CONSERVATION SUBMITTED TO:

DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE

STUDIO SUBMITTED BY:

ADITI NEUPANE

LITERATURE,CASE STUDY ARATI BHANDARI

LUJULA
MAHARJHAN

NISHAM GAIRE

PRASANNA
PAUDEL

SONIMA K.C.
 PREFACE

This report delves into the architectural conservation process employed in various historical areas across the
globe. It explores the specific methods and timelines of conservation efforts undertaken in these locations. The
report examines projects in: Hazart Nizamuddin basti, Delhi, Suzhou, China, Gjrokaster, a city in Alabania,
and Jeddhah, Saudi Arabia. To gain a comprehensive understanding of these historical sites and the
conservation work undertaken, we utilized a combination of primary and secondary data sources. We analyze
methodologies, timelines, and the significance of each site. Utilizing primary and secondary data sources, this
report provides a comprehensive understanding of architectural conservation efforts globally.
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

On behalf of the Architecture Batch 076 students, we acknowledge the continuous nature of knowledge
acquisition. However, the practical experience gained through this project holds immense value. We are
particularly grateful for the unwavering support, guidance, motivation, and inspiration provided by various
individuals throughout this process. We extend our heartfelt gratitude to the following individuals whose
contributions significantly enhanced our learning and the success of this report: Asso. Prof. Shailita Joshi Ma'am,
Asso. Prof. Sweta Shrestha Ma'am, Asso. Prof. Moon Singh Dangol Ma'am and Asso. Prof. Sagun Maharjan Sir.

We are especially indebted to Department of Architecture, Kathmandu Engineering College, Kalimati

Kathmandu for their valuable guidance, consistent supervision, and provision of necessary project information.
Their support played a crucial role in enabling us to complete this project successfully. We also appreciate the
assistance offered by our seniors in report development and everyone who generously shared their knowledge
and abilities to help us along the way.

Finally, we express our sincere thanks to our faculty and colleagues who provided invaluable guidance
throughout the project's completion.
Contents
PREFACE .................................................................................................................................................................................. i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ........................................................................................................................................................... ii
Table of figures ..................................................................................................................................................................... iii
INTRODUCTION......................................................................................................................................................................1
1. LITERATURE STUDY ........................................................................................................................................................4
1.1 Built heritage conservation process: a continuous cycle ............................................................................................7
2. Analysis and Assessment: ..........................................................................................................................................7
2. Case Study......................................................................................................................................................................9
2.1 Jeddah Old Town Conservation ...................................................................................................................................9
2.1.1 Introduction ..........................................................................................................................................................9
2.1.2 History and Evolution .........................................................................................................................................10
2.1.3 Architectural Significance ...................................................................................................................................11
2.1.4 Building Material and Technology ......................................................................................................................12
2.1.5 Why to Conserve? ...............................................................................................................................................13
2.1.6 Objective of Conservation ..................................................................................................................................13
2.1.7 Agencies Involved in Conservation .....................................................................................................................13
Challenges ....................................................................................................................................................................14
Beneficiary ...................................................................................................................................................................14
2.1.8 City Plan of Jeddah..............................................................................................................................................14
2.1.9 Conservation Technique Used ............................................................................................................................16
2.1.10 Management Plan.............................................................................................................................................18
2.1.11 Impact of Conservation ....................................................................................................................................19
2.2 Hazarat Nizamuddhin basti .......................................................................................................................................20
2.2.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................................................20
2.2.2 History.................................................................................................................................................................20
2.2.3 Background .........................................................................................................................................................21
2.2.4 The Humayun’s Tomb..........................................................................................................................................22
2.2.5 Context ...............................................................................................................................................................23
2.2.6 Socio-economic condition ..................................................................................................................................24
2.2.7 Challenges ...........................................................................................................................................................24
Existing tangible and intangible resources ..................................................................................................................26
2.2.8 Tangible resources ..............................................................................................................................................26
2.2.9 Intangible resources ...........................................................................................................................................26
 2.2.10 Conservation .................................................................................................................................................... 27
2.2. 11 Conservation ...............................................................................................................................................28
Management Plan........................................................................................................................................................28
For Cultural revival.......................................................................................................................................................29
For Monument conservation .......................................................................................................................................29
For Housing improvement ...........................................................................................................................................30
For Open spaces ..........................................................................................................................................................30
2.2.12 Intervention Of Conservation ...........................................................................................................................30
2 Renovation ....................................................................................................................................................................31
3 Restoration ...................................................................................................................................................................31
2.2.13 Infrastructure upgradation ...............................................................................................................................33
2.2.14 Analysis .............................................................................................................................................................34
2.3. International case study: Gjirokastra, Albania ..........................................................................................................35
2.3.1 introduction ........................................................................................................................................................35
2.3.3 Gjirokastra and its architecture ..........................................................................................................................36
2.3.4 Site and surroundings .........................................................................................................................................37
2.3.5 Local architectural character ..............................................................................................................................38
2.3.6 Need of conservation .........................................................................................................................................38
.....................................................................................................................................................................................39
2.3.7 History of project design.....................................................................................................................................39
2.3.8 Issues in conservation .........................................................................................................................................41
2.3.9 Main objective of conservation ..........................................................................................................................41
2.3.11 Masterplan approaches ....................................................................................................................................42
2.3.12 Conservation areas ...........................................................................................................................................43
2.3.13 Conservation projects zekate house conservation ...........................................................................................48
2.3.14 Need for conservation ......................................................................................................................................48
2.3.15 Need for conservation ......................................................................................................................................50
2.3.16 Conservation process .......................................................................................................................................51
2.3.17 Other conservation works ................................................................................................................................51
2.3.18 Analysis and conclusion ....................................................................................................................................53
2.4Suzhou, China .................................................................................................................................................................53
2.4.1Introduction .............................................................................................................................................................53
2.4.2History of Suzhou.....................................................................................................................................................54
2.4.3Pingjiang Street, Suzhou ..............................................................................................................................................54
 Introduction .................................................................................................................................................................... 54
2.4.5 History.................................................................................................................................................................55
PLAN.................................................................................................................................................................................56
2.4.6Architectural elements ........................................................................................................................................57
Why to conserve ..........................................................................................................................................................58
Agencies .......................................................................................................................................................................58
2.4.7 Conservation work ..............................................................................................................................................58
2.4.8 Impacts ...............................................................................................................................................................59
3.Comperative Analysis ...................................................................................................................................................60
4.Conclusion ........................................................................................................................................................................62
Bibliography .........................................................................................................................................................................62

Table of figures
Figure 1Photograph from 1938.............................................................................................................................. 9
Figure 2 Narrow Alleys of Jeddah Old Town ..................................................................................................... 10
Figure 3 Historic Evolution of Architecture and Its Conservation ...................................................................... 11
Figure 4 Towering House .................................................................................................................................... 11
Figure 5 Large Wooden Window Roshan ........................................................................................................... 12
Figure 6 Building Materials Used ....................................................................................................................... 13
Figure 7Jeddah’s City Plan: The Old Town ........................................................................................................ 15
Figure 8 Map of the Jeddah City ......................................................................................................................... 15
Figure 9 Focused Area for 1971 Conservation Project ....................................................................................... 16
Figure 10 Restoration .......................................................................................................................................... 16
Figure 11 Renovation of Buildings ..................................................................................................................... 17
Figure 12 Mosques' Restoration .......................................................................................................................... 17
Figure 13 Renovation of City Wall and Gates .................................................................................................... 17
Figure 14 Improvement of Infrastructure ............................................................................................................ 18
Figure 15 Traditional Building Reuse System .................................................................................................... 19
Figure 165: Hazarat Nizamuddhin Basti ............................................................................................................. 20
Figure 1617: Aerial View Of Basti...................................................................................................................... 21
Figure 1818: Master Plan of Basti ....................................................................................................................... 23
Figure 19: Monument Map Of Basti ................................................................................................................... 27
Figure 205: Partner Agencies For Conservation ................................................................................................. 28
Figure 21: After ................................................................................................................................................... 31
Figure 22: Renovation Of School ........................................................................................................................ 31
Figure 23: Renovation Of River Coridor ............................................................................................................. 31
Figure 24: Restoration Of Isha Khan's Tomb ...................................................................................................... 32
Figure 25: Before and After Restoration ............................................................................................................. 32
Figure 3126: Reconstruction Of Toilet Block ..................................................................................................... 33
Figure 27Improvements and interventions carried out in the Nizamuddin basti. ............................................... 33
Figure 3228: Solid Waste Management .............................................................................................................. 33
Figure 29: improved Toilet Block ....................................................................................................................... 34
Figure 30: Vocational Training ........................................................................................................................... 34
Figure 36 31Important areas of Gjirokastra ........................................................................................................ 37
Figure 327Vernacular architecture ...................................................................................................................... 38
Figure 33Road Improvement ............................................................................................................................... 44
Figure 34Birds eye View of Gjirokastra............................................................................................................. 46
Figure 35View of buildings in Gjirokastra .......................................................................................................... 46
Figure 37Gjirokastra in 1970s ............................................................................................................................. 46
Figure 36Gjirokastra in 2000s ............................................................................................................................. 46
Figure 38Zetate house before restoration. ........................................................................................................... 48
Figure 39: Zetate house after restoration ............................................................................................................ 48
 INTRODUCTION

Conservation is the principle by which the total value of a physical quantity or parameter (such as energy, mass,
linear or angular momentum) remains constant in a system which is not subject to external influence.

Architectural Conservation is defined as all operations designed to understand a cultural heritage, know its
history and meaning, ensure its material safeguard and as required, its preservation, restoration and enhancement.
Cultural heritage here includes monuments, groups of buildings and sites of cultural value.

Conservation is done to prolong the life and integrity of architectural character, such as form and style, and/or
its constituent materials, such as stone, brick, glass, metal and wood. Conservation is thus to retain an important
masterpiece in its original state and to transfer it to the future. The scope of conservation ranges from Artifacts
to Buildings, Built Environment and Cities at large.

Conservation is the dynamic management of change in order to reduce the rate of decay. The cultural, scientific,
technical and natural heritage and resources must be considered as authentic documents and valuable
components.

Interventions should be limited to actions strictly necessary to ensure the continuing conservation of this heritage,
but the techniques and materials used should not impede (obstruct) future treatment or examination.
Conservation requires comprehensive socioeconomic, legal and cultural planning, integrated at all levels.

