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Safe Food The Politics Of Food Safety Updated And
Expanded California Studies In Food And Culture
Marion Nestle Digital Instant Download
Author(s): Marion Nestle
ISBN(s): 9780520266063, 0520266064
Edition: illustrated
File Details: PDF, 5.41 MB
Year: 2010
Language: english
 PRAISE FOR THE FIRST EDITION OF MARION
NESTLE’S
FOOD POLITICS: HOW THE FOOD INDUSTRY
INFLUENCES NUTRITION AND HEALTH
“Anyone who cares about what they put in their body ought to read [Food
Politics] carefully and think long and hard about the choices. Your life just might
depend on it.” —Newsday
“ ‘Voting with [our] forks’ for a healthier society, Nestle shows us, is within our
power.” —Los Angeles Times
“Educating the public is a start, and Food Politics is an excellent introduction to
how decisions are made in Washington—and their effects on consumers. Let’s
hope people take more notice of it than they do of the dietary guidelines.” —The
Nation
“Nestle has written a provocative and highly readable book arguing that
America’s agribusiness lobby has stifled the government’s regulatory power,
helped create a seasonless and regionless diet, and hampered the government’s
ability to offer sound, scientific nutritional advice.” —The Economist
“What a book this is! Of course we have always suspected and known some of
the truth, but never in such bold detail! In this fascinating book we learn how
powerful, intrusive, influential, and invasive big industry is and how alert we must
constantly be to prevent it from influencing not only our personal choices, but
those of our government agencies. Marion Nestle has presented us with a
courageous and masterful exposé.” —Julia Child
“Food politics underlie all politics in the United States. There is no industry more
important to Americans, more fundamentally linked to our well-being and the
future well-being of our children. Nestle reveals how corporate control of the
nation’s food system limits our choices and threatens our health. If you eat, you
should read this book.” —Eric Schlosser, author of Fast Food Nation
“Nestle is in a unique position to have seen firsthand how food purveyors,
government and academicians end up as bedfellows when it comes to suggesting
to people what and how much to eat.” —Eating Well
“Food Politics . . . has nudged [Nestle’s] argument into the mainstream of
consideration—not quite fodder for an installment of Oprah, but no longer the
heady stuff of National Public Radio, either. And that has some restaurant-
industry officials more than a little upset.” —Restaurant Business
“Nestle tells us a series of engaging and surprising stories and gives us a lively
presentation of the politics, as she perceives them, of advice on diet and health
during the past century . . . This book is thought-provoking, and I recommend
it.” —The New England Journal of Medicine
“Some of Nestle’s shocking revelations about the behavior of Big Food will
shock only those who are easily shocked; others will be welcomed less as news
than as occasions for those so inclined to make public displays of moral
outrage.” —London Review of Books
“Food Politics is written to interest and be accessible to a wide range of readers,
whether they have training in nutrition or not. The book has achieved this
objective by keeping jargon to a minimum, explaining terms as needed, and
being written in a lively, engaging style.” —Journal of Nutrition Education
“A real page turner, this book will give you metaphoric indigestion—unless, of
course, you believe that McDonald’s offers ‘a nutritious addition to a balanced
diet’ (as one U.S. Senator declared in 1977).” —Natural Health
“Regardless of who is to blame for the obesity epidemic, Nestle has laid down a
challenge that won’t easily go away. It will be interesting to see how the food
industry responds.” —Food Chemical News
“The case examples are remarkable and the value here is in Nestle’s clear,
thorough documentation, which provides missing pieces in the puzzle of poor
nutrition in a country where food is all too abundant.” —The Lancet
“This superbly documented book encourages readers to think about what they
eat and to ask, who profits?” —Gambero Rosso
“Food Politics is an academically scrupulous account of how the food industry in
the United States controls government nutrition policies. It’s important and eye-
opening reading for anyone looking to make intelligent and informed food
choices.” —EarthSave Magazine
“Food Politics is a carefully considered, calmly stated, devastating criticism of
the nation’s food industry and its efforts to get people to eat excessive amounts
of unhealthy food.” —Social Policy
CALIFORNIA STUDIES IN FOOD AND CULTURE
Darra Goldstein, Editor
MARION NESTLE

Updated and Expanded

University of California Press, one of the most distinguished university presses in
the United States, enriches lives around the world by advancing scholarship in
the humanities, social sciences, and natural sciences. Its activities are supported
by the UC Press Foundation and by philanthropic contributions from individuals
and institutions. For more information, visit www.ucpress.edu.

University of California Press

Berkeley and Los Angeles, California

University of California Press, Ltd.

London, England

© 2003, 2010 by The Regents of the University of California

ISBN 978-0-520-26606-3 (pbk. : alk. paper)

The Library of Congress has cataloged an earlier edition of this book as follows:

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Nestle, Marion.
Safe food: bacteria, biotechnology, and bioterrorism / Marion Nestle.
p. cm.—(California studies in food and culture; 5)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-520-23292-1 (cloth: alk. paper)
1. Food—Safety measures. 2. Food—Biotechnology. 3. Bioterrorism. I.
Title. 2. Series.

RA601.N465 2003
363.19′26—dc21 2002027172
Manufactured in the United States of America

18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 09
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

This book is printed on Natures Book, which contains 50% post-consumer

waste and meets the minimum requirements of ANSI/NISO Z39.48–1992
(R1997) (Permanence of Paper).
CONTENTS

Preface to the 2010 Edition

Preface to the First Edition
Acknowledgments
List of Abbreviations
Introduction:
Food Safety Is Political

PART ONE
RESISTING FOOD SAFETY
1. The Politics of Foodborne Illness: Issues and Origins
2. Resisting Meat and Poultry Regulation, 1974–1994
3. Attempting Control of Food Pathogens, 1994–2002
4. Achieving Safe Food: Alternatives

PART TWO
SAFETY AS A SURROGATE:
THE IRONIC POLITICS OF FOOD BIOTECHNOLOGY
5. Peddling Dreams: Promises versus Reality
6. Risks and Benefits: Who Decides?
7. The Politics of Government Oversight
8. The Politics of Consumer Concern: Distrust, Dread, and Outrage
Conclusion: The Future of Food Safety:
Public Health versus Bioterrorism
Epilogue
Appendix: The Science of Plant Biotechnology
Notes
List of Tables
List of Figures
Index
PREFACE TO THE 2010 EDITION

WHEN SAFE FOOD FIRST APPEARED IN 2003, FOOD SAFETY HARDLY appeared on
the public agenda. American food safety advocates struggled to be heard but
generated little public interest or congressional action. I wrote Safe Food to
explain the political history of our fragmented and ineffective food safety system
and how politics gets in the way of efforts to improve the system. Having no
illusions that the book would do what Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle accomplished
in 1906, I hoped that it would at least generate some creative thinking about
food safety problems and their solutions.
I spent the next few years dealing with invitations to speak about the health
implications of food marketing discussed in my earlier book, Food Politics. I also
wrote What to Eat, a book that uses supermarket aisles as an organizing device
for thinking about food issues, safety among them. By the time that book came
out in 2006, I thought I was done with food safety. I had nothing more to say
about it.
Then came September 14, 2006. On that day, one that California vegetable
growers still refer to as 9/14, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
announced the recall of spinach contaminated with E. coli O157:H7, the
pathogen introduced in chapter 1 and discussed throughout this book. This
incident brought the inadequacies of our food safety system to public attention as
never before and renewed calls for mandatory regulation. As always, these calls
were ignored. The result was an astonishing series of national outbreaks and
food recalls, one right after another.
To my surprise, I began to receive invitations to write and speak about food
safety issues. These came with further invitations to visit farms, packing plants,
and food manufacturing and processing operations. I was appointed to the Pew
Commission on Industrial Farm Animal Production, which visited both large and
small cattle, pig, and chicken farms. I also visited a free-range bison ranch.
Following the pet food recalls of 2007, as part of the research for my account of
those events, Pet Food Politics (2008), I visited factories that produce pet
foods, raw and cooked. I had plenty of opportunity to see how food is
produced under safe and unsafe conditions, and plenty to talk about.
In question sessions following my talks, I could hear how abstract the
regulation of microbes in food feels to most people. Americans assume that the
government keeps food free of contaminants and give food safety little thought.
Instead, questions are about dread-and-outrage factors, topics covered in this
book such as food biotechnology and irradiation, but also the right to consume
raw milk, raw oysters, and other foods the government considers unsafe. Films
such as The Future of Food and Our Daily Bread and, later, Food, Inc. and
Fresh, dealt with such matters and generated more questions along the same
lines.
It soon became clear that Safe Food still had plenty to say about current
events and, perhaps, could be made more useful to a wider audience. In
rereading it, I was relieved to find that it holds up well in establishing the
historical basis of our current food safety predicaments. For this new edition, I
corrected typos, clarified a few fuzzy points, changed some tenses from present
to past, and wrote an epilogue to bring the events up to date. Otherwise, the
original text remains. But I did think one additional change was needed. The
book’s subtitle, Bacteria, Biotechnology, and Bioterrorism, did not reflect its
overarching theme: that food safety is political. The new subtitle, The Politics of
Food Safety, is really what this book is about.
Here, I argue that whether we view microbes or genetic modifications as the
greater hazard depends on whether we look at foods through the lens of
scientific or other value systems. Microbial contamination is responsible for an
estimated 76 million illnesses, 325,000 hospitalizations, and 5,000 deaths in the
United States each year. Food biotechnology is responsible for no measurable
human illness to date. Yet public dread and outrage about food safety problems
continues to be much more about genetic modification than about the unlucky
victims of severe food poisonings.
In part, the disconnect between science and values explains why it is so
difficult to get Congress to act on matters of food safety. Congress also views
microbes as so familiar and so much under personal control that no governmental
action is needed. Food industry pressures encourage this view. I have long said
that nothing short of the death of a close relative of a senior senator by food
poisoning will induce Congress to fix the food safety system. Otherwise,
Congress will continue to respond to pressures from food corporations willing to
cut safety corners and place their customers at risk to protect profit margins.
At the time of this writing, Congress is about to pass a new food safety bill,
but one designed to fix only the FDA, not the system as a whole. Absent from
the current debate is public dread and outrage about microbial contaminants and
the politics of food safety. Without stronger public support for coordinated
mandatory regulation of the entire food safety system, we can expect outbreaks
and massive food recalls to continue, and even more people to suffer from
illnesses that easily could have been prevented.

