Nation State: Journal of International Studies, December, 2024 E ISSN: 2621-735X

Vol. 7(2), pp. 144 – 161 P ISSN: 2620-391X

Research Article

An Analysis of Destructive Fishing as an

Anthropogenic Disaster in Coastal Areas: A Maritime
Security Perspective
1*Yunias Dao, 2Yusnialdi, 3Kusuma
1,2Maritime Security Study Program, Faculty of National Security, Republic Indonesia Defence University
3Disaster Management Study Program, Faculty of National Security Republic of Indonesia University
*Corresponding Email: [email protected]
Submission: 31 May 2024 | Accepted: 09 January 2025

Abstract
Destructive fishing has emerged as a critical threat to maritime ecosystems, posing severe
risks to the economy, ecosystem sustainability, resource management, and national
security, along with its complex cross-sectoral impacts in coastal areas. As a form of illegal
fishing, its harmful consequences necessitate comprehensive scrutiny. This research aims
to categorize destructive fishing as an anthropogenic disaster from a maritime security
perspective, emphasizing its broad cross-sectoral effects. Employing a qualitative
methodology alongside an extensive literature review, this study integrates disaster and
maritime security theories, supported by relevant case studies, to thoroughly investigate
the issue. The findings reveal that destructive fishing practices qualify as non-natural or
anthropogenic disasters, with impacts directly stemming from human activities. These
practices damage marine resource ecosystems, disrupt economies, compromise human
security, and threaten national security in coastal regions. The study concludes that
destructive fishing constitutes an anthropogenic disaster, demanding an urgent,
coordinated response from multiple stakeholders. This research advocates for the
development and implementation of policies that address the technical dimensions of
maritime security, integrate disaster management strategies, and incorporate
anthropological insights. Such policies are essential for devising and executing sustainable
solutions to this pervasive issue on a global scale.
Keywords: Destructive Fishing, Anthropogenic, Disasters, Coastal Areas

INTRODUCTION
In general, maritime security threats are problems that frequently occur in marine
waters. These can include acts of lawlessness that affect marine ecosystems and impact
the people who depend on them. At a joint event with the EU Commission and participants
of the Seminar on EU Hygiene Regulations for Fisheries Product Imported to EU at
Discovery in Bali, Susi Pudjiastuti (then Minister of Marine Affairs and Fisheries of the
2014-2019 Working Cabinet) explicitly identified illegal fishing as a "national disaster".
This was due to the significant state losses and environmental problems caused by this
activity (Detik, 2015). The government and related stakeholders have focused their
attention on illegal fishing activities in general, such as fish theft by foreign vessels,
violations of Indonesia's Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) borders, and other violations. But

©Author(s) 2024. This work is licensed under a Creative

Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License 144
Dao, Y., Yusnialdi, Kusuma. (2024) “An Analysis of Destructive Fishing as an Anthropogenic Disaster in Coastal Areas: A Maritime Security
Perspective”, Nation State: Journal of International Studies, Vol. 7(2), pp. 144 – 161. Doi: 10.24076/nsjis.v7i2.1633

it is very limited in highlighting internal problems at the local scale, especially in coastal
areas. While in fact, there are illegal fishing practices that have a large and detrimental
impact, one of which is destructive fishing.
Destructive fishing is defined as the practice of fishing using materials, tools, or
methods that damage fish resources and the environment. These include the use of
explosives (dynamite fishing), toxic materials (cyanide fishing), stun (electro fishing), and
other types of fishing gear that are not environmentally friendly (Sugiono et al., 2022;
Willer et al., 2022). These practices result in interconnected cross-sectoral impacts,
including the degradation of marine ecosystems, the threatened livelihoods of coastal
communities who depend on marine products for their livelihoods, and the experience of
decreased income and increased operational costs due to increasingly distant fishing
areas. The local economy is also affected by the increase in consumer fish prices due to
decreased supply (Lestari et al., 2020).
In terms of human security, fish stock shortages affect a large proportion of
Indonesia's population, who rely on fish as their main source of protein and increase food
insecurity. The use of substances such as cyanide and fish bombs in fishing also poses a
risk of poisoning and fatal accidents (Maser et al., 2023). On a macro level, destructive
fishing practices have the potential to impact national security by negatively affecting
economies, ecosystems and resource security (Nauen & Boschetti, 2022; Dao, 2023).
Limited surveillance, low levels of public awareness and economic pressures (poverty)
have been identified as key drivers of destructive fishing practices (Willer et al., 2022),
with a particularly high prevalence observed in coastal areas and small islands.
The coastal areas and their natural resources have the potential to play a pivotal
role in Indonesia's economic development, serving as one of the pillars of the national
economy (Prasetyo, 2023). Coastal areas, which comprise both marine and terrestrial
environments, are frequently susceptible to a range of natural and anthropogenic hazards
(Haran, 2020). Coastal areas present a multitude of opportunities for the development of
various activities within the fisheries sector. Nevertheless, coastal communities, which
are those who actively utilise marine and fisheries resources, are frequently the subject of
criticism for failing to pay sufficient attention to the conservation of fisheries resources.
This is due to the utilisation of environmentally unfriendly and destructive fishing
practices (Pinto et al., 2022). At a macro level, this practice would constitute a significant
threat to national security.
In accordance with the stipulations of Law No. 24/2007 on Disaster Management, a
disaster is defined as an event or series of events that endanger and disrupt the lives and
livelihoods of individuals, caused by natural and/or non-natural factors, as well as human
factors. Such events may result in human casualties, environmental damage, property
losses, and psychological impacts. In light of this definition, it is crucial to conduct a study
to classify the destructive impacts of fishing as a man-made (anthropogenic) disaster. This
classification offers a novel perspective on destructive fishing practices, thereby
facilitating the development of policies designed to mitigate their adverse effects.

