e-YDS GEÇMİŞ YIL PARAGRAF SORULARI 2.

At the end of the 18th century, France was

nearly bankrupt after a series of costly wars. ----
While the country faced starvation, King Louis XVI
For these questions, choose the best option to
and the nobility lived in luxury, and rumours
complete the missing part of the passage.
spread that they were storing grain that the poor
desperately needed. The French people had heard
1. Professional astronomers investigate not only how the Americans overthrew the rule of the
stars but everything to do with space - from the British king in 1776, and as the poor grew more
meteors and the planets of the Solar System to dissatisfied, they demanded change. In 1789, a
distant galaxies billions of light years away. sharp rise in the price of bread and heavy taxes
Astronomy makes a rewarding hobby too, and caused people to take action and the French
many amateur stargazers enjoy observing the Revolution began.
night sky with backyard telescopes or binoculars.
---- This is because light takes such a long time to A) French society was basically divided into three
reach us from distant objects in space. We see the classes before the Revolution.
Moon as it was one and a quarter seconds ago
and the stars as they were hundreds of years ago. B) Agricultural techniques used in France in the
18th century were comparable to that of other
A) Whenever astronomers observe the sky, they countries.
are looking back in time.
C) Britain also had a ready supply of resources and
B) Many ancient cultures followed the Sun and raw materials as well as plentiful food reserves.
stars in order to keep track of the time of year.
D) To make matters worse, a bad harvest in 1788
C) Astronomers divide the whole sky into 88 left much of the population short of food.
segments, each one named after the constellation
vvithin it. E) The new National Assembly promised to give
power to the common people.
D) Today, space telescopes such as the Hubble give
us breathtaking views of distant objects in space. (e-YDS 2014/4)

E) People have been looking up at the night sky for

thousands of year.

(e-YDS 2014/3)
3. The earliest of the ancient civilizations all 4. ---- However, this is an inadequate definition
shared the same fundamental view of the for economists. There is a big difference between
cosmos: that the Earth lay at the centre. ---- The an office worker who is unemployed for a few
specific explanations varied from an ancient weeks and a factory mechanic whose skills are no
society to another. However, the one that came longer useful in finding a job. The former will soon
to dominate the minds of Europeans was be back in work whereas the latter may need to
established by successive generations of Greek be retrained.
philosophers.
A) In its very broadest sense, unemployment
A) The Sumerians, the Babylonians and the simply means the state of not having a job.
Egyptians all had the Sun, Moon, stars and planets
revolving around us. B) All too often governments actually encourage
people to remain unemployed by making their
B) The first known idea of the stars being fixed to unemployment benefits more attractive.
sphere, or hemisphere is attributed to Anaximenes
of Miletus in the 6th century. C) Governments are trying to strike a balance
between encouraging people to find work and
C) Ancient astronomers thought that planets compensating them for losing their jobs.
behaved in a strange fashion; which they failed to
figure out why. D) The labour market is traditionally defined as
flexible for those who are without a job for longer
D) It was the great philosopher, Aristotle, who periods.
refined the explanation of the movements in the
heavens. E) Governments' resolve to tackle unemployment
is understandable given the trauma associated
E) NASA has completely rejected the idea of the with losing one's job.
Earth lying at the heart of the whole cosmos. Earth
lying at the heart of the whole cosmos. (e-YDS 2015/2)

(e-YDS 2015/1) 5. Hunting is difficult and sometimes dangerous,

but predators have evolved many ways of
improving their chances of success. They have
acute senses of detecting their prey. Speed, fast
reactions, and sheer strength help them catch
their meal. ---- They can avoid being detected by
predators, run away, confuse their enemies or
even fight back. So predators and prey are often
evenly matched in this battle for survival.

A) Many animals survive by hunting and eating

other animals.

B) Most predators including tigers hunt alone.

C) But the animals they hunt are not helpless

victims.

D) Stalking and chasing prey is hard work, and it

can use a lot of energy.

E) There are many predators that use their speed

to take their prey.