A NOTE ON THE NOTES

Serious researcher that I am, I must mention the alarming challenge posed by
updating the endnotes to this book. Seven years after publication of the first
edition, I could not find more than a handful of the eighty or so Internet
references at their original addresses (URLs). Using titles, I was able to find
most at new locations, but some seem to have vanished into cyberspace. I was
dismayed to discover that the Internet is not the permanently tamperproof file
cabinet I had imagined it to be. Fortunately, the titles are permanent. At the time
of this writing they could be found at the listed URLs, but these must be
considered ephemeral.
New York
February 2010
PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION

FOOD SAFETY IS A MATTER OF HUGE PUBLIC INTEREST. HARDLY a day goes by

without a front-page account of some new and increasingly alarming hazard in
our food supply. As an academic nutritionist with a long-standing interest in how
food affects health, I cannot help but deal with issues of food safety, daily.
Students, colleagues, and friends often ask me whether it is safe to eat one or
another food or ingredient. My department at New York University offers
degree programs in the new field of food studies as well as in nutrition, and many
instructors and colleagues associated with these programs work in restaurants or
specialty food businesses. They also ask safety questions, as their livelihoods
depend on serving safe food.
Nevertheless, I did not set out to write a book about food safety. My
academic training is in science (molecular biology, but long lapsed) as well as in
public health nutrition, and for many years my research has focused on the ways
in which science and politics interact to influence government policies that affect
nutrition and health. In that context, I have been speaking and writing about food
biotechnology since the early 1990s. I immediately saw that genetically
engineered foods raise questions about politics as much as about safety. Indeed,
the safety questions seemed overshadowed by issues related to the implications
of such foods for society and democratic values.
I originally intended to include several chapters on such issues in a book
about the ways in which food companies use the political system to achieve
commercial goals. That book, Food Politics: How the Food Industry Influences
Nutrition and Health, came out in 2002 from the University of California Press.
In the course of events, however, it became clear that the subject of food safety
deserved a book in its own right. To begin with, during the years I worked on
Food Politics (1999 to 2001), food safety crises popped up one after another,
especially in Europe. Mysteriously contaminated soft drinks, cows sick with mad
cow and foot-and-mouth disease, and outbreaks of what my friend and
colleague Claude Fischler calls “Listeria bacteria hysteria” were eliciting
headlines and destroying economies as well as confidence in the food supply. On
the domestic front, one food after another—hamburger and such unlikely
suspects as raspberries, apple juice, and bean sprouts—appeared as sources of
bacterial infections. Because some of the contaminating bacteria resisted
antibiotics, the illnesses were difficult to treat. Product recalls because of
microbial contamination also seemed to be growing both in size and public
attention.
Furthermore, I was receiving increasingly urgent queries from purveyors of
small-scale, artisanal cheeses who wanted to know: can cheeses in general, and
raw milk cheeses in particular, transmit bacterial diseases, mad cow disease, or
foot-and-mouth disease? The answers to such questions were not easy to find,
and I was soon engaged in reading veterinary reports and badgering experts and
federal officials for information. Eventually, I could provide a scientific answer:
cheese has a low probability of transmitting these or any other diseases, but the
possibility cannot be excluded. This answer is either satisfactory or not
depending on whether one is an optimist or a pessimist, and it raises its own set
of questions. Does a low probability of harm mean that a risk is negligible and
can be ignored? Or is it unreasonable to take the chance? Would pasteurization
(heating milk briefly to a temperature high enough to kill most bacteria) make
cheeses safer? Should the federal government require cheese makers to
pasteurize milk or to follow other special safety procedures? Is the benefit of
eating prized specialty cheeses worth any risk, no matter how small? The
answers to such questions involve judgments based in part on science, but also
on more personal considerations—how much one values the taste of cheeses
made from raw milk, for example, or the social contribution of artisanal cheese
making. Because such judgments are based on opinion and point of view, and
sometimes on commercial considerations, and because they affect the regulation,
marketing, and financial viability of food products, they bring food safety into the
realm of politics.
I have been a minor participant in making such judgments. As a member of
the Food Advisory Committee to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in
the mid-1990s, I learned about other special safety procedures, particularly a
scientific method for reducing the risk of harmful bacteria in food called,
obscurely, Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point, or by its equally obscure
acronym, HACCP (pronounced “hassip”). Despite its name, HACCP seemed
to me to make a lot of sense, and I wondered why food companies—especially
those that produce and process beef and chicken—seemed so reluctant to apply
HACCP methods for reducing pathogens, and to test for microbial contaminants
to make sure that infected meat stayed out of the food supply. Instead, food
companies appeared to be using every political means at their disposal to resist
having such rules imposed. Here, too, food safety issues seemed to be mired in
politics.
On the morning of September 11, 2001, I was at home working on the
index to Food Politics when terrorists attacked the World Trade Center, just a
mile away from my New York City apartment. Among the many consequences
of that event were some otherwise insignificant ones having to do with this book.
My cheese purveyor colleagues added anthrax to their list of safety questions
(answer: another situation of very low probability), and I realized that a book on
this subject would also have to deal with food bioterrorism—an extreme
example of food safety politics in action.
In some ways, this book extends the arguments set forth in Food Politics.
There, I discussed the ways in which the food industry (the collective term for
companies that produce, process, market, sell, and serve food and beverages)
influences what people eat and, therefore, health. To encourage people to eat
more of their products, or to substitute their products for those of competitors,
food companies spend extraordinary amounts of money on advertising and
marketing. More important, they use politics to influence government officials,
scientists, and food and nutrition professionals to make decisions in the interests
of business—whether or not such decisions are good for public health. In doing
so, food companies operate just like any other businesses devoted to increasing
sales and satisfying stockholders. One difference is that the food industry is
unique in its universality: everyone eats.
To pick just one example: food companies donate campaign funds where
they are most likely to buy influence. According to the Center for Responsive
Politics, a group that tracks campaign contributions on its Web site,
www.opensecrets.org, several food companies and trade associations discussed
in this book ranked among the top 20 agribusiness donors in 2001, with
contributions ranging from $100,000 to nearly $1 million. The skewed
distribution of these donations to Republican rather than to Democratic members
of Congress is especially noteworthy. For example, the giant cigarette company
Philip Morris, which owns Kraft Foods, donated 89% of more than $900,000
to Republicans. Other companies involved in food safety disputes of one kind or
another also donated heavily to Republicans: Archer Daniels Midland (70%), the
National Cattleman’s Beef Association (82%), the Food Marketing Institute
(90%), the National Food Processors Association (96%), and the United Dairy
Farmers (100%). When the Republican administration of George W. Bush was
in power, these groups expected to receive especially favorable attention to their
views on food safety issues, and they usually did.
Underlying discussions of such matters of influence in Food Politics and in
this present volume are several recurrent themes:
• The increasing concentration of food producers and distributors into larger
and larger units
• The overproduction and overabundance of food in the United States
• The competitiveness among food companies to encourage people to eat
more food or to substitute their products for those of competing companies
• The relentless pressures exerted by food companies on government agencies
to make favorable regulatory decisions
• The invocation of science by food companies as a means to achieve
commercial goals
• The clash in values among stakeholders in the food system: industry,
government, and consumers
• The ways in which such themes demonstrate that food is political
