subjects

are input through the keyboard, find out the aggregate marks
and percentage marks obtained by the student. Assume that
the maximum marks that can be obtained by a student in each
subject is 100.

(d) Temperature of a city in Fahrenheit degrees is input through

the keyboard. Write a program to convert this temperature
into Centigrade degrees.

(e) The length & breadth of a rectangle and radius of a circle are
input through the keyboard. Write a program to calculate the
area & perimeter of the rectangle, and the area &
circumference of the circle.

(f) Two numbers are input through the keyboard into two
locations C and D. Write a program to interchange the
contents of C and D.

(g) If a five-digit number is input through the keyboard, write a

program to calculate the sum of its digits.
(Hint: Use the modulus operator ‘%’)
(h) If a five-digit number is input through the keyboard, write a
program to reverse the number.

(i) If a four-digit number is input through the keyboard, write a

program to obtain the sum of the first and last digit of this
number.

(j) In a town, the percentage of men is 52. The percentage of

total literacy is 48. If total percentage of literate men is 35 of
the total population, write a program to find the total number
48 Let Us C

of illiterate men and women if the population of the town is

80,000.

(k) A cashier has currency notes of denominations 10, 50 and

100. If the amount to be withdrawn is input through the
keyboard in hundreds, find the total number of currency notes
of each denomination the cashier will have to give to the
withdrawer.

(l) If the total selling price of 15 items and the total profit earned
on them is input through the keyboard, write a program to
find the cost price of one item.

(m) If a five-digit number is input through the keyboard, write a

program to print a new number by adding one to each of its
digits. For example if the number that is input is 12391 then
the output should be displayed as 23402.