EEAC 107- Fluid Mechanics

Submitted By:
DAYAG, KRISHJIAN ZCLANCE L

Date Submitted: May 2, 2025

ENGR. NATHANIEL B. DALAO

Instructor
WATER FLOWS THROUGH A 75 mm DIAMETER PIPE AT A
𝑚
VELOCITY OF 3 𝑆𝐸𝐶 . FIND (A) THE VOLUME FLOW RATE IN
3
𝑚 𝐿𝐼𝑇 𝐾𝐺
𝑆𝐸𝐶 AND 𝑆𝐸𝐶
(B) THE MASS FLOW RATE IN 𝑆𝐸𝐶
AND (C) THE
𝑁
WEIGHT FLOW RATE IN 𝑆𝐸𝐶
.
GIVEN: PDIAMETER = 75mm​ REQUIRED: (A) VFLOW RATE
𝑚
𝒱=3 𝑆𝐸𝐶
(B) MFLOW RATE
(C) WFLOW RATE
SOLUTION:

(A)

Q=A×𝒱
π
Q= 4
(0.075)2(3)
3
𝑚 𝐿𝐼𝑇
Q = 0.013 𝑆𝐸𝐶
× 1000 3
𝑚
𝐿𝐼𝑇
Q = 13 𝑆𝐸𝐶
(B)
M = ρQ
M = 1000(0.013)
𝐾𝐺
M = 13 𝑆𝐸𝐶

(C)
W = γQ
W = 9810(0.013)
𝑁
W = 127 𝑆𝐸𝐶

NAME (SURNAME, FIRST NAME, M.I.):

TITLE / TOPIC:
DAYAG, KRISHJIAN ZCLANCE L.
FUNDAMENTALS OF FLUID
FLOW COURSE, YEAR & SECTION:

BSEE - 3EA
 1.​OIL OF SP.GR 0.84 IS FLOWING IN A PIPE UNDER THE
CONDITIONS SHOWN IN THE FIGURE. IF THE TOTAL
HEAD LOSS FROM POINT 1 TO POINT 2 IS 900 mm, FIND
THE PRESSURE AT POINT 2.

GIVEN: SG = 0.84
HL = 900 mm = 0.9 m

REQUIRED: PRESSURE AT P2

SOLUTION:
3
𝑚
Q1 = Q2 = 0.056 𝑆
ENERGY EQUATION BETWEEN 1 AND 2:
E1 – HL1*2 = E2
2 2
𝑉1 𝑃1 𝑉2 𝑃2
2𝑔
+ Ƴ
+ Z1 - HL1*2 = 2𝑔
+ Ƴ
+ Z2
2
8(0.056) 𝑃
8(0.056)
2
2

4 +
445
9.81 × 0.84
+ 3.21–0.90 = 2 4 + 9.81×0.84
+1.2
π 𝑔(0.15) π 𝑔(0.15)
𝑃
9.81×0.84
= 55.52 m OF OIL

P = 457.53 KPA

NAME (SURNAME, FIRST NAME, M.I.):

TITLE / TOPIC:
DAYAG, KRISHJIAN ZCLANCE L.
FUNDAMENTALS OF FLUID
FLOW COURSE, YEAR & SECTION:

BSEE - 3EA
 3. FOR THE PIPE SHOWN IN THE FIGURE 𝒱1 = 𝒱2 = 1.2
𝑚
𝑆𝐸𝐶
. DETERMINE THE TOTAL HEAD LOST BETWEEN 1 AND
2.

𝑚
GIVEN : 𝒱1 = 𝒱2 = 1.2 𝑆𝐸𝐶
REQUIRED: HL

SOLUTION:
𝑚
𝒱1 = 𝒱2 = 1.2 𝑆𝐸𝐶
ENERGY EQUATION BETWEEN 1 AND 2:
2 2
𝑉1 𝑃1 𝑉2 𝑃2
2𝑔
+ Ƴ
+ Z1 - HL1*2 = 2𝑔
+ Ƴ
+ Z2

SINCE,
2 2
𝑉1 𝑉2
𝒱1 = 𝒱2 , 2𝑔
= 2𝑔
𝑃1 𝑃1
γ
+ Z1 – HL = γ
+ Z2
280
9.81
+ 4.3 – HL = 200
9.81
+ 9.08
HL = 3.375 m

NAME (SURNAME, FIRST NAME, M.I.):

TITLE / TOPIC:
DAYAG, KRISHJIAN ZCLANCE L.
FUNDAMENTALS OF FLUID
FLOW COURSE, YEAR & SECTION:

BSEE - 3EA
 4. A HORIZONTAL PIPE GRADUALLY REDUCES FORM 300
mm DIAMETER SECTION TO 100 mm DIAMETER SECTION.
THE PRESSURE AT THE 300 mm SECTION IS 100 kPa AND AT
THE 100 mm SECTION IS 70 kPa. IF THE FLOW RATE IS 15
𝐿𝐼𝑇𝐸𝑅𝑆
𝑆𝐸𝐶
OF WATER, COMPUTE THE HEAD LOST BETWEEN THE
TWO SECTIONS.

GIVEN: D1 = 300 mm = 0.3 m REQUIRED: HL

D2 = 100 mm = 0.1 m
P1 = 100 kPa = 100000 Pa
P2​= 70 kPa = 70000 Pa

3
𝐿𝐼𝑇𝐸𝑅𝑆 𝑚
Q = 15 𝑆𝐸𝐶
= 0.015 𝑆𝐸𝐶
𝐾𝐺
ρ = 1000 3
𝑚
Z1 = Z2

SOLUTIONS:
ENERGY EQUATION BETWEEN 1 AND 2:
E1 - HL = E2
2 2
𝑉1 𝑃1 𝑉2 𝑃2
2𝑔
+ Ƴ
+ Z1 - HL = 2𝑔
+ Ƴ
+ Z2
2
8(0.015) 70
2
2
8(0.015)
4 +
100
9.81
+ 0 - HL = 2 4 + 9.81
+0
π 𝑔(0.3) π 𝑔(0.1)

HL = 2.872 m

NAME (SURNAME, FIRST NAME, M.I.):

TITLE / TOPIC:
DAYAG, KRISHJIAN ZCLANCE L.
FUNDAMENTALS OF FLUID
FLOW COURSE, YEAR & SECTION:

BSEE - 3EA
 5.WATER AT 20 °C FLOWS STEADILY THROUGH THE
𝐾𝐺
NOZZLE AT 60 𝑆 . THE DIAMETERS ARE D1 = 220 mm AND
D2 = 80 MM. COMPUTE THE AVERAGE VELOCITIES AT
SECTIONS 1 AND 2.
GIVEN: T = 20o REQUIRED: V1 AND V2
𝐾𝐺
m = 60 𝑆
D1 = 220 mm = 0.22 m
D2 = 80 mm = 0.08 m

SOLUTION:
𝑚
m˙= ρAV ⇒ V= ρ𝐴
WHERE,
π 2
A= 4
​𝐷
𝐾𝐺
ρ = 998 3
𝑚

CALCULATE AREAS:
π 2 π 2
A1 = 4
​𝐷 ; 4
​(0. 22) = 0.0380 m2
π 2 π 2
A2 = 4
​𝐷 ; 4
​(0. 08) = 0.005027 m2

USE MASS FLOW RATE TO FIND VELOCITIES

𝑚 60 60 𝑚
V1 = ρ𝐴
; 998 × 0.0380
= 37.924
= 1.58 𝑆𝐸𝐶
𝑚 60 60 𝑚
V2 = ρ𝐴
; 998 × 0.005027
= 5.016
= 11.96 𝑆𝐸𝐶

NAME (SURNAME, FIRST NAME, M.I.):

TITLE / TOPIC:
DAYAG, KRISHJIAN ZCLANCE L.
FUNDAMENTALS OF FLUID
FLOW COURSE, YEAR & SECTION:

BSEE - 3EA
 6. WATER FLOWS FREELY FROM THE RESERVOIR SHOWN
THROUGH A 50-mm DIAMETER PIPE AT THE RATE OF 6.31
𝐿𝐼𝑇 𝐽𝑂𝑈𝐿𝐸
𝑆𝐸𝐶
. IF THE HEAD LOST IN THE SYSTEM IS 11.58 𝑁
,
DETERMINE THE ELEVATION OF THE WATER SURFACE IN THE
RESERVOIR IF THE DISCHARGE END IS AT ELEVATION OF 4
m.

GIVEN: D = 50 mm
𝐿𝐼𝑇
Q = 6.31 𝑆𝐸𝐶
11.58 11.58
HL = Ƴ
= 9810
= 0.00118 m
REQUIRED: Z1

SOLUTION:
3
𝐿 𝑚
Q = 6.31 𝑆
= 0.00631 𝑆
HL = 11.58 N-m = 11.58 m

ENERGY EQUATION BETWEEN 1 AND 2:

E1 - HL = E2
2 2
𝑉1 𝑃1 𝑉2 𝑃2
2𝑔
+ Ƴ
+ Z1 - HL = 2𝑔
+ Ƴ
+ Z2
2
8(0.00631)
0 + 0 + Z1 -11.58 = 2 4 +0+4
π 𝑔(0.05)

Z1 = 16.11 m

NAME (SURNAME, FIRST NAME, M.I.):

TITLE / TOPIC:
DAYAG, KRISHJIAN ZCLANCE L.
FUNDAMENTALS OF FLUID
FLOW COURSE, YEAR & SECTION:

BSEE - 3EA
 7.WATER ENTERS THROUGH 600 mm DIAMETER PIPE
UNDER A PRESSURE OF 14 KPA. IT LEAVES THROUGH A 900
mm DIAMETER EXHAUST PIPE WITH A PRESSURE OF 4 KP. A
VERTICAL DISTANCE OF 2.5 m SEPARATES THE CENTERS OF
THE TWO PIPES AT THE SECTIONS WHERE THE PRESSURES
ARE MEASURED. IF 500 LITERS OF WATER PASS THE MOTOR
EACH SECOND, COMPUTE THE POWER SUPPLIED TO THE
MOTOR.
GIVEN: D1 = 600 mm = 0.6 m REQUIRED: POWER
D2 = 900 mm = 0.9 m IN WATTS
P1 = 14 kPa = 14000
P2 = 4 kPa = 4000 Pa
Z1-Z2 = 2.5 m
3
𝐿𝐼𝑇 𝑚
Q = 500 𝑆𝐸𝐶
= 0.5 𝑆

𝐾𝐺
ρ = 1000 3
𝑚
3
𝑚
Q1 = Q2 = 0.5 𝑆

SOLUTION:
ENERGY EQUATION BETWEEN 1 AND 2
(NEGLECTING HEAD LOST AND TAKING POINT 2 AS DATUM)
E1 – HE = E2
2 2
𝑉1 𝑃1 𝑉2 𝑃2
2𝑔
+ Ƴ
+ Z1 - HE = 2𝑔
+ Ƴ
+ Z2
2
8(0.5) 4
2
8(0.5)
2

4 +
14
9.81
+ 2.5 - HE = 2 4 + 9.81
+0
π (9.85)(0.6) π (9.81)(0.9)

HE = 3.647
P = Q γ HE , 0.5(9810)(3647)
P = 17,888.5 WATTS
NAME (SURNAME, FIRST NAME, M.I.):
TITLE / TOPIC:
DAYAG, KRISHJIAN ZCLANCE L.
FUNDAMENTALS OF FLUID
FLOW COURSE, YEAR & SECTION:

BSEE - 3EA
 8. A NOZZLE INCLINED AT AN ANGLE OF 60o WITH THE
HORIZONTAL ISSUES A 50 mm DIAMETER WATER JET AT THE
𝑚
RATE OF 10 𝑆𝐸𝐶 . NEGLECTING AIR RESISTANCE, WHAT IS
THE AREA OF THE JET AT THE HIGHEST POINT OF THE
PROJECTILE.
𝑚
GIVEN: V = 10 𝑆𝐸𝐶
REQUIRED: AREA
D = 50 mm = 0.5 m
Θ = 60o

SOLUTION:
SOLVING FOR THE VELOCITY OF THE JET AT THE SUMMIT
(HIGHEST POINT, A)
VY = 0
VY = VOX COS Θ
𝑚
VY = 10 COS 60o = 5 𝑆𝐸𝐶
2 2
V= 𝑉𝑂𝑋 + 𝑉𝑂𝑦
2 2
V= 5 + 0
𝑚
V=5 𝑆𝐸𝐶
SINCE THE FLOW IS CONTINUOS:
[QO =QA ]
Ao Vo = AA
π
4
(0.05)2(10) = AA (5)
AA = 0.003927 m2