(e-YDS 2015/5)
6. The Industrial Revolution brought many 7. One important mechanism that shapes a child's
blessings to humanity, such as increased behavior is imitation. All people, particularly
standards of living, improved educational children, have a strong tendency to imitate
opportunities and game-changing technological others. ---- A child observes other people being
innovations. ---- Most obviously, there is the angry or controlling their anger and copies them.
environmental degradation that threatens our Thus, the child's own aggressive behavior is
health and ecological sustainability. But our shaped and determined by what he or she
interior environments - the landscapes of our observes others doing.
individual minds and spirits - may be paying an
even more costly price. Discussion of the A) When children are rewarded, they are more
consequences of this shift is not new. likely to repeat that behavior.

A) Today, we are living in a time that could be B) This imitation extends to virtually every kind of
viewed as one that sprung from the Industrial behavior, including aggression.
Revolution.
C) One of the most common sources of anger is an
B) Yet it all came with a sense of loss, especially in attack or intrusion by another person.
regard to our connection to nature, as we moved
away from an agrarian way of life. D) Imitating others does not mean that the child
will behave aggressively.
C) We are becoming more connected to one
another through the Internet, cell phones and E) Children imitate some people more than others.
other technologies.
(e-YDS 2015/7)
D) Once a genuine connection with the nature is
established, people are far more likely to display 8. The beginning of mathematics is found in the
concern for the environment. first advanced civilizations. Where art,
architecture, writing, justice, and philosophy
E) However, several studies have shown that adults began to develop, the systematic study of
gain considerable benefits from time spent computations and geometry were also initiated.
outdoors, especially in stress reduction. ---- The Arabic numerals, for instance, actually
originated from India. They reached Europe
(e-YDS 2015/6) through the work of Arabic mathematicians.

A) The first use of what we now call mathematics

goes back 5,000 years, and at first mathematics
enabled people to simplify a number of practical
tasks.

B) Business and commercial trade that brought

goods to other people also contributed to the
transfer of some mathematical knowledge.

C) Mathematics was established as a science in

Greece in ancient times by Pythagoras of Samos.

D) Humankind was not given numbers in the

cradle; however, they were needed to determine
the size of a herd of animals with little effort.

E) On the other hand, the first scientific use of

abstract mathematical concepts took place at
around 500 BC.

(e-YDS 2015/8)
9. Rome began as a city centre in central Italy. 10. Egyptian hieroglyphics were a pictographic
Over several centuries the city expanded its script, primarily used on monuments and for
authority and adapted its methods of government religious texts. The Egyptians continued to use
to bring first Italy, then the western simplified forms of hieroglyphics in their daily
Mediterranean and finally almost the whole of lives until the time of the early Christians, when
the Hellenistic world into an empire larger than they switched to writing the Egyptian language
any which had existed in that era before. ---- with the Greek alphabet. ---- Then, in 1799, a
Rome helped to shape European and French military officer, who had come to Egypt as
contemporary practice and opinion about the part of Napoleon's expedition, discovered the
state, about international law and especially Rosetta Stone. On this monument from the 2nd
about empire and the nature of imperia century BC, he found a text written in both
authority. hieroglyphics and Greek. With this new evidence,
philologists finally deciphered hieroglyphics in
A) Romans were influenced by the culture of the 1822.
Etruscans and the Greeks, who inspired Roman
architecture and painting. A) Hieroglyphics were both a means of
communication and a system for classifying the
B) The Roman Empire embraced parts of two world.
continents, Europe and Africa, and would soon
expand into Asia. B) The earliest hieroglyphics were on labels
recording tax payments and royal possessions.
C) The empire reached its limit of expansion and
now faced the daunting task of holding off raiders C) A single hieroglyph was sometimes used as an
and invaders lured by the wealth and fertility of ideogram to represent a whole word.
Rome's provinces.
D) Over the centuries, the understanding of
D) The growth of Rome and other cities around the ancient hieroglyphics was lost.
Roman Empire was made possible by aqueducts,
which supplied fresh water to urban areas. E) Royal names were among the first words written
in hieroglyphs to be deciphered.
E) This unique and astonishing achievement, and
the cultural transformation which it brought about, (e-YDS 2015/10)
laid the foundations of European civilization.

(e-YDS 2015/9)
11. Different climates prevail in various parts of 12. It is known that more than half of all personal
the Earth, from the dry heat of the desert to the aircraft accidents all around the world occur
chill of Polar Regions. Considering this, average during takeoffs or landings. That is why inventor
global figures can be calculated. ---- Thus, climate and entrepreneur Joe Ben Bevirt – known for
differs from weather, which refers to short-term designing airplane-like wind energy turbines – is
conditions during a period ranging from a few intent on making runways obsolete. ---- No
hours to a couple of weeks – or at most, a full-scale prototype exists yet, but Bevirt and his
particular season. According to the size of the team have built about 10- pound models to
area under consideration, climate can be divided demonstrate their concept works.
into microclimate, mesoclimate and
macroclimate. A) Bevirt has mobilized his wind energy team to
create a personal electric airplane that takes off
A) To describe weather and climate in the vertically and flies aerodynamically.
atmosphere, scientists collect data about the
various climatic elements such as temperature, air B) Bevirt states that turbulence would have been
pressure, humidity and wind speed. avoided if more efficient motors and smarter
control systems had been invented.
B) Climate is defined as the full range of weather
conditions experienced in a particular place, C) Bevirt has been given an Invention Award for his
including daily and seasonal changes, over several personal electric airplane prototype which is
decades or longer. as safe and easy to use as an automobile.

C) The Earth is divided into a number of different D) Although Bevirt has come up with a remarkable
climate zones, and one commonly used system is invention, his previous work did not draw much
based on average temperatures in particular attention in scientific circles.
regions.
E) According to Bevirt, old types of personal
D) A multitude of climatic factors influence each of aircraft lacked optimizing efficiency, thus reducing
the Earth's five spheres, ultimately producing noise and improving flight control.
an overall climate in the geosphere.
(e-YDS 2015/12)
E) Diverse conditions and processes work together
to determine the climate of a particular area, so
a distinction is made between primary and
secondary climatic factors.

(e-YDS 2015/11)
13. Literature after the Second World War made a 14. Terms such as addiction and dependency are
fresh start and dealt with the experienced horror. frequently used to describe patterns of illicit
---- For example, in The Naked and The Dead, drug use. ‐‐‐‐ As a result, it is difficult to estimate
Norman Mailer depicted the conquest of a the number of drug users who can be described as
Japanese island from the perspective of an addicted or dependant. Addiction tends to refer
American division commander. He described the to dependence on a particular drug or drugs,
naked facts of the war: the diseased ideas of which has developed to the extent that it has a
individual soldiers, the senselessness of violence, severe and harmful impact on an individual drug
and the deprivation of American society into user. Dependency can refer to physical and/or
which soldiers had to later be reintegrated. This emotional dependency and drug users may
blunt depiction shocked the American public and experience one or both forms.
made him the focus of discussion.
A) Drug users can become physically dependant on
A) Some German authors attempted to use an drugs, thus continuing with their drug use in order
abstract language in their work in order not to to avoid the physical discomfort of withdrawal.
employ the same language as the war criminals.
B) The term dependency is preferable to addiction
B) "Never Again" was the slogan of the survivors of because the latter is linked to negative images
the Second World War, and literature was meant of drug use.
to contribute toward this end.
C) Sociological analysis of drug use has played a
C) Authors sought to use literature to gain significant role in challenging the medicalization of
perspective as well as to politically educate and so‐called deviant behavior.
encourage self-reflection of the public.
D) Drug users can also become emotionally
D) The terrors of the Second World War left dependant on drugs; for example, relying upon
authors with the question of how to avoid the drug use to seek pleasure or to avoid pain.
aftermath.
E) However, there are no universal definitions of
E) Authors such as George Orwell and Aleksandr these terms and they are frequently used
Solzhenitsyn began criticizing their contemporary inconsistently and interchangeably.
political systems.
(e-YDS 2016/3)
(e-YDS 2016/1)
15. Everything you hear, feel, see and think is 16. ---- Infants as young as 6 months show
controlled by your brain. ---- Your brain is also interest in and positive behaviours towards other
capable of producing breathtaking athletic feats, babies, and as infants develop, their interactions
sublime works of art and profound scientific with peers become more frequent and more
insights. Its most amazing achievement, however, complex. During the preschool years, peer
may be that it can understand itself. Studying the interactions continue to grow in frequency and
brain takes you inside this astonishingly complex complexity. Relations with peers become more
organ to show you how it works. You explore a differentiated, and symbolic forms of interaction
wealth of neuroscientific topics, including the begin to predominate over physical ones.
structure of the brain and its cognitive functions
such as learning a language and developing A) Children’s peer relations undergo dramatic
consciousness. changes with development.

A) Adopting positive feelings and attitudes can help B) Children’s interactions are affected neither by
the brain function well. age nor by experience.

B) Some diseases related to brain functions are still C) Social context proves to be an important source
waiting to be explored. of variations in play across different cultures.

C) Researchers have made great progress in D) Unlike older children, infants cannot
understanding the relation between the mind and spontaneously seek their peers for companionship
the brain. or pleasure.

D) It allows you to cope masterfully with your E) Social-learning theories put forward that
environment. children learn behaviours within particular
situations.
E) What makes the brain unique is its unexplored
functions. (e-YDS 2016/5)

(e-YDS 2016/4)
17. During its heyday, between about 900 and 600 18. On 14 August 2003, the north-eastern US and
BC, the Assyrian empire was arguably the largest Canada were crippled by an enormous electrical
and most complex political formation the world blackout that affected 50 million people.
had yet seen. After its initial stage of expansion Commuters struggled to get to work, ATMs failed,
during the 9th century BC, Assyria came to 36 car manufacturing plants were closed and
dominate the entire region that we today call the hundreds of flights were cancelled, resulting in
Middle East: from the Zagros Mountains in tens of millions of dollars in economic losses. The
modern Iran to the eastern coast of the cause was later found to be a software bug in a
Mediterranean, and from the Taurus mountains control room. A few weeks later, the whole of
in southern Turkey to the Persian Gulf. ---- In so Italy was cut off from Europe's electricity grid for
doing, the Assyrians left an unforgettable mark on 18 hours after falling trees took out two power
the development of civilization within and lines in neighboring Switzerland. ---- But in fact
beyond the Middle East. they are becoming increasingly common, and will
only get more frequent and severe.
A) The origin of Assyria is closely related to the
fortunes and misfortunes of the city of Ashur, A) Electrical devices fuel our existence because
hence Assyria gets its name. they are crucial for our food, water and transport.

B) The early political development of the Assyrian B) Software bugs are easy to detect if the technical
state was influenced by the structure of the expertise is available in the country.
Sumerian and Akkadian city-states of alluvial
southern Iraq. C) Unless we act now, more and more countries
will start to experience similar events.
C) The first segment of Assyrian history that comes
into focus in the textual record is that of a D) Electricity systems are complex high-tech
commercial empire established by Assyrian assemblages in most of the countries affected.
merchants during the Old Assyrian period.
E) People tend to think of such events as
D) The Assyrian empire is well-known from occasional, inconvenient occurrences.
references in the Bible, the most famous of which
is to the Assyrian king Sennacherib, who besieged (e-YDS 2016/8)
Jerusalem in 701 BC.

E) Through their imperial policies, the Assyrians

became a driving force in shaping the political,
cultural, and demographic make-up of the ancient
Near East.

(e-YDS 2016/6)
19. Malaria has killed more humans than anything 21. The personal computer (PC) is a familiar item
else in history. Up to a million people still die of in many homes all over the world. People use PCs
the disease each year. Since the 17th century, to play games, write letters, and manage
doctors have tackled it with a series of domestic and business accounts. E-mail takes only
medications. ---- For that reason, the most seconds to deliver messages and pictures to the
effective treatment today is a cocktail of drugs. other side of the globe. ---- It is hard to imagine a
world without PCs. Yet, they are relatively new. It
A) The first successful cellular drug against malaria was not until 1975 that a computer appeared that
contains 12 genes from three different organisms. was both affordable and small enough to use at
home.
B) The World Health Organization estimated that
the financial burden of treating malaria has been A) Thus, computers respond to instructions in
hundreds of billions of dollars. machine code written in binary, and a computer
program comprises pages of zeros and ones.
C) Attempts to cure people with malaria using a
single type of medicine have not traditionally been B) On the other hand, in a modern computer,
very successful. backup memory is stored on hard disks inside the
disk drive.
D) A strain of malaria resistant to a mixture of new
drugs has been isolated in Cambodia and the Far C) Instead, the power of a PC depends on the
East. speed of its processor and the amount of memory
it has.
E) Studies of cheaper and more effective malaria
drugs seem promising. D) Moreover, PCs are used to shop, make travel
arrangements, book hotels, and buy theater and
(e-YDS 2016/9) concert tickets.

20. ---- This select group of mammals includes the E) Therefore, computer sofware will work only if
higher primates, members of the horse family, the computer is able to communicate with a
elephants, cetaceans and camelids. It is no storage device such as a disk drive.
coincidence that all of these animals live in stable,
bonded social groups. Group living has its (e-YDS 2016/11)
benefits, but it can also be stressful and members
cannot simply leave when things gets tough,
which is where friendship comes in. Friends form
defensive coalitions that keep everyone else just
far enough away, without driving them off
completely.

A) Grooming is a time consuming job, meaning that

primates cannot sustain social groups of more than
50.

B) Over the past two million years, there seems to

have been increasing pressure to evolve larger
social groups.

C) Friendship gives social groups a different

structure from herds of deer or antelope.

D) From the point of view of each animal within it,

a bonded society is made up of layers.

E) Most animals have acquaintances but only a few

species are capable of true friendship.
(e-YDS 2016/10)
22. Psychology is a branch of science dealing with 24. The shelf life of donated blood is short, just 42
the workings of the mind, its defects and how it days, and during emergencies, even a large supply
influences human behaviour. Psychotherapy can quickly run out. To prolong blood's useful life,
attempts to use our understanding of psychology hospitals can freeze it, but they rarely do so
to benefit people with mental health issues or because technicians need to add glycerol, which
full-blown mental illness. ---- The procedure is prevents ice from ripping the red blood cells
purely verbal; no use is made of medication. apart. ---- Therefore, in order to keep stocks high,
hospitals must rely on a constant stream of
A) A psychotherapist will talk with the patient to donors - a system that is less than reliable.
try to get to the root of their thought processes
and their emotional state. A) The trouble is that it is toxic and must be
removed before the blood is used, a process that
B) A psychotherapist can prescribe psychotherapy can take several days.
for patients as well as other treatments such as
medication. B) A recently found ingredient used in eyedrops
can protect frozen blood cells for a very short time.
C) Psychotherapists tend to differ in their approach
to this kind of therapy. C) Not all hospitals approve of defrosting as it is
time consuming for patients who need emergency
D) There is no well-established theory to explain treatment.
why we humans are so prone to analyzing the
mind. D) Allowing hospitals to stockpile huge amounts of
blood is becoming a highly controversial issue.
E) Practitioners in this field chart how the
psychological outlook of human beings varies with E) The important thing is that hospitals must
age. decide on the most effective way of freezing cells
to boost blood supplies.
(e-YDS 2016/12)
(e-YDS 2017/2)
23. Some people enjoy being part of the crowd
and forming friendships; however, there are
others who do not. This is an important choice
indeed because our friends act on our health,
wealth and mental well-being. ---- We become
prone to illnesses and depression. In fact, our
bodies react to a lack of friends as if a crucial
biological need is going unfilled. This is not
surprising as evolution has equipped us with the
desire to make friends and spend time with them.

A) Social isolation, on the other hand, creates

physical pain and leaves us stressed.

B) People with strong social ties are more likely to

be successful in their jobs.

C) Our urge to make friends shapes our minds,

bodies and also our psychology.

D) However, the time spent socialising could be

used in other activities such as meditation.

E) Having a large circle of friends may also result in

unexpected problems.

(e-YDS 2017/1)
25. Contrary to popular belief, simply eating more 26. There are lots of good reasons to bring back
protein, in excess of recommended amounts, will extinct animals. ---- Woolly mammoths, for
not result in bigger muscles. Our bodies do not example, were gardeners. They knocked down
store excess protein. If we eat more protein than saplings, ate grass and fertilised the ground via
our bodies need to replenish the amino acids we their nutrient-rich dung. But when they
have used during the day, the excess amino acids disappeared, the gardening stopped, biodiversity
are converted to fat. ---- Therefore, the plummeted and the lush mammoth steppe was
recommendations for protein change according to replaced by species-poor tundra. Studies suggest
age and are slightly higher for adolescents and that if large grazers were returned to the far
pregnant women. north, biodiversity would increase again.

A) De-extinction, fast becoming reality, has the

A) The thousands of proteins that make up our power to save species, shape evolution and sculpt
bodies are assembled on demand from some 20 the future of life on our planet.
different amino acids.
B) Every day, between 30 and 150 species
B) The best sources of complete protein are meat disappear from the face of our planet, and studies
and poultry, fish, low fat dairy products, and eggs. reveal that extinction rates today are 1,000 times
higher than they were pre-human times.
C) Because our requirements for protein mainly
depend on our body's size, our need for protein C) To revers extinction would undoubtedly be a
increases during times of rapid growth. huge moment for the fields of biology and
conversation, and a feat that could motivate future
D) Individuals on severely restricted diets and generations of wildlife defenders.
those whose needs increase because of illness,
growth or trauma may experience protein D) All animals perform important roles in the
deficiency. ecosystems they live in, so when lost species are
returned, so too are the jobs they once performed.
E) People of many cultures, conditions and ages
get adequate amounts and types of protein by E) De-extinction is a process that begins with
eating various combinations of plant proteins. creating a single animal in the lab and then ends,
many years later, with the release and survival of
(e-YDS 2017/3) sustainable populations in the wild.

(e-YDS 2017/4)
27. It is impossible to ignore alphabets and their 28. Star Wars, with its groundbreaking special
influence on the development of Western effects and surprising commercial success, may be
civilisation. Alphabets represent phonemes - units the most influential science-fiction film of all
of speech that are distinguishable within a time. It inspired a series of sequels that together
language - and, thus, alphabetic texts typically now constitute the most commercially successful
remain close to their familiar spoken language. franchise in film history. ---- Therefore, the
This can make it relatively easy in learning to read massive influence of Star Wars on the genre has
and write. It also makes computing and printing not been entirely positive. Still, the film certainly
easier. In contrast, non-alphabetic writing tends breathed new life into science-fiction that
to represent concepts independent of their seemed, at the time, lowered to a relatively minor
representation in speech. ---- Thus, for example, status in American culture.
in written Chinese there are thousands of
characters to learn and remember. The huge A) On the other hand, there is no doubt that the
number of symbols also makes printing and much-discussed special effects of Star Wars were a
computer use more difficult in non-alphabetic large part of the film's success with moviegoers.
writing.
B) It quickly became the most profitable film ever,
A) While there are a small number of phonemes in while the merchandising campaign that
any language, there are numerous concepts and, accompanied the film became an unprecedented
correspondingly, numerous symbols. success.

B) In Europe, for example, there is no common C) As a result, the link between Star Wars and its
written language in which one could write the various indirect sources is among the most widely
charter for a European union. discussed aspects of the film.

C) The move to alphabetic writing represents the D) While few specific elements of Star Wars may
adoption of a useful new tool, and the origin of a be particularly original, the film is unique in its
print culture can clearly be seen as a consequence effective combination of ingredients from so many
of the shift to alphabetic writing. sources.

D) It may be easier to express laws less E) Meanwhile, science-fiction started to rely more
ambiguously in an alphabetic language, but the on spectacular special effects than on thoughtful
possibilities for poetry may be greater in a scenarios or believable characters.
language less tied to precise replication of spoken
forms. (e-YDS 2017/6)

E) Many would argue that alphabetic writing made

literacy and mass distribution of texts through the
use of the printing press possible.

(e-YDS 2017/5)
29. Non-profit organizations comprise the sector 30. Some people regard hydropower as the ideal
of the economy referred to as the non-profit, fuel for electricity generation because, unlike the
voluntary, or third sector. Incorporated under non-renewable fuels used to generate electricity,
state law as charitable or not-for-profit it is almost free, there are no waste products, and
corporations, these organizations are hydropower does not pollute the water or the air.
distinguished from organizations that focus on ---- For instance, in the Columbia River in the
either making a profit (the private sector) or United States, salmon must swim upstream to
serving as an arm of government (the their spawning grounds – the areas where they
governmental sector). ---- As a result, they lay eggs – but the series of dams gets in their way.
provide not only welfare services, but also social, Different approaches to fixing this problem have
educational, and cultural services. been used, including the construction of fish
ladders which help the salmon step up the dam to
A) Although the majority of non-profit the spawning grounds upstream.
organizations are funded through donations,
product sales can also help with funding. A) In addition, hydroelectric dams can be used to
control floods, divert water for irrigation
B) The extent to which such organizations purposes, and improve navigation on a river.
contribute to the economy is indicative of a
region’s economic prosperity. B) Of the renewable energy sources that generate
electricity, hydropower is the most often used.
C) Non-profit organizations aim to improve
standards in a given country in various areas of life. C) However, it is criticised because it changes the
environment by threatening natural habitats.
D) Statistics indicate that the number of non-profit
organizations has continued to grow in recent D) Because the source of hydropower is water,
years. hydroelectric power plants must be located on a
water source.
E) This sector may be the fastest-growing one in
the United States economy, with over 1.6 million E) In addition to rainwater, much of the water to
non-profit organizations in existence. produce hydroelectricity comes from oceans, lakes,
and rivers.
(e-YDS 2017/7)
(e-YDS 2017/8)
31. Research suggests that bilinguals may have 32. Physics is by far the most important scientific
some cognitive advantages, ranging from creative discipline relevant to astronomy, the study of the
thinking to faster progress in early cognitive Universe and everything in it. In fact, in modern
development and greater sensitivity in times, the terms 'astronomy' and 'astrophysics'
communication. For example, bilinguals may are often used interchangeably. ---- For example,
exhibit greater cognitive flexibility in if astronomers eventually find extraterrestrial
understanding the relationship between objects intelligent life, psychology and sociology could
and their labels. Because bilinguals have two or become important to the study of the Universe as
more words for many objects and ideas, the link a whole.
between a word and its concept is usually looser
for bilinguals than monolinguals. ---- Thus, A) Modern particle physics is also absolutely
bilinguals have the possibility of developing more necessary to decipher the mysteries of the very
advanced language awareness and more fluency, early Universe and, ultimately, the very beginning
flexibility, and elaboration in thinking than of everything.
monolinguals.
B) Since prehistoric times, humans have looked at
A) Given sufficient motivation and opportunity, all the sky and observed the motions of the Sun,
normally developing individuals can learn more Moon, planets, and stars.
than one language.
C) It is also important to note that the serious use
B) For example, a bilingual may have an extensive of physics to study the Universe has become very
vocabulary but a poor pronunciation, or a native- important in the field as a whole.
like pronunciation but underdeveloped grammar.
D) The most important way astronomers gain
C) For bilinguals, having two or more words for information about the universe is by gathering and
particular concepts extends the range of meanings, interpreting light energy from other parts of the
associations, and images. universe.

D) Because language and culture are inextricably E) That being said, all sciences are valuable to
linked, bilingualism provides the opportunity to astronomy, and some disciplines that are not very
experience two or more cultures in very authentic related now may someday be extremely vital.
ways.
(e-YDS 2017/10)
E) Ability in each domain may be relatively
advanced in both languages or may just be
developing in a second or third language.

(e-YDS 2017/9)
33. Esperanto is a constructed language which 34. Yoga today is a mainstream fitness activity,
was intended for international use. Originating as with many adults participating in what most
an artificial language, it is unique in that it has people believe is an ancient practice. Surprisingly,
enjoyed sufficient success and has been able to the yoga you are going to the mat for is not that
acquire a speech community. As a result, the old. ---- They saw yoga, then more of a
epithet 'artificial' is arguably no longer applicable. philosophy, as a non-sectarian, indigenous symbol
---- However, its proponents' hopes of its being of India that transcended divisions of religion and
generally adopted for international use have not language: a handy tool to have when you are
been realized, and its future can only be seen as trying to unify a nation. These Victorian-era gurus
uncertain. spread their version of yoga worldwide as a
proudly Indian way to achieve a higher level of
A) Some three-fourths of the basic vocabulary understanding through contemplation.
roots of Esperanto are of Romance origin, with the
remainder mostly Germanic or Slavic. A) Modern postural yoga, the practice of actually
holding poses, originated with early 20th century
B) It remains to be seen whether Esperanto is a guru Krishnamacharya, who taught people a mix of
linguistic curiosity doomed to disappear or a gymnastic and wrestling moves.
brilliant idea whose moment has yet to come.
B) Hatha yoga, which emerged in 10th century
C) Estimates of the number of Esperanto speakers India and was practiced by many traditional
differ widely and are controversial, ranging from a religious orders, puts an emphasis on controlling
few tens of thousands to several million. breath and maintaining certain postures.

D) Opposition to Esperanto is often more C) Around the 15th century BC, the authors of key
emotional than rational, with some critics arguing Sanskrit writings used yoga to mean an animal’s
that the language is without a culture. yoke and also an entire war chariot, which was
symbolic of the unifying wars India was
E) Unlike computer languages and codes, experiencing at the time.
Esperanto generally satisfies the criteria for
recognition as a form of natural language. D) What we generally think of as yoga began in late
19th century India, when leaders of an anti-
(e-YDS 2018/1) colonialism movement sought to rally their
countrymen to their cause.

E) Though it is currently advised to improve one’s

balance and gain some mobility, yoga was
considered more of a spiritual practice in the 19th
century within Indian society.

(e-YDS 2018/2)
35. Humans have been adorning and modifying
their bodies for thousands of years. People from
all cultures around the world have made efforts
to change their bodies in different ways in an
attempt to meet their standards of beauty as well
as their religious or social obligations. ---- Scholars
who have studied the ways in which humans
mark their bodies note that bodily displays create,
communicate, and maintain individuality and
distinctiveness. Today, tattooing, piercing, and
other forms of permanent and temporary body
modification are seen by many as visible markers
of self-expression.

A) Extreme modifications such as heavy tattooing

and multiple piercings might be seen as
outrageous and criticised by others.

B) On the other hand, human bodies are never

unmarked, even when not explicitly marked
through adornment, because bodies can be fat or
thin, male or female, and young or old.

C) However, body painting has probably been

practised since the Palaeolithic Era as
archaeological evidence indicates.

D) In addition, people modify and adorn their

bodies as part of the complex process of creating
their personal identities.

E) Adornments such as jewellery have been found

in the earliest human graves, and bodies
unearthed from 5,000 years ago show signs of
intentional head shaping.

(e-YDS 2018/3)

TEST BİTTİ.
CEVAPLARINIZI KONTROL EDİNİZ.
 CEVAP ANAHTARI
1.A 21.D

2.D 22.A

3.A 23.A

4.A 24.A

5.C 25.C

6.B 26.D

7.B 27.A

8.B 28.E
A 9.E 29.C

10.D 30.C

11.B 31.C

12.A 32.E

13.C 33.E

14.E 34.D

15.D 35.D

16.A

17.E

18.E

19.C

20.E