BLOCKCHAIN-BASED MANAGEMENT OF ORGAN DONATION AND TRANSPLANTATION

Company profile

MK Technology is a prominent name in the field of high-tech manufacturing, known for its
pioneering contributions to rapid prototyping, vacuum casting, and additive manufacturing
technologies. Founded in Germany, MK Technology has carved a niche for itself as a global
leader in the development and supply of advanced systems used in precision casting and
prototype production.

With a strong foundation built on innovation, engineering expertise, and quality craftsmanship,
the company continues to drive progress in various high-demand sectors including aerospace,
automotive, defense, medical, and industrial design.

The company’s core strength lies in its ability to design and manufacture sophisticated
machinery and complete system solutions that streamline the prototyping and casting process.
MK Technology is particularly recognized for its automated vacuum casting systems, which
enable fast, accurate, and cost-effective production of prototypes and functional components.
These systems are widely used by design studios, R&D departments, and manufacturing units
that require high levels of customization, detail, and performance.

MK Technology operates with a clear mission to empower innovation through technology,

helping clients accelerate their development cycles and bring ideas to market faster. Its vision is
to be a global benchmark for quality and efficiency in advanced prototyping and manufacturing
solutions. To realize this vision, the company maintains a strong commitment to continuous
research and development, ensuring that its products remain at the forefront of technological
advancement.

With a network of trusted distributors and service partners around the world, MK Technology
has established a strong international presence. Its customer base spans across Europe, North
America, Asia, and the Middle East, supported by a team of professionals who provide
comprehensive technical support, training, and consultancy.

Whether serving a small design studio or a large aerospace contractor, MK Technology

consistently delivers tailored solutions that meet the specific needs of each client.

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DECLARATION

I do here by declare that the project work entitled “Blockchain-Based Management of Organ
Donation and Transplantation” is a genuine work carried out by me under the guidance of
XXXXXXXXXX in partial fulfilment for the award of the degree of “Master of Computer
Applications” of Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Kakinada.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my heartfelt gratitude to all the distinguished individuals whose
invaluable support and guidance have been instrumental in the successful completion of my mini
project.

First and foremost, I extend my sincere thanks to our Secretary and Correspondent, [Name], of
NRI Engineering College, for providing me with this opportunity and for fostering an
environment conducive to academic excellence.

I am deeply grateful to our Principal, [Name], for his unwavering encouragement and for
facilitating the resources necessary to undertake this project as a part of our curriculum.

My profound appreciation goes to [Name], Head of the Department, Department of MCA,

whose insightful guidance and continuous support have been pivotal throughout the development
of this project.

I am especially thankful to my Internal Guide, [Name], for her timely suggestions and for
steering my efforts in the right direction, thereby enriching my learning experience.

I also wish to acknowledge all the faculty members of NRI Institute of Technology for their
constant encouragement and for being a great source of knowledge and cooperation.

Finally, I am grateful to my peers and family members for their unwavering support and
motivation, which have been a source of strength throughout this endeavor.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. ABSTRACT
2. INTRODUCTION
3. SYSTEM ANALYSIS
A. System software
B. Existing System
C. Proposed System
D. Software/Hardware Requirements
E. Feasibility Study
4. SYSTEM DESIGN
A. Architecture Diagram
B. Data flow Diagram
C. Class Diagram
D. Use case Diagram
E. Sequence Diagram
F. Activity Diagram
G. ER Diagram
5. SOURCE CODE
6. TESTING
7. CONCLUSION
8. APPENDIX
A. Screens
B. Reports
C. Data Dictionary
D. User Manual

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9. FUTURE ENHANCEMENT
10.BIBLIOGRAPHY

ABSTRACT

Today's organ donation and transplantation systems pose different requirements and challenges
in terms of registration, donor-recipient matching, organ removal, organ delivery, and
transplantation with legal, clinical, ethical, and technical constraints. Therefore, an end-to-end
organ donation and transplantation system is required to guarantee a fair and efficient process to
enhance patient experience and trust. In this
paper, we propose a private Ethereum blockchain-based solution to enable organ donation and
transplantation management in a manner that is fully decentralized, secure, traceable, auditable,
private, and trustworthy. We develop smart contracts and present six algorithms along with their
implementation, testing, and validation details. We evaluate the performance of the proposed
solution by performing privacy, security, and confidentiality analyses as well as comparing our
solution with the existing solutions. We make the smart contract code publicly available on
Github.
The critical need for efficient, transparent, and secure management of organ donation and
transplantation processes faces significant challenges, including data fragmentation, lack of
traceability, and risks of fraud and tampering. This paper proposes a novel blockchain-based
1
framework to revolutionize organ donation and transplantation. By leveraging the inherent
immutability, distributed consensus, and transparency of blockchain technology, the proposed
system aims to create a secure and auditable record of donor registrations, organ matching,
allocation, and transplantation events. 2 This approach can enhance trust among stakeholders
(donors, recipients, medical professionals, and regulatory bodies), improve the efficiency of
organ matching algorithms, reduce organ wastage through enhanced traceability, and ultimately
3
increase the number of successful transplants. The paper outlines the architecture of the
proposed blockchain network, discusses its key functionalities, addresses potential challenges
and ethical considerations, and highlights the potential benefits of adopting this technology in the
life-saving field of organ transplantation.

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List of figures

SI.NO FIGURE NO FIGURE NAME PAGE NO

1 Fig [4.1] Architecture diagram

2 Fig [4.2] Data flow diagram

3 Fig [4.3] Use case diagram

4 Fig [4.4] Class diagram

5 Fig [4.5] Sequence diagram

6 Fig [4.6] Flow chart

7 Fig [4.7] Component diagram

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INTRODUCTION
Organ failure or damage occurs due to an injury or a disease. It affects the quality of life and,
in some cases, leads to death. Donating an organ is one of humanity's most honorable actions
to save the lives of patients through organ transplantation. For a successful transplant, the
organ must be in acceptable working conditions with donor-recipient matching, and its
removal should not pose a life-threatening risk to the donor [1]. The first successful organ
donation occurred with a kidney transplant between twin brothers in 1954 [2]. Since then, the
annual number of transplants has steadily increased. However, the demand for organ
donations still exceeds the number of donors [3]. In fact, while waiting for an organ
transplant, twenty people die every day, and a new patient is added to the waiting list in every
ten minutes [4]. More importantly, accessing the organ donation waiting list is a basic
requirement for organ allocation. Referral for transplantation can be affected by both
geographical and socioeconomic factors. Therefore, the allocation process on the waiting list
should not discriminate against certain groups of patients [4].

Organ donation is conducted in two different ways, including deceased donation and living
donation. Figure 1 illustrates the typical flow chart for donating an organ and transplanting it
to a patient. First, the donor is examined by the hospital transplant team, and if the donor is
deceased, a brain death test is performed. Meanwhile, if the donor is still alive, doctors
examine the donor and ensure that the donor is fit for live donation. Then, all medical records
are reported to the procurement organizer. The procurement organizer is responsible for
evaluating the donor's condition to decide if he is a fit donor and ensuring that the donor is
properly registered in the medical system. Next, if the evaluation shows that the donor is
eligible for donation, the procurement organizer sends all the data to the organ transplantation
organizer. This step can be performed only if the donor gives consent to donate to an
anonymous person. After that, the matching process between the available donors and
patients on the waiting list is performed by the organ transplantation organizer. As a result, a
ranked list is generated as an output and provided to the transplantation surgeons. Next, the
transplant surgeon decides whether the organ is appropriate for the patient based on various
considerations, such as the donor's medical records and the current health of the prospective
recipient. Later, when a transplant surgeon accepts the donated organ, the donor's surgeon is

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notified to remove the donated organ. Finally, the donated organ is transported to the patient's
hospital and received by the transplant surgeon. However, suppose the situation is for a live
donor and it has been planned to donate to a known person by name. In that case, the data
will go directly to the transplant surgeon to start the surgery of removing and transplanting
the donated organ [6], [7].

