CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Malnutrition affect people in the globes around 19 billion adults worldwide are

overweight while 462 million are underweight. Pregnant women’s need body and could

lead to metabolic disorders or as incase adequate a nourishing food for the fetus to

develop, well if of excessive consumption of fact as carbohydrate lead to not, the result

will lead to low birth weight pregnant women’s does not know that she need to eat a

nutritional problem almost everywhere in Africa is that of greater amount of quality food

(Adedeji, 1985).

Many families cannot afford or access enough nutrition food like fresh fruit and

vegetables, in fact, sugar and salt are cheapest and more readily available leading to a

rapid rise in the number of pregnant women’s.

Malnutrition refers to as deficiencies, excesses or imbalance in a person intake or

energy and or nutrient (World Health Organization 2016)

The human body is sound hinge much like motor car, motor cars need some oil in the

engine and some water in radiation to keep in walking properly which the good raw

material is with or body is build and kept in good condition and more properly.

Food is broken down is by the digestive system into simple substances which is carried in

the blood to all cell of the body. (Adedeji 1981)

The pregnant women that those not have right kind of good food are likely to be affected

by the food deficiencies disease such diet should be sufficient to provide energy

requirement (World Health Organization 1993).

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Malnutrition during pregnancy remains a significant public health concern, particularly in

low-income and developing regions. Globally, the World Health Organization (WHO)

estimates that more than 20 million newborns are born underweight annually, largely due

to maternal malnutrition. Malnourished pregnant women face higher risks of maternal

mortality, complications during childbirth, and adverse outcomes for the fetus, such as

preterm birth, low birth weight, and developmental delays.

In Nigeria, malnutrition is a pressing issue, with the National Demographic and Health

Survey reporting high levels of malnutrition among women of reproductive age,

especially in northern regions. Northern Nigeria, including Kano State, experiences a

disproportionate burden due to socio-economic factors, food insecurity, and inadequate

health services, exacerbating the vulnerability of pregnant women.

Specifically, in Galula Primary Health Care, Nassarawa Local Government Area, Kano

State, malnutrition among pregnant women has not been adequately studied. This

location is known to have limited access to healthcare resources, nutrition education, and

essential maternal services. As a result, pregnant women in this area may be more

susceptible to malnutrition, contributing to poor maternal and fetal health outcomes.

This study is necessary to address the knowledge gap on the prevalence of malnutrition

among pregnant women in Galula PHC and to provide data that can inform healthcare

interventions aimed at improving maternal nutrition.

1.3.1 AIM OF THE STUDY

The aim of the study is to determine prevalence of malnutrition among pregnant women
attending Hotoro Primary Health Care Nassarawa Local Government Kano State.

1.3.2 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

1. To ascertain the possible causes of malnutrition among pregnant women in the

study area.

2. To determine the factors influencing malnutrition among pregnant women in the

study area.

3. To identify the complication associated with malnutrition among pregnant

women in the study area.

4. To express proper enlightenment on the significance of nutrition to pregnant

women in the study area.

1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS

1. What are the possible causes of malnutrition among pregnant women in the study
area?

2. What are the factors influencing malnutrition among pregnant women in the
study area

3. Which kind of complication associated with malnutrition among pregnant

women

4. What are the basic enlightenment on the significance of nutrition to pregnant

women in the study area
1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The study will reveals awareness level to women on the effect of malnutrition among

pregnant women; the study will assist in checking the problem at an early stage so that

action can be taken.

Also it assist the mother to try their possible in order to avoid becoming patient of

malnutrition, then it enhance in educating women, government and society in general

about the inherent chance of malnutrition.