Food safety, however, would seem to be the least political of food issues.
Who could possibly not want food to be safe? Consumers do not want to worry
about unsafe food and do not like getting sick. Unsafe food is bad for business
(recalls are expensive, and negative publicity hurts sales) as well as for
government (through loss of trust). As this book explains, food safety is political
for many of the same reasons discussed in Food Politics: economic self-interest,
stakeholder differences, and collision of values. At stake are issues of risk,
benefit, and control. Who bears the risk of food safety problems? Who benefits
from ignoring them? Who makes the policy decisions? Who controls the food
supply? For the most part, these are political—not scientific—questions, and
they demand political responses. Because billions of dollars are involved, food
safety issues are “hot topics” demanding attention from everyone involved in the
food system: producers, distributors, regulators, and the public.
I wrote this book for everyone—from general readers to scientists—who
would like to know more about the issues underlying disputes about food safety
issues. How concerned should we be about the safety of the food we eat? What
aspects of food safety issues should concern us? What issues really are
involved? The purpose of the book is to establish a basis for a better
understanding of the issues, the positions of the various stakeholders, and the
ways in which the political system operates in matters as fundamental as the
safety of the food we eat. I hope this book will help everyone interested in food,
whether trained in science or not, to develop more considered opinions about
food safety issues.
In part because I want the book to reach a wide audience, I have worked
hard to make it accessible, readable, and free of jargon, and have defined terms
that might be unfamiliar whenever they appear. Although nontechnical
discussions of science necessarily omit crucial details, I have tried to provide
enough sense of the complexity to make the political arguments understandable.
Because any discussion of government policy inevitably requires abbreviations, I
define them in the text and in a list (page XV). For readers who might like a quick
reminder of the science underlying genetic engineering, an appendix provides a
brief summary.
Although I do not try to disguise my own views on the issues discussed in
this book, I attempt to present a reasonably balanced account of them. Because
any book expressing a political point of view is likely to be controversial, I
extensively document my sources. I refer to articles in traditional academic
journals and books, of course, but also to newspaper accounts, press releases,
and advertisements. These days, many previously inaccessible documents are
available on the Internet, and I cite numerous Web addresses in the notes that
conclude this book. The notes begin with an explanation of the citation method
Another Random Scribd Document
with Unrelated Content
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broken rod from a borehole. Barrowman, Glossary. bechiUte (bek'i-
lit), n. [Named after B. Bechi, an Italian mineralogist.] A hydrous
calcium borate occurring as an incrustation at the boric-acid lagoons
in Tuscany. beckelite (bek'el-it), n. [After Professor Friedrich Beeke,
of Vienna.] A silicate of the cerium metals and calcium (perhaps
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Top-set bed, a nearly level layer of sediment that is deposited on the
upper surface of a delta as it is built forvfard.— Uintatneriumbeds.
See Brtd^er+^roap.— Vicksburgbeds. See Vicksburg ffroup.—
Warminster beds, in geol., the uppermost beds of the gait of the
Upper Greensand as developed in Wiltshire, Kngland.— Warp bed,
ingeoL, a bed of estuarine silt. J. GeiHe, The Great Ice Age, p. 406.
— Wengen beds, in the subdivision of the pelagic Trias of the
Mediterranean province, a member lying above the Marmolada
limestone and below the St. Cassian beds : regarded as the upper
division of the Noric stage, which is the lowermost of the stages ot
the Upper Trias.— Werfen beds, in geol., the lowest division of the
pelagic Trias in the eastern and southern Alps.— Willow Creek beds,
in geol,, a division of the Lower Laramie beds of the Upper
Cretaceous in the Canadian Northwest Territory — Woolwicli and
Keading beds, in Eng. geol., tlie lowest beds of the Eocene in the
Hampshire Tertiary basin, which cousist of lenticular sheets of plastic
clay loam and sand and are very variable in local composition. The
Woolwich type consists of sands crowded with estuarine fossils,
while the Beading type is composed of unfossiliferous gravels. —
Yorktown beds, in geol., the upper division of tlie Eocene Tertiary,
forming a belt through the Atlantic border States and well developed
at Yorktown, Va. Also named Chesapeake beds from their
development on Chesapealce Bay. bed^, V. t. — To bed a tree, to
level up the place in which a tree is to fall, so that it may not be
shattered. [U. S.] bedamn (bf-dam'), v. t. To damn or euise roundly
or with iteration and emphasis. bed-and-platen (bed-and-plat'en), a.
Of or pertaining to the bed and the platen of a printing-press— Bed-
and-platen movement, a printingpress movement by wliich the types
on the bed and the platen above are at once brought together to
print the sheet between : in contradistinction to a cylvr^£r
movement, which impresses the types that pass under it upon an
oscillating bed-plate. — Bed-and-platen press. Same as platen press
(which see, under platmX). bedangled (be-dang'gld), p. a. Beset
with dangling things. Swift. bedbug, n — Gigantic bedbug, areduviid
bug, Conorhinuis sanguisuga, of North and Central America, It was
probably at first an inhabitant of the nests of fieldmice and gophers,
but it now often infests houses, especially in the southwestern
United States. bedbug-hunter (bed'bug-hun"ter), n. A reduviid bug,
Eedv/m,v,B personatus, of cosmopolitan distribution, which inhabits
houses, where it preys upon bedbugs, mes, and other household
Sests. When young it isguises its appearance by covering itself with
dust and fibers, whichadhere to asticlsy secretion of the body. Galled
the marked beOrbug-hunter. bed-claim (bed'klam), n. In mining, a
claim which includes the bed of a river or creek. Australia.] Bedded
volcano- See *volcano. bedding-fault (bed'ing-fait), n. See *fault.
bedding-plane (bed'ing-plan), n. The plane of stratification or
beddmg in a sedimentary 124 id'ier-i;, «. [Australian, corrupted from
pituri, the native name.] Same as *j)jbedgery(bed'j6r-i), « from »■
turi, 2. Bedbug-hunter or Kissing-bug iReduviM persoKattis). Twice
natural size. (Howard, U. S. D. A.) Bedding-plane. series of rocks, it
marlss the surface upon which each succeeding layer of sediment
was deposited, and, unless subsequently disturbed, is usually almost
level. bedeckt, pp. A si mplifled spelling of bedecked. bedewmentt
(be- dii'ment), n. Dew-like moistening. Bedford cord, shale. See
*cord^, *shale^. bedidlik (be-did'Uk), ». [Egypt. Ar.] A gold coin of
Egypt, equal to 100 piasters or about $4.97. bedikah (ba-di-ka'), "■
[Heb. bedikah, examination, < hadak, examine.] In Jewish ritual, the
examination of a ceremonial act or of its accompaniments : as of the
manner of slaughtering an animal or of its parts ; or of a house, to
remove any portion of leaven before the Passover, in order to assure
the proper observance of the prescribed rules. bed-lathe (bed'lasn),
». A lathe having a bed which is so massive that no feet or legs are
used to lift the. center-line of the spindle to a convenient height.
Bedlington (bed'ling-ton), n. [From Bedlington, a parish in
Northumberland.] A breed of moderate-sized short-haired terriers
with narrow head, short body, and rather long legs. The ears and tail
are slightly fringed, and the color is bluish, liver-colored, or sandy.
bedog (bf-dog'), V. t. 1. To assail with the epithet 'dog.' — 2. To
follow like a dog; dog: as, "hatred bedogged his steps," Trelawney,
Becords of Shelley, etc. bed-plane (bed'plan), n. In geol., the
junction between two layers or strata. Dana, Manual of Geol., p.
111. bed-plank (bed'plangk), n. In mining, a plank in the lining or
floor on the foot-wall side of an inclined shaft on which the hoisting-
bucket slides. bed-plate, n. 2. An iron plate on the bed of a carriage,
serving as a support to the kingbolt socket. bedpost, n — Devil's
bedposts, a nicliname for the four of clubs. bedropt, pp. A simplified
spelling of bedropped. bedrug (bf-drug'), v. t. To drug thoroughly;
saturate v?ith drugs. [Rare.] bedsted, n. A simplified spelling of
bedstead. bee^, n. 4. [cap.] In astron., the constellation generally
called Apis or Musca Blunttongued burrowing bee, any aculeate
hymenopterous insect ot the family Colletidee.—'Daxainax bee, a
wild East Indian bee, Melipona vidua.— MOTOBd. bee, a European
megachilid bee, Osmia rufa (formerly 0. bicorms), which has a two-
homed head.— Leaf-CUttlng bee, any aculeate hymenopterous insect
of the genus Megaehue, which cuts fragments of leaves with which
to construct its cells. — MosciUitO bee, any one of the stingless
tropical bees of the genera Melipona and arripojM.— Pioneer bee,
the European solitary bee, OdyneruB m,uraHus. — Potter-bee, any
one of certain bees of the aculeate hymenopterous family
MegaehUidee, which construct small globular cells of earth and
attach them to the stem ot a plant.— Sbarp-tongued burrowing bee,
