Updated Chemistry Chapter 2-5
Updated Chemistry Chapter 2-5
STANDARD 10
CHEMISTRY
(CBSE SYLLABUS)
CHAPTER 2
2. A student prepared solutions of (i) an acid and (ii) a base in two separate beakers. She
forgot to label the solutions and litmus paper is not available in the laboratory. Since
both the solutions are colourless, how will she distinguish between the two?
Answer:
In the absence of litmus, any other indicator like methyl orange, phenolphthalein etc, can
be used. Some common indicators with characteristic colours are tabulated below
4. A chemical compound ‘X’ is used in the soap and glass industry. It is prepared from
brine.
a. Write the chemical name, common name and chemical formula of ‘X’.
b. Write the equation involved in its preparation.
c. What happens when it is treated with water containing Ca or Mg salts
Answer:
a. Chemical name: Sodium carbonate decahydrate
Common name: Washing soda
Chemical formula: Na2CO3.10H2O
b. Chemical equation:
𝑯𝒆𝒂𝒕
𝟐𝑵𝒂𝑯𝑪𝑶𝟑 → 𝑵𝒂𝟐 𝑪𝑶𝟑 + 𝑯𝟐 𝑶 + 𝑪𝑶𝟐
𝑵𝒂𝟐 𝑪𝑶𝟑 + 𝟏𝟎𝑯𝟐 𝑶 → 𝑵𝒂𝟐 𝑪𝑶𝟑 . 𝟏𝟎𝑯𝟐 𝑶
c. Washing soda is used to remove the permanent hardness of water. When washing
soda is treated with water containing Ca or Mg salt it forms calcium carbonate or
magnesium carbonate, which are insoluble in water. This means, washing soda can
remove Ca and Mg from the water and softens the water.
6. List the important products of the Chor-alkali process. Write one important use of
each.
Answer:
The Chlor-alkali process is used in the electrolysis of NaCl. The important products formed
in this process is sodium hydroxide, chlorine and hydrogen gas.
2𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙 + 2𝐻2 𝑂 → 2𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 + 𝐶𝑙2 + 𝐻2
An electric current is passed through the brine to form H2 at the cathode and Cl2 at the
anode, leaving a solution of sodium hydroxide.
Uses:
• Sodium hydroxide: It is used in the manufacturing of paper.
• Chlorine: It is used as disinfectant and antiseptic.
• Hydrogen: It is used as a fuel in rocket.
8. Match the important chemicals given in Column (A) with the chemical formulae given
in Column (B)
Column A Column B
Plaster of Paris Ca(OH)2
Gypsum 𝐶𝑎𝑆𝑂4 . 1⁄2 𝐻2 𝑂
Bleaching powder 𝐶𝑎𝑆𝑂4 . 2𝐻2 𝑂
Slaked lime CaOCl2
Answer:
Column A Column B
Plaster of Paris CaSO4 . 1⁄2 H2 O
Gypsum CaSO4 . 2H2 O
Bleaching powder CaOCl2
Slaked lime Ca(OH)2
10. In the following schematic diagram for the preparation of hydrogen gas as shown in
figure, what would happen if following changes are made?
a) In place of zinc granules, same amount of zinc dust is taken in the test tube
b) Instead of dilute sulphuric acid, dilute hydrochloric acid is taken
c) Are the observations in the test tube same when the activity is repeated with more
acids like HCl, HNO3 and CH3COOH?
d) Sodium hydroxide is taken in place of dilute sulphuric acid and the tube is heated.
Answer:
11. Identify the compound X on the basis of the reactions given below. Also, write the
name and chemical formulae of A, B and C.
Answer:
Compound X is NaOH
1. 2𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 + 𝑍𝑛 → 𝑁𝑎2 𝑍𝑛𝑂2 (𝐴) + 𝐻2
2. 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 + 𝐻𝐶𝑙 → 𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙(𝐵) + 𝐻2 𝑂
12. What are strong and weak acids? In the following list of acids, separate strong acids
from weak acids.
Hydrochloric acid, citric acid, acetic acid, nitric acid, formic acid, sulphuric acid.