In the past, when a patient died or was near death, the organ procurement organization and
hospital worked together to do an initial medical test to decide if the patient could be an
organ donor. This call takes around 15 minutes, and only 6% of these calls result in possible
organ donors' being identified. Over the years, this phone call has been replaced by an
instant message generated by central computer systems that store all the data required for this
process [8]. However, the core issue with this strategy is that the security and validity of such
data are entirely dependent on the transplantation centers' ability to keep their systems secure
and identify potential harm to donors and recipients. The accuracy of the wait-list data is
largely dependent on people's faith and trust in these centers' ability to keep it secure from
hackers and fraudulent employees [9]. Moreover, transparency is another challenge affecting
the success of the organ donation process. According to World Health Organization (WHO)
reports, up to 10% of transplanted organs may have been obtained unethically via organ
trafficking, but the exact numbers are unknown [10]. The lack of transparency in the current
system among participants leads to illegal organ trade and purchases and medical
professionals engaging in unethical practices [11]. Moreover, there are hospitals that take
advantage of the patient's need for the organ and offer the opportunity to transfer the organ to
those who pay a higher amount to the hospital while ignoring the patient with the highest
priority on the waiting list [12], [13]. In addition, current transplant systems are also
frequently slow, which is unacceptable in such a critical and life-threatening scenario. Such
systems are hardly up to date with the minimum security standards. So far, there has recently
been a surge in security breaches affecting user privacy and system integrity. In general,
modern systems manage data through the use of standard databases; however, most hospitals,
health ministries, and other medical facilities lack a standardized data communication
system [1].

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Background and Significance

Organ transplantation has emerged as a critical medical procedure, offering a lifeline to
patients suffering from end-stage organ failure. Despite advancements in medical science, the
organ donation and transplantation ecosystem faces persistent challenges, including data
fragmentation, lack of transparency, and inefficiencies in organ allocation processes. These
issues often result in prolonged waiting times, mismanagement, and, in some cases, the loss
of viable organs.

The integration of blockchain technology into this domain presents a promising solution.
Blockchain's decentralized, immutable, and transparent nature can revolutionize the
management of organ donation and transplantation. By ensuring secure and tamper-proof
recording of donor and recipient information, streamlining the matching process through
smart contracts, and enhancing traceability throughout the organ transplantation journey,
blockchain can address many of the existing challenges.

Current Challenges in Organ Donation and Transplantation

The traditional systems for managing organ donation and transplantation are often
centralized, leading to several issues:
 Data Silos: Information about donors and recipients is stored in disparate systems,
making it difficult to access and share critical data promptly.
 Lack of Transparency: The allocation process can be opaque, leading to mistrust
among stakeholders and potential ethical concerns.
 Inefficient Matching: Manual processes for matching donors and recipients can be
time-consuming and error-prone, potentially leading to missed opportunities for
transplantation.
 Security Concerns: Centralized databases are vulnerable to data breaches, risking the
exposure of sensitive personal and medical information.
 Regulatory Compliance: Ensuring adherence to legal and ethical standards across
different jurisdictions can be complex and challenging.

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Blockchain Technology: An Overview

Blockchain is a distributed ledger technology that allows for secure, transparent, and tamper-
proof recording of transactions. Key features include:
 Decentralization: Eliminates the need for a central authority, distributing control
across the network.
 Immutability: Once data is recorded, it cannot be altered, ensuring data integrity.
 Transparency: All participants have access to the same data, promoting trust.
 Security: Advanced cryptographic techniques protect data from unauthorized access.
In the context of organ donation and transplantation, these features can be leveraged to create
a more efficient and trustworthy system.

Proposed Blockchain-Based Framework

The proposed system aims to integrate blockchain technology into the organ donation and
transplantation process, encompassing the following components:
 Donor and Recipient Registration: Secure and verifiable recording of donor and
recipient information on the blockchain.
 Organ Matching: Automated matching algorithms implemented as smart contracts to
identify suitable donor-recipient pairs based on medical criteria.
 Consent Management: Transparent and immutable recording of donor consent,
ensuring legal and ethical compliance.
 Organ Tracking: Real-time monitoring of organ transportation and handling,
enhancing traceability and accountability.
 Audit and Compliance: Facilitating regulatory oversight through accessible and
tamper-proof records.

Benefits of the Blockchain-Based Approach

Implementing blockchain technology in organ donation and transplantation offers several
advantages:
 Enhanced Trust: Transparency and immutability foster trust among donors,
recipients, medical professionals, and regulatory bodies.
 Improved Efficiency: Automation of matching and tracking processes reduces delays
and errors.

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 Data Security: Decentralized storage and cryptographic protection safeguard

sensitive information.
 Regulatory Compliance: Immutable records simplify auditing and ensure adherence
to legal standards.
 Scalability: The system can be adapted to accommodate growing numbers of
participants and cross-border collaborations.

Potential Challenges and Considerations

While promising, the adoption of blockchain technology in this domain must address certain
challenges:
 Technical Complexity: Developing and maintaining a blockchain-based system
requires specialized expertise.
 Integration with Existing Systems: Ensuring compatibility with current medical
record systems and practices is essential.
 Privacy Concerns: Balancing transparency with the need to protect personal medical
information.
 Regulatory Hurdles: Navigating varying legal frameworks across different regions.
 Cost and Resource Allocation: Assessing the financial and infrastructural
requirements for implementation.

Case Studies and Existing Implementations

Several initiatives have explored the integration of blockchain into healthcare:
 BOMS (Blockchain-enabled Organ Matching System): Designed to manage the
process of matching, storing, and sharing information, incorporating biological factors
into matching and implementing cross-matching processes into smart contracts.
 Private Ethereum Blockchain Solutions: Proposed frameworks utilizing private
Ethereum blockchains to enable decentralized, secure, and auditable management of
organ donation and transplantation.
These case studies demonstrate the feasibility and potential impact of blockchain technology
in this field.
Future Directions
The integration of blockchain into organ donation and transplantation is still in its nascent
stages. Future research and development can focus on:

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 Standardization: Developing universal protocols and standards for data recording

and sharing.
 Interoperability: Ensuring seamless interaction between blockchain systems and
existing healthcare infrastructure.
 Advanced Analytics: Leveraging data for predictive analytics and improved
decision-making.
 Global Collaboration: Facilitating cross-border organ sharing and collaboration
through a unified blockchain network.

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SYSTEM ANALYSIS
Software Environment
Java Technology
Java technology is both a programming language and a platform.
The Java Programming Language
The Java programming language is a high-level language that can be characterized by
all of the following buzzwords:
1. Simple
2. Architecture neutral
3. Object oriented
4. Portable
5. Distributed
6. High performance
7. Interpreted
8. Multithreaded
9. Robust
10. Dynamic
11. Secure

With most programming languages, you either compile or interpret a program so that you can
run it on your computer. The Java programming language is unusual in that a program is both
compiled and interpreted. With the compiler, first you translate a program into an
intermediate language called Java byte codes —the platform-independent codes interpreted
by the interpreter on the Java platform. The interpreter parses and runs each Java byte code
instruction on the computer. Compilation happens just once; interpretation occurs each time
the program is executed. The following figure illustrates how this works.

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You can think of Java byte codes as the machine code instructions for the Java
Virtual Machine (Java VM). Every Java interpreter, whether it’s a development tool or a Web
browser that can run applets, is an implementation of the Java VM. Java byte codes help
make “write once, run anywhere” possible. You can compile your program into byte codes on
any platform that has a Java compiler. The byte codes can then be run on any implementation
of the Java VM. That means that as long as a computer has a Java VM, the same program
written in the Java programming language can run on Windows 2000, a Solaris workstation,
or on an iMac.

The Java Platform

A platform is the hardware or software environment in which a program runs. We’ve already
mentioned some of the most popular platforms like Windows 2000, Linux, Solaris, and
MacOS. Most platforms can be described as a combination of the operating system and
hardware. The Java platform differs from most other platforms in that it’s a software-only
platform that runs on top of other hardware-based platforms.
The Java platform has two components:
The Java Virtual Machine (Java VM)

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The Java Application Programming Interface (Java API)

You’ve already been introduced to the Java VM. It’s the base for the Java platform and is
ported onto various hardware-based platforms.
The Java API is a large collection of ready-made software components that provide many
useful capabilities, such as graphical user interface (GUI) widgets. The Java API is grouped
into libraries of related classes and interfaces; these libraries are known as packages. The
next section, What Can Java Technology Do? Highlights what functionality some of the
packages in the Java API provide.
The following figure depicts a program that’s running on the Java platform. As the figure
shows, the Java API and the virtual machine insulate the program from the hardware.

Native code is code that after you compile it, the compiled code runs on a specific hardware
platform. As a platform-independent environment, the Java platform can be a bit slower than
native code. However, smart compilers, well-tuned interpreters, and just-in-time byte code
compilers can bring performance close to that of native code without threatening portability.
What Can Java Technology Do?
The most common types of programs written in the Java programming language are applets
and applications. If you’ve surfed the Web, you’re probably already familiar with applets. An
applet is a program that adheres to certain conventions that allow it to run within a Java-
enabled browser.
However, the Java programming language is not just for writing cute, entertaining applets for
the Web. The general-purpose, high-level Java programming language is also a powerful
software platform. Using the generous API, you can write many types of programs.
An application is a standalone program that runs directly on the Java platform. A special kind
of application known as a server serves and supports clients on a network. Examples of
servers are Web servers, proxy servers, mail servers, and print servers. Another specialized
program is a servlet. A servlet can almost be thought of as an applet that runs on the server
side. Java Servlets are a popular choice for building interactive web applications, replacing
the use of CGI scripts. Servlets are similar to applets in that they are runtime extensions of

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applications. Instead of working in browsers, though, servlets run within Java Web servers,
configuring or tailoring the server.
How does the API support all these kinds of programs?
It does so with packages of software components that provides a wide range of functionality.
Every full implementation of the Java platform gives you the following features:
The essentials: Objects, strings, threads, numbers, input and output, data structures, system
properties, date and time, and so on.
Applets: The set of conventions used by applets.
Networking: URLs, TCP (Transmission Control Protocol), UDP (User Data gram Protocol)
sockets, and IP (Internet Protocol) addresses.
Internationalization: Help for writing programs that can be localized for users worldwide.
Programs can automatically adapt to specific locales and be displayed in the appropriate
language.
Security: Both low level and high level, including electronic signatures, public and private
key management, access control, and certificates.
Software components: Known as JavaBeansTM, can plug into existing component
architectures.
Object serialization: Allows lightweight persistence and communication via Remote
Method Invocation (RMI).
Java Database Connectivity (JDBCTM): Provides uniform access to a wide range of
relational databases.
The Java platform also has APIs for 2D and 3D graphics, accessibility, servers, collaboration,
telephony, speech, animation, and more. The following figure depicts what is included in the
Java 2 SDK.

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How Will Java Technology Change My Life?

We can’t promise you fame, fortune, or even a job if you learn the Java programming
language. Still, it is likely to make your programs better and requires less effort than other
languages. We believe that Java technology will help you do the following:
Get started quickly: Although the Java programming language is a powerful object-oriented
language, it’s easy to learn, especially for programmers already familiar with C or C++.
Write less code: Comparisons of program metrics (class counts, method counts, and so on)
suggest that a program written in the Java programming language can be four times smaller
than the same program in C++.
Write better code: The Java programming language encourages good coding practices, and
its garbage collection helps you avoid memory leaks. Its object orientation, its JavaBeans
component architecture, and its wide-ranging, easily extendible API let you reuse other
people’s tested code and introduce fewer bugs.
Develop programs more quickly: Your development time may be as much as twice as fast
versus writing the same program in C++. Why? You write fewer lines of code and it is a
simpler programming language than C++.
Avoid platform dependencies with 100% Pure Java: You can keep your program portable
by avoiding the use of libraries written in other languages. The 100% Pure JavaTM Product
Certification Program has a repository of historical process manuals, white papers, brochures,
and similar materials online.
Write once, run anywhere: Because 100% Pure Java programs are compiled into machine-
independent byte codes, they run consistently on any Java platform.

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Distribute software more easily: You can upgrade applets easily from a central server.
Applets take advantage of the feature of allowing new classes to be loaded “on the fly,”
without recompiling the entire program.
ODBC
Microsoft Open Database Connectivity (ODBC) is a standard programming interface for
application developers and database systems providers. Before ODBC became a de facto
standard for Windows programs to interface with database systems, programmers had to use
proprietary languages for each database they wanted to connect to. Now, ODBC has made the
choice of the database system almost irrelevant from a coding perspective, which is as it
should be. Application developers have much more important things to worry about than the
syntax that is needed to port their program from one database to another when business needs
suddenly change.
Through the ODBC Administrator in Control Panel, you can specify the particular database
that is associated with a data source that an ODBC application program is written to use.
Think of an ODBC data source as a door with a name on it. Each door will lead you to a
particular database. For example, the data source named Sales Figures might be a SQL Server
database, whereas the Accounts Payable data source could refer to an Access database. The
physical database referred to by a data source can reside anywhere on the LAN.
The ODBC system files are not installed on your system by Windows 95. Rather, they are
installed when you setup a separate database application, such as SQL Server Client or Visual
Basic 4.0. When the ODBC icon is installed in Control Panel, it uses a file called
ODBCINST.DLL. It is also possible to administer your ODBC data sources through a stand-
alone program called ODBCADM.EXE. There is a 16-bit and a 32-bit version of this
program and each maintains a separate list of ODBC data sources.

From a programming perspective, the beauty of ODBC is that the application can be written
to use the same set of function calls to interface with any data source, regardless of the
database vendor. The source code of the application doesn’t change whether it talks to Oracle
or SQL Server. We only mention these two as an example. There are ODBC drivers available
for several dozen popular database systems. Even Excel spreadsheets and plain text files can
be turned into data sources. The operating system uses the Registry information written by
ODBC Administrator to determine which low-level ODBC drivers are needed to talk to the

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data source (such as the interface to Oracle or SQL Server). The loading of the ODBC drivers
is transparent to the ODBC application program. In a client/server environment, the ODBC
API even handles many of the network issues for the application programmer.
The advantages of this scheme are so numerous that you are probably thinking there must be
some catch. The only disadvantage of ODBC is that it isn’t as efficient as talking directly to
the native database interface. ODBC has had many detractors make the charge that it is too
slow. Microsoft has always claimed that the critical factor in performance is the quality of the
driver software that is used. In our humble opinion, this is true. The availability of good
ODBC drivers has improved a great deal recently. And anyway, the criticism about
performance is somewhat analogous to those who said that compilers would never match the
speed of pure assembly language. Maybe not, but the compiler (or ODBC) gives you the
opportunity to write cleaner programs, which means you finish sooner. Meanwhile,
computers get faster every year.

JDBC
In an effort to set an independent database standard API for Java; Sun Microsystems
developed Java Database Connectivity, or JDBC. JDBC offers a generic SQL database access
mechanism that provides a consistent interface to a variety of RDBMSs. This consistent
interface is achieved through the use of “plug-in” database connectivity modules, or drivers.
If a database vendor wishes to have JDBC support, he or she must provide the driver for each
platform that the database and Java run on.
To gain a wider acceptance of JDBC, Sun based JDBC’s framework on ODBC. As you
discovered earlier in this chapter, ODBC has widespread support on a variety of platforms.
Basing JDBC on ODBC will allow vendors to bring JDBC drivers to market much faster than
developing a completely new connectivity solution.
JDBC was announced in March of 1996. It was released for a 90 day public review that
ended June 8, 1996. Because of user input, the final JDBC v1.0 specification was released
soon after.
The remainder of this section will cover enough information about JDBC for you to know
what it is about and how to use it effectively. This is by no means a complete overview of
JDBC. That would fill an entire book.

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JDBC Goals
Few software packages are designed without goals in mind. JDBC is one that, because of its
many goals, drove the development of the API. These goals, in conjunction with early
reviewer feedback, have finalized the JDBC class library into a solid framework for building
database applications in Java.
The goals that were set for JDBC are important. They will give you some insight as to why
certain classes and functionalities behave the way they do. The eight design goals for JDBC
are as follows:

SQL Level API

The designers felt that their main goal was to define a SQL interface for Java. Although
not the lowest database interface level possible, it is at a low enough level for higher-level
tools and APIs to be created. Conversely, it is at a high enough level for application
programmers to use it confidently. Attaining this goal allows for future tool vendors to
“generate” JDBC code and to hide many of JDBC’s complexities from the end user.
SQL Conformance
SQL syntax varies as you move from database vendor to database vendor. In an effort to
support a wide variety of vendors, JDBC will allow any query statement to be passed through
it to the underlying database driver. This allows the connectivity module to handle non-
standard functionality in a manner that is suitable for its users.
JDBC must be implemental on top of common database interfaces
The JDBC SQL API must “sit” on top of other common SQL level APIs. This goal allows
JDBC to use existing ODBC level drivers by the use of a software interface. This interface
would translate JDBC calls to ODBC and vice versa.
Provide a Java interface that is consistent with the rest of the Java system
Because of Java’s acceptance in the user community thus far, the designers feel that they
should not stray from the current design of the core Java system.
Keep it simple
This goal probably appears in all software design goal listings. JDBC is no exception. Sun
felt that the design of JDBC should be very simple, allowing for only one method of
completing a task per mechanism. Allowing duplicate functionality only serves to confuse the
users of the API.

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Use strong, static typing wherever possible

Strong typing allows for more error checking to be done at compile time; also, less error
appear at runtime.
Keep the common cases simple
Because more often than not, the usual SQL calls used by the programmer are simple
SELECT’s, INSERT’s, DELETE’s and UPDATE’s, these queries should be simple to
perform with JDBC. However, more complex SQL statements should also be possible.
Finally we decided to proceed the implementation using Java Networking.
And for dynamically updating the cache table we go for MS Access database.
Java ha two things: a programming language and a platform.
Java is a high-level programming language that is all of the following
Simple Architecture-neutral
Object-oriented Portable
Distributed High-performance
Interpreted multithreaded
Robust Dynamic
Secure
Java is also unusual in that each Java program is both compiled and interpreted. With a
compile you translate a Java program into an intermediate language called Java byte codes
the platform-independent code instruction is passed and run on the computer.
Compilation happens just once; interpretation occurs each time the program is executed. The
figure illustrates how this works.

Java Interpreter
Program

Compilers My Program

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You can think of Java byte codes as the machine code instructions for the Java Virtual
Machine (Java VM). Every Java interpreter, whether it’s a Java development tool or a Web
browser that can run Java applets, is an implementation of the Java VM. The Java VM can
also be implemented in hardware.
Java byte codes help make “write once, run anywhere” possible. You can compile your Java
program into byte codes on my platform that has a Java compiler. The byte codes can then be
run any implementation of the Java VM. For example, the same Java program can run
Windows NT, Solaris, and Macintosh.

Networking
TCP/IP stack
The TCP/IP stack is shorter than the OSI one:

TCP is a connection-oriented protocol; UDP (User Datagram Protocol) is a connectionless

protocol.
IP datagram’s
The IP layer provides a connectionless and unreliable delivery system. It considers each
datagram independently of the others. Any association between datagram must be supplied
by the higher layers. The IP layer supplies a checksum that includes its own header. The
header includes the source and destination addresses. The IP layer handles routing through an

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Internet. It is also responsible for breaking up large datagram into smaller ones for
transmission and reassembling them at the other end.

UDP
UDP is also connectionless and unreliable. What it adds to IP is a checksum for the contents
of the datagram and port numbers. These are used to give a client/server model - see later.

TCP
TCP supplies logic to give a reliable connection-oriented protocol above IP. It provides a
virtual circuit that two processes can use to communicate.
Internet addresses
In order to use a service, you must be able to find it. The Internet uses an address scheme for
machines so that they can be located. The address is a 32 bit integer which gives the IP
address. This encodes a network ID and more addressing. The network ID falls into various
classes according to the size of the network address.
Network address
Class A uses 8 bits for the network address with 24 bits left over for other addressing. Class
B uses 16 bit network addressing. Class C uses 24 bit network addressing and class D uses all
32.
Subnet address
Internally, the UNIX network is divided into sub networks. Building 11 is currently on one
sub network and uses 10-bit addressing, allowing 1024 different hosts.
Host address
8 bits are finally used for host addresses within our subnet. This places a limit of 256
machines that can be on the subnet.
Total address

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The 32 bit address is usually written as 4 integers separated by dots.

Port addresses
A service exists on a host, and is identified by its port. This is a 16 bit number. To send a
message to a server, you send it to the port for that service of the host that it is running on.
This is not location transparency! Certain of these ports are "well known".

Sockets
A socket is a data structure maintained by the system to handle network connections. A
socket is created using the call socket. It returns an integer that is like a file descriptor. In
fact, under Windows, this handle can be used with Read File and Write File functions.
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/socket.h>
int socket(int family, int type, int protocol);
Here "family" will be AF_INET for IP communications, protocol will be zero, and type will
depend on whether TCP or UDP is used. Two processes wishing to communicate over a
network create a socket each. These are similar to two ends of a pipe - but the actual pipe
does not yet exist.
JFree Chart
JFreeChart is a free 100% Java chart library that makes it easy for developers to display
professional quality charts in their applications. JFreeChart's extensive feature set includes:
A consistent and well-documented API, supporting a wide range of chart types;
A flexible design that is easy to extend, and targets both server-side and client-side
applications;
Support for many output types, including Swing components, image files (including PNG and
JPEG), and vector graphics file formats (including PDF, EPS and SVG);

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JFreeChart is "open source" or, more specifically, free software. It is distributed under the
terms of the GNU Lesser General Public Licence (LGPL), which permits use in proprietary
applications.

1. Map Visualizations
Charts showing values that relate to geographical areas. Some examples include: (a)
population density in each state of the United States, (b) income per capita for each country
in Europe, (c) life expectancy in each country of the world. The tasks in this project include:
Sourcing freely redistributable vector outlines for the countries of the world, states/provinces
in particular countries (USA in particular, but also other areas);
Creating an appropriate dataset interface (plus default implementation), a rendered, and
integrating this with the existing XYPlot class in JFreeChart;
Testing, documenting, testing some more, documenting some more.

2. Time Series Chart Interactivity

Implement a new (to JFreeChart) feature for interactive time series charts --- to display a
separate control that shows a small version of ALL the time series data, with a sliding "view"
rectangle that allows you to select the subset of the time series data to display in the main
chart.

3. Dashboards
There is currently a lot of interest in dashboard displays. Create a flexible dashboard
mechanism that supports a subset of JFreeChart chart types (dials, pies, thermometers, bars,
and lines/time series) that can be delivered easily via both Java Web Start and an applet.

4. Property Editors
The property editor mechanism in JFreeChart only handles a small subset of the properties
that can be set for charts. Extend (or reimplement) this mechanism to provide greater end-
user control over the appearance of the charts.

J2ME (Java 2 Micro edition):-

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Sun Microsystems defines J2ME as "a highly optimized Java run-time environment targeting
a wide range of consumer products, including pagers, cellular phones, screen-phones, digital
set-top boxes and car navigation systems." Announced in June 1999 at the JavaOne
Developer Conference, J2ME brings the cross-platform functionality of the Java language to
smaller devices, allowing mobile wireless devices to share applications. With J2ME, Sun has
adapted the Java platform for consumer products that incorporate or are based on small
computing devices.