1.6 SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

The scope of the study is to prevalence of malnutrition among the pregnant women

attending Hotoro Primary Health Care Nassarawa Local Government Kano State.
 CHAPTER TWO

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

2.0 INTRODUCTION

This chapter reviews existing literature on the prevalence of malnutrition among

pregnant women, focusing on the causes, factors influencing malnutrition, associated

complications, and the significance of proper nutrition during pregnancy. The aim is to

provide a theoretical and empirical framework for the study and to explore scholarly

contributions relevant to the research objectives under the following subheadings:

 Prevalence of malnutrition among pregnant women

 Causes of malnutrition among pregnant women

 Factors influencing malnutrition among pregnant women

 Complications associated with malnutrition among pregnant women

 The significance of nutrition to pregnant women

 Empirical framework/theories on prevalence of malnutrition among pregnant

women

 Summary

2.1 PREVALENCE OF MALNUTRITION AMONG PREGNANT WOMEN

Malnutrition during pregnancy remains a critical global health challenge, especially in

low-income and developing countries. The World Health Organization (WHO, 2020)

estimates that approximately 20% of pregnant women in these regions are

undernourished, leading to poor pregnancy outcomes. According to Black et al. (2013),

malnutrition during pregnancy is responsible for more than 800,000 newborn deaths

annually, primarily due to underweight, micronutrient deficiencies, and stunted fetal

growth.

In Nigeria, the prevalence of malnutrition among pregnant women is of particular

concern in the northern regions. Studies show that factors such as poverty, food

insecurity, poor access to healthcare, and socio-cultural practices contribute to a high

prevalence of maternal malnutrition in these areas (Akombi et al., 2017). In Kano State,

the rates of malnutrition among pregnant women are significantly higher than the

national average, largely due to inadequate nutrition education and poor healthcare

services (Amugsi et al., 2020).

2.2 CAUSES OF MALNUTRITION AMONG PREGNANT WOMEN

The causes of malnutrition among pregnant women are multifaceted and vary by region.

Socio-economic factors play a major role, particularly in low-income areas where access

to nutritious food is limited. According to Smith and Haddad (2015), poverty is one of

the most significant contributors to maternal malnutrition, as it reduces a woman’s

ability to access and afford healthy, diverse foods. In northern Nigeria, cultural and

gender norms also exacerbate the issue, as women may have limited control over

household resources, affecting their ability to meet their nutritional needs during

pregnancy (Madanijah et al., 2021).

Poor dietary habits and food insecurity are other major contributors. As Olatona et al.

(2018) explain, many pregnant women in Nigeria have inadequate dietary intake due to

low awareness of proper nutrition and the unavailability of affordable nutritious foods.

In areas like Nassarawa Local Government, these issues are compounded by a lack of

nutrition education, leading to a higher prevalence of malnutrition among pregnant

women.

2.3 FACTORS INFLUENCING MALNUTRITION AMONG PREGNANT

WOMEN

Several factors influence the prevalence of malnutrition among pregnant women,

including socio-economic status, education level, and access to healthcare services. A

study by Fotso et al. (2007) revealed that women with low educational attainment are

more likely to suffer from malnutrition during pregnancy. This is often due to a lack of

knowledge about dietary requirements and the importance of adequate nutrition for

maternal and fetal health.

In addition, access to healthcare services plays a crucial role in mitigating maternal

malnutrition. Women who attend antenatal clinics regularly are more likely to receive

nutrition counseling and supplements, which can significantly improve their nutritional

status (Ebadi et al., 2019). However, in rural and low-income areas such as Hotoro

Primary Health Care, pregnant women may not have access to such services, increasing

their risk of malnutrition (Mosha et al., 2020).

Cultural beliefs and practices also play a role. For example, in some communities in

northern Nigeria, certain foods are considered taboo during pregnancy, limiting the
variety of foods available to pregnant women. Such practices contribute to poor dietary

diversity, which is a known risk factor for malnutrition (Okeke et al., 2021).

2.4 COMPLICATIONS ASSOCIATED WITH MALNUTRITION AMONG

PREGNANT WOMEN

Malnutrition during pregnancy can lead to severe complications for both the mother and

the fetus. According to Christian et al. (2013), maternal malnutrition is strongly

associated with low birth weight, preterm delivery, and intrauterine growth restriction.