Answer:
Strong acid: Acids which get completely ionized in aqueous solution are called strong acids.
Eg: Hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, and sulphuric acid.
Weak acid: Acids which do not get completely ionized in aqueous solution are called weak
acids.
Eg: Acetic acid, citric acid, and formic acid.
Answer:
15.How is washing soda prepared from sodium carbonate? Give its chemical equation.
State the type of this salt. Name the type of hardness of water which can be removed
by it.
Answer:
Washing soda is prepared by sodium carbonate by adding 10 molecules of water.
𝑁𝑎2 𝐶𝑂3 + 10𝐻2 𝑂 → 𝑁𝑎2 𝐶𝑂3 . 10𝐻2 0
• Washing soda is a basic nature sodium salt.
• Washing soda can be used to remove both temporary and permanent hardness in
water.
• It is soluble in water and adds a large amount of carbonate ions to the water. These
react with dissolved calcium and magnesium ions in the hard water to produce
insoluble precipitates.
16. Priyanka performed and experiment to understand that heat is produced when a few
drops of concentrated sulphuric acid is slowly added into a beaker containing water.
For this, she took 10 ml water in a beaker and added a few drops of concentrated
sulphuric acid to it. Then she swirled the beaker slowly. During the process, a vigorous
reaction takes place. It is an exothermic process.
a) Why is it recommended that the acid should be added to water and not water to
the acid?
b) How will the concentration of hydrogen ions get affected if an acid is diluted?
c) What is this process called? Define the process.
17. Baking powder is used in cooking to make the cake spongy, crispy pakoda. Although,
baking soda also producers CO2 on heating, but it is not directly used in cooking
because it makes the taste slightly bitter. Generally mild edible acid is mixed with
baking soda to make baking powder.
When baking powder is heated NaHCO3 decomposes to give CO2 which makes bread
and cake soft and spongy. Mild edible acid help to remove bitter taste due to
formation of sodium tartrate.
C. The edible acid added to the sodium hydrogen carbonate to make baking powder
is:
(a) Tartaric acid
(b) Dilute hydrochloric acid
(c) Formic acid
(d) All of the above.
If tartaric acid is not added to the baking powder, the taste of food will be bitter due to
the presence of sodium carbonate.
D. (a) basic
Sodium hydrogen carbonate is weak base having a pH 8.3
E. (d) it makes the cake soft and spongy.
Sodium hydrogen carbonate is used to prepare cakes and pastries as it gets
decomposed on heating and produce CO2 bubbles. Thus, making the cakes and
pastries soft and spongy.
Sample pH Value
1 Lemon juice 2.2
2 Gastric juice 1.2
3 Vinegar 3.76
4 Dil. Acetic acid 3.0
The pH of a solution is inversely proportional to the concentration of hydrogen ions in it. That
is a solution having a high concentration of hydrogen ions has a low pH value. The gastric
juice has the least pH value as 1.2. So, it has the highest H+ ions concentration followed by
lemon juice with pH value 2.2 and dilute acetic acid having pH value 3.0.
ACIDS, BASES AND SALTS
12
2023-2024
Vinegar has the highest pH value 3.76 so it has the least H+ ions concentration.
Hence the decreasing order of their H+ ions concentration is (2) > (1) > (4) > (3).
Question number 19 to 21 are assertion – reasoning based questions. These consist of two
statements - Assertion (A) and reason (R). Answer these questions selecting the appropriate
option given below.
(a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
(b) Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
(c) (A) is true but (R) is false.
(d) (A) is false but (R) is true.
Explanation:
• Baking soda is alkaline in nature. Also, it is neutralising the acidity in the stomach and
remove it.
• Thus, assertion is false. Because baking soda is not creating acidity in stomach.
20. Assertion (A): HCl gas do not change the colour of the dry blue litmus paper.
Reason (R): Acids always produces hydrogen ions.
Answer: (b) Both (A) and (R) true and (R) is not the correct explanation of (A)
Explanation:
HCl gas does not change the colour of dry litmus paper but changes colour of moist litmus
paper as acids produces hydrogen ions only in solution.
Explanation: