CHAPTER-1

INTRODUCTION

Substance abuse has become a global phenomenon. It has affected almost every country,
although its extent and characteristics differ from region to region. It is estimated that at least
40 million people throughout the world are regular substance abusers or drug users. The
problems of drug abuse are localised especially in the urban, semi-urban and along the border
areas of India.1

The period of adolescence is a vulnerable period in the life of an individual. The increased
vulnerability in this period related to psychological factors like curiosity, poor impulse
control, run away from reality, psychological distress and so forth. The social factors like
peer influence, lack of clear identity, and self intra familial conflict also expose the
adolescent to substance abuse.2

The problem of substance abuse is a significant problem among adolescents in our societies
as the problem is increasing day by day due to various factors like easy availability of drugs
and rapid socioeconomic and demographic changes.3

Recent studies have shown that the drug addicts registered for treatment and rehabilitation of
various treatment centres are mostly adolescents and youth students. In terms of initiating
substance abuse significant percentage of drug abuser (83%) has started using drugs and
other substances between 16-20 years followed by under 15 years.4

Substance abuse is associated with a variety of negative consequences, including school

failure, and poor judgement which may put adolescents at risk for accidents, violence,
unplanned and unsafe sex. These dangerous consequences of substance abuse on human life
intensify the need for prevention of this abuse.5

People abuse substances such as alcohol, tobacco, and other drugs for varied and
complicated reasons, but it is clear that our society pays a significant cost. The toll for this
abuse can be seen in our hospitals and emergency departments both through direct damage to
health by substance abuse or its link to coronary artery heart disease, cardiovascular and other
vascular effects. Finding effective treatment for and prevention of substance abuse has been
difficult. Through research, we now have a better understanding of this behaviour. Studies
have made it clear that education and prevention aimed at children and adolescents offer the
best chance to curb abuse nationally.6

It becomes a large phenomenon in India in the past two decades affecting all segments of
society. The abuse of psychoactive drugs among youth is an issue of national importance.
Substance abuse is increasing at an alarming rate, causing serious threats to every nation, by
deteriorating health, increase in crimes, hampering productivity, and destroying relationships,
eroding social and moral values and impeding the overall process of society. Drug abuse is a
form of substance related disorder. In some cases, criminal or antisocial behaviour occurs
when the person is under the influence of a drug and long-term personality changes in
individuals may also occur. Drugs most often associate with this term includes; alcohol,
amphetamines, barbiturates, benzodiazepines, cannabis, cocaine, hallucinogens and Opioids.
Abuse of substances creates a great threat to the health, social and economic condition of
individual, family, community and to the nation. Substance abuse is a social evil. It destroys
not only vitals of the society, but also adversely affects the economic growth of the country. 7

It spreads all over a country, from nation to nation; to the entire globe, infecting every
civilized society irrespective of caste, creed, culture and the geographical location. Globally,
substance abuse is a serious public health and social issue. The global burden of drug abuse
has risen substantially over the past decades, with approximately 296 million people using
drugs in 2021, an increase of 23% over the previous decade (UNODC, 2023).8

Numerous studies have emphasized that drug abuse is a significant public health issue associated with
considerable morbidity, mortality, and social consequences (Volkow et al., 2016; Degenhardt et al.,
2013). The problem of drug abuse is not confined to any single country or region but is truly a global
challenge affecting both developing and developed nations (NIDA, 2020). Research from the United
States by the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA, 2020) indicates that the misuse of tobacco,
alcohol, and illicit drugs costs the nation over $740 billion annually in related crime, lost work
productivity, and health care. Adolescents and young adults remain particularly vulnerable to drug
experimentation and progression to addiction due to developmental, environmental, and social factors
(Johnston et al., 2021). A study by Hawkins et al. (1992) pointed out that early initiation of drug use
increases the risk of long-term addiction and adverse outcomes. Peer pressure, academic stress, family
dysfunction, and exposure to a drug-using environment have been identified as critical contributors to
the initiation and maintenance of substance abuse (Brook et al., 2001; Hingson et al., 2006).9