Values in Conservation:

Conservation is said to be a process to protect values such as use values, emotional values, and cultural values.
Value is the importance and priority given to any object as per the different virtues it carries. Values give some
things significance over others and thereby transform some objects and places into “heritage.” Sir Bernard
Fielden, a conservation architect whose work encompassed cathedrals, the Great Wall of China, and the Taj
Mahal, has associated the following different values in a built heritage:

CULTURAL VALUE: It represents the identity of every society and people’s viewpoint of a phenomenon.
Lifestyle, quality of life, rituals and traditions, beliefs, values, norms and finally, the culture of every society are
hidden in the cultural value and heritage of that society. Values that are important based on the common
traditions, are alive in the society. Cultural significance is a term used by the conservation professionals to
summarize the multiple heritage values. In Burra Charter, significance is referred to a collection of aesthetic,
historic, scientific, social, and spiritual values for past, present, and future generations. It is the value assigned
by the local community, based on the culture, identity, spiritual meaning, social wellbeing conserved for the

1
future generations. Interpretation of culture as common values and beliefs combining the groups shows that the
social value of a heritage site may be reflected in the way that its presence contributes to the social stability and
consistency. A historical site might influence the people’s lives in a society in a way or establish a relationship
with it, identify the group values, and change the society into a desirable place for life and work. It is the set of
values and notions considered by the society for the place or work.

ECONOMIC VALUE: Since the economics encourages the best allocation of the resources to meet a wide
range of needs, the economic value may not be restricted to financial value. In terms of architectural heritage,
the economic value may be understood as a value generated by the heritage resource, or conservation action.
Economic values have four potential sources of revenue: tourism, commerce, use, and amenities. The
mismanagement of any of these sources could lead to the undesirable development or even the destruction of the
heritage resources; this is often the case when the profit value is erroneously measured, instead of using a more
appropriate collective cost–benefit approach. It is a value created by a historical work for the market. Tourism
can generate the income and employ the ancillary industries like hotel, transport, etc. for the heritage sites. This
means the commercial value of the site.

IDENTITY: It is a mutual subject. So that, on the one hand, the environment is a manifestation of the culture
and social values, and on the other hand, part of human identity could be sought for in the urban environment,
workplace, or house. Moreover, the place is something more than an abstract location and is consisted of a set
of elements together defining the environmental character; something which is considered to be the nature of a
place. We can express the collective identity through the historical monuments because they have been made of
a common experience. In other words, historical monuments express collective and common memories and
experiences

HISTORICAL VALUE: It is a value created in the course of time. Thus, it disappears by replacing the materials
of a building with new ones. Agedness by itself is considered to be a value for the works. In fact, the historical
nature of the work, regardless of everything else, creates a sense of respect in the people, catches their attention,
and spurs the visitor’s curiosity. In the modern era, “age value” is the primary value of the monument. It is a
value created by the increase in the age of a monument or a heritage building.

INTEGRITY: The concept of integrity implies the wholeness, intactness, and purity and refers to a state where
a monument includes all its constituents and is materially free from all the essential damage or shortcoming. In
the process of selection of the architectural heritage for inclusion in the World Heritage List, such sites are
assessed in terms of their integrity, and in association with various notions like the structural integrity, applied
integrity, and finally visual integrity. This concept can be considered as the foundation of the development for
conservation management. In general, architectural values are related to the integrity of the monuments and this
integrity weakens when too many modifications and interventions occur. Moreover, integrity is among the
preconditions that must be met for registration of the whole works in the domain of World Heritage.

AESTHETIC VALUE: The site may possess and display the beauty in some fundamental sense, whether that
quality is somehow intrinsic or it only emerges through its use by the visitor. Under the general heading of the
aesthetic value, we might also include the relationship of the site with the landscape where it is situated, i.e., all
the environmental qualities relevant to the site and its surroundings. Beauty in this context is not considered to
2
be a relative notion and it is studied technically, which can be assessed based on three scales of volume, façade,
and design. Creative design, innovativeness, lack of repetition, functionality (addressing the needs of the user),
and more importantly, attractiveness is considered as the measures of the beauty of a historical work

SPIRITUAL VALUE: Every architectural body representing the manifestation of the religious beliefs,
supernatural (spiritual) beliefs, or reminding a significant and symbolic event or figure from the historical past
of a nation (ranging from natural symbols to temples) is considered to be of spiritual value. The spiritual value
conveyed by the historical monument may contribute to the sense of identity in the society as a whole.

SYMBOLIC VALUE: A historical monument can be useful in conveying the meaning and information that
can help the society to interpret its cultural identity and character. The value of historical monument, as the
representative of meaning can be important in terms of educational function not just for the youth rather for the
development of knowledge and level of understanding as a whole.

3
 1. LITERATURE STUDY

1. Philosophy and Principles of Conservation:

Goals: Preserve, repair, maintain, and restore traditionally constructed buildings.

Key Points:

Authenticity and Integrity: Maintain the genuine character and historical value of the building.

Minimal Intervention: Avoid speculation and prioritize minimal changes to preserve the historical fabric.

Respect for Setting and Age: Consider the surrounding environment and appreciate the building's natural wear
and tear.

Respect for All Contributions: Value all historical periods and additions to the building.

Debate on Restoration:

Viollet-le-Duc: Advocated for creative reconstruction, even if historically inaccurate.

Ruskin: Believed restoration was a form of destruction, favoring preservation of the existing state.

Morris: Emphasized responsibility for preserving buildings for future generations.

2. Principles for Conservation Decision Making:

These principles are based on international charters established over the past century:

Respect for Documentation: Base conservation work on historical evidence like photographs, drawings, and
physical remains.

Respect for Original Location: Relocate buildings only as a last resort, as the site is an integral part of its
heritage value.

Respect for Historic Materials: Conserve or repair existing materials rather than replacing them excessively.

Respect for Original Fabric: Use similar materials for repairs to maintain the building's integrity.

Respect for the Building's History: Avoid prioritizing one period over another by destroying later additions.

Reversibility: Ensure alterations can be undone if necessary to preserve earlier building techniques.

Legibility: New work should be distinguishable from the original for clarity.

Maintenance: Regular upkeep is essential to avoid the need for major conservation projects in the future.
4
3. Methodology in Conservation:

This involves a series of steps:

a. Inventory: Record the existing building through photographs, drawings, and models.

b. Inspection: Evaluate the building's condition, focusing on materials, deterioration types, and safety.

Pre-Hazard Inspection: Assesses condition for regular maintenance.

Post-Hazard Inspection: Evaluates damage after a hazard event.

c. Documentation and Report: Document the inspection findings and proposed interventions.

d. Intervention: Any action that alters the building:

Considerations:

Should be reversible if possible.

Should not hinder future interventions.

Should retain as much original material as possible.

Should not prevent future access to historical evidence.

Harmonious additions should be identifiable and not overpower the original building.

Should be undertaken by trained professionals.

4. Degrees of Intervention:

These are different levels of action taken during conservation:

a. Prevention of Deterioration: Aims to slow or stop further decay by:

Controlling environmental factors like humidity, fire, vandalism, and temperature.

Increasing awareness and reducing neglect.

Reducing pollution, vibrations, and ground subsidence.

b. Preservation: Maintains the existing state of the building through:

Retaining all historic fabric.

Regular inspections and repairs.

Maintaining the desirable condition of the building.

5
c. Consolidation: Strengthens weak areas of the building while retaining its character:

Should not alter the existing structural form.

Uses local skills and materials whenever possible.

Allows for modern reversible techniques when strictly necessary.

d. Restoration: Attempts to bring the building back to its original state:

Aims to revive the original design and style.

Focuses on materials from the building's most significant period.

May involve removing later additions and rebuilding missing features distinctly.

e. Reproduction: Creates a copy of a building in danger:

May involve constructing the monument elsewhere.

May involve replicating artifacts and replacing missing or decayed parts.

May involve relocating the building to a safer environment.

f. Re-evaluation/Adaptive Reuse: Finds new uses for redundant historic buildings:

Ensures continued use of the building, promoting maintenance and preventing deterioration.

Maintains aesthetic value and generates economic benefits.

May involve adding amenities and modifying internal layouts.

Avoids drastic alterations or incompatible functions.

g. Renovation: Improves the structure while respecting its original form:

Follows the original construction details and materials.

Dismantles existing elements only when necessary due to safety concerns.

h. Anastylosis: Dismantles, records, and reassembles the building in its original form with meticulous detail.

i. Conjectural Restoration: Least preferred method, involving reconstruction based on speculation. Limited to
drawings, models.

6
1.1 Built heritage conservation process: a continuous cycle

The process of built heritage conservation is a multifaceted and ongoing endeavor. It can be visualized as a
cyclical process, with each stage informing and influencing the next. Here's a breakdown of the key phases
involved:

1. Identification and Inventory:

 The first step involves identifying cultural and historical sites or structures worthy of preservation. This
may encompass buildings, monuments, bridges, or entire districts with significant heritage value.
 Once identified, these elements are meticulously documented through a comprehensive inventory. This
includes creating detailed records with photographs, measured drawings, and historical research.
Understanding the significance, condition, and past interventions of these elements is crucial for future
conservation efforts.

2. Analysis and Assessment:

 A thorough analysis of the inventoried heritage elements is undertaken. This involves assessing the
threats they face, such as natural disasters, pollution, neglect, or inappropriate use.
 The analysis also encompasses evaluating the structural integrity of the elements, their material
composition, and the effectiveness of any past conservation efforts.

3. Development of Conservation Strategies:

7
  Based on the analysis, appropriate conservation strategies are formulated. These may include preventive
measures like:
o Maintenance plans: Regularly scheduled inspections and repairs to address minor issues and
prevent further deterioration.
o Environmental controls: Implementing measures to regulate temperature, humidity, and light
levels to create a stable environment for the heritage elements.
o Risk mitigation strategies: Taking steps to minimize the risk of damage from natural disasters,
fires, or vandalism.
 The strategies may also involve restoration plans to address existing damage or reconstruction efforts for
critically endangered structures.

4. Implementation of Conservation Strategies:

 The formulated conservation strategies are then translated into action. This phase might involve:
o Restoration works: Structural repairs, cleaning, and material replacement using traditional
techniques and materials to restore the heritage element to a specific past period.
o Maintenance activities: Following established maintenance plans to ensure the long-term health
of the element.
o Implementation of new protective measures: Installing fire safety systems, drainage
improvements, or security measures to enhance protection.
 Successful implementation often relies on collaboration between various professionals, including
architects, engineers, conservators, and craftspeople with expertise in traditional building techniques and
materials.