1. General J2ME architecture

J2ME uses configurations and profiles to customize the Java Runtime Environment (JRE). As
a complete JRE, J2ME is comprised of a configuration, which determines the JVM used, and
a profile, which defines the application by adding domain-specific classes. The configuration
defines the basic run-time environment as a set of core classes and a specific JVM that run on
specific types of devices. We'll discuss configurations in detail in the The profile defines the
application; specifically, it adds domain-specific classes to the J2ME configuration to define
certain uses for devices. We'll cover profiles in depth in the The following graphic depicts
the relationship between the different virtual machines, configurations, and profiles. It also
draws a parallel with the J2SE API and its Java virtual machine. While the J2SE virtual
machine is generally referred to as a JVM, the J2ME virtual machines, KVM and CVM, are

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subsets of JVM. Both KVM and CVM can be thought of as a kind of Java virtual machine --
it's just that they are shrunken versions of the J2SE JVM and are specific to J2ME.

2.Developing J2ME applications

Introduction In this section, we will go over some considerations you need to keep in mind
when developing applications for smaller devices. We'll take a look at the way the compiler
is invoked when using J2SE to compile J2ME applications. Finally, we'll explore packaging
and deployment and the role preverification plays in this process.

3.Design considerations for small devices

Developing applications for small devices requires you to keep certain strategies in mind
during the design phase. It is best to strategically design an application for a small device
before you begin coding. Correcting the code because you failed to consider all of the
"gotchas" before developing the application can be a painful process. Here are some design
strategies to consider:
* Keep it simple. Remove unnecessary features, possibly making those features a separate,
secondary application.
* Smaller is better. This consideration should be a "no brainer" for all developers. Smaller
applications use less memory on the device and require shorter installation times. Consider
packaging your Java applications as compressed Java Archive (jar) files.
* Minimize run-time memory use. To minimize the amount of memory used at run time, use
scalar types in place of object types. Also, do not depend on the garbage collector. You
should manage the memory efficiently yourself by setting object references to null when you
are finished with them. Another way to reduce run-time memory is to use lazy instantiation,
only allocating objects on an as-needed basis. Other ways of reducing overall and peak
memory use on small devices are to release resources quickly, reuse objects, and avoid
exceptions.

4.Configurations overview
The configuration defines the basic run-time environment as a set of core classes and a
specific JVM that run on specific types of devices. Currently, two configurations exist for
J2ME, though others may be defined in the future:

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* Connected Limited Device Configuration (CLDC) is used specifically with the KVM for
16-bit or 32-bit devices with limited amounts of memory. This is the configuration (and the
virtual machine) used for developing small J2ME applications. Its size limitations make
CLDC more interesting and challenging (from a development point of view) than CDC.
CLDC is also the configuration that we will use for developing our drawing tool application.
An example of a small wireless device running small applications is a Palm hand-held
computer.

* Connected Device Configuration (CDC) is used with the C virtual machine (CVM) and is
used for 32-bit architectures requiring more than 2 MB of memory. An example of such a
device is a Net TV box.

5.J2ME profiles
What is a J2ME profile?
As we mentioned earlier in this tutorial, a profile defines the type of device supported. The
Mobile Information Device Profile (MIDP), for example, defines classes for cellular phones.
It adds domain-specific classes to the J2ME configuration to define uses for similar devices.
Two profiles have been defined for J2ME and are built upon CLDC: KJava and MIDP. Both
KJava and MIDP are associated with CLDC and smaller devices. Profiles are built on top of
configurations. Because profiles are specific to the size of the device (amount of memory) on
which an application runs, certain profiles are associated with certain configurations.
A skeleton profile upon which you can create your own profile, the Foundation Profile, is
available for CDC.
Profile 1: KJava
KJava is Sun's proprietary profile and contains the KJava API. The KJava profile is built on
top of the CLDC configuration. The KJava virtual machine, KVM, accepts the same byte
codes and class file format as the classic J2SE virtual machine. KJava contains a Sun-specific
API that runs on the Palm OS. The KJava API has a great deal in common with the J2SE
Abstract Windowing Toolkit (AWT). However, because it is not a standard J2ME package,
its main package is com.sun.kjava. We'll learn more about the KJava API later in this tutorial
when we develop some sample applications.
Profile 2: MIDP

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MIDP is geared toward mobile devices such as cellular phones and pagers. The MIDP, like
KJava, is built upon CLDC and provides a standard run-time environment that allows new
applications and services to be deployed dynamically on end user devices. MIDP is a
common, industry-standard profile for mobile devices that is not dependent on a specific
vendor. It is a complete and supported foundation for mobile application
development. MIDP contains the following packages, the first three of which are core CLDC
packages, plus three MIDP-specific packages.
* java.lang
* java.io
* java.util
* javax.microedition.io
* javax.microedition.lcdui
* javax.microedition.midlet
* javax.microedition.rms

EXISTING SYSTEM
The authors in [17] developed a multi-agent software platform to represent the information
workflow model among donor hospitals, regulators, and recipient hospitals. This platform
optimizes the pre-transplantation tasks, which can improve the process efficiency. In
addition, it allows storing potential donor information and improves direct communication
among all participants in the organ transplantation process. An information workflow was
simulated using the developed platform, and it was estimated that the saved time might be
between three to five hours.

The TransNet in [18] is a system using scanning technology for barcodes at the point of organ
recovery to assist in labeling, packaging, and tracking organs and other biological materials
for transplantation. It involves supplementing the labeling system with an application
developed and a portable barcode printer corresponding with DonorNet. During organ
recovery, procurement coordinators will use the operating room's system to print labels and
scan all organs to be transported. Similarly, many supply chain management solutions have

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relied on barcodes, RFID tags, and Electronic Product Codes (EPC) for identifying and
sharing product information to facilitate the tracking of items through various phases [19].

Finally, the authors in [20] proposed a manageable mechanism, MIN, for the online matching
of deceased organs to donors to improve efficiency and fairness in selecting patients within
the current system in Australia. The MIN mechanism simply designates an arriving organ to a
patient that minimizes |KDPI-EPTS|, tie-breaking by time on the waiting list and later
randomly. The Kidney Donor Patient Inde (KDPI) estimates the quality of the organ. On the
other hand, the Expected Post-Transplant Survival Score (EPTS) measures the life quality of
the recipient after the transplant. After testing, the results showed that the MIN mechanism
outperforms the current mechanism under consideration by the Organ and Tissue Authority in
Australia.

The authors in [23] proposed an organ donation decentralized app using blockchain
technology. Patients use a web application to register their information, including their
medical ID, organ type, blood type, and state. The system would operate on a first-in, first-
out (FIFO) approach, with the exception of a patient being in a critical state. It offered better
security, added transparency, and a much faster system. However, it should be modified
when used in different regions according to their regulations and needs. Similarly, the authors
in [24], developed a web-based application using FIFO to choose an organ donor for each
actual patient seeking a transplant, and in the case of an emergency, that patient is given
priority. Furthermore, an organ donation and transplantation application utilizing blockchain
has been proposed in [12], where the registered hospital accepts the registered donors and
registers the recipients to match them with a suitable donor based on the request.

Moreover, in [25], a use case for blockchain in organ donation has been developed. Simply,
the process begins with the donor signing a smart contract for organ donation and the patient
ling a transplant request. Both papers are verified and hashed by a registered doctor or nurse,
who then creates a verified mismatching pair and announces it over the network. The
network finds a match and sends it to a doctor for approval. If a match is found, the doctor
approves, and the next step is for the doctor to generate a hash. If the doctor generates a hash,

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the verified matched pair becomes part of the blockchain. Finally, doctors and healthcare
professionals
are given all the information they need to prepare for the logistics of the surgery.

Disadvantages
 The system is not implemented blockchain based organ donation which leads less
security and less communication between hospitals and donors..
 The system is not implemented an auto-matching process between the donor and
recipient through a smart contract based on certain criteria.

Proposed System
 The system proposes a private Ethereum blockchain-based solution that ensures organ
donation and transplantation management in a manner that is decentralized, secure,
reliable, traceable, auditable, and trustworthy.
 The system develops smart contracts that register actors and ensure data provenance
through producing events for all the necessary actions that occur during the organ
donation and transplantation stages. The smart contracts code is made publicly
available on Github.1
 The system develops an auto-matching process between the donor and recipient
through a smart contract based on certain criteria.
 The system presents six algorithms along with their full implementation, testing, and
validation details.
 The system conducts security analysis to determine that the proposed solution is
secure against common security attacks and vulnerabilities. We compare our solution
with the existing solutions to show its novelty. Our proposed solution is general and
may be easily adjusted to meet the needs of a variety of related applications.