NAME (SURNAME, FIRST NAME, M.I.):

TITLE / TOPIC:
DAYAG, KRISHJIAN ZCLANCE L.
FUNDAMENTALS OF FLUID
FLOW COURSE, YEAR & SECTION:

BSEE - 3EA
 𝐹𝑇
9. THE WATER-JET PUMP INJECTS WATER AT U1 = 80 𝑆𝐸𝐶
THROUGH A 4 IN PIPE WHICH IS SURROUNDED BY A
SECONDARY FLOW OF WATER AT c. THE TWO FLOWS
BECOME FULLY MIXED DOWNSTREAM, WHERE U3 IS
APPROXIMATELY CONSTANT. IF THE FLOW IS STEADY AND
INCOMPRESSIBLE, COMPUTE U3.
𝐹𝑇
GIVEN: U1 = 80 𝑆𝐸𝐶
REQUIRED: U3
𝐹𝑇
U2 = 8 𝑆𝐸𝐶
D1 = 4 in = 0.333 ft
D2 = 12 in = 1.0 ft

SOLUTION:

NAME (SURNAME, FIRST NAME, M.I.):

TITLE / TOPIC:
DAYAG, KRISHJIAN ZCLANCE L.
FUNDAMENTALS OF FLUID
FLOW COURSE, YEAR & SECTION:

BSEE - 3EA
 10. AN 8-INCH-DIAMETER HORIZONTAL PIPE IS ATTACHED
TO A RESERVOIR. TOTAL HEAD LOSS BETWEEN THE WATER
SURFACE IN THE RESERVOIR AND THE JET AT THE PIPE EXIT
IS 6.0 FT, WHAT ARE THE VELOCITY AND FLOW RATE OF
THE WATER BEING DISCHARGED FROM THE PIPE?

GIVEN: D = 8 in = 0.667 ft REQUIRED: VELOCITY AND

HL = 6 ft FLOW RATE

SOLUTION:
USE BERNOULLI WITH HEAD LOSS
2 2
𝑃1 𝑉1 𝑃2 𝑉2
Z1 + Ƴ
+ 2𝑔
= Z2 + Ƴ
+ 2𝑔
+ HL
2 2
𝑉 𝑉 𝑓𝑡
15 = 2𝑔
+6⇒ 2𝑔
= 9 ⇒𝑉 = 2𝑔⋅9 = 2⋅32. 2⋅9 = 24.07 𝑆𝐸𝐶

COMPUTE FLOW RATE

2
π𝐷
Q = A⋅𝑉=( 4
)⋅𝑉
π
A= 4
(0.667)2 = 0.349 ft2
Q = 0.349 ⋅ 24.07
2
𝑓𝑡
Q = 8.40 𝑆𝐸𝐶

NAME (SURNAME, FIRST NAME, M.I.):

TITLE / TOPIC:
DAYAG, KRISHJIAN ZCLANCE L.
FUNDAMENTALS OF FLUID
FLOW COURSE, YEAR & SECTION:

BSEE - 3EA
 11. A 100 mm DIAMETER PLUNGER IS BEING PUSHED AT
𝑚𝑚
60 𝑠𝑒𝑐 INTO A TANK FILLED WITH OIL HAVING SP. GR. OF
𝑁
0.82. IF THE FLUID IS INCOMPRESSIBLE, HOW MANY 𝑠
OF
OIL IS BEING FORCED OUT AT A 30 mm DIAMETER HOLE?
GIVEN: DIAMETER OF PLUNGER (𝐷𝑝)= 100 mm
𝑚𝑚
VELOCITY OF PLUNGER (𝑣𝑝)= 60 𝑠𝑒𝑐
SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF OIL = 0.82
DIAMETER OF HOLE (𝐷ℎ) = 30 mm
𝑁
REQUIRED: THE MASS FLOW RATE IN 𝑠
FIGURE:

SOLUTION:
SINCE THE FLUID IS INCOMPRESSIBLE:
𝑄1 = 𝑄2
𝑄1= 𝐴1𝑉1
π 2
= 4
(0. 1) (0. 06)
3
𝑚
𝑄1= 0.00047 𝑠
3
𝑚
𝑄2=0.00047 𝑠

SOLVE FOR W:
W = γ𝑄
= (9810 × 0.82) (0.00047)
𝑁
W = 3.78 𝑠
NAME (SURNAME, FIRST NAME, M.I.):
TITLE / TOPIC:
DAYAG, KRISHJIAN ZCLANCE L.
FUNDAMENTALS OF FLUID
FLOW COURSE, YEAR & SECTION:

BSEE - 3EA
 12. NEGLECTING AIR RESISTANCE, DETERMINE TO WHAT
HEIGHT A VERTICAL JET OF WATER COULD RISE IF
𝑚
PROJECTED WITH A VELOCITY OF 20 𝑠 ?
𝑚
GIVEN: INITIAL VELOCITY OF THE WATER JET, u=20 𝑠
𝑚
FINAL VELOCITY AT MAXIMUM HEIGHT, v= 0 𝑠
𝑚
ACCELERATION DUE TO GRAVITY, g=9.8 2
𝑠
REQUIRED: HEIGHT A VERTICAL JET OF WATER (h)
FIGURE:

SOLUTION:
AS THE JET RISES, ITS KINETIC ENERGY IS TRANSFORMED
INTO POTENTIAL ENERGY.

NEGLECTING AIR RESISTANCE:

KE = PE
1 2
2
𝑀𝑣 = Wh
1 𝑊 2
( 2 )( 𝑔
)(𝑣 ) = Wh
2
𝑣
h= 2𝑔
2
(20)
h= 2(9.81)
h = 20.4 m

NAME (SURNAME, FIRST NAME, M.I.):

TITLE / TOPIC:
DAYAG, KRISHJIAN ZCLANCE L.
FUNDAMENTALS OF FLUID
FLOW COURSE, YEAR & SECTION:

BSEE - 3EA
 5) A PIPE CARRYING OIL OF SPECIFIC GRAVITY 0.877
CHANGES IN SIZE FROM 150 mm AT SECTION 1 AND 450 mm
AT SECTION 2. SECTION 1 IS 3.6 m BELOW SECTION 2 AND
THE PRESSURES ARE 90 kPa AND 60 kPa RESPECTIVELY. IF
𝑙𝑖𝑡
THE DISCHARGE IS 150 𝑠𝑒𝑐 , DETERMINE THE HEAD LOST
AND THE DIRECTION OF FLOW.
𝑙𝑖𝑡
GIVEN: SG = 0.877 Q = 150 𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝐷1 = 150 mm = 0.15 m 𝐷2 = 450 mm = 0.45 m
𝑃1 = 90 kPa 𝑃2 = 60 kPa
𝑧1 = 0 m (REFERENCE) 𝑧2 = 3.6 m
REQUIRED: HEAD LOST AND THE DIRECTION OF FLOW
FIGURE:

SOLUTION:
3
𝑚
𝑄1 = 𝑄2 = 0. 15 𝑠
0.15 𝑚
𝑣1 = π 2 = 8. 49 𝑠
4
(0.15)
0.15 𝑚
𝑣2 = π 2 = 0. 943 𝑠
4
(0.45)

TAKING AS DATUM:
For 𝐸1,
2
𝑣1 𝑃1
𝐸1 = 2𝑔
+ γ
+ 𝑧1
2
8.49 90
= 2(9.81)
+ (9.81 ×0.877)
+0
𝐸1 = 14.135 m

NAME (SURNAME, FIRST NAME, M.I.):

TITLE / TOPIC:
DAYAG, KRISHJIAN ZCLANCE L.
FUNDAMENTALS OF FLUID
FLOW COURSE, YEAR & SECTION:

BSEE - 3EA
 For
𝐸2,
2
𝑣2 𝑃2
𝐸2 = 2𝑔
+ γ
+ 𝑧2
2
0.943 60
= 2(9.81)
+ (9.81 ×0.877)
+ 3. 6
𝐸2 = 10.62 m

SINCE 𝐸1 > 𝐸2, THE FLOW IS FROM 1 TO 2

HEAD LOST, HL = 𝐸1 − 𝐸2
= 14.135 – 10.62
HEAD LOST, HL = 3.515 m

NAME (SURNAME, FIRST NAME, M.I.):

TITLE / TOPIC:
DAYAG, KRISHJIAN ZCLANCE L.
FUNDAMENTALS OF FLUID
FLOW COURSE, YEAR & SECTION:

BSEE - 3EA
13. GAS IS FLOWING THROUGH A SQUARE CONDUIT WHOSE
SECTION GRADUALLY CHANGES FROM 150 mm (SECTION 1)
TO 300 mm (SECTION 2). AT SECTION 1, THE VELOCITY OF
FLOW IS 7
𝑚 𝑘𝑔
𝑠
AND THE DENSITY OF GAS IS 1 3 WHILE AT SECTION 2
𝑚
THE VELOCITY OF FLOW IS 2 𝑚𝑠 . CALCULATE THE MASS
FLOW RATE AND THE DENSITY OF THE GAS AT SECTION 2.
GIVEN: SECTION 1: SECTION 2:
SIDE = 150 mm = 0.15 m SIDE = 300 mm = 0.3 m
𝑚 𝑚
𝑉1 = 7 𝑠
𝑉1 = 2 𝑠
𝑘𝑔
ρ1= 1 3
𝑚
REQUIRED: M AND ρ2
FIGURE:

SOLUTION:
SOLVE FOR MASS FLOW RATE (M):
M = ρ1𝐴1𝑣1
= 1[(0.15) (0.15) (7)]
𝑘𝑔
M = 0.1575 𝑠𝑒𝑐

SOLVE FOR DENSITY (ρ2):

M = ρ2𝐴2𝑣2
ρ2[(0.3) (0.3)] (2) = 0.1575
𝑘𝑔
ρ2= 0.875 3
𝑚

NAME (SURNAME, FIRST NAME, M.I.):

TITLE / TOPIC:
DAYAG, KRISHJIAN ZCLANCE L.
FUNDAMENTALS OF FLUID
FLOW COURSE, YEAR & SECTION:

BSEE - 3EA
 14. A 20 hp SUCTION PUMP OPERATING AT 70% EFFICIENCY
DRAWS WATER FROM A SUCTION LINE WHOSE DIAMETER IS
200 mm AND DISCHARGES INTO AIR THROUGH A LINE
WHOSE DIAMETER IS 150 mm. THE VELOCITY IN THE 150
mm LINE IS 3.6
𝑚
𝑠
. IF THE PRESSURE AT POINT A IN THE SUCTION PIPE IS
34 kPa BELOW THE ATMOSPHERE, WHERE A IS 1.8 m
BELOW B ON THE 150 mm LINE, DETERMINE THE MAXIMUM
ELEVATION ABOVE B TO WHICH WATER CAN BE RAISED
ASSUMING A HEAD LOSS OF 3 m DUE TO FRICTION.
GIVEN: P = 20 hp
η = 70% = 0.07
PIPE DIAMETERS, SUCTION LINE = 200 mm
DISCHARGE LINE = 150 mm
𝑚
V IN 150 mm LINE = 3.6 𝑠
𝑃𝐴 = 34 kPa
A = 1.8 m
ℎ𝐿 = 3 m
REQUIRED: MAXIMUM ELEVATION (h)
FIGURE:

SOLUTION:
𝑚
𝑣2 = 3. 6 𝑠
= 𝑣𝑐
2
𝑣𝑐
2𝑔
= 0.66 m

NAME (SURNAME, FIRST NAME, M.I.):

TITLE / TOPIC:
DAYAG, KRISHJIAN ZCLANCE L.
FUNDAMENTALS OF FLUID
FLOW COURSE, YEAR & SECTION:

BSEE - 3EA
 π 2
𝑄2 = 4
(0. 15) (3. 6)
3
𝑚
𝑄2 = 0.0636 𝑠
3
𝑚
𝑄 = 𝑄1 = 𝑄2 = 0. 0636 𝑠

0.0636
𝑣𝐴 = 𝑣1 = π 2
4
(0.2)
𝑚
𝑣𝐴 = 𝑣1 = 2. 025 𝑠
2
𝑣𝐴
2𝑔
= 0. 21 𝑚

𝑃𝑂𝑊𝐸𝑅𝑂𝑈𝑇𝑃𝑈𝑇 = 𝑄γ𝐻𝐴
20 ×746 = 0. 0636 (9810)𝐻𝐴
HA = 23.91 m

ENERGY EQUATION BETWEEN A AND C (DATUM AT A):