5. Monitoring and Evaluation:

8
  Following implementation, the effectiveness of the conservation strategies is continuously monitored.
This ongoing process ensures that the chosen interventions are achieving their intended goals and
identifies any unforeseen issues that might require adjustments to the plan.
 Monitoring may involve regular inspections, performance testing of new materials, and assessing the
element's response to environmental changes.

By emphasizing this cyclical nature of the process, the report underscores the ongoing nature of built heritage
conservation. Regular evaluation and adaptation of strategies are essential to ensure the long-term preservation
of our architectural heritage for future generations.

2. Case Study
2.1 Jeddah Old Town Conservation
2.1.1 Introduction
Historic Jeddah is situated on the eastern shore of the Red Sea. From the 7th century AD it was established as a
major port for Indian Ocean trade routes, channelling goods to Mecca. It was also the gateway for Muslim
pilgrims to Mecca who arrived by sea. These twin roles saw the city develop into a thriving multicultural
centre, characterized by a distinctive architectural tradition, including tower houses built in the late 19th
century by the city’s mercantile elites, and combining Red Sea coastal coral building traditions with influences
and crafts from along the trade routes. (Jeddah Old Town Conservation, n.d.)

Figure 1Photograph from 1938

 Official name: Historic Jeddah, the Gate to Makkah

 Country: Saudi Arabia
 Age: Established in the 7th century AD
 No. of houses: More than 400 historic houses
 Climate: Hot and humid almost throughout the year
 UNESCO World Heritage site: Yes, since 2014
 Prominent features of the Old City of Jeddah is its maze-like streets and alleys

9
 Figure 2 Narrow Alleys of Jeddah Old Town

2.1.2 History and Evolution

The history and conservation efforts of Jeddah Old Town, also known as Al Balad, are quite significant:

Establishment: Historic Jeddah was established in the 7th century AD. It was constructed as a major port for
Indian Ocean trade routes, channeling goods to Mecca. It also served as the gateway for Muslim pilgrims to
Mecca who arrived by sea. This led to the city developing into a thriving multicultural center.

Architectural Evolution: The cityscape of Historic Jeddah is the result of an important exchange of human
values, technical know-how, building materials, and techniques across the Red Sea region and along the Indian
Ocean routes between the 16th and the early 20th centuries. The architectural style is characterized by
imposing tower houses decorated by large wooden Roshan built in the late 19th century by the city's
mercantile elites, and also by lower coral stone houses, mosques, ribat-s, suqs and small public squares. (Guide
To Historic Jeddah, n.d.)

Decline: After the introduction of modern building materials in the 50's, construction of traditional coral
limestone (kashoor) houses was abandoned, and the Old City was in effect left to deteriorate.

Conservation Efforts: The municipality of Jeddah began historical preservation efforts in the 1970s. In 1991,
the Municipality of Jeddah founded the Jeddah Historical Preservation Society to preserve the historical
architecture and culture of Al-Balad. In 2002, US$4 million were earmarked for the preservation society. The
Old Town preservation programme pursues a twofold task: to save buildings of architectural interest and to
upgrade the urban environment. To date, the Municipality has renovated some 30 buildings and another 200
were repaired by their owners.

UNESCO World Heritage Site: In 2014, Al Balad was added as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. (Old City
of Jeddah Saudi Arabia, n.d.)

10
 Figure 3 Historic Evolution of Architecture and Its Conservation

2.1.3 Architectural Significance

The architectural significance of Jeddah Old Town, also known as Historic Jeddah or Al Balad, is quite
remarkable:

 Red Sea Architectural Tradition: Historic Jeddah is an outstanding reflection of the Red Sea
architectural tradition, a construction style once common to cities on both coasts of the Red Sea. The
style is characterized by imposing tower houses decorated by large wooden Roshan built in the late 19th
century by the city's mercantile elites. It also includes lower coral stone houses, mosques, ribat-s, suqs,
and small public squares that together compose a vibrant space.

Figure 4 Towering House

11
 Figure 5 Large Wooden Window Roshan

 Cultural Exchange: The cityscape of Historic Jeddah is the result of an important exchange of human
values, technical know-how, building materials, and techniques across the Red Sea region and along the
Indian Ocean routes between the 16th and the early 20th centuries. Historic Jeddah represents this cultural
world that thrived, thanks to international sea trade. (A Local's Guide to Historic Jeddah, n.d.)
 Symbolic Role: Historic Jeddah had a symbolic role as a gate to Makkah for Muslim pilgrims reaching
Arabia by boat since the 7th century AH when the 3rd Caliph Othman ibn Affan made it the official port
of Makkah. This strict association with the Muslim annual pilgrimage (Hajj) gave Historic Jeddah a
cosmopolitan population where Muslims from Asia, Africa, and the Middle East resided and worked,
contributing to the city's growth and prosperity.
These architectural features and the city's historical significance have led to its recognition as a UNESCO
World Heritage Site. (Historic Jeddah, the Gate to Makkah, n.d.)

2.1.4 Building Material and Technology

The building materials and architectural techniques used in building Jeddah's old town are:

 Coral Stone Construction: The primary building material used was coral stones extracted from the
nearby reef along the Red Sea shore. These stones were used to construct the walls of the buildings. The
use of coral stones is a testament to the inhabitants' ability to exploit the surrounding environment.
 Use of Limestone: The coral stones were reinforced with limestone. This combination of materials
provided the buildings with strength and durability.
 Woodwork: Teak, mahogany, and sisam wood brought from India and Africa were used for intricate
decorations. These woods were also used to construct the large wooden Roshan (balconies) that are a
distinctive feature of the tower houses.
 Purified Clay: Purified clay taken from the deep bottom of two lakes, Al-Mangabi and Al-Arbaeen, was
used as a cementing material to glue the coral stones together. The clay is also used as water proofing for
the floors and roofs and lower parts of the external coral walls, which is a technique unique to Jeddah.
 Tower House Construction: The architectural style of Jeddah's old town is characterized by imposing
tower houses decorated by large wooden Roshan built in the late 19th century by the city's mercantile
elites. These tower houses are a prominent feature of the cityscape.
 City Wall: At the beginning of the 16th century, the city was attacked by Portuguese troops several times
and by some Bedouins, who destroyed most of the city. As a response to these threats, the Mamluk Sultan
12
 Al-Ghori ordered to build a fortified wall surrounding the city to protect it in 1509. This wall was the
first documented attempt to protect the city since its establishment. (Jeddah Old Town, n.d.)

Figure 6 Building Materials Used

2.1.5 Why to Conserve?

The conservation of Jeddah Old Town, also known as Historic Jeddah or Al Balad, is crucial for several
reasons:

 Key port for Indian Ocean trade routes.

 Historic Jeddah reflects unique Red Sea architectural traditions with iconic Roshan
 Historic Jeddah's conservation preserves its role as Makkah's gateway for pilgrims
 The city embodies a mix of cultures from centuries of trade.
 UNESCO status safeguards Historic Jeddah's rich architectural and cultural legacy

2.1.6 Objective of Conservation

The objectives set in the 1971 conservation of Jeddah Old Town are:

 Saving public and private building of architectural value

 Upgrading the urban environment and recreating the original environment

2.1.7 Agencies Involved in Conservation

The agencies involved in the conservation of Jeddah Old Town are:

 Jeddah Municipality
 Aga Khan Trust for Culture

13
  HCC Heritage Conservation Consulting Inc.

Challenges
During the conservation of Jeddah Old Town, several issues arose that posed challenges to the preservation
efforts:

 High humidity and soluble salts accelerate the decay of structures.

 A high water table increases risks of water damage and instability.
 Marble and granite on concrete trap moisture, impacting surrounding structures.
 The population shift to suburbs has left Old Town mainly with single male foreign workers

Beneficiary
The following people benefited from the conservation project:

 The residents (both local and foreign workers)

 Building Owners
 Hotels and Commercial Shops
 The City of Jeddah

2.1.8 City Plan of Jeddah

There were many projects to preserve the historical area of Jeddah starting from the seventies and eighties of
the last century, and these policies can be summarized in Robert Matthew’s policies and Jeddah municipality
policies.

Robert Matthew’s Policies

Robert Matthew’s policies depended on conserving the city of Jeddah so that the buildings of a distinctive
character in the area are preserved, linking the heritage area with areas of new urban extensions, developing
and raising the efficiency of the heritage area and achieving these goals was divided into two levels:

 The urban fabric: The area was divided into four heritage zones, the first of which is from the western
side, in which the area was linked to new urban extensions, and services were provided. Its urban fabric
is being changed.
 Classification of heritage buildings: Heritage buildings, especially in the third region, were classified
into three categories (A-B-C) according to their historical importance and condition.

14
 Figure 7Jeddah’s City Plan: The Old Town

Jeddah Municipality’s Policies

The Municipality of Jeddah, in cooperation with the Saudi Commission of Tourism and National Heritage, has
developed a set of policies for preserving Historic Jeddah to place the area on the World Heritage List. This is
summarized in the following:

 Prepare a list of significant buildings that must be preserved.

 Encourage owners of heritage homes to restore their homes under the supervision of the Commission to
ensure the results of restoration operations.
 Preserve the original urban fabric of the area while providing appropriate landscape elements to the
heritage and historical position of the site.
 Provide suitable parking spaces in the area and spreading heritage awareness among the local community.
One of the most critical applications for achieving this goal was the work of heritage festivals.
(Sustainable Conservation and Reuse of Historical City Center Applied Study on Jeddah—Saudi Arabia,
n.d.)

Figure 8 Map of the Jeddah City

15
 Figure 9 Focused Area for 1971 Conservation Project

2.1.9 Conservation Technique Used

The conservation of Old Jeddah, also known as Jeddah Old Town, is part of a broader master plan that
encompasses the entire city1. The preservation program aims to save buildings of architectural interest and
upgrade the urban environment1. Here are some of the key conservation techniques used:

1. Preserving Original Heights and Volumes of Buildings: The conservation efforts have focused on
preserving the original heights and volumes of buildings, repairing façades, and landscaping.

Figure 10 Restoration

2. Renovation of Buildings: The Municipality has renovated some 30 buildings, and another 200 were
repaired by their owners. Renovations can range from barely whitewashing façades and painting to
traditional woodwork (mashrabiyyas, shish, and rawashin) to reinforcing deteriorated substructures.