The psychosocial perspective posits that individual vulnerability combined with social and
environmental factors determines the risk of abuse (Marlatt & Witkiewtiz,2005). Neurobiological
research suggests that repeated drug exposure alters brain chemistry, especially in regions associated
with reward, decision-making, and self-control, leading to compulsive use (Volkow & Morales, 2015).
Moreover, the stigma associated with drug addiction often prevents individuals from seeking timely
help, which exacerbates the cycle of dependency and social isolation (Room et al., 2001).
A systematic review by Degenhardt et al...(2018) underscores that substance use disorders are linked
with higher rates of review by Degenhardt et al. (2018) underscores that substance use disorders are
linked with higher rates e linked with higher rates of suicide, mental illness, infectious diseases, and
socio-economic hardship
 NEED FOR THE STUDY

Substance abuse is a serious public health problem that affects every community and family
in some way. Each year substance abuse results in around 40 million serious illnesses or
injuries among people⁹. Teens who abuse drugs with needles increase risk of their risk of
blood borne diseases like HIV, AIDS and Hep B and C. Nevertheless, experimentation with
substances, particularly alcohol and tobacco, is progressive more common behaviour among
college students. There is casual relationship between alcohol consumption and more than 60
types of diseases and injury worldwide alcoholism estimated to cause about 20% - 30% of
oesophageal cancer, liver cancer and cirrhosis of liver, homicide, epilepsy and motor vehicle
accidents. Worldwide 1.8 million death and 58.3 million DALY attributed to use of alcohol.
Experimentation is considered problematic when substance use occurs at a very young age,
with increasing frequency, while the child is alone or in the context of behavioural or
emotional difficulties. If use becomes more frequent negative consequences can develop
including impairment at school or work, legal problems, accidents and interpersonal
difficulties. Substance use becomes abuse when an adolescent suffers negative and harmful
consequences because of use of substances and yet continues using. Substance abuse has
been strongly linked to risky sexual behaviour, delinquent behaviour, low school
achievement. Heavy and prolonged substance use can result in drug dependence with s
syndrome of significant distress if the drug use is stopped or reduced. Policies which
influence the levels and patterns of substance use and related harm can significantly reduce
the public health problems attributable to substance use, and interventions at the health care
system level can work towards the restoration of health in affected individuals. College
students are the most vulnerable group and are at high risk of substance abuse related
problems compared to other population the prevalence rate of substance abuse is highest
among young adolescents and young adults a large majority of who are students. Health
education is an important strategy of all the programs to prevent and control substance abuse.
The WHO Expert Committee on Drug Dependence (1973) endeavoured to ascertain factors
associated with the prevention of drug dependence and urged that it would be necessary to
eliminated the ignorance and misconception about drug effects.

PROBLEM-STATEMENT
A DESCRIPTIVE STUDY TO ASSESS KNOWLEDGE AND ATTITUDE REGARDING
ADVERSE EFFECTS OF SUBSTANCE ABUSE/DRUG ABUSE AMONG MLT/RIT 1st
YEAR STUDENTS IN AIHST KNONMOH.

OBJECTIVES-OF-THE-STUDY
1. To assess the knowledge regarding the adverse effects of substance abuse/drug abuse
among MLT/RIT 1st year students.

2.To assess the level of attitude regarding the adverse effects of substance abuse among
students

3. To find out the association between knowledge and attitude scores with selected
demographic variables regarding the adverse effects of substance abuse among students
4. To find out the correlation between knowledge and attitude scores regarding the adverse
effects of substance abuse.

OPERATIONAL-DEFINITIONS
In this study, it refers to check the extent knowledge and level of attitude regarding substance
abuse among students.

Knowledge: In this study, it refers to correct response obtained from students to knowledge
questionnaire regarding substance abuse.

Attitude: In this study, it refers to outlook beliefs and norms of the behaviour of students
regarding substance abuse.

Substance abuse: In this study, it refers to alcohol consumption, tobacco use, smoking and
psychoactive substance abuse.

HYPOTHESIS
H1: There will be a significant level of association between knowledge score and attitude
scores among students regarding substance abuse.

H2: There will be a significant correlation between knowledge and attitude scores among
students regarding substance abuse.

ASSUMPTIONS

There will be a significant level of association between knowledge score and attitude scores
among students regarding substance abuse

There will be a significant correlation between knowledge and attitude scores among students
regarding substance abuse

DELIMITATIONS
The study is limited to;
1.Students AIHST KHONMOH Srinagar
2.Students of MLT/RIT 1st year 3.Only
to asses knowledge and attitude regarding the adverse effects of substance abuse

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

A conceptual framework is a group of concepts and sets of prepositions that spell out
relationships between terms. Conceptual framework can be written and visual presentation
that explains either graphically or in narrative form. Bordage in 2009 defined conceptual
framework represents way of thinking about a problem or a study or way of representing how
complex things are. It plays several interrelated roles in the progress of science. Conceptual
framework serves as a guide to research. The conceptual framework of this study is based on
the system theory of Sister Callista Roy.
Sister Callista Roy Systems Theory: The focus of Roy’s model is the set of process by Which
a person adapts to environmental stresses. Each Person is a unifed bio psycho social system
in Constant interaction with changing environment. When the demands of the environmental
stimuli are Too grate or the persons adaptive mechanism are too Low the persons behavior
response are in effective for Coping. Roy vies the person as an adaptive system that
Functions as a whole through interdependence of its Parts. The system consists of input
control process Output and feedback. Input is stimuli from the external Environment and the
internal self, including Information (stimuli) from the cognator and regulator Mechanisms.
The control processes include both biological and psychological coping mechanisms of the
person, as Well as cognator and regulatory responses. Output is the adaptive and ineffective
behavioural responses of the person. Feedback is information regarding then Behavioral
responses that is conveyed as input in the System. In the present study these concepts can be
explained as follows;

INPUT: Consists of characteristics and condition of people. In this study, input refers to the
source of information regarding substance abuse through their life experiences by increasing
with the age being male/female, educational status and family background.

THROUGHPUT: Process refers to the differential operational Procedures of the programme.

They include Assessment of the existing knowledge and attitude of students regarding
psychoactive substance use. The assessment of knowledge is essential because the cognitive
process have their own motivational or dynamic force which forms, attitude and direct
behaviour.

OUTPUT: After processing through assessment the Systems output in form of behaviour,
directing with acquired knowledge and attitude. If their is adequate knowledge, it leads to
positive attitude. Inadequate knowledge leads to negative attitude in turn causes Drug abusive
behaviour. This can be rectified by means of education and attitude development programs.
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
 CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

1.Sharma et al. (2023) assessed the knowledge and attitudes of 400 college students towards
substance abuse in a metropolitan university. The study used a sample size of 400 students
using stratified sampling. The findings revealed that 75% of students recognized the harmful
effects of substance abuse, while 50% had a positive attitude towards substance abuse
prevention. The study recommends multidimensional approaches involving counselling,
seminars, and media literacy. Additionally, the study highlights the importance of involving
healthcare professionals and counsellors in substance abuse prevention efforts. The findings
also suggest that students with higher knowledge levels are more likely to have positive
attitudes towards substance abuse prevention.

2. Singh and Kaur (2023) conducted a research study titled “A Comparative Descriptive
Study on Knowledge and Attitudes Towards Substance Abuse Among Urban and Rural
University Students in North India”. The objective was to compare how location influences
students, knowledge and attitudes toward substance abuse. Using stratified sampling, the
researchers selected a diverse group of students from five universities, categorized into urban
and rural backgrounds. The study found that urban students were more informed due to
broader access to digital media, peer networks, and academic resources. However, these
students also exhibited more liberal and permissive attitudes towards casual or recreational
drug use. In contrast, rural students had limited access to information and lower awareness
levels but displayed more conservative attitudes, often rooted in traditional values and
community norms. The study concluded that both knowledge and attitude are significantly
Influenced by socio-cultural context, and recommended that awareness programs be designed
to suit the specific needs and perceptions of different student populations.

