4 au 4 Chapter- 2 Acid, Bases And Salts ACIDS: * These are the substances which have sour taste. e They turn blue litmus solution red, ° They give H* ions in aqueous solution. ° The term ‘acid’ has been derived from the Latin word, acidus, which means sour. Strong Acids : HCl, H,SO,, HNO, Weak Acids : CH,COOH, Oxalic acid, Lactic acid Concentrated Acid : Having more amount of acid + less amount of water Dilute Acid : Having more amount of water + less amount of acid BASES : * These are the substances which are bitter in taste and soapy in touch. «They turn red litmus solution blue. * They give OH ions in aqueous solution. Strong Bases : NaOH, KOH, Ca(OH) , ¥ Weak Bases : NH,OH ° Allkalis : These are bases which are soluble in water [NaOH, KOH, Ca(OH). i SALTS: These are the compounds formed from reaction of acid and base. aExample NaCl, KCl. INDICATORS : These are the substances which change their colour/smell in different types of substances. TYPES OF INDICATORS Natural indicators Synthetic indicators Olfactory indicators — Found in nature in plants. substances. — Litmus, red — Methyl orange, cabbage leaves phenolphthalein extract, flowers of hydrangea plant, turmeric s. Indicator Smell/Colour in No. acidic solution 1. Litmus Red — These are chemical 2. Red cabbage leaf extract Red Natural — Flower of hydrangea —_ Blue Indicator plant 4, Turmeric No change Synthetic [ 1. Phenolphthalein Colourless Indicator | > Methyl orange Red 1. Onion Characteristic smell Olfactory Indicator | 2. Vanilla essence Retains smell 3. Clove oil Retains smell — These substances have different odour in acid and bases. Smell/Colour in basic solution Blue Green Pink Red Pink Yellow No smell No smell Loses smell AOWMAVOA BUES, .CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF ACIDS AND BASES Reaction of Metals with Acids Bases Acid + Metal — Salt + Hydrogen gas__ Base + Metal — Salt + Hydrogen gas Eg, 2HCl+ Zn — ZnCl, + H, Eg, 2NaOH + Zn + Na,Zn0, + Ht (Sodium zincate) * Hydrogengasreleasedcan be tested by bringingburningcandlenear gas bubbles, it burst with pop sound. Reaction of Metal Carbonates/Metal Hydrogen Carbonates with Acids Bases Acid + Metal Carbonate/ Metal Hydrogen Carbonate —> Salt + CO, + H,O Base + Metal Carbonate/ Metal Hydrogen Carbonate Eg., 2HC| + Na,CO, — 2NaCl + CO, + H,0 — No Reaction HCI + NaHCO, — NaCl + CO, + H,0 * CO, can be tested by passing it through lime water. Ca(OH), + CO, — CaCO, + H,0 (Lime water turns milky.) * When excess CO, is passed, CaCO, + CO, + H,O — Ca(HCO), (Milkiness disappears.) Reaction of Acids and Bases With Each Other Acid + Base — Salt + H,0 Neutralisation Reaction : Reaction of acid with base is called as neutralization reaction. Eg. _HCl+NaOH— NaCl + H,0 Ii Strong Acid + Weak Base — Acidic salt + H,O Weak Acid + Strong Base — Basic salt + H,O Strong Acid + Strong Base — Neutral salt + H,O Weak Acid + Weak Base — Neutral salt + HO a AOWMAVOA BUES, .Reaction of Metallic Oxides with Acids Metallic oxides are basic in nature. Eg., CaO, MgO are basic oxides. Metallic Oxide + Acid — Salt + H,0 CaO + 2HCI — CaCl, +H,0 Reaction of Non-metallic Oxides with Bases Non-metallic oxides are acidic in nature. Non-metallic Oxide + Base — Salt + H,0 CO, + Ca(OH), — CaCO, +H,0 + Metal Carbonate — Salt + CO, + Water + Metal > Salt + H, Reaction Of Acid + Metal Hydrogen Carbonate —> Salt + CO, + H,O + Metallic oxide + Salt + H,O + Base > Salt + H,O + Metal > Salt + H, + Metal Carbonate — No Reaction Reaction Of Base + Metal Hydrogen Carbonate + No Reaction + Acid > Salt + H,O + Non Metallic oxide — Salt + H,O What do all Acids and Bases have in common « Allacids have H* ions in common. « Acids produce H* ions in solution which are responsible for their acidic properties. « All bases have OH (hydroxyl ions) in common. Acids > H* ions All Bases — OH ions AOWMAVOA BUES, .Acid or Base in Water Solution « Acids produce H' ions in presence of water. * Ht ions cannot exist alone, they exist as H,0° (hydronium ions). H*+H,0 > H,0° HCI +H,0 > H,0* + Cl Bases when dissolved in water gives OH” ions. NaoH —22-» Nat + on Mg(oH), —22> Mg? + 20H: * Bases soluble in water are called alkali. ° While diluting acids, it is recommended that the acid should be added to water and not water to acid because the process of dissolving an acid or a base in water is highly exothermic. Water Acid Acid Water x Vw If water is added to acid, the heat generated may cause the mixture to splash out and cause burns and the glass container may also break due to excessive local heating. Adding water to acid may Cause mixture to splash out Break the glass container Mixing an acid or a base with H,0 results in decrease of concentration of ions (H,0*/OH-) per unit volume. Such a process is called as dilution. Strength of Acid and Base Strength of acid or base can be estimated using universal indicator. —— ~e AOWMAVOA BUES, .Universal indicator : is a mixture of several indicators. It shows different colours at different concentrations of H* ions in the solution. pH Scale : A scale for measuring H* ion concentration in a solution . p in pH stands for ‘potenz’ a German word which means