𝐸𝐴 + 𝐻𝐴 − 𝐻𝐿 = 𝐸𝐶
2 2
𝑣𝐴 ρ𝐴 𝑣𝑐 ρ𝑐
2𝑔
+ γ
+ 𝑧𝐴 + 𝐻𝐴 − 𝐻𝐿 = 2𝑔
+ γ
+ 𝑧𝑐

−34
0. 21 + 9.81
+ 0 + 23. 91 − 3 = 0. 66 + 0 + (1. 8 + ℎ)
h = 15.19 m

NAME (SURNAME, FIRST NAME, M.I.):

TITLE / TOPIC:
DAYAG, KRISHJIAN ZCLANCE L.
FUNDAMENTALS OF FLUID
FLOW COURSE, YEAR & SECTION:

BSEE - 3EA
 15. A STANDPIPE 5m IN DIAMETER AND 10 m HIGH IS
FILLED WITH WATER. CALCULATE THE POTENTIAL ENERGY
OF THE WATER IF THE ELEVATION DATUM IS TAKEN 2 m
BELOW THE BASE OF THE STANDPIPE.
GIVEN: DIAMETER = 5 m
HEIGHT = 10 m
ELEVATION DATUM = 2 m BELOW
REQUIRED: THE POTENTIAL ENERGY OF THE WATER (PE)
FIGURE:

SOLUTION:
SOLVE FOR PE:
PE = Wz
where,
W=
γ × VOLUME
π 2
= 9.81 × 4
(5) (10)
W = 1926.2 Kn
thus,
PE = 1926.2 × 7
PE = 13,483.32 Kn-m

NAME (SURNAME, FIRST NAME, M.I.):

TITLE / TOPIC:
DAYAG, KRISHJIAN ZCLANCE L.
FUNDAMENTALS OF FLUID
FLOW COURSE, YEAR & SECTION:

BSEE - 3EA
 16. WATER IS FLOWING IN AN OPEN CHANNEL AT A DEPTH
OF 2 m AND A VELOCITY OF 3
𝑚
𝑠
. IT FLOWS DOWN A CHUTE INTO ANOTHER CHANNEL
𝑚
WHERE THE DEPTH IS 1 m AND THE VELOCITY IS 1O 𝑠
.

NEGLECTING FRICTION, DETERMINE THE DIFFERENCE IN

ELEVATION OF THE CHANNEL FLOORS.
GIVEN: SECTION 1 (BEFORE CHUTE):
DEPTH, ℎ1 = 2 m
𝑚
VELOCITY, 𝑣1 = 3 𝑠
SECTION 2 (AFTER CHUTE):
DEPTH, ℎ1 = 1 m
𝑚
VELOCITY, 𝑣1 = 10 𝑠
REQUIRED: THE DIFFERENCE IN ELEVATION OF THE
CHANNEL FLOORS (z)
FIGURE:

SOLUTION:
NEGLECTING FRICTION (HEAD LOST):
𝐸1 = 𝐸2
2 2
𝑣1 𝑣2
2𝑔
+2+z= 2𝑔
+1
2 2
3 10
2(9.81)
+2+z= 2(9.81)
+1
Z = 3.64 m

NAME (SURNAME, FIRST NAME, M.I.):

TITLE / TOPIC:
DAYAG, KRISHJIAN ZCLANCE L.
FUNDAMENTALS OF FLUID
FLOW COURSE, YEAR & SECTION:

BSEE - 3EA
 17. OIL FLOWS FROM A TANK THROUGH 150 m OF 150
mm DIAMETER PIPE AND THEN DISCHARGES INTO AIR AS
SHOWN IN THE FIGURE. IF THE HEAD LOSS FROM POINT 1
TO POINT 2 IS 600 mm, DETERMINE THE PRESSURE NEEDED
𝑙𝑖𝑡
AT POINT 1 TO CAUSE 17 𝑠𝑒𝑐 OF OIL TO FLOW.
GIVEN: L = 150 m
D = 150 mm = 0.15 m
ℎ𝐿 = 600 mm = 0.6 m
𝑙𝑖𝑡
Q = 17 𝑠𝑒𝑐
REQUIRED: 𝑃1
FIGURE:

SOLUTION:
3
𝑚
Q = 0.017 𝑠
ENERGY EQUATION BETWEEN 1 AND 2:
𝐸1 − 𝐻𝐿1−2 = 𝐸2
2 2
𝑣1 𝑃1 𝑣2 𝑃2
2𝑔
+ γ
+ 𝑧1 − 𝐻𝐿1−2 = 2𝑔
+ γ
+ 𝑧2
𝑃1 8(0.017)
2
0+ γ
+ 20 – 0.6 = 2 4 + 0 + 30
π 𝑔(0.15)
𝑃
γ
= 10.65 m OF OIL
𝑃1 = 10. 65 (9. 81×0. 84)
𝑃1 = 87. 76 kPa

NAME (SURNAME, FIRST NAME, M.I.):

TITLE / TOPIC:
DAYAG, KRISHJIAN ZCLANCE L.
FUNDAMENTALS OF FLUID
FLOW COURSE, YEAR & SECTION:

BSEE - 3EA
 𝑚
18. WATER FLOWS AT THE RATE OF 7.5 𝑠
THROUGH 75
mm DIAMETER PIPE (PIPE 1) AND LEAVES THROUGH 50 mm
𝑚 𝑚
DIAMETER PIPES AT THE RATE OF 3 𝑠 AND 3.5 𝑠 ,
RESPECTIVELY AS SHOWN IN THE FIGURE. AIR AT THE TOP
OF THE TANK ESCAPES THROUGH A 50 mm DIAMETER VENT.
𝑑ℎ
CALCULATE 𝑑𝑡 AND THE VELOCITY OF AIR FLOW THROUGH
THE VENT. ASSUME THE FLOW TO BE INCOMPRESSIBLE.
GIVEN: INLET WATER, PIPE 1:
𝑚
V = 7.5 𝑠
D = 75 mm = 0.075 m
D = 50 mm = 0.05 m
OUTLET WATER PIPE:
𝑚
PIPE 2, V = 3 𝑠
𝑚
PIPE 3, V = 3.5 𝑠
AIR VENT:
D = 50 mm = 0.05 m
𝑑ℎ
REQUIRED: 𝑑𝑡
AND THE VELOCITY OF AIR FLOW