3.Verma et al. (2022) surveyed 350 college students in Uttar Pradesh using a structured
questionnaire. The study aimed to assess the knowledge and attitude of students about
substance abuse using stratified sampling. The findings revealed that 65% of students had
basic awareness of drug abuse consequences, while 30% had comprehensive understanding.
The study recommends structured awareness programs in educational institutions.
Additionally, the study found that students who had participated in awareness programs had
better knowledge and attitudes compared to those who had not. The study also highlights the
importance of involving media and technology in substance abuse prevention efforts.

4.Singh et al. (2022) surveyed 300 college students in Punjab using a structured
questionnaire. The study aimed to assess the knowledge and attitude of students about
substance abuse. The findings revealed that 65% of students had basic awareness of drug
abuse consequences, while 35% had comprehensive understanding. The study recommends
structured awareness programs in educational institutions. Additionally, the study found that
students who had participated in awareness programs.
5. Thomas et al. (2022) conducted a descriptive study titled “A Descriptive Study to Explore
the Role of Social Media in Awareness of Substance Abuse Among College Youth in
Kerala”. The study aimed to determine the impact of digital media exposure on students’
Knowledge and attitudes regarding substance use. A total of 280 college students were
Chosen using purposive sampling, specifically targeting those who were active on social
Media platforms and had engaged with health-related awareness content. The findings
Indicated that social media had a positive influence on general knowledge, with most
Students able to identify harmful substances and their effects. However, 46% of participants
Lacked knowledge about legal consequences, rehabilitation facilities, and support resources.
Although online campaigns increased visibility of the issue, they did not significantly alter
risk Behaviour. The study concluded that digital platforms should be supplemented with
Institution-based counselling, legal awareness sessions, and real-life success stories of
recovery.

6.Arora et al. (2022) assessed the knowledge and attitudes of 350 college students towards
Substance abuse in a metropolitan university. The study used a sample size of 350 students.
The findings revealed that 70% of students recognized the harmful effects of substance
Abuse, while 60% had a positive attitude towards substance abuse prevention. The study
Recommends multidimensional approaches involving counselling, seminars, and media
Literacy to improve knowledge and attitudes. Additionally, the study highlights the
importance of involving healthcare professionals and counsellors in substance abuse
prevention efforts. Furthermore, the findings suggest that students with higher knowledge
levels are more likely to have positive attitudes towards substance abuse prevention.

7.Rahman et al. (2021) performed a study titled “Knowledge and Attitude Toward Substance
Abuse: A Cross-Sectional Descriptive Study Among College Students in Dhaka,
Bangladesh” with the aim of assessing both knowledge and attitude regarding substance
Abuse among male and female college students. The study included 250 students selected
Through convenience sampling, focusing on those who were readily available and willing to
Participate. The results showed that 72% of the participants were aware of common harmful
Substances and their effects, yet 48% did not perceive occasional substance use as harmful.
Peer pressure, emotional stress, and lack of extracurricular activities were cited as major
Influences on substance experimentation, particularly among male students. The study
Concluded that while knowledge levels were moderately high, the prevailing attitudes were
Permissive. It recommended behavioural skill development programs, student mentorship,
and stress-coping workshops to transform awareness into responsible behaviour.

8.Raj et al. (2021) conducted a cross-sectional study among 400 college students in Chennai
using simple random sampling. The study aimed to assess the knowledge and attitudes of
students towards substance abuse. The findings revealed that 60% of students had moderate
knowledge about substance abuse prevention, while 50% had a positive attitude towards it.
The study highlights the importance of involving peers and family members in substance
abuse prevention efforts. Additionally, the findings suggest that students with higher
knowledge levels are more likely to have positive attitudes towards substance abuse
prevention. The study recommends awareness programs and workshops to improve
knowledge and attitudes.