Advantages
 The system is implemented an organ donation based on blockchain techniques which
is more fast and secure.
 In the proposed system, the system is implemented an automatic process of human
organ donation.

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SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS
➢ H/W System Configuration:-
➢ Processor - Pentium –IV
➢ RAM - 4 GB (min)

➢ Hard Disk - 20 GB

➢ Key Board - Standard Windows Keyboard

➢ Mouse - Two or Three Button Mouse

➢ Monitor - SVGA
Software Requirements:

 Operating System - Windows XP

 Coding Language - Java/J2EE(JSP,Servlet)
 Front End - J2EE

 Back End - My SQL.

Feasibility Analysis
Technical Feasibility

Blockchain Integration: Ensures secure and immutable records for donor and recipient data.
Smart Contracts: Automates organ matching based on predefined medical criteria.
Interoperability: Can integrate with hospital management systems, biometric verification,
and IoT-based organ tracking.
Challenges: Requires robust infrastructure, scalability solutions, and hospital IT system
integration.

2.2 Economic Feasibility

Cost Reduction: Eliminates middlemen, reduces administrative costs, and prevents

fraudulent transactions.
Long-Term ROI: Though initial development costs are high, operational expenses decrease

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over time.
Investment Requirement: Requires funding for blockchain infrastructure, system
development, and training.

2.3 Legal & Regulatory Feasibility

Data Security Compliance: Aligns with GDPR, HIPAA, and organ donation laws to
ensure patient data privacy.
Transparency & Auditability: Prevents illegal organ trade and ensures fair allocation.
Regulatory Approval: Requires government, healthcare, and ethics board approvals.

2.4 Operational Feasibility

Ease of Use: A user-friendly platform for donors, recipients, hospitals, and authorities.
Real-Time Organ Tracking: Ensures accurate monitoring and allocation.
Adoption Challenges: Stakeholders require training and adaptation to new technology.
2.5 Social Feasibility
Public Trust & Awareness: Blockchain's transparency can boost confidence in the organ
donation process.
Encourages Organ Donation: Increased security and fairness may increase donor
participation.
Awareness Campaigns Needed: Education efforts are essential for adoption.

3. Scheduling Feasibility

A well-structured timeline is crucial to ensure successful implementation. Below is an

estimated phased implementation plan.

Project Timeline (12-18 Months)

Phase Tasks Duration Stakeholders

Phase 1: Planning & Define project scope, 2-3 Project Team,
Research feasibility study, regulatory months Healthcare Experts,

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research Blockchain Experts

Phase 2: System Design blockchain 2-3 Developers,
Design architecture, smart contract months Blockchain
algorithms, database Engineers, Hospitals
integration
Phase 3: Backend & frontend 4-6 Development Team,
Development development, security months Security Experts
implementation,
interoperability setup
Phase 4: Testing & System testing, security 3-4 QA Team, Hospitals,
Validation audits, performance testing, months Regulators
compliance verification
Phase 5: Pilot Deploy in select hospitals for 2-3 Hospitals, Organ
Implementation real-world testing, collect months Transplant
feedback Authorities
Phase 6: Full Expand system nationwide, Ongoing All Stakeholders
Deployment & monitor performance,
Monitoring continuous updates

Key Scheduling Considerations

 Regulatory Approvals: Can delay implementation due to compliance checks.

 System Integration: Hospitals and transplant authorities need time for IT
adjustments.
 Training & Awareness: Healthcare professionals and users require onboarding
sessions.

SYSTEM DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT

INPUT DESIGN
Input Design plays a vital role in the life cycle of software development, it requires
very careful attention of developers. The input design is to feed data to the application as
accurate as possible. So inputs are supposed to be designed effectively so that the errors

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occurring while feeding are minimized. According to Software Engineering Concepts, the
input forms or screens are designed to provide to have a validation control over the input
limit, range and other related validations.
This system has input screens in almost all the modules. Error messages are
developed to alert the user whenever he commits some mistakes and guides him in the right
way so that invalid entries are not made. Let us see deeply about this under module design.
Input design is the process of converting the user created input into a computer-based
format. The goal of the input design is to make the data entry logical and free from errors.
The error is in the input are controlled by the input design. The application has been
developed in user-friendly manner. The forms have been designed in such a way during the
processing the cursor is placed in the position where must be entered. The user is also
provided with in an option to select an appropriate input from various alternatives related to
the field in certain cases.
Validations are required for each data entered. Whenever a user enters an erroneous
data, error message is displayed and the user can move on to the subsequent pages after
completing all the entries in the current page.

OUTPUT DESIGN
The Output from the computer is required to mainly create an efficient method of
communication within the company primarily among the project leader and his team
members, in other words, the administrator and the clients. The output of VPN is the system
which allows the project leader to manage his clients in terms of creating new clients and
assigning new projects to them, maintaining a record of the project validity and providing
folder level access to each client on the user side depending on the projects allotted to him.
After completion of a project, a new project may be assigned to the client. User
authentication procedures are maintained at the initial stages itself. A new user may be
created by the administrator himself or a user can himself register as a new user but the task
of assigning projects and validating a new user rests with the administrator only.
The application starts running when it is executed for the first time. The server has to be
started and then the internet explorer in used as the browser. The project will run on the local
area network so the server machine will serve as the administrator while the other connected
systems can act as the clients. The developed system is highly user friendly and can be easily
understood by anyone using it even for the first time.

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NORMALIZATION

Model 1NF (First Normal 2NF (Second 3NF (Third Normal

Name Form) Normal Form) Form)
UserProfile Atomic values in fields: user (FK to auth.User) No transitive
user, location, is the primary key; dependencies. Non-key
profile_picture. all other fields attributes depend only on
depend on it. the primary key.
Listing Atomic values in fields: seller, category (FKs No transitive
seller, category, title, to UserProfile, dependencies. All fields
description, price, image1, Category) depend on depend directly on the
created_at, is_sold. the primary key (id). primary key (id).
Category Atomic values in fields: slug is unique and No transitive
name, slug. depends on the dependencies. All
primary key (id). attributes depend on the
primary key (id).
Message Atomic values in fields: sender, receiver (FKs No transitive
sender, receiver, content, to UserProfile) depend dependencies. All
timestamp. on the primary key attributes depend directly
(id). on the primary key (id).
Order Atomic values in fields: buyer, seller, listing No transitive
buyer, seller, listing, (FKs to UserProfile, dependencies. Attributes
order_date, total_price, Listing) depend on like total_price and status
status. the primary key (id). depend on the primary key
(id).
Image Atomic values in fields: listing (FK to Listing) No transitive
listing, image_file. depends on the dependencies. All
primary key (id). attributes depend on the
primary key (id).

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SYSTEM DESIGN
ARCHITECTURE DIAGRAM

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DATA FLOW DIAGRAM

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CLASS DIAGRAM

SEQUENCE DIAGRAM

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USECASE DIAGRAM

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ACTIVITY DIAGRAM

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Flow Chart

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ER DIAGRAMS

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IMPLEMENTATION

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Source code
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
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<title>Luckyr | Contact</title>
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SYSTEM TESTING
TESTING METHODOLOGIES
The following are the Testing Methodologies:
1. Unit Testing.
2. Integration Testing.
3. User Acceptance Testing.
4. Output Testing.
5. Validation Testing.

Unit Testing
Unit testing focuses verification effort on the smallest unit of Software design that is the
module. Unit testing exercises specific paths in a module’s control structure to
ensure complete coverage and maximum error detection. This test focuses on each module
individually, ensuring that it functions properly as a unit. Hence, the naming is Unit Testing.
During this testing, each module is tested individually and the module interfaces are verified
for the consistency with design specification. All important processing path are tested for the
expected results. All error handling paths are also tested.