power. pH=7 — neutral solution pH less than 7 — acidic solution pH more than7 -—> basic solution ‘Weak Acid Strong Acid CH,COOH, — | HCL, H,$0, HNO, Hion concentration > Weak Base Strong Base — NaOH, KOH, Ca(OH), OM ion concentration On diluting an acid : pH increases ¢ On diluting a base : pH decreases | Acid nature increases Basic nature increases << 77 «S$ fH 8 NEUTRAL Increase in H'ion Decrease in H'ion Importance of pH in everyday life 1. Plants and animals are —_* Our body works within the pH range of 7-7.8. pH sensitive + When pH of rain water is less than 5.6, it is called acid rain. 2. pH of the soil + Plants require a specific pH range for their healthy growth. AOWMAVOA BUES, .3. pH in our digestive system 4. pH change as cause of tooth decay 5. Self defence by animals and plants through chemical warfare pH of Salts : * Our stomach produces HCI acid which helps in digestion, + During indigestion, stomach produces more acid and cause pain and irritation. + To get rid of this pain, people uses antacid (mild base) like milk of magnesia [Mg(OH),] to neutralize excess acid. * Tooth decay starts when pH of mouth is lower than 5.5. * Tooth enamel made up of calcium phosphate (hardest substance in body) does not dissolve in water but corrodes when pH is lower than 5.5 due to acids produced by degradation of food particles by bacteria. + Using toothpaste (generally basic) tooth decay can be prevented. (a) Bee sting leaves an acid which cause pain and irritation. Use of a mild base like baking soda on stung area gives relief. (b) Stinging hair of nettle leaves inject methanoic acid causing burning Sensation or pain. Rubbing with leaf of dock plant give relicf. (i) Strong Acid + Strong Base + Neutral Salt : pH = 7 (ii) Salt of strong acid + Weak base — Acidic salt: pH <7 (iii) Salt of strong base + Weak acid — Basic salt: pH > 7 __ ami. AOWMAVOA BUES, .Chemicals from Common Salt (NaCl) 1. 2s 3. 4. 5. Sodium Bleaching Baking Washing Plaster of Hydroxide Powder Soda Soda Paris (NaOH) (ca0cl,) (NaHCO,) —_(Na,CO,.10H,0) (CaS0,.%4H,0) 1. Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) : When electricity is passed through an aqueous solution of NaCl (brine), it decompose to form NaOH. (Chlor-alkali process) 2NaCl + 2H,0 — 2NaOH + Cl, +H, At anode : Cl, gas At cathode : H, gas Near cathode : NaOH solution is formed. Uses: H, : Fuels, margarine Cl, : Water treatment, PVC, CFC’s HCI: Cleaning steels, medicines NaOH : Degreasing metals, soaps and paper making Cl, + NaOH — Bleach : Household bleaches, bleaching fabrics 2. BleachingPowder(CaOCl,):Itisproducedbytheactionofchlorineondry slaked lime. Cl, + Ca(OH), > CaOCl, + H,0 Uses: (a) Bleaching cotton and linen in textile industry. (b) Bleaching wood pulp in paper factories. (c) Oxidizing agent in chemical industries. (d) Disinfecting drinking water. 3. Baking Soda (Sodium Hydrogen Carbonate) (NaHCO,): NaCl +H,0 + CO, + NH,» NH,Cl + NaHCO, Baking soda AOWMAVOA BUES, .* Itis mild non-corrosive base. * When it is heated during cooking : 2NaHCO, —* Na,CO, +H,0+CO, Uses: (a) For making baking powder (mixture of baking soda and tartaric acid). When baking powder is heated or mixed with water, CO, is produced which causes bread and cake to rise making them soft and spongy. (b) Aningredient in antacid. (c) Used in soda acids, fire extinguishers. 4. Washing Soda (Na,CO,.10H,0) : Recrystallization of sodium carbonate gives washing soda. It is a basic salt. Na,CO, + 10H,0 > Na,CO,.10H,0 Uses: (a) In glass, soap and paper industry. (b) Manufacture of borax. (c) Cleaning agent for domestic purposes. (d) For removing permanent hardness of water. 5. Plaster of Paris (Calcium sulphate hemihydrates) (CaSO,.%2H,0) : On heating gypsum (CaSO,.2H,0) at 373K, it loses water molecules and becomes Plaster of Paris (POP). It is a white powder and on mixing with water it changes to gypsum. CaSO,.%4H,0 + 1%2H,0 -> CaSO,.2H,0 Uses: (a) Doctors use POP for supporting fractured bones. (b) For making toys, material for decoration. (c) For making surfaces smooth. Water of Crystallization : It is a fixed number of water molecules present in one formula unit of a salt. a AOWMAVOA BUES, .Eg. CuSO,.5H,0 has 5 water molecules. Na,CO,.10H,0 has 10 water molecules. CaSO,.2H,0 has 2 water molecules. QUESTIONS VERY SHORT QUESTIONS (1 Mark) 1. Name the acid present in ant sting. 2. What happens when egg shell is added to nitric acid ? 3. Namea salt which does not contain water of crystallization. 4. Name two constituents of baking powder. 5. Whatis the pH of gastric juices released during digestion ? 6. Which solution is used to dissolve gold ? 7. Howwillyou test a gas which is liberated when HCl acid reacts with an active metal ? 8. Why does flow of acid rain water into a river make the survival of aquatic life in the river difficult ? 9. When conc. acid is added to water, whether the process is exothermic or endothermic ? 10. Which by-product of chlor-alkali process is used for manufacturing bleaching powder ? SHORT TYPE QUESTIONS (2 Marks) 1. Why does bleaching powder smell strongly of chlorine and does not dissolve completely in water ? —— ~e AOWMAVOA BUES, .