16
 Figure 11 Renovation of Buildings

3. Use of Traditional Building Materials: The traditional coral limestone (kashoor) houses were
abandoned after the introduction of modern building materials in the 50's. However, the Municipality
keeps a store of materials salvaged from ruined houses to be reused in renovation works.

Figure 12 Mosques' Restoration

4. Addressing Environmental Challenges: One of the main problems in Jeddah is decay caused by
constant humidity and a high concentration of soluble salts, both in the air and ground. Another
potential risk is the high water table.

Figure 13 Renovation of City Wall and Gates

5. Improvement of Public Spaces: Streets and pavements were covered with marble, granite, and
basalt slabs laid to form geometric patterns. Outdoor public spaces have been adorned with vegetal
elements, fountains, and street furniture.

17
 Figure 14 Improvement of Infrastructure

6. Government Loans for Renovation Works: Some government loans for renovation works are also
made available.
It's worth noting that Historic Jeddah is recognized by UNESCO as an outstanding reflection of the Red Sea
architectural tradition. The cityscape of Historic Jeddah is the result of an important exchange of human
values, technical know-how, building materials, and techniques across the Red Sea.

2.1.10 Management Plan

The old city is now managed according to the structure designed in the 2008 Management Plan prepared by
the SCTA for the Municipality of Jeddah that has been implemented on site since 2010. This strategic
document was conceived in the framework of the previous vision for the revitalization of the area, however,
most of its basic principles remain valid and the majority of the items listed in its Operational Summary that
have already been implemented.

Funding provided by:

 Primarily Provided by Jeddah Municipality

 Government Loans available for restoration
 UNESCO
Preservation till date:

 Municipality: 30 Houses
 Building Owners: 200 Houses
 8 Mosque
 Road and pavement
 Commercial Market

18
 Figure 15 Traditional Building Reuse System

2.1.11 Impact of Conservation

1. Physical Impact
o Preservation maintains the architectural heritage and historical character of the Old Town.
o Safeguards unique Red Sea architectural styles and structures.
o Prevents decay and deterioration, ensuring the longevity of the built environment.
o The roads and pathways are well developed
o The urban environment is upgraded
2. Economic Impact
o Stimulates economic growth through heritage tourism.
o Attracts visitors interested in experiencing history and architecture.
o Creates opportunities for local businesses, such as restaurants and shops.
o Enhances property values, attracting investment and revitalizing the local economy.
o Development of handicraft industry which creates more job opportunities
3. Social Impact
o Improves the living condition of residence.
o Maintains the cultural and historical significance of the area.
o Promotes pride in cultural heritage and history.
o Acts as a focal point for cultural exchange and tourism.

19
2.2 Hazarat Nizamuddhin basti

Figure 165: Hazarat Nizamuddhin Basti

2.2.1 Introduction
● Location: New Delhi, India
● Population: 20,000
● Area: 250 Acres
● Monuments: 60
● Conservation Initiated: 2007
● Two UNESCO awards for conservation efforts
● Aga Khan Trust for Culture (AKTC) in partnership with South Delhi Municipal Corporation
● Major works: Heritage Conservation, Socio-economic Initiatives, Environmental Development

2.2.2 History
The Humayun’s Tomb-Sundar Nursery - Nizamuddin Basti is one of the densest ensembles of medieval
Islamic buildings in India, inhabited by a vibrant local community with 700 years of living culture. The area is
being visited by millions of tourists and pilgrims each year. The enclave of Hazrat Nizamuddhin in the heart of

20
New Delhi is a medieval village or basti named after the highly venerated 14th century Sufi saint Hazrat
Nazimuddin Auliya

● Settlement started in 14th century around dargah of Hazrat Nazimuddin auliya

● Divided into two parts: Nazimuddin east and Nazimuddin west
● Originally called Ghyaspur, was later named to Nazimuddin
● It has grave of Mughal princess and tomb of Humayun’s
● High dense and rapid construction led to inappropriate construction methods, poor lighting and
sanitation in home

Figure 1617: Aerial View Of Basti

2.2.3 Background
On the occasion of the fiftieth anniversary of India’s independence, as a gift of His Highness the Aga Khan,
the Aga Khan Trust for Culture (AKTC) implemented the Humayun’s Tomb Garden restoration. With distinct
conservation, socio-economic and Environmental development objectives, this project aims to unify the three
presently segregated areas of Humayun’s Tomb, Nizamuddin Basti and Sunder Nursery into an urban
conservation zone.

The Nizamuddin heritage zone comprises of three major parts:

21
2.2.4 The Humayun’s Tomb
Conservation works were undertaken at the Humayun’s Tomb which is the tomb of a Mughal emperor. The
plan was implemented by master craftsmen sing traditional tools, craft techniques and building materials.
Conservation works then commenced in April 2008, following discussion and peer review. The project also
served as a platform for training program for conservation professionals and craftsmen. In 2013 the

Figure 17: The Humayun's tomb site museum and sunder nursery
development

conservation works were completed and the tomb was officially inaugurated.

The Sunder Nursery

Located immediately north of Humayun’s Tomb is the 27-hectare Sunder Nursery. It contains significant
sixteenth-century monuments. Conservation works of unique sixteenth-century Sunder Wala Mahal,
Lakkarwala Burj and Sunder Wala Burj - buildings considered to be of national importance is also being
worked on.

The Nizamuddin Basti

Hazrat Nizamuddin basti is one of Delhi’s oldest settlements. It germinated in the 14th century around the
dargah of the great Sui saint, Hazrat Nizamuddin Auliya. There is very little doubt that, it was due to the
presence of the saint’s khankah [a building/ place for spiritual retreat and his dargah shrine built over the
grave] that the area around developed as a major cemetery where both rulers and commoners chose to be
buried.

The area showcases some of the most outstanding Islamic architectural heritage in India ranging from the tomb
of the second Mughal emperor Humayun to the more modest grave of the Mughal princess Jahanara located
within the precinct of the dargah

22
The Nizamuddin basti is, in fact, a very recent phenomenon. While the dargah itself has existed in some form
or another for seven centuries, worshipped continuously, and attracting the patronage and adoration of kings, it
was not until the flock of refugees following Partition that a major settlement around the dargah appeared

on Delhi’s map. For centuries, the area surrounding the dargah was essentially a graveyard with a small
settlement occupied exclusively by the ‘pirzade’, families claiming descent from the Saint. According to
development consultants at the Aga basti today—did not appear on maps of Delhi until the early 1940s, and
even then, Khan Foundation, major development around the dargah, the kind visible in the only as small
‘pucca’ houses.

Figure 1818: Master Plan of Basti

2.2.5 Context
The principal attraction of the basti is the Dargah of Hazrat
Nizamuddin Auliya, an important site of pilgrimage. The
urban village of Nizamuddin Basti, is a compact, self-
contained district. It has numerous historic landmark
structures dating to the Mughal and pre-Mughal periods.
Shrines, mausoleums and baoli (step well) in Nizamuddin are
located within relatively short distances of one another and
are well integrated with a vibrant community centered around
the dargah of the 14th century Sui Saint Hazrat Nizamuddin
Auliya. The Nizamuddin Basti has an approximate
Figure 19: Dargah's Interior
population of 20,000. The population density is 70,000
23
people per sq. km. The Dargah, which receives thousands of pilgrims from different parts of the world. The
basti is surrounded neighborhood. The nallah forms the western boundary of the settlement while Mathura
road and Lodhi road form the eastern and northern boundary. The main entrance to the basti is from Mathura
road on the eastern side.

The settlement is densely packed with open spaces to the

north and west side. The major open space within the basti is
the courtyard formed by the Urs mahal and chausath
khambha which are located near the eastern edge. The
fabric of the basti is such that the historic monuments are
surrounded by the dense network of streets and houses. The
residential fabric comprises of houses adjacent to each
other constructed with modern materials but poor quality.
Some of the monuments are encroached upon by other
buildings and shops. Mixed use buildings (commercial and Figure 20: Houses Of Basti
residential) form an important part of the settlements.

2.2.6 Socio-economic condition

In the Nizamuddin Basti the markets cater to the tourists, visitors and pilgrims who come to visit the dargah
along with the local residents. Copies of the Quran and recordings of qawwali with Tablighi Jamaat. These
shops deal almost exclusively in specifically religious goods as some small eateries mixed in form the street
leading to the dargah. The economy of the basti is primarily driven by religious needs or the need of the
pilgrims and [rosary] sellers etc. The whole street before one enters the dargah is occupied by tourists, eg:
lower sellers, chuddar sellers, restaurants, Namaz topi sellers, tasbih these people who sell all sorts of items
related to religious offerings and use. In spite of the efforts to help the children through education and schools
there are a lot of children selling, working or forced to work in the basti. In the Basti one can see kids doing
odd jobs. The economy of the basti is primarily driven by religious needs or the need of the pilgrims and
[rosary] sellers etc. Most of the families in the basti have a single wage earner – largely employed in petty
trades or as casual workers. Most of the economy revolves around the informal sector. This presented the
opportunity of imparting people with life skills, career counselling and vocational training as key needs.

2.2.7 Challenges
Physical Challenge
Hygiene and Sanitation is one of the major challenges that the settlement needs to overcome in order to create
a better living conditions for its residents. The threat of demolition due to commercial development of
surrounding areas and poor physical conditions of the built form along with unchecked encroachment of land
are among other problems faced by the Nizamuddin Basti.

24
Figure 21: unmanaged River Corridor Figure22:Unmaintained Monument

The Nallah in the Nizamuddin Basti has for long been a dumping ground for waste. The residential living
space in the basti suffers from poor ventilation due to densification. The problem of inadequate sewerage and
water connections is intensified by the large numbers of pilgrims. Rapid physical densification and population
growth exerts enormous strain on the infrastructure of the Basti, especially in terms of environmental
sanitation and waste management.

Social Challenge
Some of the social challenges for the project are low levels of literacy. The lack of access to quality clinical
facilities in the basti has resulted in extremely poor health conditions. A baseline research, reported illness of
54% among females and 29% among males in the basti.

Figure23: Deteriorated Building

Figure22: unmanaged infrastructure

25
Existing tangible and intangible resources

2.2.8 Tangible resources

In Nizamuddin Basti glimpses of these historic built forms can be seen scattered. In The majority of the built
fabric is lost or replaced. The brick and concrete building blocks seem to have superseded the old building
form and architectural style. The footprint of certain houses has remained the same while in certain cases even
the footprint of the residential block is lost.