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Dao, Y., Yusnialdi, Kusuma. (2024) “An Analysis of Destructive Fishing as an Anthropogenic Disaster in Coastal Areas: A Maritime Security
Perspective”, Nation State: Journal of International Studies, Vol. 7(2), pp. 144 – 161. Doi: 10.24076/nsjis.v7i2.1633

Previous studies have highlighted several key findings. Silva et al. (2019) noted that
destructive fishing in coastal areas increases vulnerability due to its contribution to the
degradation of marine ecosystems, sustainability, and the well-being of coastal
communities. Willer et al. (2022) pointed out the lack of a consensus definition for
'destructive fishing,' complicating efforts to address these practices globally. Williams et
al. (2022) explained that destructive fishing exerts significant pressure on global coastal
regions, impacting biodiversity and sustainability, with various destructive fishing
practices contributing to high anthropogenic pressure. However, the literature still lacks
comprehensive integration of these impacts within the frameworks of maritime security
and disaster management. The existing studies are segmented, focusing on definitions,
impacts, and mitigation measures without a holistic approach. There is no research
specifically discussing destructive fishing as an anthropogenic disaster in a broader
coastal context, which this study aims to address.
Considering this gap, the research aims to answer the following questions: How can
destructive fishing practices be categorized as anthropogenic disasters within the
maritime security framework? What are the implications of this categorization for
maritime resource management and policy? This study seeks to analyze how destructive
fishing can be categorized as an anthropogenic disaster in coastal areas through a
maritime security perspective, necessitating a serious and optimized response. The
increasing incidence of destructive fishing is not only an environmental issue but also a
security concern, with far-reaching implications for economic and social stability in coastal
areas. These practices exacerbate ecological vulnerabilities, harm biodiversity, and reduce
the capacity of local communities to sustainably manage natural resources. Despite the
broad impact, few studies bridge the direct ecological effects with the more complex issues
of maritime security and disaster management.
This study underscores the urgent need for effective policy frameworks that
integrate marine resource management strategies, maritime security, and disaster
response. Hence, the research is not only academically relevant but also practically
significant, with the potential to guide more effective policymaking and enhance inter-
sectoral coordination. By focusing on the categorization of destructive fishing as an
anthropogenic disaster within the maritime security context, this research offers crucial
insights that can strengthen the scientific basis for sustainable management policies and
disaster response strategies. This will help mitigate future risks and support the long-
term sustainability of coastal communities dependent on marine resources.

METHOD AND THEORY

This research employs a qualitative approach, comprising a literature study. The
objective of this study is to interpret and describe existing data in accordance with the
current situation. The research design is also descriptive, whereby the object under study
is explained in accordance with the situation and conditions at the time of the research
(Sugiono, 2020). This approach enables the provision of a comprehensive description,
thereby facilitating the attainment of the research objectives. This research design

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Perspective”, Nation State: Journal of International Studies, Vol. 7(2), pp. 144 – 161. Doi: 10.24076/nsjis.v7i2.1633

employs a content analysis of existing literature to identify, analyse and synthesise

information pertaining to the impacts of destructive fishing, which can be categorised as
anthropogenic disasters in coastal areas. The data collection process was conducted
through a literature study to gather theories and concepts from various sources, including
books, government regulations, journals, and other relevant scientific publications
(Dzogovic & Bajrami, 2023). The data was then subjected to a rigorous analysis,
integrating the theories of disaster (Oliver-Smith & Hoffman, 2019), maritime security
(Bueger, 2015) and related research outcomes and case studies. This served as the
rationale and discussion in the research.
The concept of maritime security, in this study, is explored as a multidimensional
framework encompassing issues such as territorial sovereignty, resource security,
environmental protection, and human security in coastal and maritime areas. Maritime
security is defined as the condition in which maritime activities are protected from threats
or risks that may disrupt their sustainable utilization (Bueger, 2015). Within this
framework, destructive fishing—practices that harm marine ecosystems, such as blast
fishing and cyanide fishing—can be viewed as a threat not only to environmental
sustainability but also to broader human security in coastal communities.
The term "anthropogenic disaster" refers to events caused by human activities that
result in significant environmental, economic, or social impacts. According to Oliver-Smith
and Hoffman (2019) in The Angry Earth: Disaster in Anthropological Perspective,
anthropogenic disasters are distinguished by their human-induced origins, which
exacerbate vulnerabilities in social and environmental systems. Key criteria of
anthropogenic disasters include the direct involvement of human actions in the cause of
the disaster, their role in increasing exposure to risks, and the cascading effects on
ecosystems and livelihoods. Destructive fishing meets these criteria as it directly results
from human activity, significantly disrupts marine biodiversity, and undermines the
livelihoods of coastal populations reliant on healthy ecosystems. By integrating the
theories, the results of literature studies and related case studies, the research is expected
to present a comprehensive analysis and provide recommendations that can be used by
stakeholders to improve the effectiveness of performance in maritime security and man-
made disaster management.

RESULT AND ANALYSIS

Vulnerability of Coastal Areas
Coastal areas, as defined in Law No. 1/2014 on the Amendment to Law No. 27/2007
on the Management of Coastal Areas and Small Islands, are transitional areas between
land and marine ecosystems. These zones are directly influenced by both terrestrial and
marine environmental changes. Coastal areas and small islands are regulated as areas
extending from land, encompassing the administrative boundaries of sub-districts, to the
sea at a distance of 12 miles, in line with the jurisdictional limits of a country (Tenri et al.,
2022). The coastal zone, being a dynamic and highly productive interface between land
and sea, plays an essential role in supporting a variety of ecosystems that are critical for

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Perspective”, Nation State: Journal of International Studies, Vol. 7(2), pp. 144 – 161. Doi: 10.24076/nsjis.v7i2.1633

maintaining the health and sustainability of both marine and terrestrial life. These
regions host distinctive features such as mangrove forests, coral reefs, wetlands, and
sandy shores, which provide a wealth of natural resources, making them areas of high
ecological and economic value.
Coastal ecosystems, influenced by natural processes such as tides, winds, and
currents, face a range of human-induced pressures. As a transition zone, coastal areas are
home to diverse species, offering habitats for numerous marine organisms while providing
essential ecosystem services, such as water filtration, coastal protection, and biodiversity
support. Additionally, coastal areas serve as critical sources of livelihood for human
communities, particularly in regions with extensive coastlines like Indonesia. Numerous
studies emphasize the vital role of coastal areas in ensuring food security and economic
stability, especially in countries with significant maritime boundaries (Hasriyanti et al.,
2023; Liu et al., 2021).
The geomorphology of coastal zones, encompassing river deltas, lowlands, beaches,
mangrove forests, coral reefs, lagoons, and sand dunes, determines the nature of ecological
interactions between terrestrial and marine environments. These interactions foster
complex systems that sustain biodiversity and ecosystem services. However, these regions’
dynamic nature also exposes them to heightened vulnerability due to the interplay of
natural forces and anthropogenic pressures. Changes in climate, human activities, and
other anthropogenic factors destabilize these fragile environments (Pertami et al., 2022).
The vulnerability of coastal ecosystems and the human populations dependent on them is
a subject of growing concern, as these regions are increasingly threatened by both natural
and human-made disasters (Lacava & Ciancia, 2020).
Natural disasters such as tsunamis, earthquakes, tropical storms, and tidal flooding
are frequent threats to coastal areas (Haran, 2020). Rising sea levels, driven by climate
change, exacerbate these threats by inundating low-lying areas and accelerating coastal
erosion. Coastal reclamation activities, often aimed at expanding land for human
settlement or development, further compound these risks by disrupting natural processes
and reducing the resilience of coastal ecosystems. Coastal erosion has become a significant
issue, leading to the loss of vital land and habitats. Additionally, marine and terrestrial
pollution from industrial discharges, agricultural runoff, and urban settlements has
degraded coastal ecosystems, intensifying pressures on these regions (Arifin & Taqyuddin,
2023). Over time, these cumulative impacts weaken the ability of coastal ecosystems to
recover and adapt to changing conditions.
Climate change has introduced new challenges for coastal regions, with extreme
weather events, sea-level rise, and ocean acidification further destabilizing marine and
terrestrial environments. The degradation of coastal ecosystems due to climate-induced
stressors and human exploitation has far-reaching implications for local communities,
undermining their resilience and adaptive capacity. Takagi and Heidarzadeh (2023)
emphasize that these changes threaten the socio-economic stability of coastal areas by
reducing the availability of marine resources, which are critical for livelihoods and food
security.

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Perspective”, Nation State: Journal of International Studies, Vol. 7(2), pp. 144 – 161. Doi: 10.24076/nsjis.v7i2.1633

Human activities, particularly unsustainable resource exploitation, exacerbate the

vulnerability of coastal areas. Overfishing, illegal fishing, and destructive practices such
as dynamite and cyanide fishing are among the most significant contributors to
environmental degradation in these regions. These activities not only lead to the depletion
of fish stocks but also disrupt the ecological balance of coastal ecosystems. For example,
coral reefs, which support approximately 25% of marine fish species, are highly sensitive
to destructive fishing methods. The loss of these ecosystems results in reduced
biodiversity, weakened ecosystem services, and diminished fishery productivity.
Coastal reclamation and urban development further strain coastal environments.
The conversion of mangroves and wetlands for agricultural, industrial, or residential
purposes leads to habitat loss and decreased natural protection against coastal hazards.
Pollution from these activities exacerbates the degradation of water quality, affecting
marine organisms and human communities alike. Arifin and Taqyuddin (2023) highlight
that industrial discharges, agricultural runoff, and plastic pollution are major contributors
to the declining health of coastal ecosystems, reducing their capacity to provide critical
services.
Coastal areas are home to communities whose livelihoods are closely tied to marine
resources. These communities are particularly vulnerable to the consequences of
environmental degradation and resource depletion. Small-scale fisheries, which provide
income and food security for millions, are increasingly threatened by overfishing and
habitat loss. Rahmat and Neilson (2023) observe that the integration of small-scale
fisheries into global markets has introduced new challenges, such as increased
competition and resource depletion, further marginalizing traditional fishers. The socio-
economic impacts of coastal vulnerability extend beyond resource depletion. Rising sea
levels and extreme weather events displace communities, leading to loss of homes,
infrastructure, and cultural heritage. Economic inequalities within coastal communities
exacerbate these challenges, as marginalized groups often lack access to resources and
opportunities for adaptation. Environmental degradation further deepens these
disparities, pushing vulnerable populations into precarious conditions (Rizal & Ana,
2019).
The economic costs of coastal degradation are not limited to immediate losses in fish
stocks or natural habitats but extend to broader disruptions in regional and national
economies. Tourism, a significant revenue source in many coastal areas, suffers when
environmental degradation reduces the attractiveness of natural destinations. For
example, coral reefs, which are among the most popular tourist attractions, lose their
value as ecosystems are damaged by overfishing and pollution. The resulting decline in
tourism revenues exacerbates the economic vulnerability of coastal communities, which
often lack alternative sources of income.
Numerous case studies illustrate the complex interactions between environmental
degradation, resource depletion, and community resilience. In the Marine Protected Area
(MPA) of the Anambas Archipelago, research shows that fishers and fish farmers are
particularly vulnerable due to their heavy dependence on coastal resources. Destructive

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Perspective”, Nation State: Journal of International Studies, Vol. 7(2), pp. 144 – 161. Doi: 10.24076/nsjis.v7i2.1633

fishing practices, such as blast and cyanide fishing, not only affect fish stocks but also
degrade the ecosystems that fishers rely on for their livelihoods (Albasri & Sammut, 2021).
Similarly, settlements on Barrang Lompo Island face catastrophic abrasion, worsened by
vegetation decline and overfishing, highlighting the physical and economic impacts of
environmental degradation on coastal communities (Amalia & Nur, 2023).
In South Sulawesi, illegal fishing practices have caused widespread damage to coral
reefs and significantly reduced fish populations. These practices disrupt local
communities’ ability to sustain traditional livelihoods, leading to conflicts between
traditional fishers and industrial operations competing for diminishing resources (Thamsi
et al., 2024; Dao et al., 2024). Lampung Bay presents another example, where the
degradation of coral reefs due to destructive fishing has caused significant economic losses
for local fishers. Declining fish stocks and reduced ecosystem services directly impact
livelihoods, underscoring the interconnected nature of environmental and socio-economic
challenges (Sinurat et al., 2024; Kautsari et al., 2024). Further analysis in regions such as
North and South Java highlights the compounded effects of climate change and
destructive fishing practices. Studies reveal that socio-economic vulnerabilities in these
areas are often linked to limited access to resources and insufficient governmental
support. Efforts to mitigate these impacts require targeted interventions that address both
the environmental and social dimensions of coastal vulnerability (Handiani et al., 2021).
To address the multifaceted challenges faced by coastal areas, comprehensive and
sustainable management strategies are essential. Models such as the Environmental
Sensitivity Index (ESI) have been used to assess the vulnerability of coastal ecosystems to
pollution and destructive fishing activities. For instance, studies in South Sumatra
highlight the sensitivity of coastal ecosystems and the importance of targeted
interventions to protect these areas from further degradation (Rustandi et al., 2020).
These models provide valuable insights into prioritizing conservation efforts and
allocating resources effectively. Integrated approaches that combine environmental
protection with socio-economic development are critical for enhancing the resilience of
coastal communities. Handiani et al. (2021) argue that addressing coastal vulnerability
requires collaboration across sectors, including government agencies, non-governmental
organizations, and local communities. Efforts to promote sustainable fishing practices,
restore degraded ecosystems, and strengthen regulatory frameworks are vital for
safeguarding coastal areas.
International cooperation also plays a key role in addressing the global nature of
coastal challenges. The recognition of coastal vulnerability in disaster-prone countries,
such as Indonesia, has been a significant agenda in international forums. Emphasizing
local capacity building and knowledge exchange can empower communities to better
manage risks and adapt to changing conditions (Perwita et al., 2022). Local initiatives,
such as community-based resource management programs, have shown promise in
addressing the challenges faced by coastal areas. These programs prioritize the active
involvement of local populations in conservation efforts, fostering a sense of ownership
and accountability. For example, the implementation of marine spatial planning
initiatives in Indonesia has demonstrated the potential to balance ecological preservation

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Perspective”, Nation State: Journal of International Studies, Vol. 7(2), pp. 144 – 161. Doi: 10.24076/nsjis.v7i2.1633

with economic development. By aligning conservation goals with local needs, these
initiatives provide a sustainable pathway for managing coastal resources.
Coastal areas, as dynamic interfaces between land and sea, are vital for supporting
biodiversity, providing ecosystem services, and sustaining human livelihoods. However,
these regions face increasing threats from natural disasters, climate change, and human
activities. The vulnerability of coastal ecosystems and communities underscores the need
for integrated management approaches that address environmental, socio-economic, and
governance challenges. By prioritizing sustainable practices and fostering collaboration at
local, national, and international levels, it is possible to enhance the resilience of coastal
areas and ensure their long-term sustainability. The interplay of natural and human-
induced factors necessitates a holistic strategy to protect these critical zones, ensuring
their ecological and socio-economic functions for future generations.

Destructive Fishing from a Maritime Security Perspective

In the context of marine and fisheries resource management, destructive fishing
represents one of the most pressing threats to the sustainability of Indonesia’s fisheries
potential. Destructive fishing refers to any fishing activity that employs tools, materials,
or methods that not only target fish populations but also harm the broader marine
environment. Practices such as the use of explosives (commonly referred to as dynamite
fishing), toxic substances (e.g., cyanide fishing), electro-fishing (stun fishing), and other
unsustainable methods fail to meet environmentally friendly standards (Sugiono et al.,
2022; Matondang et al., 2023). These activities are particularly destructive due to their
dual impact: immediate losses in fish populations and long-term environmental
degradation. Coral reefs, marine biodiversity, and ecosystem health are among the most
affected. Recognizing the gravity of this issue, the Indonesian government, through the
Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries (MMAF), enacted Decree No. 114/2019 on the
National Action Plan for Monitoring and Combating Destructive Fishing Activities (2019–
2023). This initiative underscores the serious threat destructive fishing poses to the
sustainability of marine resources and the livelihoods of millions of Indonesians who
depend on them.
An illustrative example of the damage caused by destructive fishing can be found in
South Nias Regency within the Batu Islands area of Indonesia. According to the Coral
Reef Information and Training Centers (CRITC, 2006), the region is home to 3,728
hectares of coral reefs, of which over 72% have been severely degraded, with only 5%
remaining in excellent condition. This degradation is largely attributable to destructive
fishing practices, including dynamite fishing, the use of poisonous chemicals, and
trawling. These methods not only devastate coral reef ecosystems but also deplete fish
populations, jeopardizing the long-term viability of fisheries in the region (Sugiono et al.,
2022). Data from the MMAF between 2013 and 2019 indicates that fisheries supervisors,
in collaboration with local agencies, addressed 653 cases of destructive fishing across
Indonesia. The highest number of incidents occurred in South Sulawesi, with 471 cases
involving explosives and toxic materials. Other provinces, such as South Kalimantan and

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Perspective”, Nation State: Journal of International Studies, Vol. 7(2), pp. 144 – 161. Doi: 10.24076/nsjis.v7i2.1633

Lampung, also reported significant incidents, with 57 and 30 cases, respectively, involving
stun fishing.
Figure 1 Map of destructive fishing hotspots in Indonesia

Sumber: KKP, 2019

The environmental consequences of destructive fishing are severe and far-reaching.
Coral reefs, which serve as critical habitats for diverse marine species, are particularly
vulnerable. The World Bank (1996) reported that a single detonation of a 2000-gram bomb
can obliterate up to 12.56 square meters of coral reef. This destruction has cascading
effects on marine biodiversity. Coral reefs are not only home to countless species but also
play a vital role in maintaining ecological balance by providing shelter, breeding grounds,
and feeding areas for marine organisms. Damage to these ecosystems disrupts food chains,
leading to reduced productivity in local fisheries.
The use of cyanide, especially for ornamental fish capture, exacerbates these
problems. Cyanide poisons target fish by stunning them, making capture easier, but the
chemicals also spread through water currents, killing non-target species, damaging coral
polyps, and disrupting marine plants. Over time, this leads to the collapse of ecosystems
that are critical for sustaining marine biodiversity. Poisoned coral reefs lose their
resilience, making it difficult for them to recover from natural or human-induced stressors.
The spread of toxins poses an additional threat to marine organisms, with some species
facing the risk of extinction due to habitat destruction and pollution. Moreover, electro-
fishing methods generate shock waves that indiscriminately kill or injure fish, including
juveniles, further depleting fish populations and hindering their ability to regenerate.
In addition to ecosystem damage, destructive fishing practices contribute to broader
environmental degradation. Coral reefs act as natural barriers, protecting coastlines from
erosion and storms. Their destruction increases coastal vulnerability to natural disasters,
endangering both human settlements and economic infrastructure. The loss of marine
biodiversity also impacts the global fight against climate change, as healthy coral reefs act

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Perspective”, Nation State: Journal of International Studies, Vol. 7(2), pp. 144 – 161. Doi: 10.24076/nsjis.v7i2.1633

as carbon sinks, absorbing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. Thus, the environmental
consequences of destructive fishing extend beyond immediate ecological damage, posing a
threat to global environmental stability.
Destructive fishing practices have profound economic implications for individuals,
communities, and the nation as a whole. Coastal communities, many of whom rely on
fishing as their primary source of income, bear the brunt of these impacts. As fish
populations decline due to overexploitation and habitat destruction, fishers face dwindling
catch sizes, which lead to reduced incomes. Simultaneously, operational costs increase as
fishers are forced to venture further offshore in search of fish, consuming more fuel and
requiring more advanced equipment. This economic strain disproportionately affects
small-scale fishers, who lack the resources to compete with larger, industrial fleets. The
economic ripple effects extend to consumers, who face rising fish prices as supply dwindles.
For many Indonesians, fish is a staple protein source, and higher prices can exacerbate
food insecurity, particularly among low-income households. The economic pressures on
fishers and consumers alike contribute to a cycle of poverty and social unrest. When
traditional fishing livelihoods become unsustainable, many individuals are forced to seek
alternative, often precarious, means of income, further destabilizing coastal economies.
The damage to marine ecosystems also undermines the long-term viability of the
fishing industry. Coral reef ecosystems, which support approximately 25% of the world’s
marine fish species, are essential for sustaining fish populations. The degradation of these
habitats reduces the reproductive capacity of fish stocks, making it increasingly difficult
to maintain sustainable fishing practices. Over time, this leads to a decline in fisheries
productivity, jeopardizing Indonesia’s position as one of the world’s leading fish-producing
nations. Additionally, destructive fishing practices negatively impact related industries,
such as tourism. Coral reefs are major attractions for divers and snorkelers, generating
significant revenue for coastal communities. The destruction of these ecosystems
diminishes their appeal, reducing tourist arrivals and associated economic benefits. The
decline in tourism further compounds the economic challenges faced by coastal
communities, creating a vicious cycle of environmental and economic degradation.
From a human security perspective, destructive fishing poses critical threats to food
security, health, and safety. Coastal communities that depend on fish as a primary food
source face dire consequences as fish stocks decline. Fish are a key source of protein for
millions of Indonesians, and the depletion of fish populations threatens to increase rates
of malnutrition and food insecurity. Dao (2023) notes that fish constitute a significant
portion of the diet for half of the world’s population, highlighting the global implications
of declining fish stocks. The health risks associated with destructive fishing are also
significant. The use of toxic chemicals, such as cyanide, in fishing operations can result in
the contamination of seafood. Consuming contaminated fish poses serious health risks,
including foodborne illnesses and long-term health complications. For coastal
communities that rely heavily on seafood, this contamination represents a direct threat to
public health. Furthermore, the physical dangers associated with destructive fishing
practices, such as explosions or exposure to toxic substances, endanger the lives of fishers
and bystanders. Maser et al. (2023) emphasize that these practices can lead to injuries,

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Perspective”, Nation State: Journal of International Studies, Vol. 7(2), pp. 144 – 161. Doi: 10.24076/nsjis.v7i2.1633

poisoning, and even fatalities, particularly when accidents occur during the handling or
deployment of hazardous materials.
The ramifications of destructive fishing extend beyond environmental and socio-
economic impacts to encompass national security concerns. Indonesia, as the world’s
largest archipelagic state, depends heavily on its marine resources for economic stability
and national development. Fisheries contribute significantly to the national economy,
providing employment, income, and food security for millions. However, the degradation
of marine ecosystems and depletion of fish stocks threaten the long-term sustainability of
these resources, undermining the nation’s economic resilience. As destructive fishing
erodes the productivity of Indonesia’s fisheries, the resulting economic losses and social
instability pose significant challenges for governance. Coastal communities facing
declining livelihoods are more likely to experience poverty, unemployment, and social
unrest. These issues can exacerbate existing inequalities and create conditions conducive
to crime and conflict. Moreover, the prevalence of illegal and unregulated fishing activities
often associated with destructive fishing undermines efforts to enforce maritime
regulations, weakening the rule of law and eroding public trust in government
institutions.
A former Indonesia’s Minister of Marine Affairs and Fisheries, aptly described
destructive fishing as a "national disaster," emphasizing its profound implications for the
country’s stability. The political ramifications of this issue are significant, as conflicts
between local communities, government authorities, and industrial fleets frequently arise
over access to marine resources. These tensions complicate efforts to implement
sustainable fisheries management and highlight the need for a more integrated approach
to addressing maritime security challenges. Christian Buerger’s concept of maritime
security provides a valuable framework for understanding the broader implications of
destructive fishing. According to Buerger (2015), maritime security is a convergent concept
that integrates traditional security concerns with broader issues such as environmental
sustainability, economic stability, and human well-being. This framework views maritime
security as an interconnected ecosystem in which ecological, social, economic, and political
dimensions are closely linked. From this perspective, destructive fishing is not merely an
environmental issue but a significant threat to socio-economic stability and human
security.
The interconnected nature of maritime security underscores the need for a holistic
approach to addressing destructive fishing. Efforts to combat these practices must
consider their environmental, economic, and social dimensions. Strengthening
enforcement mechanisms, promoting community-based resource management, and
enhancing public awareness are essential components of a comprehensive strategy.
International collaboration is also critical, as many destructive fishing practices involve
cross-border activities that require coordinated responses. Destructive fishing represents
a complex and multifaceted challenge with far-reaching implications for marine
ecosystems, socio-economic stability, and national security. The degradation of coral reefs,
depletion of fish stocks, and disruption of coastal livelihoods underscore the urgency of
addressing this issue. By adopting a holistic approach that integrates environmental,

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Perspective”, Nation State: Journal of International Studies, Vol. 7(2), pp. 144 – 161. Doi: 10.24076/nsjis.v7i2.1633

economic, and social considerations, Indonesia can strengthen its resilience to the threats
posed by destructive fishing. The interconnected nature of maritime security highlights
the need for coordinated efforts at local, national, and international levels to safeguard
marine resources and ensure the sustainability of coastal communities.

Analysis of Destructive Fishing as an Anthropogenic Disaster

Destructive fishing practices, especially those that utilize explosives, poisons, or
other unsustainable techniques, have evolved into a pressing issue in marine conservation
and coastal security. These activities have far-reaching consequences for both the
environment and human society, making them a clear example of an anthropogenic
disaster as defined by modern disaster theory. In this context, destructive fishing serves
as a case study in how human actions, particularly those driven by short-term economic
gain or lack of enforcement, can trigger lasting ecological and social crises.
The United Nations Development Program (UNDP) defines a disaster as an extreme
event that disrupts human life, property, or activities, causing significant adverse impacts
on affected communities. A disaster can arise from both natural and human-induced
factors. Law No. 24/2007, on Disaster Management in Indonesia, categorizes disasters into
three broad types: natural, non-natural (man-made), and social. This classification
acknowledges that many disasters are not solely the result of nature's forces but are also
the product of human actions that inadvertently or intentionally damage the environment
and societies.
In the case of destructive fishing, this practice clearly fits into the category of non-
natural or anthropogenic disasters. Unlike natural events such as hurricanes or
earthquakes, which are beyond human control, destructive fishing arises from human
decision-making, either through intentional malfeasance or due to the lack of sustainable
practices. The catastrophic effects of such practices—marine ecosystem degradation,
biodiversity loss, social inequality, and economic damage—underscore the need to redefine
what constitutes a disaster in the modern age.
When examining destructive fishing from a disaster perspective, the impacts become
clear. Destructive fishing techniques, such as dynamite fishing, cyanide poisoning, and
electro-fishing, cause immediate destruction to marine habitats and fish populations.
However, the damage does not stop there. The effects reverberate over time, threatening
the ecological balance of marine ecosystems and the social structures of coastal
communities that depend on fishing for their livelihoods. This long-term, cascading
damage aligns with the definition of a disaster, which goes beyond immediate impact to
encompass prolonged recovery periods and irreparable losses.
Marine ecosystems, such as coral reefs, mangroves, and seagrass beds, play essential
roles in maintaining biodiversity, providing shelter for fish species, and contributing to
coastal protection. These ecosystems also act as crucial buffers against natural disasters
like tsunamis and storm surges, which can cause extensive physical damage to coastal
areas. However, when destructive fishing methods are used—such as bombing coral reefs
with explosives or using poisons to catch fish—the structural integrity of these ecosystems

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Perspective”, Nation State: Journal of International Studies, Vol. 7(2), pp. 144 – 161. Doi: 10.24076/nsjis.v7i2.1633

is undermined. Coral reefs are vulnerable to such practices, as explosions can shatter the
coral skeletons, leaving behind barren, unproductive seafloor. In the case of cyanide
fishing, toxic chemicals can kill coral polyps and other marine life forms, further degrading
the ecosystem.
Over time, this cumulative ecological destruction disrupts marine food chains. Fish
populations, which are essential for both local food security and the global economy,
decline sharply. This decline negatively affects not only marine biodiversity but also the
livelihoods of people dependent on fishing for income. In the short term, fishers may find
themselves catching fewer fish, leading to economic hardship. In the long term, as fish
populations dwindle or collapse entirely, entire communities may be forced to abandon
their primary source of income, resulting in widespread poverty and food insecurity.
The human dimension of destructive fishing as an anthropogenic disaster cannot be
overlooked. In many coastal communities, fishing is not merely an economic activity; it is
a way of life, deeply embedded in the culture and social fabric of the region. When fishing
practices are disrupted or rendered unsustainable, the social consequences can be
devastating. A closer examination of the social impact of destructive fishing reveals how
these practices contribute to poverty, inequality, and social instability. As destructive
fishing reduces fish stocks, the income of fisherman declines. This puts significant
economic pressure on households, often resulting in increased poverty levels. In some
cases, fishers may turn to more destructive methods to catch fish in desperation,
perpetuating a vicious cycle of environmental degradation and social decline. Moreover,
as resources become scarcer, competition between fishers intensifies, leading to conflicts
over fishing grounds, rights to resources, and access to markets.
An example of this can be seen in Taka Bonerate National Park in Indonesia, where
destructive fishing practices have led to social unrest. According to a case study conducted
by Asri et al. (2019), destructive fishing methods, particularly the use of explosives, have
contributed to social conflicts between different communities. On Rajuni Island, tensions
erupted between the Bugis and Bajo tribes over access to fishing resources. This conflict
was exacerbated by the economic struggles that accompanied the dwindling fish stocks,
which put pressure on social relationships. The decline in resources created an atmosphere
of competition and mistrust, triggering violent disputes that disrupted social cohesion in
the region. These conflicts are not isolated incidents but are part of a broader pattern of
social instability that occurs in many coastal areas where destructive fishing is rampant.
The lack of sustainable fishing practices, combined with growing economic inequality, has
the potential to foster social unrest and instability. As communities grapple with the
economic consequences of overfishing and environmental degradation, the risk of social
conflict increases, further complicating efforts to manage coastal resources sustainably.
Oliver-Smith & Hoffman’s (2019) theory on anthropogenic disasters highlights the
crucial role of social inequality in exacerbating the effects of human-caused disasters. In
many coastal areas, marginalized communities, particularly poor or rural populations, are
disproportionately affected by destructive fishing. These communities often lack the
resources, knowledge, or technology to engage in more sustainable fishing practices. As a

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Perspective”, Nation State: Journal of International Studies, Vol. 7(2), pp. 144 – 161. Doi: 10.24076/nsjis.v7i2.1633

result, they are more likely to resort to methods that harm the environment, which in turn
deepens social inequalities. In some cases, fishers in these communities may not be fully
aware of the long-term consequences of destructive fishing, such as coral reef destruction
or the depletion of fish stocks. In other cases, the immediate economic benefits of these
practices, such as increased catches in the short term, may outweigh any concerns about
long-term sustainability. However, the cumulative effect of these unsustainable practices
eventually leads to a collapse of the fishing industry, leaving these marginalized
communities without viable alternatives for income.
As the degradation of marine ecosystems continues, the capacity of coastal
environments to act as natural buffers against environmental hazards is diminished.
Coral reefs, mangroves, and seagrasses all play critical roles in protecting coastal areas
from storm surges, coastal erosion, and tsunamis. For example, healthy coral reefs absorb
up to 97% of wave energy, reducing the impact of ocean swells on shorelines and protecting
infrastructure along the coast. However, when these ecosystems are damaged by
destructive fishing, their ability to mitigate natural disasters is severely compromised.
This creates a double burden for coastal communities: not only are they facing the
economic and social consequences of unsustainable fishing, but they are also more
vulnerable to the impacts of natural disasters. Coastal erosion, which is exacerbated by
the loss of coral reefs, poses a direct threat to infrastructure, agricultural land, and the
stability of coastal settlements. With fewer natural protections in place, coastal
communities are left more exposed to the forces of nature, creating a vicious cycle of
vulnerability.
Destructive fishing is a clear example of an anthropogenic disaster that demands
urgent attention. Its impacts are far-reaching, affecting marine ecosystems, the
livelihoods of coastal communities, and the broader social fabric of society. From an
environmental perspective, the loss of biodiversity and the degradation of marine habitats
have long-lasting consequences, while the social impacts—poverty, social conflict, and
inequality—pose significant challenges to social stability. To address this issue, it is
crucial for governments and local communities to recognize the connection between
destructive fishing and disaster management. Treating destructive fishing as a disaster—
a man-made, slow-burn disaster—can help mobilize the necessary resources and
interventions to mitigate its impacts. Disaster risk reduction (DRR) strategies should be
integrated into national and regional policies, focusing on sustainable fishing practices,
community education, and stronger enforcement mechanisms to prevent the use of
destructive fishing methods. Effective DRR can contribute to the sustainable development
of coastal communities, ensuring that future generations can continue to rely on marine
resources for their livelihoods while maintaining the health of the oceans. As Giddens
(1999) suggested, destructive fishing is a "manufactured risk," a human-made disaster
that can be mitigated through informed policy, community participation, and long-term
sustainability efforts.

CONCLUSION

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Dao, Y., Yusnialdi, Kusuma. (2024) “An Analysis of Destructive Fishing as an Anthropogenic Disaster in Coastal Areas: A Maritime Security
Perspective”, Nation State: Journal of International Studies, Vol. 7(2), pp. 144 – 161. Doi: 10.24076/nsjis.v7i2.1633

This study provides a comprehensive analysis of destructive fishing as a significant

threat to maritime security, categorizing it as an anthropogenic disaster due to its severe
impacts on marine ecosystems and socio-economic conditions in coastal areas. Unlike
previous studies that predominantly view destructive fishing as an environmental or
economic issue, this research uniquely frames it within the paradigm of maritime security
and disaster management. By integrating disaster and maritime security theories with
case studies, this study highlights the multidimensional nature of destructive fishing,
which not only degrades marine ecosystems and threatens the livelihoods of coastal
communities but also undermines food security and national stability.
The findings underscore that destructive fishing constitutes a form of human-
induced disaster with far-reaching implications across multiple sectors. This
categorization introduces a new perspective for understanding and addressing this critical
issue. By conceptualizing destructive fishing as an anthropogenic disaster, this study
establishes a strategic foundation for developing robust and integrated solutions to
enhance maritime security and ensure the sustainability of ecosystems and coastal
communities.
Therefore, it is recommended that there should be increased monitoring and strict
enforcement of laws against destructive fishing practices. Education and training of
coastal communities on sustainable fishing practices should be intensified. The
integration of maritime security policies with disaster management is needed to
strengthen responses to the negative impacts of destructive fishing and to ensure the
security and sustainability of coastal areas.

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e13874. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/cobi.13874

Constitution
Undang-undang Nomor 1 Tahun 2014 Tentang Perubahan Atas Undang-undang Nomor 27
Tahun 2007 Tentang Pengelolaan Wilayah Pesisir dan Pulau-pulau Kecil
Undang-undang Nomor 24 Tahun 2007 tentang Penanggulangan Bencana.

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