These conditions increase the risk of infant mortality and long-term developmental

issues for the child.

Maternal malnutrition also increases the risk of complications during childbirth,

including hemorrhage, obstructed labor, and infections (Black et al., 2013). Pregnant

women who are malnourished are also more susceptible to anemia, which can lead to

fatigue, weakness, and a higher risk of maternal mortality (Ahmed et al., 2012).

Furthermore, micronutrient deficiencies, such as iron, folic acid, and vitamin A, are

common among malnourished pregnant women, exacerbating the risk of complications

during pregnancy (Lassi et al., 2013). In Kano State, studies have shown that these

deficiencies are prevalent due to inadequate dietary intake and limited access to

supplements (Amugsi et al., 2020).

2.5 THE SIGNIFICANCE OF NUTRITION TO PREGNANT WOMEN

Adequate nutrition during pregnancy is essential for the health of both the mother and

the developing fetus. According to the WHO (2020), pregnant women require increased

caloric intake and essential nutrients such as iron, calcium, and folic acid to support fetal

growth and maternal health. Proper nutrition reduces the risk of complications, including

low birth weight, preterm birth, and congenital anomalies (Black et al., 2013).

Nutrition education is a critical component in addressing maternal malnutrition.

Research by Ota et al. (2012) emphasizes the importance of community-based nutrition

programs that educate women on the significance of a balanced diet, appropriate weight

gain during pregnancy, and the consumption of essential vitamins and minerals.

In the study area, Hotoro Primary Health Care, raising awareness about the importance

of nutrition during pregnancy could help reduce the prevalence of malnutrition.

Providing access to affordable, nutritious foods, coupled with regular antenatal visits

where women receive nutrition counseling, can significantly improve maternal health

outcomes (Mosha et al., 2020).

2.6 EMPIRICAL FRAMEWORK/THEORIES ON THE PREVALENCE OF

MALNUTRITION AMONG PREGNANT WOMEN

The study on the prevalence of malnutrition among pregnant women finds grounding in

several theoretical frameworks and empirical studies that explore nutrition, maternal

health, and their interconnectedness.

1. The Barker Hypothesis (Developmental Origins of Health and Disease): The

Barker Hypothesis, proposed by David Barker in the 1990s, emphasizes the long-term

effects of prenatal nutrition on the health of offspring. It asserts that malnutrition during

pregnancy can lead to low birth weight and predispose the child to chronic diseases in

later life, such as cardiovascular diseases and diabetes. This hypothesis is relevant to the

study as it underscores the impact of maternal malnutrition on both maternal and fetal

health, linking inadequate nutrition during pregnancy to long-term developmental

consequences.

According to empirical studies, maternal undernutrition, particularly during early

gestation, is strongly associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes like preterm birth,

intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), and maternal morbidity . These findings align

with the Barker Hypothesis, suggesting that improving maternal nutrition may have a

profound effect on breaking the cycle of malnutrition and poor health across generations.

2. Ecological Model of Malnutrition: The ecological model of malnutrition examines

the multifaceted causes of malnutrition, considering individual, household, community,

and societal levels. This framework highlights that malnutrition among pregnant women

is influenced by a combination of biological, socioeconomic, and environmental factors.

For instance, food insecurity, lack of access to healthcare, education, and socio-economic

disparities are contributing factors.

Empirical studies have shown that women in low-resource settings, particularly in rural

areas or underserved urban areas, often experience higher rates of malnutrition due to

factors like poverty, limited access to diverse foods, and poor healthcare infrastructure .
The ecological model demonstrates that addressing malnutrition requires a holistic

approach that includes improving education, healthcare access, and socio-economic

conditions.

3. Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs: Maslow’s hierarchy of needs theory, although

typically applied to psychological well-being, can be relevant in the context of maternal

health. According to this theory, basic physiological needs, such as nutrition, must be met

before an individual can achieve higher levels of well-being, such as safety and health.