2.2.9 Intangible resources

The social and cultural practices of the Nizamuddin basti are in accordance with the Islamic way of life, the
rituals help keep the intangible cultural heritage alive and relevant for the people of the basti.

Festivals
Some of the major festivals in the basti include the birth anniversary of Hazrat Nizamuddin Auliya, Muhram,
Eid and the three Urs [death anniversary celebrations]. The way of life of the people in the basti is not very
different from other city dwellers. However, the sense of belonging to the place and the physical proximity to
the dargah ensures the survival of the intangible cultural heritage.

In Nizamuddin basti, life revolves around the Dargah of Saint Nizamuddin Auliya. The dargah is the
unquestionable historic, religious and geographic centre of the neighbourhood. In fact, the basti started
growing around the dargah. The rauza [shrine] of the Sui saint is extremely important. The pilgrims come to
visit the shrine from different parts of the world.

The cultural exchange between visitors and locals, that has been going on for centuries now, has left a mark on
the basti and its physical fabric.

Food culture
A lot of people work in the in-formal sector which caters to the visitors, pilgrims and tourists who come to visit
the dargah. People not only who own a restaurant but also other people make their livelihood selling food to
the visitors. The food in the basti draws its flavors and cooking techniques from the turks, afghans and the
mughals. Food like biriyani, kebab, breads in clay fried oven etc all are integral part of this basti.

Religious merchandise
The basti has a very vivid market. It showcases a wide range of merchandise. The market thrives with people
selling lowers, religious items like namaz topi, chaddars, sweets etc. Out of the many offerings two of them
hold great value they are attar on fabric and canvas.

26
Ritual practices
Statistics show that the dargah has twice number of domestic visitors than outsiders Nizamuddin Dargah is the
anchor of rituals and social practices related to Sui Humayun’s tomb which is right across the road. This is
certain ways indicates the importance of the dargah.

“The dargah, was certainly the generative force behind the Nizamuddin basti, whatever we may regard as the
irst form of that neighborhood. From that time, the man and the ideals enshrined there have persisted in the
basti, in its continued Muslim character, in its pride in communal harmony, its openness to like-minded
visitors, and its resistance to unwelcome external forces, be they political or otherwise. It is my contention that,
even if residents of the basti no longer constitute the primary community of the Saint’s devotees, it is through
their deep sense of connection, to their land, to their history, and to their community, that the Saint’s teachings
continue to live.”

Figure 19: Monument Map Of Basti

2.2.10 Conservation
Need of conservation
 best known for the shrine of Hazrat Nizamuddin Auliya, a revered Sufi saint, and the world heritage
site of Humayun’s Tomb
 The 700 year-old neighbourhood of Nizamuddin is one among the many neglected settlements of the
city that has outgrown its resources
 Historic past and rich cultural base hidden under the more apparent and visible lack of basic services,
poor infrastructure and overcrowding
 The settlement, significant because of the Hazrat Nizamuddin Dargah, receives thousands of pilgrims
daily; yet it struggles for space, sanitation and opportunity

27
  Highly dense and rapid pace of construction in the Basti has led to inappropriate construction methods
and poor light, ventilation and sanitation within homes
 They do not just need open spaces, access to good education and timely health care, but also a fresh
engagement with its own cultural base.
Objectives of conservation
 To integrate the three zones into a unified area of cultural significance
 To bring up socio-economic improvements for the local population as well as urban development and
environmental protection concerns.
 To organize the conservation of important buildings located in the area of Nizamuddin Basti and the
rehabilitation of open spaces in the Basti
 To be able to make decisions that improve the quality of life for the people living in Nizamuddin Basti.
 For Cultural revival - Many events are organized for the promotion of local music, heritage and craft
traditions.

Figure 205: Partner Agencies For Conservation

2.2. 11 Conservation
Following the successful restoration of the Humayun’s Tomb gardens in 2004, the Urban Renewal project
commenced with the signature of a Public-Private Partnership memorandum of understanding on 11 July 2007.
The non-profit partnership includes the Archaeological Survey of India, the Central Public Works Department,
the Municipal Corporation of Delhi, the Aga Khan Foundation and the Aga Khan Trust for Culture. The
project will unify the three zones [Humayun’s Tomb, Sunder Nursery and Nizamuddin Basti] into an urban
conservation area of cultural significance while improving the quality of life for resident population. The
project integrates conservation, socioeconomic development and urban and environmental development
objectives in consultation with local communities and relevant stakeholders.

Management Plan
Funding:

28
  UNESCO
 AGA Khan Trust For Culture (AKTC)
 South Delhi Municipal Corporation
 Public – Private Partnership
 Local Funding
Preservation:

 Conservation of 60 Monuments
 Landscaping of almost 200 acres
 Employment of 1,000 craftsmen
 Plantation of 21000 trees saplings
 Development of Backward sites

For Cultural revival

The annual Apni Basti Mela celebrates more than 700 years of history and continuous living culture based of
the Nizamuddin area with its focus to promote the living heritage of Nizamuddin through showcasing craft
skills, built heritage, music traditions, food, and oral history of the local communities. Held in especially
created venues such as landscaped forecourt of the 16th century Chausath Khamba and neighbourhood parks,
managed to attract many first time visitors to the Hazrat Nizamuddin Basti thus generating integration between
the community and the visitors.

Educational workshops on calligraphy, jewellery making, incised lime plaster making, paper toy and bag
making, and bamboo craft workshops were organized, which was well attended by visitors as well as local
community. Major attraction for the visitors remained the local delicacies prepared by the women groups,
Zaika E Nizamuddin. The heritage walks have received great appreciation from visitors coming to experience
the hidden histories of the Basti. The heritage walk not only covered historical monuments of the Basti, but
also covered several famous food places along with a live demonstration of kabutarbazi (traditional activity of
pigeon-flying), which has thrived in the Basti for years. Other activities such as puppet show, magic shows,
storytelling and Bal Sabhas' which teach the various components of personal and public environmental
awareness in a playful manner, were organized to attract Basti children and school students. The cultural
evenings included qawwali by Niazi Nizami, brothers who performed kalaams of Hazrat Amir Khusrau, and
play on the life of Abdur Rahim Khan I Khanan, which was performed by youth from the Nizamuddin Basti.

For Monument conservation

As mentioned earlier the Nizamuddin Basti, has numerous listed monuments that are of historic importance.
The diverse community that inhabits the area, requires an integrated development approach. A comprehensive
programme of preservation & rehabilitation of a number of monuments as well as the socio-economic
development of the basti was prepared in 2008. The conservation project seeks to improve the living standards
of the people residing in the Nizamuddin Basti. It also aims to enhance visitor experience and through
rehabilitation of critical monuments and civic open spaces, enhance the area’s value and significance in terms
of history, places of spiritual importance and recreation.

29
The project commenced following a consultative process with the local community identifying priority areas
for a series of development initiatives to improve the overall urban environment of the 700 year old basti, to
enhance its cultural and social identity and offer a better quality of life to its residents

For Housing improvement

The highly dense and rapid pace of construction in the Basti has led to inappropriate construction methods and
poor light, ventilation and sanitation within homes. Several homes in the Basti have been built using poor
construction techniques and material.

Following several queries on repair and retrofitting, the housing improvement programme focused on
demonstrating methods for structural retrofitting and training of residents on good construction practices.
Through a cost-sharing system with residents, AKTC intervened in several houses to carry out structural and
design repairs as well as the retrofitting of homes. Residents were not only considered as beneficiaries of the
scheme, they were also involved as active actors of the implementation phase. Not only they all participated
financially, but they were also sometimes in charge of ensuring the completion of the works.

Situation analysis of housing improvement- Engineers and architects from AKTC visited each family to assess
the technical needs of their dwelling, and then estimated the cost implied by the required renovation works. To
improve the quality of life of local residents and the urban environment, the project has undertaken several
housing improvement initiatives in partnership with the residents. The scheme focuses on improving light and
ventilation, improving structural stability, improving kitchen and toilets, waterproofing and facade
improvements

For Open spaces

The open space development has been one of the key concerns of the project. Although these ‘spaces’ already
existed in the Basti, they were encroached, abused and unusable. The project ‘developed parks’ out of them
which are now used by all walks of life in the Basti, becoming ‘lungs’ providing fresh air to the residents. Five
parks along the western edge of the Hazrat Nizamuddin Basti in the ownership of the Delhi Development
Authority were in a state of misuse and inaccessible to residents.

2.2.12 Intervention Of Conservation

1 Prevention Of Deterioration
 Prevention of monuments from degrading
 Suitable Paving of streets
 To prevent any further water seepage causing further deterioration to the painted ceiling, the dome was
re-tiled.

30
 Figure 21: After
Figure 26: Before

2 Renovation
 Municipal School improvement
 Through Cost sharing, AKTC intervened in several houses to carry out structural and design repairs as
well as the retrofitting of homes

Figure 22: Renovation Of School

Figure 23: Renovation Of River Coridor

3 Restoration
 Conservation of façade was carried using marble and sandstone blocks matching original features
 Conservation on tomb structure including restoration of the ornamentation

31
Figure 28: Restoration Of Pavement

Figure 24: Restoration Of Isha Khan's Tomb

Monument Restoration
Zamaat Khana Mosque Conservation and Restoration

 14th century monument; earliest mosque of Delhi

 Highly ornamented plasterwork restored
 Plasterwork in niches completed
 Interior properly cleaned
 Lime punning on wall and niches
 Whitewash and point removed from façade
 Missing elements recovered

Figure 25: Before and After Restoration

4 Reconstruction
Community Toilet Blocks Reconstructed improving access and better service

32
Figure 3126: Reconstruction Of Toilet Block

2.2.13 Infrastructure upgradation

The existing infrastructure of the settlement was in need of major repairs.

Figure 27Improvements and interventions carried out in the Nizamuddin basti.