any aculeate hymenopterous insect of the family .Indrejiid*.- Solitary
long-tongued bee, any long-tongued bee except those belonging to
the sociu families ApMte and Bombidee. B. £. E. An abbreviation of
Bachelor ofMUctrical Engineering. bee-apron (be'a-prun), n. An
apron worn by bee-keepers as a protection against stings. bee-balm
(be'bam), n. See balm, 7. bee-beetle (be'be-tl), n. A European
beetle, Trichodes apiarius, of the family Cteridae, red and blue in
color, which destroys the larvse of the honey-bee. Other species of
the same genus live in the nests of wild bees. bee-brush (be'bmsh),
n. In beekeeping, a soft brush used in handling live bees. beech^, «.
2. Any one of several trees of different genera having a real or
fancied resemblance to the true beeches ; especially, Cryptocarya
glaucescens, of the laurel family. Also called ahe-beech and black
beech. [Australia.]— Beech pottery. See American itpottery. — Beecb
seedling mildew. See*mildew.—'Beeeh tar. See iktarl.— Black beech.
Same aaitbeechl, 2. — Copper beech, a highly ornamental variety of
the common l)eech, Fagus sylvaiica, with red sap in the cells of the
epidermis of the leaves which gives them a copper color and
somewhat metallic luster. Also called purple beech. — £vei%reen
beech, the name in Australia of Notho/agm Ounninghami, the only
tree there properly called biech. — Native beech, the name in
Australia ot CalHcoma serraiifolia, a tree of the saxifrage family.—
(Queensland beech. Same as AustrailUm beech (which, see, under
6«ei!Al).^Water-beech. See woter-SeecA.- White beech. See white.
beech-blight (bech'blit), n. An American plant-louse, Pemphigus fagi.
beech-drops, n Carolina beech-drops, the sweet pine-sap,
Monotropeis odorata. See Schweinitzia. beech-fern, n Broad beech-
fern, Phegopterls hexagonoptera, of eastern North America. beech-
moth (beeh'm6th), to. ,A European moth, Stauropus fagi, whose
larva feeds on the beech. Kirby and Spenee. bee-plant bee-escape
(be'es-kap"), n. An attachment to a hive designed to control the
movements of the bees wmle the honeycomb is being removed from
the hive. beef, >>■— Albany beef, the cured flesh of the sturgeon,
which was formerly caught and prepared near Albauy, N. Y.— Beef
ham. Same aa collared bee/.— Oilei beef, beef which has been
salted, dried and (frequently) smolied, being then eatable in thin
slices without cooking. beef-dodger (bef'doj"6r), n. A meat biscuit.
[U. S.] beef-fat (bef 'fat), a. In stock-raising, fat and in high
condition, or ready for market. [U. S.] Twenty-five or more years
ago, while ranges were unrestricted and grass was free, it was no
uncommon sight to see five- and six-year-old Texas steers coming
into market beef-fat off the range. i{«p. Kam. State Board Agr.,
1901-1902, p_60. beef-headed (bef 'hed-ed),^. a. Stupid ;
thickheaded. beefing^, n. II. a. Beef-forming; beef-producing : as,
good beefing as well as good milking qualities. Yearbook V. S. Sept.
Agr. 1901, p. 230. beefisnness (bef 'ish-nes), n. Ox-like stupidity.
bee-fly, ». 2. Any dipterous insect of the family Bombyliidse: so
called on account of its resemblance to a bee. beef-measles
(bef'me"zlz), ». Infection of cattle with CysUeercus bovis, the larval
stage of Teerua saginaia (the most common of the larger tapeworms
of man), in cattle the parasites are found especially in the tongue
and the muscles ot the jaws. When the infection is very severe this
condition is sometimes called acute cestode tuberculosis. bee-glove
(be'gluv), n. A cotton glove soaked in Unseed-oil and dried in the
sim, worn by bee-keepers to protect the hand. beehive, n. 3. A
covered cup or jug for holding honey, sugar, etc.— 4. [cop.] In
astron., a name for Freesepe, the cluster of stars in Cancer —
Beehive kiln. See *i:{2n.— Beehive tomb, an artificial subterranean
sepulcher of the Myceneean age in Greece. It is composed ot two
parts, a horizontal trench, called the dromos, cut into the sloping
side of a hill, and a circular chamber, called the Hwlos, In which it
terminates. The tholos is excavated vertically from Beehive Tomb.
Section and plan of the Treasury of Atreus at Mycenx, Greece. the
face of the rock to the level ot the dromos, and has the form of an
old-fashioned beehive. There is sometimes a rectangular chamber
connected with it. The entire interior was faced with masonry aud
decorated. A fine example is the so-called Treasmy of Atreus at
Mycena3. bee-hunter (be'hun-t6r), n. One who hunts or searches for
swarms of wild bees. bee-keeper (be'ke-p6r), n. One who keeps
honey-bees; an apiarist. beekite (bek'it), n. [Named after Dr. Henry
Beeke (1751-1837), dean of Bristol.] A kind of chalcedony replacing
shells, corals, etc., in the New Bed conglomerate of South Devon,
England. bee-kite (be'kit), n. The honey-buzzard, Pernis mellivora,
which feeds on bees and honey. Beekmantown limestone. See
*limestone. been*, ». See vina. beena, beenah (be'na), n. In Ceylon
8, form of marriage in whict the husband joins the wife's tribe and
lives in it on sufferance. McLennanjThe Patriarchal Theory, p. 42.
bee-plant (be'plant), n. Any plant which is specially useful in
furnishing nectar to bees ; a honey-plant. Among well-knowu bee-
plants are the
 bee-plant UndenB (see bee-tree), the common red and
white clovers, the sweet clover, and the common buckwheat. The
name has been applied specifically to Serophularia MaryUvn,dica and
to S. Califomioa. The Bscky Mountain beeplant (also called ie&-
weed) is one of the spider-flowers, Cleome aerrvlata. ■beerl, n —
Brstga beer, a kind of beer brewed In Russia. — La^er-beer. The
name is often loosely applied to any Gei-man beer, or any beer made
by German methods. — MUk beer, a name sometimes given to
kumiss.— WelBB-beer, the German name for beer made chiefly from
wheat malt and sold for consumption while the secondary
fermentation is still in progress. beerbachite (ber'bak-it), n. [G.
Beerbach ('Berry brook'?), a stream in the Odenwald, Baden, + -
ite^.'\ In petrog., the name of an igneous rook of panautomorphic
granular texture, consisting of labradorite, diallage, and magnetite,
with other subordinate minerals. It was first named by Chelius
(1894), and considered to be a haplitio differentiation-product of the
gabbroic magma. beer-wort (ber'w6rt), n. Wort prepared by the
infusion of malt with water, intended to be converted into beer. bee-
smoker (be'smo'^kSr), n. In hee-keeping, a small portable furnace
fitted with a bellows: used to produce a cloud of smoke and to blow
it into a hive to stupefy the bees and keep them quiet when the hive
is opened to remove the honeycomb. Beeswax cement. See
*cement. Beet army-worm, carrion-beetle. 8ee*armyworm,
*carrionr-l>eetle. — Chytridiose of beet. See *c}iytridiose. bee-tent
(be'tent), n. A cover or tent placed over a hive to protect it from the
bees of other hives. beetle^, » — Aberrant long-homed beetle, any
member of the cerambycid series belonging to the small and
somewhat discrepant family Spondylitics. Four species are known in
North America, and all live under the bark of pine-trees.— Brazilian
beetle. See Brazilian irbug.—CheolSBXeA beetle, any member of the
coleopterous family Cleridse, the species of which are usually
beautifully marked with strongly contrasting colors.— Elm leaf-
beetle. See irieaf -beetle. —Feather-Wing beetle, any member of the
coleopterous family Triehopterygidm, an assemblage ofjvery small
species having long narrow wings so fringed with long hairs as to
appear feather-like.- HometB'-nest beetle, a large and powerful
European Staph] linid or rove-beetle, Velleius dilatatus, which lives
only iu the nests of Wasps and hornets, feeding on the wasp larvce
and piipse which fall from their cells, and on the other organic refuse
of the nest.— OalEpnmer beetle, a cerambycid beetle of the
genvsElaphidwn (which see).— Fear ambrosia-beetle, a scolytid
beetle, Xyleborue pyri, which also aflects the peach and plum. —
Fear-bllgnt beetle. Same as apple-tree ■kalwtborer. — Ftne-
destroylng beetle, any beetle which destroys pine-trees ; speciflcally,
Devdroctonua ponderosx, one of the most destructive enemies of
western United States pine forests. — Ship-timber beetle, a
coleopterous insect, Lymexykm na/vale, of the family LymexyUmid«,
formerly noted in Europe as very injurious to timber used for ship-
building, from its habit of drilling cylindrical holes in the hard wood.
— Tan-bark beetle, a small black bostrychid beetle, Dindderus
siibstriatus, which atl^ks hemlock bark which has been stripped and
piled for tanning purposes. beet-leaf maggot, miner, Fegomya. See
*maggot, *leaf -miner, tPegomya. beetle-crusher (be'tl-krush"6r), n.
A large foot. [Slang.] beetle-sticker (be'tl-stik"6r), n. A jocular name
for an entomologist. beetle-weed (be'tl-wed), n. See *Galax. Beet-
root gum. See *s'"™^.— Beet-root sugar. The manufacture of sugar
from beets has attained an enormous development, a larger product
from this source than from sugar-cane being made, in ordinaiy
years, for the general commerce of the world. Sugar from these two
plants is, when purified, absolutely the same substance. beet-scab
(bet'skab), n. A disease of beetroots caused by the fungus Oospora
scabies. See *scab. beet-sugar (bet'shiig'''ar), n. Same as beetroot
sugar, under 6ee*-foo*.— Beet-sugar industry, the commercial
production of sugar from the beet. In the United States this business
after many failures became successful from 1888 onward. In 1903
there were 66 factories in operation with a total annual capacity of