Integration Testing
Integration testing addresses the issues associated with the dual problems of verification and
program construction. After the software has been integrated a set of high order tests are
conducted. The main objective in this testing process is to take unit tested modules and builds
a program structure that has been dictated by design.

The following are the types of Integration Testing:

Top Down Integration
This method is an incremental approach to the construction of program structure. Modules
are integrated by moving downward through the control hierarchy, beginning with the main
program module. The module subordinates to the main program module are incorporated into
the structure in either a depth first or breadth first manner.
In this method, the software is tested from main module and individual stubs are replaced
when the test proceeds downwards.

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Bottom-up Integration
This method begins the construction and testing with the modules at the lowest level in the
program structure. Since the modules are integrated from the bottom up, processing required
for modules subordinate to a given level is always available and the need for stubs is
eliminated. The bottom up integration strategy may be implemented with the following steps:
The low-level modules are combined into clusters into clusters that perform a specific
Software sub-function.
A driver (i.e.) the control program for testing is written to coordinate test case input and
output.
The cluster is tested.
Drivers are removed and clusters are combined moving upward in the program structure
The bottom up approaches tests each module individually and then each module is module is
integrated with a main module and tested for functionality.

User Acceptance Testing

User Acceptance of a system is the key factor for the success of any system. The system
under consideration is tested for user acceptance by constantly keeping in touch with the
prospective system users at the time of developing and making changes wherever required.
The system developed provides a friendly user interface that can easily be understood even
by a person who is new to the system.

Output Testing
After performing the validation testing, the next step is output testing of the proposed system,
since no system could be useful if it does not produce the required output in the specified
format. Asking the users about the format required by them tests the outputs generated or
displayed by the system under consideration. Hence the output format is considered in 2
ways – one is on screen and another in printed format.

Validation Checking
Validation checks are performed on the following fields.

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Text Field:
The text field can contain only the number of characters lesser than or equal to its size. The
text fields are alphanumeric in some tables and alphabetic in other tables. Incorrect entry
always flashes and error message.

Numeric Field:
The numeric field can contain only numbers from 0 to 9. An entry of any character flashes an
error messages. The individual modules are checked for accuracy and what it has to perform.
Each module is subjected to test run along with sample data. The individually tested
modules are integrated into a single system. Testing involves executing the real data
information is used in the program the existence of any program defect is inferred from the
output. The testing should be planned so that all the requirements are individually tested.
A successful test is one that gives out the defects for the inappropriate data and produces
and output revealing the errors in the system.

Preparation of Test Data

Taking various kinds of test data does the above testing. Preparation of test data plays a vital
role in the system testing. After preparing the test data the system under study is tested using
that test data. While testing the system by using test data errors are again uncovered and
corrected by using above testing steps and corrections are also noted for future use.

Using Live Test Data:

Live test data are those that are actually extracted from organization files. After a system is
partially constructed, programmers or analysts often ask users to key in a set of data from
their normal activities. Then, the systems person uses this data as a way to partially test the
system. In other instances, programmers or analysts extract a set of live data from the files
and have them entered themselves.
It is difficult to obtain live data in sufficient amounts to conduct extensive testing. And,
although it is realistic data that will show how the system will perform for the typical
processing requirement, assuming that the live data entered are in fact typical, such data
generally will not test all combinations or formats that can enter the system. This bias toward

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typical values then does not provide a true systems test and in fact ignores the cases most
likely to cause system failure.

Using Artificial Test Data:

Artificial test data are created solely for test purposes, since they can be generated to test all
combinations of formats and values. In other words, the artificial data, which can quickly be
prepared by a data generating utility program in the information systems department, make
possible the testing of all login and control paths through the program.
The most effective test programs use artificial test data generated by persons other than those
who wrote the programs. Often, an independent team of testers formulates a testing plan,
using the systems specifications.
The package “Virtual Private Network” has satisfied all the requirements specified as per
software requirement specification and was accepted.

USER TRAINING
Whenever a new system is developed, user training is required to educate them about the
working of the system so that it can be put to efficient use by those for whom the system has
been primarily designed. For this purpose the normal working of the project was
demonstrated to the prospective users. Its working is easily understandable and since the
expected users are people who have good knowledge of computers, the use of this system is
very easy.

MAINTAINENCE
This covers a wide range of activities including correcting code and design errors. To reduce
the need for maintenance in the long run, we have more accurately defined the user’s
requirements during the process of system development. Depending on the requirements, this
system has been developed to satisfy the needs to the largest possible extent. With
development in technology, it may be possible to add many more features based on the
requirements in future. The coding and designing is simple and easy to understand which will
make maintenance easier.

TESTING STRATEGY :

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A strategy for system testing integrates system test cases and design techniques into a well
planned series of steps that results in the successful construction of software. The testing
strategy must co-operate test planning, test case design, test execution, and the resultant data
collection and evaluation .A strategy for software testing must accommodate low-level
tests that are necessary to verify that a small source code segment has been correctly
implemented as well as high level tests that validate major system functions against user
requirements.
Software testing is a critical element of software quality assurance and represents the ultimate
review of specification design and coding. Testing represents an interesting anomaly for the
software. Thus, a series of testing are performed for the proposed system before the
system is ready for user acceptance testing.

SYSTEM TESTING:
Software once validated must be combined with other system elements (e.g. Hardware,
people, database). System testing verifies that all the elements are proper and that overall
system function performance is
achieved. It also tests to find discrepancies between the system and its original objective,
current specifications and system documentation.

TEST CASES and results

Test Case ID Mode Description Input Values Expected Stat
l Result us
TC_UP_001 UserP Create with user=1, location="NY", UserProfi ✅
rofile valid data image=img1 le created
successfu
lly
TC_UP_002 UserP Duplicate user=1 Error: ✅
rofile user FK User
already
has a
profile
TC_UP_003 UserP Missing user=2, location="", Profile ✅
rofile location image=img2 created (if
optional)
TC_UP_004 UserP Invalid image image="textfile.txt" Error: ✅
rofile format Invalid
image file
TC_L_001 Listin Create with seller=1, title="Cotton Shirt", Listing ✅

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g all valid fields price=150.00 created

successfu
lly
TC_L_002 Listin Title exceeds title=256 char string Error: ✅
g max length Title too
long
TC_L_003 Listin Missing title=None, price=None Error: ✅
g required Fields
fields required
TC_L_004 Listin Price exceeds price=99.99999 Error: ✅
g decimal Invalid
places decimal
precision
TC_L_005 Listin Upload large image1="large_img.jpg" Image ✅
g image saved /
error (if
too large)
TC_C_001 Categ Add new name="Electronics", Category ✅
ory category slug="electronics" saved
successfu
lly
TC_C_002 Categ Duplicate slug="electronics" (existing) Error: ✅
ory slug Slug must
be unique
TC_C_003 Categ Slug exceeds slug="very_long_slug_excee Error: ✅
ory max length ding_limit" Slug too
long
TC_M_001 Mess Send message sender=1, receiver=2, Message ✅
age to another content="Hello!" saved
user with
timestam
p
TC_M_002 Mess Send empty content="" Error: ✅
age message Content
required
TC_M_003 Mess Message to sender=1, receiver=1 Message ✅
age self saved or
validation
error
TC_O_001 Order Create with buyer=1, seller=2, listing=5, Order ✅
valid values status="Pending" saved
successfu
lly
TC_O_002 Order Invalid status status="Processing..." Error: ✅
choice Invalid
choice for
status
TC_O_003 Order Missing total total_price=None Error: ✅

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price Field
required
TC_O_004 Order Deleted listing=deleted_id Error or ✅
listing FK NULL,
dependin
g on FK
config
TC_I_001 Image Upload valid listing=3, Image ✅
image image_file="cotton.jpg" saved
successfu
lly
TC_I_002 Image Upload image_file="document.pdf" Error: ✅
invalid file Invalid
type image file
TC_I_003 Image Upload image_file=["img1.jpg", Images ✅
multiple "img2.png"] saved
images successfu
lly for
listing

APPENDIX - A: SCREENS

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Home

Patient login

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Patient registration

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Hospital login

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Organ Transplantation request details