1) Solid waste management

 Community meetings on waste collection and street sweeping
 Door to door waste collection
 Sewer Line Audit- by neighborhood group, between community and Delhi Jal
board officials
2) Demolition and Reconstruction Of Toilet Block Figure 3228: Solid Waste
Management
 Toilet complex with 30 toilet seats provided
 Light and cross ventilation through courtyard

33
  Women employment opportunity through public toilet

Figure 29: improved Toilet Block

3) Street Improvement
Implemented by South Delhi Municipal Corporation on Basti Street

4) Vocational training
 Building crafts course, service industry organized
 Over 600 youths trained; 50% job outside of Basti
 Over 400 women trained; aari embroidery, crochet, tailoring, embroidery, paper cutting

Figure 30: Vocational Training

5) Community Gymnasium
 Upgraded Gymnasium; separate timing for men and women
 Maintaining of Gymnasium by sanitation team

2.2.14 Analysis
The analysis of urban built form and intangible cultural heritage of the case study area provides a detailed
insight into the developing patterns. The Historic monuments are located in the Center of the basti and the
residences have grown around these built forms. We can observe the development of certain main streets and
other secondary streets of the basti. These major arteries are important routes that go through and around the
basti.

For example the ‘attar’ shops do not need to be located in the basti exclusively, however their location in the
basti near the dargah adds the layer of purification, an act of cleansing oneself before proceeding inside to visit
the Saint. The project has identified areas of problems and is trying to deal with them appropriately. One can
trace the major routes and arteries of the basti that are improved as part of the project.

34
All the major Institutions of the basti have a body of management which is responsible for maintaining
cleanliness around the institution; however the residential area does not have a administrative body for
sanitation.This resulted in the waste management systems being introduced as a part of the project. It not only
includes parks and roads but toilets and schools also. The negative impacts, Finally the overall quality of life
is improved by creating better public spaces.. This feeling is enhanced when certain changes are made without
discussing with seepage into base of residential buildings is common as the tar road was replaced the
community members or residents. Post intervention, problems like rain water with stone blocks.

2.3. International case study: Gjirokastra, Albania

2.3.1 introduction

Gjirokastra, a city nestled in Albania's Drino valley,

boasts a rich history dating back to the 3rd century
CE. With a population of around 25,000 inhabitants
(2011) residing in over 2,200 houses, the city offers
a unique blend of cultural and architectural heritage.
Gjirokastra's moderate and pleasant climate
complements its distinctive stone houses,
constructed with limestone walls and featuring
beautiful ornamental woodwork interiors. In
recognition of its historical and cultural significance,
Gjirokastra was inscribed as a UNESCO World
Heritage Site in 2005.

35
Nestled in the Drinos River Valley of southern Albania, the historic town of Gjirokastra stands as a captivating
testament to Ottoman influence. A rare and well-preserved example of a town built by wealthy estate farmers,
Gjirokastra boasts a rich tapestry of history spanning from prehistoric times to the Ottoman era. This
irregularly shaped site, roughly 1 kilometer in diameter, is cradled within a designated buffer zone extending
200 meters outwards. Today, the town thrives with a population of around 25,000 inhabitants. Most distinctive
is its architectural style, characterized by the
prominent "kule" - a type of tower house emblematic
of the Balkan region. Gjirokastra's collection of
these "kules" represents some of the most
remarkable examples found anywhere.

The heart of Gjirokastra beats within the citadel,

known as Kalaja. This fortified complex originated in
the 13th century as a feudal center, later evolving to
include residential areas. Its importance continued
throughout the Ottoman period. Beyond the citadel
walls, urban development began in the 14th century,
flourishing in the 17th century. The city's residential
quarters organically adapted to the rugged terrain,
creating a unique layout. Just north of the citadel, the
Old Bazaar (Pazari i vjetër) sprang up in the early 17th century. This central market area, with its four main
arteries, serves as a vital link connecting different parts of the city. Gjirokastra's architectural charm lies in its
distinctive residential buildings, reflecting a style specific to the late medieval period in Albania and the broader
Balkan region. Notably, religious structures within the city often echo the same architectural patterns seen in the
house

2.3.3 Gjirokastra and its architecture

Gjirokastra, named after the Greek word for "silver" (argyros), lives up to its name with rain-slicked,
shimmering stone and slate. Built into the Gjerë Mountains' foothills at a dizzying angle, it's an architectural
marvel. Houses huddle together, defying gravity with rooftops grazing foundations. A slip here might land you
on a roof!Mansions with turrets ("kulle") dominate, some like Zekate House standing tall and fortified.
Limestone walls and slate roofs reign supreme, with interiors often boasting ornamental woodwork. The
overall effect is a sea of grey, punctuated by splashes of red clay tile - a cheaper import adding a touch of local
flair.

36
 Figure 35 View of the town

2.3.4 Site and surroundings

Gjirokastra, nestled in a scenic valley, offers stunning mountain views and historical treasures like the
Antigone archaeological park. Tourists flock here, mainly Greeks and Europeans. As the region's
administrative center, Gjirokastra boasts a rich cultural heritage. Most residents are Muslim Albanians, with
smaller minorities.The historic center, with its 2,200 "typical stone houses," is a must-see. In contrast, the
modern "new town" developed in the valley only from the early 1990’s. As in similar cases, the new town has
been favored by investment: it is the preferred area for government, business, offices, and residences.

Figure 36 31Important areas of Gjirokastra

37
2.3.5 Local architectural character

Gjirokastra, named for its silver sheen (Greek

"argyros"), lives up to its name. Rain-slicked stone and
slate shimmer, while houses defy gravity on the Gjerë
Mountains' slopes. Roofs graze foundations, and a slip
could land you on an unexpected one. Emin Reza
documented the town's house styles. Towering mansions
like Zekate House contrast with lower ones in the center.
Limestone walls and slate roofs unify the cityscape, with
interiors often boasting beautiful woodwork.This
uniformity isn't accidental. A 1999 Italian study
highlighted its importance for Gjirokastra's preservation.

Figure 327Vernacular architecture

2.3.6 Need of conservation

Gjirokastra's historic charm won't be enough to ensure its revival. A thriving economy is essential. But success
hinges on creating a vibrant urban environment. Preserving historic buildings is crucial, but it's just one
piece of the puzzle.The streetscape itself matters – its design, mix of uses (shops, cafes, residences), and
accessibility for pedestrians and services. This creates a lively atmosphere that attracts residents, businesses,
and tourists alike.Preserving the town can't be a purely aesthetic endeavor. People in Gjirokastra need to see a
tangible economic benefit. This means creating new opportunities and improving their overall quality of life.
Only then will Gjirokastra's revival be sustainable.

38
2.3.7 History of project design
 In September 1995, the “Gjirokatra” Association opens its activity in Grirokastra.

 The frame work of the project for the preservation of the cultural heritage “The increase of the
sensibility for the Preservation and the cultural heritage was done in March 2001A.D.

 1 Oct 2001.Packard opens in the town,the Gjirokastra Conservation Office(GCO)

 More than 1000 buildings in the historical town are being inspected and registered by GCO
staff.

 5 October 2002 the restoration work on the First Albanian Language School Project in
Gjirokastra, an important historical monument was completed.

 Project specialization for the preservation and restoration of cultural monument buildings done
in 2003A.D.

39
 In 2005 A.D. Gjirokastra was enlisted in UNESCO world heritage sites.

40
2.3.8 Issues in conservation
 Tangled Ownership: Conservation efforts are hampered by complicated property ownership. Finding
all owners or overcoming their objections can be a major hurdle.
 Missing Master Plan: The lack of a clear, municipal urban plan allows development in areas that
should be protected. This creates a disjointed visual landscape.
 New Town Encroachment: Uncontrolled development in the new town threatens the historic center's
visual integrity.
 Design Blind Spots: A lack of understanding about the importance of design guidance can lead to
inappropriate renovations or new constructions that clash with the town's character.
 Funding Shortfall: Limited access to government grants and private capital restricts resources for
proper restoration and conservation projects.
 Strained Capacity: The municipality and Institute of Monuments lack the financial resources to fulfill
their obligations. This often results in poorly planned and executed restoration attempts.
 Skill Gap: A lack of experience and knowledge of good conservation practices within the construction
industry can lead to further damage to the historic buildings

2.3.9 Main objective of conservation

The main objective of the conservation is the preservation of the historic town and its environs and,
second, those relating to the sensitive economic exploitation of the town’s heritage in support of the
vision. Without its heritage assets there is little to distinguish Gjirokastra from the more developed and
bland towns often found in Albania and throughout the eastern Mediterranean. Hence, the appropriate
preservation of that heritage asset must be considered in all future developments - if the town’s
underpinning vision is to be fulfilled.

However, it should be remembered that these heritage assets do not simply comprise built elements, rather they
include:

 a. Gjirokastra’s artistic and literary heritage: This encompasses traditions like music, dance,
storytelling, and written works that contribute to the town's cultural identity.
 b. Gjirokastra’s rich and turbulent history: From its founding to its current form, the town's past
events and experiences shape its character and provide a sense of place.
 c. Gjirokastra’s built heritage: This includes the physical structures like houses, mosques, and public
spaces that create the town's unique visual landscape.

The high-level objectives of preserving this heritage, must be aligned with the underlying vision, and must
reflect the current state of the local economy and its supportive infrastructure (administrative, technical etc.).
Furthermore, they should all support the ultimate objective of achieving World Heritage Site status

41
2.3.11 Masterplan approaches

Despite existing legislation designating areas as museum towns or of historic importance, illegal new
constructions have plagued the historic center. These structures often clash with the town's traditional ambience.

The new master plan aims to address this by refining the protected zones. This includes:

 Preserving Historic Ambience: The plan focuses on areas that

will help maintain the historic character of the town while
allowing for economic and social development.
 Controlled Development Zones: Specific areas will be
designated for new development, ensuring these additions are
sympathetic to the surrounding historic center in terms of visual
connection and physical proximity.
 Building on Existing Protections: The plan leverages the
existing "museum zone" concept with more refined regulations.
 Encouraging Best Practices: Detailed guidelines will be
established for appropriate building materials and design
elements.
 Demonstration Projects: Model projects showcasing
successful restoration and development will be undertaken to
inspire future efforts.
 Landscape and Access Integration: Preserving significant
landscapes and incorporating new access routes are also part of
the master plan.

By implementing these strategies, the master plan hopes to strike a

balance between safeguarding Gjirokastra's heritage and fostering its future growth.

42
2.3.12 Conservation areas

The existing museum zone was revised as they leave

some groups of historically important buildings
unprotected and, arguably, are drawn too tightly
around the historic core of the town. This overly tight
definition then results in un-sympathetic development
immediately adjacent to supposedly protected
buildings and areas.