328,104 tons of sugar. The State of Michigan led, followed at rather
long intervals by California, Colorado, Utah, Nebraska, and New
York, five other States having one factory each. See ■k!iugaa--beet.
The annual period of working up the crop, called the campaign,
occupies about 100 days. In the factory the beets, after being
washed and weighed, are sliced into cossettes (see ■kcoeeette) and
the sugar is extracted in a "diffusion battery," consisting of 14 air-
tight cylindrical steel vats, each holding several tons, in which, under
some pressure, the cossettes are subjected to 14 applications of hot
water, the liFine.de5troyii)g Beetle of the Black Hrlls (Dendrac tonus
ponderosa Hopk.). Five times natural size. (Hopkins, U. S. D. A.) 125
quid passing from one vat to another. The sugary water is defecated
by being mixed with lime, " carbonated " (see carbotuitMn'), and
filtered, the process being once repeated, then, after being treated
with sulphur fumes, evaporated to "thick Juice," and through several
further stages brought to the state of gianulated sugar. The local
requisites for a factory are, besides a supply of beets with high sugar
content, a sufficiency of pure water, of fuel (coal most often used),
and of limestone, together with transportation facilities. bee-van
(be'van), n. A wagon used in instruction in bee-culture. County
councils have already done good work in providing lectures and
demonstrations by means of travelling bee-vans. Natural Science,
Oct., 1896, p. 273. bee-veil (be'val), «. A veil or netting worn over
the head to protect the face from the attacks of bees while removing
honey from a hive or working about it. It is worn over the hat and
tucked under the coat, or drawn over a light metal frame which
covers the head and rests on the shoulders. bee-weed (be'wed), n.
See *bee-plant. beewise (be'wiz), adv. In the manner of the bee.
[Eare.] On every side occurred suggestive germs Of that— the tree,
the flower — or take the fruit, — Some rosy shape, continuing the
peach. Curved beewise o'er its bough. Brov/ning, Fippa Passes, II.
90. befeast (be-fesf), v. t. To treat to a feast; feast. befel, pret. A
simplified spelling of befell. befreeze (bf-frez'), v. t.; pret. befroze,
pp. befrozen, ppr. befreezing. To freeze up or over; freeze
thoroughly or completely. befrend, v. t. A simplified spelling of
befriend. befriender (be-frend'6r), m. One who befriends another.
Love and serve Man, angelical B^frienders. Edwin Arnold, Light of
the World, p. 24. beg, V.i — To go a-begging, to go about begging ;
figuratively, to have difficulty in finding a pmchaser (for Something
offered for sale) or an incumbent (for an office to be filled), etc. ;
hence, to be in little demand ; have little or no value or acceptance.
begar (be-gar'), n. [Hind, begdr, forced labor (begari, a forced
laborer), < Pers. bikdr, without work, unemployed {Inkari, idleness),
< bi, without, -I- kdr, work.] Forced labor in some parts of India, as
in the construction of roads, irrigating banks, etc. [Anglo-Indian.]
begarry (be-ga'ri), «. ; pi. begarries (-riz). [Hind, begdri:
S6&*begar.'] One who is engaged in forced labor. See *begar.
[Anglo&idian.] beggar, n — Beggar's ultramarine black. Same as
Spanish black (which see, under Mac*).— Beggar's velvet, the loose,
fuzzy, wool-like particles which collect in the seams of clothing and
under f umitui;e, carpets, etc. beggar's-lice, n. 3. A name of the
European stickseed, Lappula Lappula; of the houud'stongue,
Cynoglossum officinale; of the species of Meibomia (see *beggar-
weed, 2) ; and probably of other plants with adhesive seeds or pods.
beggar-weeo, »• 2. A plant of any species of Meibomia, the tick-
trefoil, particularly of M. tortuosa, the Florida beggarweed. This is a
tall species, native in the West Indies and probably in southern
Florida, now found veiy valuable for forage and soiling purposes on
light sandy soils in the wannest parts of the southern United States.
Beggiatoa (bej-i-at'o-a), n. [NL. (Trevisan, 1842), named after
Beggiato, an Italian botanist.] A genus of filamentous bacteria
consisting of non-septate, mostly colorless filaments containing
sulphur granules and possessing an undulatory motion. They occur
chieiay in sulphur springs and seawater. B. alba is the most common
species ; it occurs on decaylug plants in sulphur springs and reduces
slimy flakes. toacese (bej"i-a-t6a'se-e), n.pl. [NL., < Beggiatoa + -
aceee.'i A family of filamentous bacteria, typified by the genus
Beggiatoa. beggingly (beg'ing-li), adv. In the manner of a beggar ;
as a beggar. Florio. Even my bonnet . . . how beggingly she looks at
that. Beggiatoa alba. Miss Mitford, Our Village, I. 61.
■4''s'uth^ofg';i„"SiS°T begift (be-giff), v.t. To filament after
treatment thruSt glltS Upon. Varlyle. ^tj^^" '"*°"""°- begigged (he-
gigd'), p. a. bejnco Infatuated; crazy: as, begigged about bridge
whist. [Colloq., southern U. S.] begon, V. A simplified spelling of
begone. begoniad (be-go'ni-ad), «. [NL., < Begonia -I-flf?!.] A plant
of the family Begoniaceee. betaarad (ba-ha-rad'), n. A mnemonic
word representing the four letters B H R D, which indicate, according
to Hebrew chronology, the first molad of creation. See *motod. The
numerical value of the four Hebrew letters is 2, 6, 200, and 4. The 2
stands for Monday (the day when the "great lights " were created),
the 6 for the fifth hour (11 A. M.), and the 204 for the parts of an
hour. Since an hour contains 1,080 parts, and the lunar month
contains 29 days, 12 hours, and 793 parts of an hour, the first molad
would fall on Monday at 6^% or about 11.12 A. M. behead, v. t. 3.
To tap (a stream) and divert its upper waters through new channels:
said of the encroachment of one stream upon another in such a way
as to ' capture ' its head and upper tributaries — Bebeaded river. In
phys. geog., the remaining, lower course of a river s^ter its former
upper waters have been captured or diverted to another stream.
beheadal (be-hed'al), n. [behead -\- -al.'] Beheading; decapitation.
behed, v. t. A simplified spelling of behead. beben, n. aIso, same as
ben\— Oil of beben. Same as benroU. behenic (be-hen'ik), a. Same
as benic Bebenic acid, a crystalline acid, C22H44O2, found in
behenoil from the seeds of Moringa Moringa, it melts at 73° C.
behen-oil (be'hen-oil), n. Same as ben-oil. behenolic (be-he-no'lik),
a. [behen -f -ol -I- -ic] Derived from behenic acid Behenolic acid, a
crystalline acid, CasHigOg, obtained by treating dibrombehenic acid
with alcoholic potash. It melts at 57.6° C. Behmenism, n. Same as
*Boehtnenism. Behmenist, n. Same as *Boehmenist. behold, V. t. 4.
In astrol., to cast (an aspect). behram (ba'ram)j n. A copper coin of
Mysore, equal to half a pice. beige, a. II. n. A thin, wiry dress-fabric
of worsted, originally unbleached, but now made in all colors and
many designs. beignet(ban-ya'),ji. [P.] A fritter composed of various
ingredients. beiju (ba-e-zh6'), n. [Pg., from Braz.] The name in Brazil
for cassava-bread. See cassava. being, ». 7. A living; livelihood;
means of subsistence; home. Sjpectotor, No. 544. [Obsolete or prov.
Eng.] "1 shall have enough to do to keep a beein for you " (Mrs.
Gummidge meant a home) " again you come back — to keep a
beein here for any that may hap to come back, Dan'l. Dickens, David
Copperfleld, xxxil. Truth of being, the totality of that which is such as
it is independently of any assertion about it ; tinth in the objective
sense. beingless (be'ing-les), a. Without being; nonexistent. Gait.
beingness (be'ing-nes), n. Actual existence; entity. J. Chandler. be-
in£ed (be-inkf), p. a. Smeared or daubed with ink. bharlotte Bronte,
Villette, xxxv. beisa (ba'i-sa), «. [Northeast African.] A large
antelope. Oryx beisa, of northeastern AfBe Beisa l.Otyx beisa). rica,
of a light-gray color with black markings. The horns are long, almost
straight, and directed backward. It is a near relative of the South
African oryx, 0. gazella. See oryx. bejant (be'jant), n. Same as b^an.
bejUCO, n. '2. A name applied especially to climbing palms, species
of Calamus and DeemoBorops, Known commercially as ratans. The
 bejuco stems are remarkable for their tenacity, flexibility,
and length, and are used in the construction of bridges, houses, and
flsh-corrals. They also furnish material for cordage, for the cane
bottoms of beds aud chairs, and for hats, mats, and fine cigar-oases.
See ratan, 2, and calamus, S. [Philippine Is.] beknown (be-non'), a.
Known: as, "the seaman was helcn/"im to me," Dickens, Mutu&l
Friend, I. ii. ID. bel, «. A simplified spelling of bell. B. £. L. An
abbreviation of Bachelm- of Ei\glish Literature : same as *B. lAt.
belah (be'la), rt. [Native Australian.] Tlie desert she-oalc, Casuarina
glaiusa, widely distributed throughout Australia, yielding a "hard,
durable wood. Also beala, belar, billa, and beal; known among the
colonists as bull-oak. See she-oak. belamarine (bel-am'a-rin), n.
[Appar. belladonna), + Amar{ylUs) + -ine^.'] An alkaloid formed in
the tubers of Amaryllis belladonna, which grows in the islands of the
Caribbean Sea. It crystallizes in colorless needles. Belamcancia (bel-
am-kan'da), n. [NL. (Adanson, 1763, adopted from Rheede, 1692),
from the Malabar name of the plant.] A genus of monocotyledonous
plants belonging to the family Iridacese. See Pardanthus. belay, v. t.
— Belay, there) hold on! stop! enough! — an order to sailors
preparatory to making fast the rope on which they are hauling.