9.Saxena et al. (2021) conducted a cross-sectional study among 300 college students in
Rajasthan. The study aimed to assess the knowledge and attitudes of students towards
Substance abuse. The findings revealed that 55% of students had moderate knowledge About
substance abuse prevention, while 50% had a positive attitude towards it. The study Suggests
integrating substance abuse education into the curriculum to improve knowledge and
attitudes. Moreover, the study found that students who had received substance abuse
Education had better knowledge and attitudes compared to those who had not. Furthermore,
the findings suggest that substance abuse education can have a positive impact on students’,
Attitudes and behaviours.

10.Mishra et al. (2021) explored the knowledge and attitudes of 300 college students towards
Substance abuse in a South Indian university. The study used a sample size of 300 students.
The findings showed that 60% of students had basic awareness of drug abuse Consequences,
while 40% had comprehensive understanding. The study recommends Awareness programs
and workshops to improve knowledge and attitudes. Additionally, the Study highlights the
importance of involving peers and family members in substance abuse Prevention efforts.
Furthermore, the findings suggest that awareness programs can have a Positive impact on
students’ knowledge and attitudes.

11.Sharma et al. (2020) conducted a study titled “A Descriptive Study to Assess the
Knowledge and Attitude Regarding Substance Abuse Among College Students in Urban and
Rural Areas of Northern India”. The objective was to evaluate and compare the knowledge
and attitudes of college students from both urban and rural regions concerning substance
Abuse. A total of 300 students were included in the study using stratified random Sampling,
dividing participants by geographical location. The findings revealed that 67% of Students
had a general understanding of the harmful effects of substances like alcohol, Tobacco, and
cannabis. However, only 42% demonstrated a deeper understanding of the Long-term
impacts, such as mental health deterioration and academic failure. Urban students Had
slightly higher awareness levels than their rural counterparts. Despite awareness, many
Students held lenient or passive attitudes, with 28% believing occasional use to be harmless.
The study concluded that a gap exists between knowledge and attitude, especially in rural
Areas, and emphasized the need for targeted awareness campaigns and incorporation of
Substance abuse education in academic programs.

12.Patel et al. (2020) conducted a cross-sectional study among 350 college students in
Gujarat. The study aimed to assess the knowledge and attitudes of students towards substance
abuse. The findings revealed that 60% of students had moderate knowledge about substance
abuse prevention, while 55% had a positive attitude towards it. The study highlights the
importance of involving peers and family members in substance abuse prevention efforts.
Additionally, the findings suggest that students with higher knowledge levels are more likely
to have positive attitudes towards substance abuse prevention. The study recommends
awareness programs and workshops to improve knowledge and attitudes.

13.Yadav et al. (2020) surveyed 250 college students in Uttar Pradesh using a structured
Questionnaire. The study aimed to assess the knowledge and attitude of students about
Substance abuse. The findings revealed that 50% of students had inadequate knowledge
About the harmful effects of substance abuse, while 55% expressed willingness to Participate
in awareness programs. The study recommends peer-led workshops and Interactive
campaigns to improve knowledge and attitudes. Additionally, the study highlights the
importance of involving media and technology in substance abuse prevention efforts.

14.A study conducted by Johnston et al. (2020) aimed to assess the knowledge and attitudes
of high school students regarding substance abuse. The study employed a cross-sectional
Design, utilizing a survey questionnaire to collect data from a sample of 1,200 students
Selected through stratified random sampling. The findings revealed that students had
Moderate knowledge about the adverse effects of substance abuse, but their attitudes
Towards substance use were influenced by peer pressure and social media. The study
Recommended implementing educational programs to enhance students’ knowledge and
promote positive attitudes towards substance use prevention.

15.Srivastava et al. (2019) explored the knowledge and attitudes of 300 college students
towards substance abuse in a North Indian university. The study used a sample size of 300
students using simple random sampling. The findings showed that 55% of students had poor
knowledge about substance abuse, while 40% had a favourable attitude towards it. The study
suggests integrating substance abuse education into the curriculum. Moreover, the study
found that students who had received substance abuse education had better knowledge and
attitudes compared to those who had not. The study also highlights the importance of
involving healthcare professionals in substance abuse prevention efforts.