It was probably not possible to formally redefine the

museum zone, indeed it might prove counter-
productive as it could stifle needed development, so
instead an outer conservation zone should be
established where limited development controls are
imposed. These controls should largely be confined to
consideration of materials and techniques but should
offer greater freedom in terms ofpermissible activities
etc. This conservation zone should fully mesh with the
renewal and protectedvistas proposed if there are not
to be opportunities left for inappropriate development.
In effect theestablishment of a conservation zone will
extend the protected area of the old town.

Core Area Zone

Buffer zone

Renewal Areas

A number of sites within the old town have fallen into disrepair or have even been abandoned.
They originally formed part of the historic center, but are now deserted ‘brownfield’ sites peppered
with ruined buildings. These areas could be identified as renewal areas. These sites should be
assessed within a masterplan, so that a clear directive can be given to the interested parties, owners
or potential owners, so that they are aware of the potential of the sites and the restrictions that are
placed on any future development.

Given the legal status of the historic areas of the town it will not, in the first instance, be possible
for the statutory authorities to undertake development in renewal areas that lap with the
preservation zones. For this reason, the renewal areas, illustrated, must encompass areas both
inside and outside the preservation zones. This will then enable the whole area to be planned.
43
Figure 33Road Improvement

44
2.3.12.a Protected vistas

One of Gjirokastra's defining features is the breathtaking panorama it presents. The town's layout, nestled
within the landscape, creates a truly magnificent vista.

Sadly, these iconic views are constantly at risk. Inappropriate materials like red clay tiles on rooftops disrupt
the visual harmony, and new construction can block these panoramic treasures.Just like the individual
buildings, these panoramic views deserve protection. Key vantage points need to be designated as protected
zones.

Preserving the View, Guiding New Development

 Controlled Development: Development in these protected zones, especially large-scale projects, will
be subject to strict control.
 Material Selection: Specific guidelines will dictate appropriate materials to maintain visual coherence.
 Guiding New Town Expansion: Protected views from the old town will inform development
regulations in the new town, preventing uncontrolled sprawl.
 Design Principles: Basic principles will govern the scale, positioning, and overall impact of new
constructions to ensure they complement the existing urban fabric and align with the master plan's
goals.

By taking these steps, Gjirokastra can ensure that its breathtaking views remain a source of pride for
generations to com

45
 Figure 35View
34Birds of
eyebuildings
View of in
Gjirokastra
Gjirokastra

Preserving the Internal Charm: Beyond Panoramic Vistas

While protecting the panoramic views from afar is crucial, Gjirokastra's magic extends beyond grand vistas.
The town's internal charm lies in the enchanting glimpses one catches – peeking over rooftops, through
courtyards, or between buildings.New development proposals must consider these existing pockets of delight.
The aim should be to add to this charm, not detract from it. Small elements that enhance the streetscape,
such as carefully positioned trees or well-designed courtyards, can further enrich the visitor experience.

Figure 36Gjirokastra in 2000s

Figure 37Gjirokastra in 1970s

46
2.3.12.b Main focus areas

Gjirokastra's successful revitalization hinges on two key, interconnected goals:

1. Preserving the Town's Character: This encompasses safeguarding the historic center and its surroundings,
ensuring their continued existence for future generations.

2. Unlocking Economic Potential through Heritage: This involves strategically leveraging Gjirokastra's rich
heritage assets to fuel economic development that aligns with the town's overall vision.

Why Heritage Matters:

Without its unique heritage – encompassing its vibrant artistic and literary traditions (a), its captivating history
marked by both grandeur and struggle (b), and its distinctive built environment (c) – Gjirokastra would lose its
soul. It risks becoming indistinguishable from countless other generic towns. Therefore, all future development
projects must place careful preservation of these irreplaceable treasures at the forefront.

Understanding Gjirokastra's Riches:

The foundation of successful preservation lies in a comprehensive heritage audit. This in-depth examination
will involve:

 Inventorying the Built Landscape: This includes meticulously evaluating individual buildings
throughout the historic town.
 Assessing Museum Collections: Experts will examine and appraise the artifacts housed in
Gjirokastra's museums.
 Unveiling the Past: Archaeological and historical records will be analyzed to gain a deeper
understanding of the town's evolution.

Building Regulations for a Sustainable Future:

To ensure that new development complements and enhances the existing heritage, clear design and
construction policies will be established. These policies will likely define a set of acceptable materials, colors,
and construction techniques for different zones within the town, ensuring a harmonious blend of past and
present.

The Power of Heritage-Based Tourism:

The illustration highlights the crucial link between heritage preservation and economic development. By
revitalizing historical artifacts and finding appropriate uses for them, we create economic opportunities that
benefit the wider community. This, in turn, strengthens the resources available for further heritage
preservation.

Tourism: A Cornerstone of Gjirokastra's Future

47
Economic opportunities that capitalize on Gjirokastra's unique heritage are essential for the town's long-term
preservation. Gjirokastra boasts a wealth of attractive features perfectly positioned to support a thriving
tourism market

2.3.13 Conservation projects zekate house conservation

Ottoman tower houses, called kulles, were fancy homes for rich people. They had a strong, stone bottom floor
for storage and protection, with holes in the walls for shooting arrows. On top were wooden floors for living,
with a balcony for looking out at the town.

One such kulle, built in 1811, has three floors. The bottom floor has a kitchen and storerooms. The middle
floor has family living areas. The top floor has a grand room with fancy decorations, like paintings on the walls
and a carved ceiling. This top floor was probably a place for the whole family to gather.

2.3.14 Need for conservation

Gjirokastra boasts diverse house styles, with mansion-like "kulle" towers being the most impressive. These
vary in height and fortification (e.g., Zekate House vs. Babameto House). Limestone walls and slate roofs
create a unified aesthetic, emphasized in a 1999 study. However, red tiles threaten this harmony, reflecting the
link between preservation and economic realities.

Zekate House's restoration (2003 onward) marked a turning point. Built in 1811, it's a prime example of the
region's 18th-19th century fortress houses. A collaborative effort restored structural elements, decorative
features, and the slate roof. Today, Zekate House stands as a model for successful restoration and the town's
sole open monumental house.

Figure 38Zetate house before restoration. Figure 39: Zetate house after restoration

48
49
The Heart of Gjirokastra: The Bazaar

Dating back to the 17th century, the bazaar is the vibrant core of
Gjirokastra's old town. It remains a center for traditional crafts,
captivating visitors with its:

 Compact Layout: The bazaar's tight-knit structure

optimizes space and reflects its historical function.
 Adaptation to the Terrain: Buildings cleverly snake up
the steep slopes, creating a dynamic and organic
streetscape.
 Visual Variety: The interplay of winding alleys, cobbled
paths, and rooftops in contrasting shades of grey and
white limestone creates a visually captivating experience. Figure: Bazar View

A Town on the Rise

Gjirokastra, often referred to as the "city of stone," is known for

its dramatic inclines. The bazaar reflects this characteristic with
its continuous rise and fall, mirroring the rhythm of the
cobblestones and rooftops.

Since becoming a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2005, the

bazaar has begun a process of restoration, gradually reclaiming
its historic identity. While the journey continues, the improvements showcase the town's commitment to
preserving its unique heritage.

2.3.15 Need for conservation

Communist expropriations and later destruction and

abandonment during the 1997 civil unrest hadleft the bazaar
an unpleasant and grim area.The first phase of the GCDO’s
bazaar project involved researching the ownership of the
buildings(2004 through 2006).Perhaps due to the planned
nature of the bazaar,the topography and the suburban nature
of the town, the streetscape is not particularly rich.
Currently, there are a few roads, all appearing to converge
on the heart of the bazaar and veryfew secondary lanes
connecting these primary routes.

Figure: Streets of bazaar area

50
2.3.16 Conservation process

Despite a relatively simple street layout, believed to be due to factors like planned development and hillside
location, the Gjirokastra Center for Cultural Development Organization (GCDO) has undertaken several
initiatives to revitalize the bazaar:

 Restoring the Streetscape (2004-2006): This phase involved re-cobbling the streets and cleaning and
whitewashing buildings, enhancing the overall visual appeal.
 Promoting Local Crafts (2007): The GCDO organized the first National Artisan Fair in the bazaar,
showcasing the area's rich craft traditions and attracting visitors.
 Establishing Key Centers (2007): The opening of the first Artisan Centre and Tourism Information
Centre provided a central hub for artisans and a valuable resource for tourists.

Enhancing Accessibility

While the current layout presents some challenges, the text suggests that a network of secondary routes and
footpaths could improve the situation. This would:

 Increase Accessibility: Previously neglected areas on the steeper slopes could become more easily
accessible to visitors.
 Enrich the Experience: A more intricate network of paths would add to the richness of the town's
layout, offering a more engaging experience for exploration.
 Improve Traffic Flow: By creating alternative routes, congestion and the mixing of pedestrians and
traffic could be reduced.

By implementing these improvements, the Gjirokastra bazaar can overcome the limitations of its street layout
and become a more vibrant and welcoming destination.

2.3.17 Other conservation works

2.3.17.a The seven fountains hammam and square

In September 2003 GCDO began a project to restore the historic Seven Fountains complex. This project
restored the square – which had been used as an unofficial town rubbish dump - as a publicamenity. It also
restored the fountains and water channels, and the roof of the hammam. The projectwas completed in April
2004. The next phase of the project will restore the hammam and open it to the public. This work can
occur once the Local Government finds alternate living quarters for the family currently residing there.

51
Figure: before Restoration Figure: a f t e r Restoration

52
2.3.18 Analysis and conclusion

Effective urban conservation hinges on several crucial principles:

 Expertise in Conservation Techniques: A thorough understanding of various tools and

approaches for preserving cities and built spaces is essential.
 Holistic Approach: Both tangible and intangible heritage – encompassing physical
structures and cultural traditions – deserve consideration in conservation efforts.
 Sustainability for the Future: Modern conservation projects should prioritize
sustainable techniques to ensure a lasting positive impact.
 Respecting Originality: Conservation should strive to preserve the unique character and
authenticity of the city.
 Context-Specific Solutions: Projects should be tailored to the city's unique history,
surroundings, topography, climate, and specific needs.
 Graded Approach: Conservation efforts can vary in intensity, ranging from minor
maintenance to more extensive restoration.
 Community Upliftment: Beyond the restoration of buildings and monuments,
conservation projects should aim to improve the lives of the people who call the area
home.

By adhering to these principles, urban conservation can become a powerful tool for safeguarding
our heritage while fostering vibrant communities for future generations.