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Organ Donated details

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Organ details

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User details

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Contact

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Send Us Email

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REPORTS

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C.DATA DICTIONARIES
Header Value
Model [Name of Your Django Model]
Name
Description [Brief Description of What the Model Represents]
Fields [List of Field Names (comma-separated)]
Key Fields [Primary Key Field(s) and any important Foreign Key Field(s)]
Data Types [Summary of the main data types used in the model (e.g., Char, Int, FK)]
Constraints [Summary of important constraints (e.g., Unique, Not Null)]
Purpose [Briefly state the main purpose of this model in the application]
Export to Sheets

Example Short Data Dictionary Tables

Table 1: UserProfile Model

Header Value
Model UserProfile
Name
Description Stores extended information about users.
Fields user, location, profile_picture
Key Fields user (FK to auth.User, Unique)
Data Types ForeignKey, CharField, ImageField
Constraints user (Unique)
Purpose To hold additional details specific to marketplace users.
Export to Sheets

Table 2: Listing Model

Header Value
Model Listing
Name
Description Represents an item being listed for sale.
Fields seller, category, title, description, price, image1, created_at, is_sold
Key Fields id (PK), seller (FK to UserProfile), category (FK to Category)
Data Types ForeignKey, CharField, TextField, DecimalField, ImageField, DateTimeField,
BooleanField
Constraints title (Max Length), price
(Max Digits, Decimal Places)
Purpose To store details of items available for sale on the marketplace.
Table 3: Category Model (Example)
Header Value
Model Name Category
Description Stores categories for classifying listings.
Fields name, slug
Key Fields id (PK), slug (Unique)
Data Types CharField, SlugField

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Constraints name (Max Length), slug (Max Length, Unique)

Purpose To organize listings into different subject areas.
Export to Sheets

Table 4: Message Model (Example)

Header Value
Model Name Message
Description Stores messages exchanged between users.
Fields sender, receiver, content, timestamp
Key Fields id (PK), sender (FK to UserProfile), receiver (FK to UserProfile)
Data Types ForeignKey, TextField, DateTimeField
Constraints None specific.
Purpose To enable communication between buyers and sellers.
Export to Sheets

Table 5: Order Model (Example - if you have one for transactions)

Header Value
Model Order
Name
Description Represents a completed or pending transaction.
Fields buyer, seller, listing, order_date, total_price, status
Key Fields id (PK), buyer (FK to UserProfile), seller (FK to UserProfile), listing (FK to
Listing)
Data Types ForeignKey, DateTimeField, DecimalField, CharField
Constraints total_price (Max Digits, Decimal Places), status (Choices)
Purpose To track purchase details and the status of transactions.
Export to Sheets

Table 6: Image Model (Example - if you have a separate model for images)

Header Value
Model Name Image
Description Stores individual images for listings.
Fields listing, image_file
Key Fields id (PK), listing (FK to Listing)
Data Types ForeignKey, ImageField
Constraints None specific.
Purpose To allow multiple images per listing.

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D.User manual

How to Use the Website

1. Open the Website

 Launch your browser (Chrome, Firefox, Edge, etc.).

 Open the website file or URL provided by your admin or host.

2. Navigate Using the Sidebar Menu

On the left side, you will see the Sidebar Menu with the following options:

 Home — Go back to the main page overview.

 Hospital — For hospital management and verification.
 Donor — For individuals who want to donate organs.
 Patients — For patients who need an organ transplant.

Click on the menu item you need.

3. For Donors

 Go to Donor page.
 Click on Register or Sign Up (if available).
 Fill in your details like name, organ willing to donate, medical history, etc.
 Submit the form.
 Your donation request will be recorded securely on the blockchain.
 You can also edit or update your donation offer later.

4. For Patients

 Go to Patients page.
 Click on Register or Sign Up.
 Enter your personal details, organ needed, and any medical documents (if required).
 Submit the form.
 You can track the status of available organs matching your need.

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5. For Hospitals

 Go to Hospital page.
 Hospitals can register, verify donors and patients, and approve transplantation.
 Hospitals will also match donors to patients using blockchain-based records.

6. Searching the Site

 Use the Search Bar at the top left to quickly find pages or specific information.

7. Concepts Section

 You can explore key concepts like blockchain, organ donation, smart contracts,
etc., in the Concepts box on the sidebar.

8. Additional Features

 View information about organ donation day or awareness campaigns (images and
events posted).
 Blockchain transactions ensure your data and actions are safe, traceable, and secure.

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CONCLUSION

In this paper, we have proposed a private Ethereum blockchain-based solution that manages
organ donation and transplantation in a decentralized, accountable, auditable, traceable,
secure, and trustworthy manner. We developed smart contracts that ensure the data
provenance by recording events automatically. We present six algorithms with their
implementation, testing, and validation details. We analyze the security of the proposed
solution to guarantee that smart contracts are protected against common attacks and
vulnerabilities. We compare our solution to other blockchain-based solutions that are
currently available. We discuss how our solution can be customized with minimal effort to
meet the needs of other systems experiencing similar problems. In the future, our solution can
be improved by developing an end-to end DApp. Furthermore, the smart contracts can be
deployed and tested on a real private Ethereum network. Finally, the Quorum platform can
provide better confidentiality because transactions among entities can only be viewed by
specific participants and nobody else, which is not the case in our solution, where
transactions between two participants are viewed by other actors authorized in the private
blockchain.

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Future Enhancements
1. Integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) for Enhanced Matching
Incorporating AI algorithms can significantly improve donor-recipient matching by analyzing
complex medical data such as blood type, HLA markers, and organ size. This predictive
analysis can lead to more accurate matches and better transplantation outcomes. medRxiv
2. Real-Time Organ Tracking with IoT Devices
The use of Internet of Things (IoT) devices can enable real-time monitoring of organ
transportation, ensuring timely and secure delivery. Sensors can track temperature, location,
and other critical parameters, providing transparency and reducing the risk of organ damage
during transit. IJFMR
3. Enhanced Data Security and Privacy Measures
Implementing advanced encryption techniques and biometric authentication can heighten the
security and privacy of sensitive medical data stored on the blockchain. This ensures
compliance with data protection regulations and builds trust among stakeholders. IJFMR
4. Development of User-Friendly Mobile Applications
Creating dedicated mobile applications for donors, recipients, healthcare professionals, and
administrators can facilitate convenient access to the organ donation system. Features may
include registration, status updates, and communication tools to streamline the donation and
transplantation process. IJFMR
5. Blockchain Interoperability Across Healthcare Systems
Exploring interoperability with other blockchain networks can facilitate seamless data
exchange and collaboration between different healthcare systems. This can lead to a more
unified and efficient organ donation and transplantation network. IJFMR
6. Compliance with Evolving Healthcare Regulations
Ensuring that the blockchain-based system adheres to evolving healthcare regulations and
standards, such as GDPR and HIPAA, is crucial for maintaining data integrity and patient
confidentiality. Regular audits and updates can help in achieving compliance. IJFMR
7. Integration of Telemedicine for Post-Transplant Care
Incorporating telemedicine functionalities can enable remote consultations and follow-ups for
organ recipients, enhancing post-transplantation care and reducing the need for frequent
hospital visits. IJFMR
8. Community Engagement and Awareness Campaigns

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Implementing features for community engagement and awareness campaigns can promote
organ donation and transplantation, fostering a supportive ecosystem and encouraging more
individuals to become donors. IJFMR
9. Continuous System Improvement Based on Feedback
Regular updates and enhancements based on user feedback and technological advancements
can ensure that the system remains relevant and effective in addressing evolving needs and
challenges in organ donation management. IJFMR
10. Global Collaboration for Organ Sharing
Establishing supranational crossover programs with international waitlist databases can
facilitate global organ sharing, reducing inequalities and discrimination in organ allocation.
Blockchain's distributed and immutable nature can support such initiatives by providing
secure and transparent data management.

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Bibliography

1. Hawashin, D., Jayaraman, R., Salah, K., Yaqoob, I., Simsekler, M. C. E., &
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