belduque (bel-do'ka), n. [Mex. Sp.; said to be a corruption of Sp.
verdugo, a sword.] A large, heavy sheath-knife, used in Mexico and
some parts of the western United States. belemnitoid (be-lem'ni-
toid), a. [_Belemnites + -Old.'] Allied to Belemniies. Belemnocrinus
(be-lem-nok'ri-nus), n. [NL., < Gt. peAe/ivov, a dart, + Kpivov, a lily.]
The only genus of an extinct family of the Crinoidea, or fossil
encrinites, termed Belemnoerinidse. It occurs in the Lower
Carboniferous rocks of the Mississippi valley. belemnoid, a. II. n. One
ot the Belemnoidea; a ' ' beleranite or fossil dibranchiate
cephalopod, or a related form. Belemnoidea (be-lem-noi'de-a), n. pi.
[NL., < Gt. licXefivov, a dart, + eldog, form.] An order or suborder of
the dibranchiate cephalopods, now almost extinct, but very
abundant in the Mesozoic age. They have internal chambered shells
with septa traversed by a siphuncle, the posterior pai't of the shell
bearing a calcareous guard or sheath. The arms, 10 in number, are
provided with booklets. Some authors include in this suborder the
coiled living Hpinda. In several of the fossil species the head, arms,
and ink-bag of the auimal have not infrequently been preserved.
Belemnoteuthidee (be-lem-no-tii'thi-de), n.pl. [NL., <
Belemnoteuthis + 4dse.'] A family of Belemnoidea, or dibranchiate
cephalopods, with a shell composed of a conic phragmacoue and
proBstracum, and the rostrum or guard greatly reduced. The species
are found in the Triassie and Jurassic rocks. Belemnoteuthis (be-lem-
no-tu'this), n. [NL., < Gt. jikXeiivov, a dart, -I- revBi^, a squid.] The
typical genus of the family BelemnoteuthidsB. beletter (.be-let'er), v.
t. 1. To write letters to ; invite or inform by letter. The University-
orator . . . belettered all the lords of the privy-council. Fuller, Hist.
Camb., p. 179. N. E. D. 2. To decorate with letters or with appended
abbreviations of oflSce or title, such as F. B. G. S., M. E. A. 8., LL.D.,
etc. [Kare in both uses.] The mania prevalent among people of more
ambition than performance for belettering themselves. AthensBum,
May 19, 1899, p. 638. y. E. D. bele'^e, v. An obsolete form of
believe. Belgian blouks, nearly cubical blocks of granite, trap or other
suitable stone used for pavements.— Belgian canary. See Acanory.-
Belglan-Silesian furnace. See ir/umace. belief, ».— Primary belief, in
the philosophy of common sense, one of the irresistible beliefs which
no man sane enough for the business of life can really doubt, and
which, nol. in the least doubtinir, we really regard as infallible
truths,^ whethtr we set down a doubt of them on paper or
othdrwise make believe to doubt them, or not. beUefless (be-lef
'les), a. Having no belief ; indisposed to believe. And most belief
less, that had most believed. Clough, Easter Day, i. 10. believ, f. A
simplified spelling of believe. Belinuridse (bel-i-nn'ri-de). n. pi. [NL.,
< BeUnurus + -ste.] A family of merostome crustaceans closely
allied to the living limulus and resembling a larval phase of that crab.
The eephalothorax is broad, abdomen with distinct segments, and
the telson a long spine. They occur in the Devonian and
Carboniferous rocks. 126 Belinurus (bel-i-nU'rus), ». [NL., appar. an
error for *Belonurus,
 belly-bar tbus respond more promptly and effectively to the
vibrations which are passed to it from the strings, when set in
movement, through the hardwood belly bridge, Sei. Amur. Sup., May
6, 1905, p. 24536. bell7-btunp (bel'i-bump), adv. Prone on a sled, as
a child ia sliding down hill. Dialect Notes, in. iii, 181. [New England.]
belly-bumper (bel'i-biini''per), n. The act of slimng down hill prone
on the sled. In New York, etc., belly^whomier. Also nsed adverbially.
[New EngJandt] bellyman (bel'i-man), n. ; pi. bellymen (-men). In
pianoforte-making, one who makes or fits the soundboards. Belly
Eiver series. See *ser%es. belly-stay, n. 2. A plate on a locomotive
which goes under the belly of the boiler, acting as a support for the
latter and binding the frame-plates together. When the locomotive
has inside cylinders the belly-stay also carries the cross-bead guides.
belodont (bel'o-dont), n. [Belodon.'] A member of the reptilian family
Belodontidx. Beloidea (bel-o-i'df-a), n. pi. [NL., < Gr. pt'Ajo;, a dart, -
I- eJ(!oc,"form.] A family of solitary or colonial peripylsean
radiolarians having a skeleton of loose silicious needles. It contains
the genera Thalassospheera, ThalassopUincta, PhysemaUum,
Belonozoum, and Sphseroeoum. belonesite (be-lon'e-sit), ». [Said to
be < Gr. peMv>i, a needle (referring to the form of the crystals), + -
ite^. The proper form belonite is used in another appUeation.] A
magnesium molybdate ooouiring in white acicular tetragonal
crystals: found on Vesuvius in the lava of 1872. Belonesox (be-lon'e-
soks), ». [NL.j < Gr. fieAdvri, a needle, + L. esox^ a kind of pike
(see Esox).} A genus of poeciUoid fishes found in Honduras :
characterized by the elongate jaws. B. belizanus is the known
species. belonopliobia (bel-o-no-fo'bi-a), n. [NL., < Gr. pMvri, a
needle, -H -(jiofiia, <. ipopelv="" fear.="" a="" morbi4="" fear=""
of="" needles="" and="" pins.="" belonospherite="" n.="" f=""
needle="" afalpa="" sphere="" a.="" term="" devised="" by=""
vogelsang="" for="" minute="" spherulites="" with="" radiate=""
crystalline="" texture="" often="" found="" in="" partly=""
glassy="" lavas="" especially="" the="" more="" silicious=""
ones="" such="" as="" rhyolite="" artificial="" glasses.=""
compare="" globospherite="" belosepia="" gr.="" l3e="" dart=""
aijiria="" cuttlefish.="" genus="" dibranehiate="" cephalopods=""
or="" cuttlefishes="" from="" eocene="" tertiary="" rocks.=""
belou="" adopted="" bheede="" one="" forms="" bel="" mndu=""
name="" bengal="" quince="" marmelos.="" dicotyledonous=""
plants="" belonging="" to="" family="" jrutacees.="" see=""
mgle.="" belpaire="" fire-box.="" belt="" war-ship="" side=""
vessel="" vicinity="" water-line="" protected="" external="" armor-
plating.="" complete="" is="" which="" armor="" extends=""
stem="" stem:="" partial="" over="" only="" part="" length.=""
archery="" strap="" suspending="" quiver:="" usually="" worn=""
round="" waist="" archer.="" hlgli="" pressure="" low=""
pressure.="" itpreesure.="" rains.="" cotton="" poi="" southern=""
united="" .states="" adjoining="" gulf="" mexico="" atlantic=""
north="" carolina="" where="" best="" most="" extensively=""
cultivated.="" states="" under="" eottoni.="" belt.="" belt-armor=""
it="" feet="" below="" surface="" water="" varying="" heights=""
above="" it.="" vessels="" armor-protection="" completed="" at=""
ends="" diagonal="" athwartships="" inierior="" side.=""
modern="" armoring="" continued="" casemate="" armor.="" belt-
concentrator="" concentrator.="" belt-conveyer="" belt-coupled=""
connected="" belt:="" applied="" specifically="" machine=""
driven="" an="" engine="" through="" instead="" directly=""
gears.="" belt-course="" same="" stringcourse.="" belt-driven=""
mack.="" means="" flexible="" used="" pumps="" air-
compressors="" electric="" generators="" etc.="" somewhat=""
opposition="" airect-connected="" indicates="" that="" no=""
transmission="" element="" intei-venes="" speciflcauy="" form=""
motor-cycle="" motor-car="" flat="" angular="" la="" transmit=""
power="" drivingwheels="" chain="" shaft="" belted="" cruiser.=""
ircruiter.="" plains.="" plain.="" slllp="" early="" type=""
armored="" warship="" hull="" protection="" was=""
concentrated="" armor-belt.="" white="" manual="" naval=""
arch.="" p.="" belt-fork="" two-pronged="" device="" shifting=""
operating="" pulley="" another.="" belt-frame="" ram=""
shipbuilding="" frame="" protective="" be="" attached="" hence=""
built="" up="" plates="" angles="" much="" deeper="" stronger=""
than="" those="" ordinary="" frames:="" belting="" n="" out=""
made="" catgut.="" quite="" small.="" belt-knife="" knife=""
revolves="" wheels="" band-saw="" circular="" saw="" :=""
splitting="" hides="" skins.="" ainer.="" tanning="" belt-perch=""
wooden="" metal="" bar="" placed="" beside="" belt-pulley=""
support="" when="" js="" thrown="" off="" repairs.="" this=""
prevents="" being="" caught="" on="" revolving="" shaft.="" belt-
pump="" pump.="" belt-punch="" pimch="" jjliers="" piercing=""
holes="" lacing="" rivets="" are="" passed="" coupled=""
together.="" beltrami="" equation.="" belt-stretcher="" piece=""
mechanism="" stretching="" new="" leather="" belts="" they=""
laced="" cemented="" so="" make="" them="" grip="" pulleys=""
tightly.="" belt-table="" w.="" belt-tightener="" z.="" pulling=""
together="" laeed="" cemented.="" clamps="" then="" drawn=""
screws.="" belugite="" petrog.="" proposed="" spurr=""
granular="" igneous="" ro="" intermediate="" composition=""
between="" diorite="" diabase="" lime-soda="" feldspar=""
andesine="" labradorite.="" belying="" telling="" lies="" about=""
calumniation:="" swinburne="" essays="" studies="" pref="" .=""
x.="" bemaim="" v.="" t.="" maim="" seriously="" wound.=""
spoiled="" their="" goods="" bemaimed="" slaine.="" annals=""
bemaster="" master="" completely.="" b.="" taylor="" trans=""
goethe="" faust.="" bembecides="" pi.="" bembex=""
benbeddse="" considered="" group="" less="" rank:="" virtually=""
synonymous="" bembecinee.="" bembil="" australia=""
eucalyptus="" populnea="" tree="" yielding="" hard="" heavy=""
timber="" building="" purposes="" posts="" mauls.="" prom=""
leaves="" obtained="" oil="" resembling="" cajeput.="" also=""