SOLUTION:
ASSUMING THE FLOW TO BE INCOMPRESSIBLE:
𝑄𝑖𝑛 = 𝑄𝑜𝑢𝑡

π 2 π 2 π 2
4
(0. 075) (7. 5) =4
(0. 05) (3) + 4
(0. 065) (3. 5)
π 2 𝑑ℎ
+ 4 (0. 6) 𝑑𝑡
𝑑ℎ 𝑚
𝑑𝑡
= 0. 0553 𝑠

NAME (SURNAME, FIRST NAME, M.I.):

TITLE / TOPIC:
DAYAG, KRISHJIAN ZCLANCE L.
FUNDAMENTALS OF FLUID
FLOW COURSE, YEAR & SECTION:

BSEE - 3EA
 19. WATER ENTERS A MOTOR THROUGH A 600 mm
DIAMETER PIPE UNDER A PRESSURE OF 14 kPa. IT LEAVES
THROUGH A 900 mm DIAMETER EXHAUST PIPE WITH A
PRESSURE OF 4 kPa. A VERTICAL DISTANCE OF 2.5 m
SEPARATES THE CENTERS OF THE TWO PIPES AT THE
SECTIONS WHERE THE PRESSURES ARE MEASURED. IF 500
LITERS OF WATER PASS THE MOTOR EACH SECOND,
COMPUTE THE POWER SUPPLIED TO THE MOTOR.
GIVEN: 𝐷1 = 600 mm = 0.6 m
𝑃1 = 14 kPa
𝐷2 = 900 mm = 0.9 m
𝑃2 = 4 kPa
𝑧1= 2.5 m
𝐿
Q = 500 𝑠
REQUIRED: POWER SUPPLIED (P)

SOLUTION:
ENERGY EQUATION BETWEEN 1 AND 2 (NEGLECTING
HEAD LOST AND TAKING POINT 2 AS DATUM)
𝐸1 + 𝐻𝐸 = 𝐸2
2 2
𝑣1 𝑃1 𝑣2 𝑃2
2𝑔
+ γ
+ 𝑧1 − 𝐻𝐸 = 2𝑔
+ γ
+ 𝑧2
2 2
8(0.5) 14 8(0.5) 14
2 4 + 9.81
+ 2. 5 − 𝐻𝐸 = 2 4 + 9.81
+0
π (9.81)(0.6) π (9.81)(0.9)
HE = 3.647 m

NAME (SURNAME, FIRST NAME, M.I.):

TITLE / TOPIC:
DAYAG, KRISHJIAN ZCLANCE L.
FUNDAMENTALS OF FLUID
FLOW COURSE, YEAR & SECTION:

BSEE - 3EA
 20. A FIRE PUMP DELIVERS WATER THROUGH A 300 mm
DIAMETER MAIN TO A HYDRANT TO WHICH IS CONNECTED A
COTTON RUBBER-LINED FIRE HOSE 100 mm IN DIAMETER
TERMINATING TO A 25 mm DIAMETER NOZZLE. THE NOZZLE
IS 2.5 m ABOVE THE HYDRANT AND 16 m ABOVE THE PUMP.
ASSUMING FRICTIONAL LOSSES OF 3 m FROM THE PUMP TO
THE HYDRANT, 2 m IN THE HYDRANT, 10 m FROM THE
HYDRANT TO THE BASE OF THE NOZZLE, AND THE LOSS IN
THE NOZZLE OF 4% OF THE VELOCITY HEAD IN THE JET, TO
WHAT VERTICAL HEIGHT CAN THE JET THROWN IF THE
GAGE PRESSURE RIGHT AFTER THE PUMP IS 550 kPa?
GIVEN:
𝐷𝐷𝐸𝐿𝐼𝑉𝐸𝑅𝑆 = 300 mm = 0.3 m
𝐷𝑇𝐸𝑅𝑀𝐼𝑁𝐴𝑇𝐼𝑁𝐺 = 100 mm = 0.1 m
𝐷𝑁𝑂𝑍𝑍𝐿𝐸 = 25 mm = 0.025 m
H = 2.5 m
W = 16 m
𝐹𝐿 = 3 m
P = 550 kPa
REQUIRED: VERTICAL HEIGHT

SOLUTION:
ENERGY EQUATION BETWEEN A AND N:
𝐸𝐴 − 𝐻𝐿𝐴−𝐻 − 𝐻𝐿𝐻 − 𝐻𝐿𝐻𝐵 − 𝐻𝐿𝑁 = 𝐸𝑁

2 2 2
𝑣𝐴 𝑃𝐴 𝑣𝑁 𝑣𝑁 𝑃𝑁
2𝑔
+ γ
+ 𝑧𝐴 − 3 − 2 − 10 − 0. 04 2𝑔
= 2𝑔
+ γ
+

NAME (SURNAME, FIRST NAME, M.I.):

TITLE / TOPIC:
DAYAG, KRISHJIAN ZCLANCE L.
FUNDAMENTALS OF FLUID
FLOW COURSE, YEAR & SECTION:

BSEE - 3EA
 2 2
𝑣𝐴 𝑃𝐴 𝑣𝑁 𝑃𝑁
2𝑔
+ γ
+ 𝑧𝐴 − 15 = 1. 04 2𝑔
+ γ
+ 𝑧𝑁

2 2
8𝑄 550 8𝑄
2 4 + 9.81
+ 0 − 15 = 1. 04 2 4 + 0 + 16
π (9.81)(0.3) π (9.81)(0.025)
3
𝑚
𝑄 = 0. 0106745 𝑠

SOLVE FOR 𝑣𝑁:

𝑄 0.0106745
𝑣𝑁 = 𝐴𝑁
= π 2
4
(0.025)
𝑚
𝑣𝑁 = 21. 74 𝑠

SOLVE FOR h:
2
𝑣𝑁
ℎ = 2𝑔
2
21.74
= 2(9.81)
h = 24.102 mdoc

NAME (SURNAME, FIRST NAME, M.I.):

TITLE / TOPIC:
DAYAG, KRISHJIAN ZCLANCE L.
FUNDAMENTALS OF FLUID
FLOW COURSE, YEAR & SECTION:

BSEE - 3EA
 21. THREE PIPES ARE CONNECTED IN SERIES FROM
RESERVOIR A (WS ELEV. 100M) TO RESERVOIR B. THE FIRST
HAS A DIAMETER OF 30CM AND A LENGTH OF 370M; THE
2ND HAS A DIAMETER OF 60CM AND A LENGTH OF 650M.;
AND THE 3RD HAS A DIAMETER OF 45 CM AND A LENGTH OF
475 M. IF THE DISCHARGE IS 230 LITERS PER SECOND,
DETERMINE THE WATER SURFACE ELEVATION OF RESERVOIR
B. EMPIRICAL COEFFICIENT RESPECTIVELY FOR
CONTRACTION AND ENLARGEMENT ARE 0.25 AND 0.30. F
FOR ALL PIPES IS 0.022.
GIVEN:

REQUIRED: ELEV. B
SOLUTION:
2
𝑉2
ELEV. B= ELEV. 100𝑀 − 𝐻𝐿 − 2𝐺

WHERE:
𝐻𝐿=𝐻𝐶𝐴 + 𝐻𝐹1 + 𝐻𝐸𝑋 + 𝐻𝐹2 + 𝐻𝐶𝑌 + 𝐻𝐹3 + 𝐻𝐸𝐵

𝐻𝐶𝐴 =MINOR HEAD LOSS DUE TO CONTRACTION AT

JUNCTION A (FROM RESERVOIR TO PIPE)
𝐻𝐹1 =MAJOR HEAD LOSS DUE TO FRICTION ON PIPE 1

NAME (SURNAME, FIRST NAME, M.I.):

TITLE / TOPIC:
DAYAG, KRISHJIAN ZCLANCE L.
FLUID FLOW IN PIPES
COURSE, YEAR & SECTION:

BSEE - 3EA
𝐻𝐸𝑋 =A= MINOR HEAD LOSS DUE TO ENLARGEMENT AT
JUNCTION X
𝐻𝐹2 =MAJOR HEAD LOSS DUE TO FRICTION ON PIPE 2
𝐻𝐶𝑌 =B= MINOR HEAD LOSS DUE TO CONTRACTION AT
JUNCTION Y
𝐻𝐹3 =MAJOR HEAD LOSS DUE TO FRICTION ON PIPE 3
𝐻𝐸𝐵 =MINOR HEAD LOSS DUE TO CONTRACTION AT
JUNCTION B (FROM PIPE TO RESERVOIR)
USING ASSUMPTION NO. 1
4𝑄
𝑄 = 𝑄1 = 𝑄2 = 𝑄3 = 0. 230; 𝑉 = 2
π𝐷
4(0.23) 3.254𝑀 4(0.23) 0.813𝑀
𝑉1 = 2 = 𝑆
; 𝑉2 = 2 = 𝑆
π(0.30) π(0.60)
4(0.23) 1.446𝑀
𝑉3 = 2 = 𝑆
π(0.45)

MAJOR HEAD LOSSES

( )
2
8 𝐿𝑄
𝐻𝐹 = 2 𝐹 5
𝐺π 𝐷

( ) = 14. 641𝑀
2
8 (370)(0.230)
𝐻𝐹1 = 2 (0. 022) 5
𝐺π 0.3

(0. 022)( ) = 0. 804𝑀

2
8 (650)(0.230)
𝐻𝐹2 = 2 5
𝐺π 0.6

(0. 022)( ) = 2. 475𝑀

2
8 475(0.230)
𝐻𝐹1 = 2 5
𝐺π 0.45

MINOR HEAD LOSSES

𝐾𝐶 = 0. 25 𝐾𝐸 = 0. 30

NAME (SURNAME, FIRST NAME, M.I.):

TITLE / TOPIC:
DAYAG, KRISHJIAN ZCLANCE L.
FLUID FLOW IN PIPES
COURSE, YEAR & SECTION:

BSEE - 3EA
 22. WHAT WILL BE THE DISCHARGE THROUGH THREE PIPES
CONNECTED IN SERIES, HAVING DIAMETERS OF 90CM,
60CM, AND 75CM, RESPECTIVELY, EACH PIPE BEING 150M
LONG? THE 90CM PIPE LEADS FROM A RESERVOIR AND THE
75CM PIPE DISCHARGES INTO THE AIR. THE DIFFERENCE IN
ELEVATION BETWEEN THE WATER SURFACE IN THE
RESERVOIR AND THE OPEN END OF DISCHARGE PIPE IS 3M.
USE MANNING'S EQUATION WHERE N = 0.012 FOR ALL
PIPES. NEGLECT MINOR HEAD LOSSES.

GIVEN:
REQUIRED: Q
SOLUTION:
BEE FROM POINT A TO POINT B
2 2
𝑉𝐴 𝑃𝐴 𝑉𝐵 𝑃𝐵
2𝐺
+ 𝑊
+ 𝑍𝐴 = 2𝐺
+ 𝑊
+ 𝑍𝐵 + 𝐻𝐿
2
𝑉𝐵
0+0+ 3 = 2𝐺
+ 0 + 0 + 𝐻𝐿
2
𝑉𝐵
3= 2𝐺
+ 𝐻𝐿

NAME (SURNAME, FIRST NAME, M.I.):

TITLE / TOPIC:
DAYAG, KRISHJIAN ZCLANCE L.
FLUID FLOW IN PIPES
COURSE, YEAR & SECTION:

BSEE - 3EA
NEGLECTING MINOR HEAD LOSSES,
𝐻𝐿 = 𝐻𝐹1 + 𝐻𝐹2 + 𝐻𝐹3
2 2
𝑁 𝐿𝑄
𝐻𝐹 = 10. 294 16
3
𝐷
2 2
(0.012) (150)𝑄 2
𝐻𝐹1 = 10. 294 16 = 0. 390𝑄
3
(0.90)
2 2
(0.012) (150)𝑄 2
𝐻𝐹1 = 10. 294 16 = 3. 390𝑄
3
(0.60)
2 2
(0.012) (150)𝑄 2
𝐻𝐹1 = 10. 294 16 = 1. 031𝑄
3
(0.75)
2
𝑉𝐵 1 4𝑄 2 8 𝑄 2 2
2𝐺
= 2𝐺
( 2 ) = 2 ( 2 ) = 0. 261𝑄
𝐺π 𝐺π 0.75

SUBSTITUTE
2
𝑉𝐵
3= 2𝐺
+ 𝐻𝐿
2 2 2 2
3 = 0. 261𝑄 + 0. 390𝑄 + 1. 031𝑄 = 5. 072𝑄
3
𝑄= 5.072
3
0.769𝑀
𝑄= 𝑆

NAME (SURNAME, FIRST NAME, M.I.):

TITLE / TOPIC:
DAYAG, KRISHJIAN ZCLANCE L.
FLUID FLOW IN PIPES
COURSE, YEAR & SECTION:

BSEE - 3EA
 23. TWO PIPES WITH C = 120, CONNECTED IN SERIES,
DISCHARGE 135 LITERS PER SECOND WITH A LOSS OF HEAD
OF 8.5M. EACH PIPE HAS A LENGTH OF 305M. IF ONE PIPE
HAS A DIAMETER OF 45CM, DETERMINE THE DIAMETER OF
THE OTHER, NEGLECTING THE MINOR LOSSES.