For pregnant women, the lack of adequate nutrition can hinder not only their physical

health but also their emotional and psychological well-being, thereby impacting

pregnancy outcomes.

Studies have found that pregnant women with poor nutritional intake are more prone to

mental health issues such as anxiety and depression, which further complicates

pregnancy outcomes . In this context, meeting the nutritional needs of pregnant women is

essential for their overall health and the health of their unborn child.

4. Social Determinants of Health (SDH) Theory: The social determinants of health

(SDH) theory emphasizes how societal and economic factors shape individual and

population health outcomes. Factors like education, income, social support, and access to

healthcare services can directly influence a woman’s nutritional status during pregnancy.

Pregnant women with low socio-economic status are more likely to experience food

insecurity, lack of access to quality healthcare, and limited nutrition education, leading to

higher malnutrition prevalence .

Empirical evidence shows that interventions aimed at addressing these social

determinants—such as conditional cash transfers, nutrition education programs, and

improved access to antenatal care—can significantly reduce malnutrition among

pregnant women in vulnerable communities .

5. Human Capital Theory: The human capital theory posits that investing in human

potential, particularly through education and health, leads to greater productivity and

societal development. In the context of maternal health, the nutritional well-being of

pregnant women is a critical form of investment in the human capital of both the mother

and the child. Adequate maternal nutrition improves pregnancy outcomes, reduces

healthcare costs, and promotes healthier offspring who can contribute to the economy

later in life.

Studies confirm that proper nutrition during pregnancy leads to reduced maternal and

neonatal mortality, fewer birth complications, and improved long-term health outcomes

for children . This theory supports the notion that improving maternal nutrition is not

only an immediate health intervention but also a long-term investment in societal well-

being.

2.7 SUMMARY

The literature reviewed highlights the critical issue of malnutrition among pregnant

women, particularly in low-income areas such as northern Nigeria. The causes of

maternal malnutrition are multifactorial, with socio-economic factors, inadequate

healthcare, and cultural practices playing a significant role. Malnutrition during

pregnancy is associated with severe complications for both the mother and the child,

underscoring the need for effective nutrition interventions. The empirical framework for

understanding the prevalence of malnutrition among pregnant women incorporates a

variety of theories that emphasize the biological, social, and economic determinants of

nutrition. From the Barker Hypothesis to Social Determinants of Health, these

frameworks highlight the multifaceted nature of malnutrition and provide insight into

how holistic interventions can improve maternal and fetal health outcomes.

This study will build on the existing body of knowledge by examining the prevalence

and causes of malnutrition among pregnant women in Hotoro Primary Health Care,

Nassarawa Local Government Area, Kano State.

 CHAPTER THREE

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1 INTRODUCTION

This chapter contains area of the study, research design, research population, sample and

sampling techniques, instrument for data collection, validity and reliability administration

of the research instrument, procedure for data analysis.

3.2 AREA OF THE STUDY

The area of this study is Hotoro Primary Health Care Nassarawa Local Government
Kano State.

Historical background: brief history of the study area: Hotoro Primary Health Care
Nassarawa Local Government Kano State.

The hotoro primary health care was established in the year 2003 by Alhaji Kabiru

Yahaya, Hotoro primary health care is about a kilometers drive to the emir’s palace in

Kano city Salma Alhassan was the first person that visited to the facility to book for an

antenatal appointment. The primary health care has different facility like, casuality,

antenatal care, laboratory, where samples are taken. OPD i.e. consulting room,

maternity, family planning unit, labor room, pharmacy and also ward. Hajiya Aisha