called="" poplarbox="" red="" box.="" bementite="" after="" c.=""
s.="" bement="" philadelphia.="" hydrated="" manganese=""
silicate="" occurring="" grayish-yellow="" stellate="" micaceous=""
structure="" franklin="" furnace="" jersey.="" ben="" adv.=""
mining="" inward="" toward="" workings.="" right="" enter=""
mine="" work.="" workman="" may="" claim="" his="" have=""
cars="" acknowledged="" delegate="" boys.="" day="" terms=""
quarter-ben="" half-ben="" three-quarters-ben="" denote=""
proportion="" man="" darg="" output="" mineral="" youth=""
able="" allowed="" put="" out.="" barrowman="" glossary.=""
benab="" laxaobenaboo="" native="" guiana.="" temporary=""
shelter="" branches="" supported="" framework="" poles.=""
benaboo.="" bence-jones="" albumin="" albuminuria=""
albumose.="" bench="" horizontal="" subdivision="" bed="" coal=""
other="" mineral.="" glass="" tray="" microscopical="" slides=""
can="" vertical="" position="" staining="" bending-machine=""
anzloas="" bencta.="" seat.="" mourners="" bench.=""
amoumeri="" optical="" apparatus="" suitable="" experiments=""
optic5.="" particularly="" interference="" light.="" consists=""
properly="" brass="" accurately="" graduated="" along=""
uprights="" slide="" vernier="" each="" upright="" adjustable=""
slit="" plate="" holding="" special="" instruments=""
micrometer="" eyepiece="" cross-wire="" usual="" ontllt.=""
sloid="" bench-board="" board="" molders="" pattern="" laid=""
starting="" fill="" flask="" sand.="" removed="" turned="" cope=""
on.="" bench-diggings="" nver="" placers="" not="" subject=""
overfow.="" bench-grinder="" small="" grinding="" having=""
short="" legs="" set="" bring="" convenient="" height.=""
benchlet="" stool.="" carlyle.="" bench-level="" elevation=""
surveyor="" bench-mark="" given="" datumplane.="" benchucha=""
some="" amer.="" source="" large="" south="" american=""
reduviid="" bug="" probably="" conorhinus="" sucks="" blood=""
warm-blooded="" animals="" including="" man.="" benchy=""
characterized="" benches="" lode="" bed.="" bend="" ability:=""
mybend.="" western="" u.="" s.j="" asegmental="" ring=""
movable="" carding-surfaces="" cottoncarding="" run=""
adjusted="" relation="" main="" cylinder="" drum.="" nasmith.=""
spinning="" caisson-disease.="" century="" nov.="" benda="" da=""
ashanti="" gold="" coin.="" bender="" mechanical="" bending=""
drawing="" crossbow.="" bendigo="" rough="" fur="" cap=""
named="" noted="" english="" pugilist.="" stand.="" diet.=""
bending-form="" ding="" hardware="" bench-anvil="" steam-=""
gas-="" water-pipes.="" wood-working="" power-machine=""
wood="" into="" various="" required="" making="" vehicles=""
agricultural="" tools="" furniture.="" two="" types="" use=""
while="" soft="" hot="" steaming-bath="" bent="" without=""
additional="" heat="" itself="" steam-heated="" assist=""
keeping="" steamed="" until="" complete.="" all="" machines=""
there="" master-form="" fixed="" give="" shape="" second=""
lor="" place="" bent.="" keep="" cold="" rigid="" others=""
bound="" shackle="" r="" taining="" its="" cool="" removed.=""
hydraulic="" bending-xaacbine="" rails="" beams="" ship-
building.="" massive="" anvil="" former="" table="" supporting=""
guiding="" ship="" bendinjr-machine.="" lower="" die="" i="" i.=""
guideways="" c="" cylinders="" rf="" rf.="" rams="" e=""
crossheads="" carrying="" upper="" former.="" beam="" rail=""
subjected="" rams.="" essentially="" double="" presses=""
employiug="" carry="" long="" bends="" shape.=""/>
 bending-rolls 128 benzidam bending-rolls (ben'ding-rolz), n.
pi. A ma- though further research may show that this ehinenaving a
set of rolls, either horizontal should be divided into several families,
or vertical, so arranged that a plate passed be- Bennettites (ben-e-
ti'tez),». [NL.(Carruthers, tween them while they revolve will be
curved 1871), named in honor of John Joseph Bennett, to any
desired radius. If it is desired to curve the plate until its two edges
meet, the bending-roUs must be 80 made that the bearinE at one
end can be removed to provide lor talcing out tfie plate. benduqi
(ben-do-ke'), n. [Also benduky, bendiky ; < Ar. bundugt, a Venetian
sequin or ducat, lit. 'Venetian,' < Bunduq, Turk. Vendik, G. Venedig,
Venice, < L. VeneUcus, adj., < Venetia, Venice.] A gold coin of
Morocco. ^ ^ benedicence (bf-ned'i-sens), n. [NL. as if Bennington
pottery. %&& American *pottery. 'benedicentia, ,v.^ ..^-. w» - . .
***"• byae^resenceof^se^dsbOTne^^^ BenthOSauTUS (ben-tho-
sa'rus), n. [NL., < embedded in the silioifled armor. These seeds
have been Gr. flEvflof, depth, -H ffaupof, lizard.] A genus discovered
in only a lew specimens, and those in which ^f fishes, typical of the
family Benthosauridee. The species B. grallator is found in the Gulf
Stream. Benthosema (ben-tho-se'ma), n. [NL., < Gr. jitvdoi, depth, +
arjiia, a sign, mark, token.] A genus of lantern-fishes of the family
Myctophidx, found in the waters about Greenland. Benton shale. See
*shale^. an English botanist.] A genus of gymnospermous fossil
plants, type of the family BennettitacexamAovAer BennettiUdes. it is
characterized they do not occur are referred to the genus
Cycadeoidea, a name which has priority. It is probable that all the
fertile plants actually bore them, and therefore the distinction is
purely artificial. See -kCycadeoidea. ish vino, wine, applied in the
Philippine Islands to aguardiente. In viewol the vile whiskey and
"heno" selling dens bentonite (ben'tqn-it), n. [^Benton + ■4te^.']
which have sprung up around the army posts since the canteen was
abolished, the military authorities here have asked the Commission
to prohibit the sale of liquors within two miles ol a military post,
except in the case of a tew stations located in large towns. Med.
Becord, April 4, 1908, p. 617. 3. In mining, said of a coal-seam A
variety of clay occurring extensively in the Fort Benton strata of the
Cretaceous of Wyoming. While containing chiefly silica, alumina, and
water, with about 60 per cent; or more of the first-named, it
nevertheless has so many other bases as not to be refractory, but
rather to resemble fuUera' earth. Engin. and Itin. Jour., Oct. 22,
1898, p. 491. Which is difficult to work on account of the ^ent-wood
(bent' wiid), ».' Wood in rods, bars, unequal distribution of
theweight of the over- ^^^ ^^.^^^ y^^^^^ ^^^ moldings
softened i^ steam and fastened while hot into a curved Ijring strata.
[Scotch.] — 4. Bound in some direction or toward an aim; set;
pointing toward something. The aorist has also an optative, of
somewhat peculiar bent^, m. 8. (6) The articulated group of
mem""—'-■— "■• — "-" "•- --»—*""' '— Iu."/./^.v.».■..»^ ^gpg
forming a planeframe of a framed structure, such as a bridge-truss,
a braced pier, or a building-frame. Abent of trestle would
cominflection, usually called the precative (or ftenedicMDe).
WIvOmxh, Sansk. Oram., § 533. benedictively (ben-f-dik'tiv-li), adv.
With the force of the bene'dictive mood. See *benedicUve, 2.
.benedite (ben'e-dit), n. An explosive containing 92-95 parts of
ammonium nitrate and 5-7 parts of colophony. benefactorship (ben-
e-fak'tor-ship), n. The position or relation of benefactor: as, "his
benefactorship to his country," Hales. benefactory (ben-f-fak'to-ri), a.
Benefit-conferring; beneficial': as, benefactory results. benefice
(ben'e-fis), v. t.; pret. and pp. beneficed, ppr. beneficing, [benefice,
re.] To endow or invest with a benefice. WycUf. beneficial, II. ». 2.
In zod7., an animal which benefits man by destroying or checking
the increase of animals injurious to him. Group G. — Animals which
are known as "bena^cials," on account of their being destructive to
or checking the increase of the injurious animals classed under
Groups clamp to give it a bent form. When cold and removed from
the clamp it retains its form. Used in boat-building and in furniture-
making. — Bent-wood fumlture, chaii-s and other furniture made of
round rods of wood bent into various artistic ^ _ _ ._ forms and
usually having cane seats. prise all the members in one transverse
plane, benum, v. t. A simplified spelling of benumb. including the sill,
cap, vertical and iBclined benylene (ben'i-len), n. {ben{eem) + -yl +
posts, and transverse bracing-members. — 11. -ene.'] A
hydrocarbon, Ci6H2g, of the acetyA cleavage-plate of slate whose
sides are lene series, formed by the action of alcoholic slightly
curved, cut from gently folded beds. potash on triamylene bromide.
The rock surface may be but a few inches below the turf bcnzal
(ben'zal), «. \benz(ene) + *-a^-^ 1 . or may be buried beneath 30
to 40 feet of glacial deposits. An organic radical having the formula
CeHsCH There is frequently a fiexure of the cleavage (" curl ") for " '
" " — . A few inches near the ribbon ; more rarely there is a
curvature ol the cleavage across the entii'e bed. Slates cut from such
beds are called ' ' bents, "and are used lor covering curved or conical
rools. Cantarib. to Econ. Geol., U. S. Geol. Surv., 1902, p. 362.
bent^, n. — Blackbent. (!>) The switch-grass, Panicum virgatum. —
English bent, the redtop, AgrotUi alba. — IiOns-leafed bent, the
sand^ass, CalamovOfa Umgifolia. — Panic bent, the Munro-grass,
Panicum, agrostoides. — Rhode Island bent, the dog-bent, Agrogtis
eanina, one of the best lawn grasses. Less properly, A. (ri6a.—
Eougllbent,.4»rost»g%e»noii».— Rough-leafed bent, Agrostis
asperifolia. — Sea-COast bent, Agrostia S:i^fi^?l?^:^is^ ^^
The text on this page is estimated to be only 23.06%
accurate