16.Jain et al. (2019) explored the knowledge and attitudes of 250 college students towards
substance abuse in a North Indian university. The study used a sample size of 250 students.
The findings showed that 50% of students had poor knowledge about substance abuse, while
45% had a favourable attitude towards it. The study suggests integrating substance abuse
education into the curriculum. Moreover, the study found that students who had received
substance abuse education had better knowledge and attitudes compared to those who had
not. The study also highlights the importance of involving healthcare professionals in
substance abuse prevention efforts.

17. Patel and Mehta (2019) carried out a study titled “A Descriptive Study to Assess the
Knowledge and Attitudes of Undergraduate Students Regarding Substance Abuse in Gujarat”
with the purpose of evaluating the extent of awareness and attitudes among college Youth. A
sample of 200 students aged 18–25 years was selected using simple random Sampling,
ensuring equal participation chances for all individuals. Findings revealed that 73% of
students acknowledged the dangers of substance abuse, but only 38% expressed a
Willingness to take preventive action or report incidents. About 58% had observed peers
Using substances on campus, yet more than 30% admitted they would not intervene due to
Fear of social repercussions or a lack of clarity on how to act. The study highlighted the gap
Between knowledge and proactive behaviour and emphasized the necessity for moral
Education, student-led interventions, and anonymous reporting systems within institutions.

18.Komro et al. (2019) conducted a study to assess the impact of a substance use prevention
Program on high school students’ knowledge and attitudes. The study used a Quasi-
experimental design, collecting data from a sample of 1,000 students through surveys and
focus groups. The findings indicated that students who participated in the prevention Program
had improved knowledge and attitudes towards substance use, and were more Likely to
engage in healthy behaviours. The study suggested that schools should implement
Comprehensive prevention programs to address substance use among adolescents.

19.Kumar et al. (2018) conducted a descriptive study among 250 college students in Bihar.
The study analysed the knowledge and perceptions of students about substance abuse using
simple random sampling. The findings indicated that 50% of students had inadequate
knowledge about the harmful effects of substance abuse, while 60% expressed willingness to
participate in awareness programs. The study suggests peer-led workshops and interactive
campaigns. Moreover, the study found that students who had participated in peer-led
workshops had better knowledge and attitudes compared to those who had not. The study
also highlights the importance of involving family members and peers in substance abuse
prevention efforts.

20.A study by Botvin et al. (2018) evaluated the effectiveness of a substance use prevention
Program among middle school students. The study employed a randomized controlled trial
Design, with a sample of 1,500 students selected through cluster sampling. The findings
Showed that students who participated in the prevention program had improved knowledge
and attitudes towards substance use, and were less likely to engage in substance use
Behaviours. The study recommended implementing evidence-based prevention programs in
Schools to reduce substance use among adolescents.

21. A study by Sloboda et al. (2018) examined the relationship between substance use and
Mental health among adolescents. The study employed a cross-sectional design, collecting
Data from a sample of 2,000 students through online surveys. The findings revealed that
Students who engaged in substance use were more likely to experience mental health
Problems, such as depression and anxiety. The study recommended implementing substance
use prevention programs that address mental health concerns among Adolescents.

22. Hingson et al. (2017) conducted a study to examine the relationship between substance
Use and academic performance among college students. The study used a longitudinal
Design, collecting data from a sample of 2,500 students through online surveys. The findings
Indicated that students who engaged in substance use had lower GPAs and were more likely
to experience academic difficulties. The study suggested that universities should implement
Substance use prevention programs to promote academics
CHAPTER 3

METHODOLOGY
METHODOLOGY-CHART
The present study has been undertaken to assess knowledge and
attitude regarding adverse effects of substance abuse among
MLT/RIT first year students in AIHST KHONMOH Srinagar

RESEARCH DESIGN: In this study the descriptive research design

was used to assess knowledge and attitude regarding adverse
effects of substance abuse / drug abuse among students of
MLT/RIT 1st year.