Muhammad was the in charge of the primary health care. And different staff in the

facilities, Sir Abubakar was the assistance in charge of the primary health care. We have

almost 600 pregnant women that are suffering from malnutrition manifests itself as a

function of many and complex factors that affect the national status it’s directly linked to

inadequacy diet.
3.3 RESEARCH DESIGN

Descriptive survey design will be forth study. Crust (19960) defines descriptive survey

designed as the arrangement of the condition for collecting and analysis of data in

manner that aim to combine relevant purpose in the economy in procedure the research

design. Descriptive research involved the study arrived at collecting and describes in

search systematic manner, this research is only interested in describing the effect of

malnutrition among pregnant women in Hotoro primary health care

3.4 RESEARCH POPULATION

Hastl and Daniel (2007) define population as group of people which live together in a

given geographical area or location. The target population of this study consists of all

pregnant women effected with malnutrition Hotoro Primary Health Care

Nassarawa Local Government Kano State, which is 600 pregnant women.

3.5 SAMPLE SIZE AND SAMPLING TECHNIQUES

The sample size to be used for this study

The sample of (15) respondents was used for this study. Schelezssel (1999) define

sample and sampling technique as the small subject of the population which has been

chosen to be studied. Sample random sampling technique was used to selected

respondent for these study is systematic sampling in which every person has an equal

chance to be choosen as a respondent out of population in the study area, the researcher

arbitrarily selected 90 people to study using systematic sampling which is of the

population.
The formula used for selecting the sampling size was

15/100 x 600 = 90%

3.6 INSTRUMENT FOR DATA COLLECTION

Study was self-develop questionnaire it was design as the following orders.

3.7 VALIDITY OF THE INSTRUMENT

To ensure that the instrument where reliable (90) copies of the drafted question, where

taken outside the study area of consistency, in which the co-relation was recorded.

3.8 ADMINISTRATION OF THE RESEARCH INSTRUMENT

The instrument will be administered to the respondent with the help of research assistant

by given out the question to each respondent

3.9 PROCEDURE FOR DATA ANALYSIS

The method adopted for this research is simple frequency percentage to analyze the data.

The data collected from the field will be presented in tabula form and they will be
analyzed with the corresponding percentages.
 CHAPTER FOUR

DATA PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, INTERPRETATION AND

DISCUSSION

4.1 INTRODUCTION

This chapter contains data presentation, analysis, interpretation and discussion of the

raw data collected from the field. 90 questionnaire where distributed to the target people

in which 80 questionnaire were retrieved while 1% representing questionnaire where not

retrieved.

4.2DATA PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION

SECTION A

TABLE 4.1 AGE DISTRIBUTION OF THE RESPONDENT

Age of Respondent Respondent Percentage

18 – 20 years 10 12.5%

21 – 40 years 58 72.5%

41 above 12 15%
Total 80 100%

SOURCE: AUTHOR’S FIELD WORK (2024)

The tabular form shows that 10 (12.5%) respondents were Within the age of 18 – 20
years, 58 (72.5%) respondent were Within the age of 21 – 40 years 12 (15%) respondent
were Within the age of 40.these indicate that the majorty respondent are within the age of
21_40.
 TABLE 4.2 EDUCATIONAL LEVEL OF THE RESPONDENT
Level Respondent Percentage

Primary 6 7.5%

Secondary 59 73.75%

Tertiary 15 18.75%
Total 80 100%

SOURCE: AUTHOR’S FIELD WORK (2024)

The tabula form shows that 6 (7.5%) respondent attended only primary, 59 (73.75%)
respondent attended secondary and 15 (18.75%) of the respondent were qualified with
tertiary level.

TABLE 4.3 OCCUPATIONAL DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONDENT

Occupation Respondent Percentage

Student 15 18.15%

Trader 45 56.25%

Civil servant 20 25%

Total 80 100

SOURCE: AUTHOR’S FIELD WORK (2024)

The tabula form shows that 15 (18.95%) of the respondent were student, 45 (56.25%)

were trader and 20 (25%) of the respondent were civil servant.

 TABLE 4.4 RELIGION OF THE RESPONDENT
Religion Respondent Percentage

Islam 55 68.7
5%
Christianity 20
25%
Others 5 6.2
5%
Total 80
100
SOURCE: AUTHOR’S FIELD WORK (2024)

The tabula form above shows that the religion distribution of the respondent were Islam

55 (68.75%), Christianity 20 (25%) and others 5 (6.25%) respondent.

TABLE 4.5 MARITAL STATUS

Status Respondent Percentage

Married 40 50%

Divorced 22 27.5%

Widowed 18 22.5%

Total 80 100

SOURCE: AUTHOR’S FIELD WORK (2024)

The tabula form shows that 40 (50%) of the respondent were married, 22 (27.5%) of the

respondent were divorced and 18 (22.5%) of the respondent were widowed

 TABLE VI: TRIBE OF THE RESPONDENT
Tribe Respondent Percentage

Hausa 30 37.5%

Fulani 26 32%

Yoruba 16 20%

Others 8 10%

Total 80 100

TABLE 4.7 POVERTY IS ONE OF THE MAJOR CAUSES MALNUTRITION

AMONG PREGNANT WOMEN?
Option Respondent Percentage

True 74 92.5%

False 6 7.5%

Total 80 100

SOURCE: AUTHOR’S FIELD WORK (2024)

Table 4.7 show that poverty is one of the major causes of malnutrition to pregnant

women 74(92.5%) respondent they said true while the 6(7.5%) said false
 TABLE 4.8 CAN HIGH CARBOHYDRATES CONSUMPTION CAUSE
MALNUTRITION AMONG PREGNANT WOMEN?
Option. Respondents. Percentage

True. 77 96.25.
False. 3. 3.75%

Total. 80. 100%

SOURCE: AUTHOR, S FIELD WORK (2024)

Table 4.8 show that high CARBOHYDRATES consumption can cause malnutrition

among pregnant women.77(96.25%)respondent they said true while 3(3.75%)said false.

TABLE 4.9 INSUFFICIENT FOOD INTAKE LEAD TO MALNUTRITION

AMONG PREGNANT WOMEN

Option Respondent Percentage

True 80 100%

False 0 0%

Total 80 100

SOURCE: AUTHOR’S FIELD WORK (2024)

Table 4.9 shows that insufficient food intake lead to malnutrition among pregnant women

80 (100%) respondent they said is true while 0 (0%) said false

 TABLE 4.10 LARGE FAMILY SIZE AND PREVENTABLE INFECTION INFLUENT
MALNUTRITIONAMONG PREGNANT WOMEN

Option Respondent Percentage

True 72 90%

False 8 10%

Total 80 100

SOURCE: AUTHOR’S FIELD WORK (2024)

Table 4.10 show that large family size and preventable infection influent malnutrition

among pregnant women 12(90%) respondent said true while the 8(10)%

TABLE 4.11 FAMILY INSTABILITY LEAD TO MALNUTRITION AMONG

PREGNANT WOMEN
Option Respondent Percentage

True 68 85%

False 12 15%

Total

SOURCE: AUTHOR’S FIELD WORK (2024)

Table 4.11 family instability lead to malnutrition among pregnant women 68 (85%) of the

respondent said true while the 12 (15%) of the respondent said false
 TABLE 4.12 POOR ENVIRONMENTAL SANITATION IS ONE OF THE
FACTORS THAT LEAD TO

MALNUTRITION AMONG PREGNANT WOMEN

Option Respondent Percentage

True 79 98.75%

False 1 1.25%

Total 80 100

SOURCE: AUTHOR’S FIELD WORK (2024)

Table 4.12 shows that poor environmental sanitation is one of the factors that lead to

malnutrition among pregnant women 79 (98.75%) respondent said that is true while the 1

(1.25%) respondent said that is false

TABLE 4.13 MISCARRIAGES IS ONE OF THE COMPLICATION OF

MALNUTRITION AMONG PREGNANT

WOMEN
Option Respondent Percentage

True 77 96.25%

False 3 3.75%

Total 80 100

SOURCE: AUTHOR’S FIELD WORK (2024)