2.4Suzhou, China
2.4.1Introduction
Suzhou is a major city located in the southeast of the
Jiangsu Province in Eastern China. It was founded in 514
B.C. The main industries of this area are Electronics &
Telecommunications, Textiles, Tourism & Cultural
Heritage.

Suzhou is one of China's most famous ancient cities. It is

a city steeped in history with a rich ancient culture and is
famous for its scenic spots, water canals, and traditional
Chinese rock and water gardens. With 35 km of Figure 40Location of Suzhou
waterways and rivers crisscrossing the city, it is often
referred to as the "Venice of the East".

The highlights of Suzhou town are its 9 classical gardens

which are listed as World Heritage sites and they are: the
Great Wave Pavilion, Lion Grove Garden, retreat and
Reflection Garden, garden of Cultivation, Couples
Figure 41 Classical garden

53
Retreat Garden, Mountain Villa with Embracing Beauty, master of the nets garden, lingering
garden.

2.4.2History of Suzhou
Written historical records indicate that Suzhou has a history of over 4000 years, which entitles
the city to one of the "24 Cultural and Historic Cities " approved as the first group of its kind by
the State Council.

It is one of the oldest surviving cities in China, the birthplace of Wu culture, and has long been
the first-level administrative region of the Jiangnan region. It is the capital and the economic and
cultural center of China.

Among many cultural important places in Suzhou, “Pinghiang Street” is one of the important
heritage of China.

2.4.3Pingjiang Street, Suzhou

Introduction

Pingjiang Road is located in the Gusu District of Suzhou City. Pingjiang Road is a narrow,
historic road that runs along the Pingjiang River. The area where this road is located has been
well-preserved by the local authorities. According to historical records, the area maintains the
same city block pattern as it did during the Tang and Song dynasties, and is still functional and
thriving to this day.

In 2022, the Pingjiang Road Historic and Cultural Block was designated a national-level tourist
leisure zone. For over 800 years, Pingjiang Road has preserved its river-and-road design and
elegant architectural styles, making it a highlight for tourists visiting Suzhou.

Figure 42 History of suzhou

54
Located in the northeast corner of the Old City section of Suzhou, the 1606-m-long Pingjiang
Road extends from south to north along the Pingjiang River, which feeds a labyrinth of
watercourses across the block. Pingjiang Road is more than 800 years old and was deemed a
historical and cultural street in China in 2009.

Pingjiang Road was put under preservation restriction in 1986. In 2002, the United Nations
Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) World Heritage Committee
decided to hold its 28th annual convention in Suzhou. Pegged on this international event, the
municipal government set up the Old City Preservation and Construction Office to coordinate the
development and implementation of the plan for Suzhou’s urban development.

We can see diversified combinations of streets, water, and buildings that can show the beautiful
landscape of the historical street here.

Figure 43 Pingjiang Road

2.4.5 History
For many centuries, the street has been the center of much of Suzhou's cultural life. There is
evidence that the street existed as early as the Song Dynasty (960-1279), and it appears on
Suzhou's earliest map "Pingjiang Map" as one of the city's main streets of the period. The street
runs parallel with the Pingjiang River and has a total length of 1,606 meters. Neither the street
nor the river is particularly wide, and can, as a result, only be comfortably navigated by
rickshaws and rowing boats respectively. The street, which is busy with vehicular and pedestrian
traffic despite its narrowness, received an honorable mention from UNESCO in 2005 when it
took the Asia Pacific Heritage Award for Culture Heritage Conservation. In 2009, Pingjiang
Road was listed as a “Famous historical and cultural street of China”, one of the first nine streets
with such a title across China. Along with Shantang Street, the area was also declared a
“Historical and Cultural Block of China” in 2015.

55
PLAN
Street-dwelling and shop dwellings, shops, and dwellings on Pingjiang Road are distributed in a
crosswise fashion.

Figure 44 Site plan and Zoning

56
2.4.6Architectural elements
The highest officials' homes were allowed to have a private gate to the
main street This endowed these households with the privilege to freely
access the main street without passing through the guarded ward gates.
Such houses were called di (residence of a high official), suggesting a
prestigious social status obtained through a direct engagement with the
street.
The urban ward with a total length of 500 meters contained twelve
residential plots each with a fixed depth of 150 meters and varying widths
from 30 to 70 meters. Each of the dwellings was a courtyard house, with
a gated entrance that together formed a large walled urban block. The Figure 45 Spirit wall in front of
housing plots were set in an ideal south-north direction whilst the arterial front gate
streets and waterways, such as Pingjiang Street and Pingjiang River, in
this direction had less interaction with the houses. In contrast, the alleys and waterways with east-
west orientation had direct access gates to the households.

There used to be a waterway 300 meters long next to the alley, but it was filled and leveled in the
early Qing dynasty for housing development.

There are 18 stone bridges in the Pingjiang Road historic

district. Among them, 12 bridges are shown in the Song
Dynasty Pingjiang Tu. They are namely Sipo, Shou'an,
Xuegao, Jiqing, Sujun, Zhong'an, Tongli, Huxingsi,
Beikaiming, Tangjia, Zhumajiao and Xiaoxin. 10 of the
bridges are lying in the north-south direction, the other 8
in the east-west direction. The historic district thus has
the highest density of bridges across Suzhou.
Figure 46 Stone bridge and Canal
With its urban pattern of a “double chessboard” of
crisscrossing streets in parallel to canals and the spatial composition of “bridges overflowing
waters and dark grey roof tiles over white painted walls,” the area is regarded as the epitome

Figure 48 Black tiles roof and white washed walls Figure 47 Store front

57
and one of the best-preserved areas of the Old City of Suzhou. The other architectural elements
include its store-fronted narrow alleys which are fully for pedestrians only.

Why to conserve
 It is the first of its kind among the 140 historical and culturally renowned cities in China.
 Carry the rich ancient heritage of China

Agencies
 The project, a finely detailed conservation initiative, was launched by the Suzhou
National Historical and Cultural Famous City Protection Zone and Gusu district
 A Digital City Operation and Management Center and Suzhou municipality with experts

2.4.7 Conservation work

Repair work began on many old houses in Suzhou, using original materials and craftsmanship.
Flowers and plants have been transplanted, and rockeries and ponds reconfigured in courtyards
and gardens. Toilets have been renovated, streets and alleyways beautified, a new sewage system
built, and local households now boast tap water, flush toilets, and internet access.

To better restore and protect the road, the authorities in Gusu implemented the Ancient City
Cellular Anatomy Project in 2020, conducting in-depth investigations in the 54 neighborhoods of
the ancient city, which cover an area of 14.2 square kilometers.

A comprehensive survey is being conducted to cover all aspects of the ancient city's
neighborhoods and protect historical remains. A digital image of the old city is being created by
using collected data and digital technology. The image will feature more than 4,000 protected
objects in 18 categories throughout Gusu. A Digital City Operation and Management Center will
also be established to enhance management efficiency by using artificial intelligence.

a goal for renovation work on 50 old residential communities is to be completed before the end
of December. During the 14th Five-Year Plan (2021-25) period, Suzhou aims to renovate 347
old residential communities, benefiting 107,000 households.

The city is exploring a new approach of "development in conservation, and conservation in

development”. Preserving and renovating ancient houses brings new vitality to these properties
through the introduction of fresh business formats, ensuring that inheritance and action go hand
in hand, and striking the best balance between preservation and use.

Adaptive use has been done in almost all the dwellings, shops, and other heritage of the street.
Large courtyard houses have been converted to art and cultural places, the Ding family’s
mansion that used to be at 6 Daru Alley has been rebuilt at 54 Daru Alley as an art gallery for the

58
contemporary artist Wang Xiaohui. On the same alley, the Pingjiang Culture Centre was created
from the former Zhaoqing Temple, and the Quanjin Guild House at 14 Zhangjia Alley, built in
1879, has been converted into the Museum of Kunqu Opera (Figure 12). The success of these
and other adaptive reuse projects has again demonstrated the inherent adaptable characteristics of
the indigenous courtyard house.

After the completion of phase one of the project in 2004, there has been no further action and the
funding from the local government mainly covered the outer appearance of the streets and was
insufficient for the revitalization of the whole project.

2.4.8 Impacts
Physical impact

 as no destruction and demolition of the heritage take place, the intact heritage became
environmentally sustainable
 with the conservation of the street there is infrastructure development and public spaces
have been revitalized for social inclusiveness.

Social impact

 Creation of vibrant public spaces

 Improvement in the living conditions of the people

Economic impact

 Tourism development
 Employment Opportunity
 Property value
 Commercial gain

Figure 50 Then Figure 49 Now

59
3.Comperative Analysis

60
61
4.Conclusion

Built heritage transcends brick and mortar: It connects us to past, shape cultural identity, and
fosters a sense of place.

Conservation is a multifaceted challenge: each case study (Jeddah, Suzhou, Berat) presents
unique unique preservation needs.

Success stories exist: Innovative techniques, community engagement and balanced development
with preservation can revitalize historic sites.

Ensuring a furure for the past: By prioritizing built heritage conservation, we leave a lasting
legacy for generations to come.

Bibliography
A Local's Guide to Historic Jeddah. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://passionpassport.com/historic-
jeddah-old-town-guide/
Guide To Historic Jeddah. (n.d.). Retrieved from Destinationksa:
https://destinationksa.com/guide-to-historical-jeddah/
Historic Jeddah, the Gate to Makkah. (n.d.). Retrieved from UNESCO:
https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1361
62
Jeddah Old Town. (n.d.). Retrieved from Richedwaedsimagery:
https://richedwardsimagery.wordpress.com/tag/coral-stones/
Jeddah Old Town Conservation. (n.d.). Retrieved from Archnet:
https://www.archnet.org/sites/155
Old City of Jeddah Saudi Arabia. (n.d.). Retrieved from Beyond My Door:
https://www.beyondmydoor.com/old-city-of-jeddah-saudi-arabia/
Sustainable Conservation and Reuse of Historical City Center Applied Study on Jeddah—Saudi
Arabia. (n.d.). Retrieved from MDPI: https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/14/9/5188
https://www.chinadiscovery.com/jiangsu/suzhou/pingjiang-road.html

https://news.cgtn.com/news/2023-04-08/The-historical-and-cultural-charm-of-Pingjiang-Road-
in-Suzhou-

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_Gardens_of_Suzhou

Xie and health research paper

63