RESEARCH SETTING: The present study was conducted in AIHST

KHONMOH the data was collected through a questionnaire the
investigators visited the college during morning time that is at
10AM.

TARGET POPULATION: Students of MLT/RIT 1ST YEAR OF AIHST

KHONMOH.

SAMPLE AND SAMPLE SIZE: The sample for the present study
included 60 students selected from MLT/RIT 1 STYEAR of AIHST
KHONMOH.

SAMPLING TECHNIQUE: In this study convenience sampling

technique was used to select sample for data collection.

SAMPLING ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA:

A. Inclusion criteria:

1. Students studying in AIHST KHONMOH.

2.Students who are willing to participate in the study

B. Exclusion criteria:

1. Students who are not willing to participate.

2. Students who are not available during the period of data

collection. tool was selected and based on the research problem
and review related literature and with suggesting and guidance
of experts in the field psychiatric nursing, psychiatry, clinical
psychology and psychiatric social work.

DESCRIPTION-OF-THE-TOOL
The tool for data collection comprised of three sections:
Section A: Demographic profile sheet.

Section B: Structured questionnaire

Section C: Likert scale (Dass 20).

Section A: Socio-demographic profile consists of 8 questions

regarding their personal information such as:
Name, Age, Gender, course, place, Type of family, Number of
siblings, educational status of father, educational status of
mother
Section B: Structured questionnaire consists of 30 questions with
4 different options

Section C: Likert scale (Dass20) 5 point to assess the attitude

rating as: Strongly agree (5)

Agree (4)

Neutral (3)

Disagree (2)

Strongly disagree (1)

DATA-COLLECTION-METHOD:
Prior permission was obtained from Principal of AIHST KHONMOH,
to conduct study. The data was collected on 29-05-2025. The
investigator personally visited each respondent and introduction
about investigator and purpose of the study was given, and the
nature of the study was briefly explained. The questionnaire was
administered after getting the respondent’s consent.

PILOT STUDY:

The pilot study was conducted on 27 may 2025 to ensure the reliability of tool and
feasibility of the study. Formal permission was obtained from concerned authority of
the college before conducting the study. Total six subjects were included in the study.
Pilot study was conducted in one day. Informed consent was taken from them for their
willingness to participate in the study, the respondents were assured that their
confidentiality and anonymity will be maintained during and after the research process.
No modification was made after pilot study because the tool was found to be reliable
and feasible.. Data analysis was done by descriptive and inferential statistics. The study
was found to be feasible. Results of pilot study revealed that reliability r=0.84. It was
found practicable for final study.

ETHICAL CONSIDERATION:

Ethical permission was obtained from the institution ethics committee

.Informed consent was taken from each participant

.The tool was distributed to the students in classroom setting and collect after
completion

.Anonymity was maintained throughout the study

DATA COLLECTION PROCEDURE:

The data collection was carried out in the last week of may 2025 in the Arsh Institute of
Health Sciences and Technology Khonmoh Srinagar. Total 60 subjects were taken by
convenience sampling technique. Before the data collection, the investigators gave self-
introduction to subjects and explain the purpose of gathering information. The written
consent was taken from the subjects before study. They were assured that their
responses will be kept confidential and information will be used for research purposes.
All the subjects cooperated well with the investigators during the data collection
procedure. A self-structured questionnaire was given to respondents which took 10-15
minutes for completing. The tool was administered personally to collect the data. After
collecting the filled forms, the answers were analysed and evaluated. All the subjects
cooperated well with the investigators during the data collection procedure.

SUMMARY:

This chapter dealt with the methodology adopted for the present
study. It included research design, research setting, target
population, sample and sample size, sampling technique,
sampling eligibility criteria, development of tool, description of
tool, scoring criteria, validity of tools, reliability of tools, pilot
study, ethical consideration, data collection procedure, plan for
data analysis and summary.