Table 4.13 shows that miscarriage is one of the complications of malnutrition among

pregnant women 77 (96.25%) respondent said that it’s true while 3 (3.75%) respondent

said that its false

 TABLE 4.14 MALNUTRITION AMONG PREGNANT WOMEN WEAK
IMMUNITY
Option Respondent Percentage

True 78 91.5%

False 2 2.5%

Total 80 100

SOURCE: AUTHOR’S FIELD WORK (2024)

Table 4.14 shows that malnutrition among pregnant women weak immunity 78 (91.5%)

respondent said that it’s true while 2 (2.5%) respondent said that its false

TABLE 4.15 MALNUTRITION AMONG PREGNANT WOMEN LEAD TO

FETAL DEATH DURING

PREGNANCY
Option Respondent Percentage

True 80 100%

False 0 0%

Total 80 100

SOURCE: AUTHOR’S FIELD WORK (2024)

Table 4.15 malnutrition among pregnant women lead to fetal death during pregnancy

80(100%) respondent and 0 (0%) respondents said it’s false

TABLE 4.16 DID YOU THINK THAT NUTRITIONAL EDUCATION IS IMPORTANT
TO PREGNANT WOMEN?
Option. Respondent percentage

True. 79. 98.75%

False. 1. 1.25%

Total. 80. 100

SOURCE AUTHOR, S FIELD WORK (2024)

TABLE 4.16 shows that nutritional education is importance to pregnant women

79(98.75%)respondent said that is true while 1(1.25%) respondent said that is false.

4.3 DISCUSSION OF FINDING

Pregnant women suffer as a result of malnutrition because it affect the immunity system

of a pregnant women and lead to fetal death during pregnancy. However malnutrition

among pregnant women increases the risk of gestational anemia, hypertension,

miscarriages and fetal death during pregnancy, pre-term delivery and maternal

Based on the findings, it has been observed that majority of the respondent have

knowledge on the factors and complication on responsible of malnutrition among

pregnant women as a result of health education during antenatal visit and only few of

them lack the knowledge which indicate that few of the women do not attend antenatal

clinic.

However the level of awareness of the people of Hotoro primary health care

concerning the prevalence of malnutrition among pregnant women is high as indicated

in the study and only few were not aware this has to do with education status because
community with higher educational background tend to know more about health related

issue s.Also majority of the respondent were aware for treatment of malnutrition, and

how to prevent and take good balance diet to pregnant women, second and third trimeter

and only few of them were notaware.

to know more about health related issues.

Also majority of the respondent were aware for treatment of malnutrition, and

how the prevent and take good balance diet to the pregnant women, second and third

trimester and only few of the were not aware.

 CHAPTER FIVE

SUMMARY OF THE STUDY CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1 INTRODUCTION

This chapter contains the following tittles summary of the

study, conclusion and recommendation.

5.2 SUMMARY OF THE STUDY

The study is design on the prevalence of malnutrition among pregnant women attending

Hotoro Primary Health Care Nassarawa Local Government Kano State. Four (4)

objectives were set off which include: to determine the factors influencing malnutrition

among pregnant women in the study, to ascertain the possible causes of malnutrition

among pregnant women in the study area, to identify the complication associated with

malnutrition among pregnant women and also to express proper enlightenment on the

significance of nutrition to pregnant women in the study area. Literature was extensively

reviewed based on the topic under study. The research designed adopted for the study is

90 representing 10% of the total population under study ninety (90) questionnaires

were distributed in the target population in which only (80) questionnaires were reviewed

why (10) according to the study were not reviewed. It was identified that preventing plays

a significant role in the process malnutrition to pregnant women also cultural and

inadequate proper intake of balance diet also play a vital role that cause malnutrition to

pregnant women.