benzidam 129 berlin byZinin in 1840, when he prepared it

byre- zoic acid, CgHsCN. It is an oil with an odor like Berdan pan.
See *j)a«i. duoing nitrobenzene with ammonium sulphid. that of
bitter almonds. It boils at 190.6° C. berduque, n. Same as
*belduque. [Now obsolete.] benzo-olive (ben-zo-ol'iv), re. A direct
cotton Berea grit. Same as Berea sandstone. benzidine (ben'zi-din),
n. Ibenz^ene) + -id^ coal-tar color of tlie trisazo type, derived from
Bere^nthian (ber-i-sin'thi-an), a. [Grr. Be+ -ine^.'i The common
name for para-diamino. benzidine. It dyes unmordanted cotton a
peiarvSioq, 'BspeKyvrtoQ, adj., from BepiKwrrog, a diphenyl, one of
the aromatic bases having the greenish olive in a neutral salt bath.
place in Phrygia.] Of or pertaining to Bereformula NH2.C6H4-
CBH4.NH2. It is an ira- benzo-orange (ben-zo-or'anj), n. A direct cot-
cynthos, a place in ancient Phrygia.—
Berecynportantrawmaterialinthepreparationof manv ton coal-tar
color ot the diazo type, derived thlan mother, Cybele, who was called
'themotherof of the direct cotton colors. - Benzidine hlue, from
benzidine and containing a salicylic-acid
\ll&l^l7^T^T^^^S^^'^F'°''^^^7^^''' colors. See Mlu.. *«oZor.-
Benzidine reamS?|: group. It dyes unmordanted cotto/ orange
^BTBnX^^hlfen'fl'm^ n'"^^^ ment, a molecular rearrangement by
which benzidine is from an allcnliTiB salt hn+h DerengeUie (,pe-ren
ge-llt;, re. \_lierengela fomed from hydrazobenzene,
CsHrNHNHCbHs, or by . i„™ ^? „„„™S ^^"^^ „ /•^_l_ (see del) -1-
-ite^.] A substance resembling which other hydrazo compounds
undergo a similar trans- Denzopnenone (ben-zo-fe non),TO.
\imzo{%c)+ bitumen or asphalt, found in the province of formaUon.
The rearrangement takes place under the phen(yl) + -one.^
Diphenylketone, (CeH6)2CO, g„n Juan de Bereno'nla Pbtii Inoallv
nspA fnr influence of dilute acids and is important a« a step in a
compound formed by the dry distiflaflon o^ eamnTand
t,av^n^^shi?>s ' ^ the preparation of many dyes, especially those
of the palciiim hen/oatfi It mplts at 48° C, anfl hnlla •'^IKing ana
paying snips. "Kongo" series.- Benzidine red. See *recll. at 306^0
Berenicea (ber-e-nis'e-a)^ re. [NL., < L. Berebenzilam (ben'zi-lam),
ji. [6eresa -I- a)»(TOO- v,-_„„»„s_«_« /i,o„ „= ^,™i„/s„^ », r7,™.
„/-»\ «Jce, Gr. BeofviK^, a feminine proper name.] A nia) m ye
compound triphenyloxaz^ole, ^f^f^Tilmels'^:^' " ^"^'"^'"^ ^enns
of /yclostomatous br^oz^oans gro^ng CbHk-C-Ov i,n„»no«i
ciTqt.'^^ =«n 0? rj.««»/^.7\ J. „„^ J. as thm discoid crusts on
foreign bodies, the OH ^ N>^«^^- ^^'''^^^^^^^^^^P^^^^ -
"riHolorir^^^^^ zo«cia being arranged in irregu^rlyalt^^^^ a
mcTt at 115° C. VOunA, CeH^OCri.OCOCeHe, obtained by the Sfhe
^^ai^feS'^??l?rbuTda'S??n' K^c'SiS'e* Tteiudllc acid.
diohenylKlycolic or dinhenylhydroxvacetic ^'^^^Z^ °* benzoyl
chlorid upon guaiacol ; guaia- and are present in existing seas.
^cldnC6H5feC((5H)C02H. Itisformed by warming beuzil fpl benzoate
; benzoyl guaiacol. It is some- beresovite (be-res'6-iat), re.
[_Berezof,a. minwith alcoholic potash. It crystallizes in needles which
times taken internally for intestinal tuberou- ing district and place in
Bussia, in the govemmeltatl60°C. losis and diarrhea. ment of Perm, -
H -i«e2.] A chromate and caiv benzunino (ben-zim m-o), n. Noting
an ester benzotncnlorid (ben"zo-tri-kl6'nd), re. [ben- bonate of lead
occurring in deep-red crystalline of the general formula CgHpNII-O-
E, salts of eo(ie) + trieUorid.'] Phenyltrichlormethane laniellse :
found at Berezof in the Ural, which are formed by the action of
hydrochloric or 1', 1', I'-trichlortoluene, CeHgCCls, acolor- bergamiol
(b6r-gam'i-61), n. [bergam(ot) + acid and an alcohol on benzonitrile.
The ethyl less liquid formed by the action of ehlorin on -i-ol] Linaloyl
acetate, the prmcipal constitester is an oil which forms a crystalline
hy- boiling toluene. It has a penetrative, irritating odor, uent of the
essence or essential oil of bergadroehlorid. Also called, less correctly,
ben- and boQs at 2U' C. it is used in the preparation of a mot, now
prepared in separate form and used _,-AM**i/i ^fhM' number of
dyes. . * _n *^ *^ ^ gmmoeinei. i, _„ 4. i _ Benzoyl ohlorid, the
chlorld of benzoic acid, CbHbCOCI. in perfumery. benZO-. A
combining term ot benzene, some- it is a colorless oil with a pungent
odor. Ita vapor is bergaptene (b6r-gap'ten), n. A lactone, Ci«times
used to indicate that a compound is re- very irritating to the eyes. It
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