27
5.3 CONCLUSION

Based on the findings from this research it can deducted that pregnant women in the

study cause miscarriage, also weak immunity and fetal death during pregnancy that can

result to complication this was link to the present situation in the locality and there is

poor nutrition which requires total compliance.

5.4 RECOMMENDATION

 Proper intake of food and adequate nutrition

 Insufficient food intake lead to the weak of immunity

 Pregnant women ensure that they consider adding supplement and encourage

healthier food choice

 Health works should provide awareness campaign to the pregnant women

28
 REFERENCE

Adedeji D (1985), Human Nutrition BPC (4TH Edition) London

Adeye g. 1981- Refuse Disposal in towns and cities. A challenges health for all years

2000 (unpublished materials)

Concise Medical Dictionary – 6th edition 2006

Guideline for treating community health workers nutrition second edition

(World Health Organization GENEVA).

G.S GERMSON, Human nutrition third edition (B.gg 1994.)

Michael S. – Biology by inquiring principal and vice chancellor of the university of

Edinburgh oxford printing press

Barker, D. J. (1990). "The fetal and infant origins of adult disease." BMJ, 301(6761),
1111.

Bhutta, Z. A., et al. (2008). "Maternal and child undernutrition: global and regional
exposures and health consequences." The Lancet, 371(9608), 243-260.

Marmot, M. (2005). "Social determinants of health inequalities." The Lancet, 365(9464),

1099-1104.

Victora, C. G., et al. (2008). "Maternal and child undernutrition: consequences for adult
health and human capital." The Lancet, 371(9609), 340-357.

Allen, L. H. (2005). "Interventions for micronutrient deficiency control in developing

countries: past, present and future." The Journal of Nutrition, 135(4), 1054-1056.

Walter H – Botanu function approach Biology university of Caloforniasanta

Barbara Macmillan publishing co-newYork 1974

World Health Organization (W.H.O), research on nutritional diseases.

29
 APPENDIX

Department Of Community Health and

School of Health Science and

Technology,

No. 9c Civic Center,

Date: ........................................................

ACADEMIC QUESTIONNAIRE

Dear Respondent.

The researcher is a final year student of the above named institution a research on the

topic “Malnutrition among pregnant women at Hotoro Primary Health Care Galula

Nasarawa Local government area Kano State”.

In this regard you are requested to give information to the best of your knowledge. All

information will be treated confidentially for the purpose of this study Thanks

Yours faithfully

(Researcher)

30
 SECTION A: BIO DATA

1. Age: 18 – 20 years [ ] 21 – 40 years [ ] 41 above []

2. Educational qualification: Primary [ ] Secondary [ ] Tertiary [ ]

]
3. Occupation: Student [ ] Trader [ ] Civil servant [ ]

4. Religion: Islam [ ] Christianity [ ] Others [ ]

5. Marital status: Married [ ] Divorced [ ] Widowed [ ]

6. Tribe Hausa [ ] Fulani [ ] Yoruba [ ] Others [ ]

SECTION B: RESEARCH QUESTIONS

1. High energy expenditure can cause malnutrition among pregnant women.

a) True [ ] b) False [ ]

2. Poverty is one of the major causes of malnutrition to Pregnant women.

a) True [ ] b) False [ ]

3. Insufficient food Intake leads to malnutrition among Pregnant women

a) True [ ] b) False [ ]

4. Large family size and Preventable Infection Influent malnutrition among Pregnant

women,

a) True [ ] b) False [ ]

5. Family Instability lead to malnutrition among Pregnant Women

a) True [ ] b) False [ ]

6. Poor environmental Sanitation is one of The factors that lead to malnutrition among

Pregnant Women.

a) True [ ] b) False [ ]

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7. Miscarriage Is one of the Complications of malnutrition among Pregnant women.

a) True [ ] b) False [ ]

8. Malnutrition among pregnant women mean weak Immunity.

a) True [ ] b) False [ ]

9. Malnutrition among Pregnant women lead to often death during pregnancy

a) True [ ] b) False [ ]

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