REQUIRED: D= DIAMETER OF THE OTHER PIPE

SOLUTION: MINOR LOSSES ARE NEGLECTED, THUS
𝐻𝐿 = 𝐻𝐹1 + 𝐻𝐹2 = 8. 5
50
27
𝐿𝑄
𝐻𝐹 = 10. 674 50 263
27 54
𝐶 𝐷
50
27
(305)(0.135)
𝐻𝐹2 = 10. 674 50 263 = 0. 551𝑀
27 54
(120) (0.45)
50
27
(305)(0.135)
𝐻𝐹2 = 10. 674 50 263 = 𝐻𝐿 − 0. 551 = 7. 949𝑀
27 54
(120) (0.45)
54
50
27
263
10.674(305)(0.135)
𝐷=[ 50 ]
27
(120) (7.949)

𝐷 = 0. 260𝑀

NAME (SURNAME, FIRST NAME, M.I.):

TITLE / TOPIC:
DAYAG, KRISHJIAN ZCLANCE L.
FLUID FLOW IN PIPES
COURSE, YEAR & SECTION:

BSEE - 3EA
 24. A CERTAIN PART OF CAST IRON (𝐹 = 0.0315) PIPING OF
A WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM INVOLVES A PARALLEL
SECTION. BOTH PARALLEL PIPES HAVE A DIAMETER OF
30CM, AND THE FLOW IS FULLY TURBULENT. ONE ONE OF
THE BRANCHES (PIPE A) IS 1000M LONG WHILE THE OTHER
BRANCH (PIPE B) IS 3000M LONG. IF THE FLOW RATE
3
0.4𝑀
THROUGH A IS 𝑆
, DETERMINE THE FLOW RATE

THROUGH PIPE B.
SOLUTION:
FOR PIPES IN PARALLEL,
∑𝐻𝐿 1−2 = 𝐻𝐿(𝐴) = 𝐻𝐿 (𝐵)
USING DARCY- WEISBACH EQUATION
2 2
𝐿 𝑉 𝐿 𝑉
(𝐹 𝐷
× 2𝐺
) = (𝐹 𝐷
× 2𝐺
) 𝐸𝑄. (1)
𝐴 𝐵
𝑄
SUBSTITUTING THE MEAN VELOCITY V= 𝐴 AND
REARRANGING
𝑄1 𝐹2 𝐿2 𝐷1 5
𝑄2
= 𝐹1
× 𝐿1
×( 𝐷 ) 𝐸𝑄. (2)
2

3
0.40𝑀
𝐿𝐴 = 1000𝑀, 𝐿𝐵 = 3000𝑀, 𝐹𝐴 = 𝐹𝐵, 𝑄𝐴 = 𝑆𝐴𝑁𝐷

𝐷𝐴 = 𝐷𝐵 = 0. 30𝐶𝑀 𝐸𝑄. (2) 𝐺𝐼𝑉𝐸𝑆

𝑄𝐴 0.40 𝐿𝐵 3000
𝑄𝐵
= 𝑄2
= 𝐿𝐴
× 1000
= 1. 73
3
0.40 0.23𝑀
THE FLOW RATE THROUGH PIPE B: 𝑄𝐵 = 1.73
= 𝑆
NAME (SURNAME, FIRST NAME, M.I.):
TITLE / TOPIC:
DAYAG, KRISHJIAN ZCLANCE L.
FLUID FLOW IN PIPES
COURSE, YEAR & SECTION:

BSEE - 3EA
 25. TWO PIPES ARE CONNECTED IN PARALLEL. ONE PIPE IS
TWICE THE DIAMETER OF THE OTHER AND THREE TIMES AS
LONG. ASSUME THAT F IN THE LARGE PIPE IS 0.02 AND F IN
THE SMALLER ONE IS 0.013. DETERMINE THE RATIO OF THE
DISCHARGE IN THE TWO PIPES.
SOLUTION:
FOR PIPES IN PARALLEL,
∑𝐻𝐿 𝐴−𝐵 = 𝐻𝐿(1) = 𝐻𝐿 (2)

2 2
𝐿 𝑉 𝐿 𝑉
(𝐹 𝐷 2𝐺
) = (𝐹 𝐷 2𝐺
) 𝐸𝑄. (1)
1 2

𝑄
SUBSTITUTING THE MEAN VELOCITY V= 𝐴 AND
REARRANGING
𝑄1 𝐹2 𝐿2 𝐷1 5
𝑄2
=√ 𝐹1
× 𝐿1
×( 𝐷 ) 𝐸𝑄. (2)
2

FOR THE GIVEN DATA, 𝐿1 = 3𝐿2, 𝐷1 = 2𝐷2, 𝐹1 = 0. 02 AND

𝐹2 = 0. 013 EQ. (2) GIVES
𝑄1 0.013 𝐿2 2𝐷2 5
𝑄2
=√ 0.02
× 3𝐿2
×( 𝐷2
) = 2. 63

NAME (SURNAME, FIRST NAME, M.I.):

TITLE / TOPIC:
DAYAG, KRISHJIAN ZCLANCE L.
FLUID FLOW IN PIPES
COURSE, YEAR & SECTION:

BSEE - 3EA
 26. FOR A 300MM DIAMETER CONCRETE PIPE 3,600M
LONG, FIND THE DIAMETER OF A 300-M LONG EQUIVALENT
PIPE. ASSUME THE FRICTION FACTOR F BE THE SAME FOR

BOTH PIPES.
SOLUTION:
FOR AN EQUIVALENT PIPE SYSTEM, THE HEAD LOSS AND
FLOWRATE MUST BE THE SAME AS THE ORIGINAL PIPE
SYSTEM.
𝑄0 = 𝑄𝐸 𝐸𝑄. (1)

𝐻𝐹0 = 𝐻𝐹𝐸 𝐸𝑄. (2)

2 2
0.0826𝐹0𝐿0𝑄0 0.0826𝐹𝐸𝐿𝐸𝑄𝐸
5 5
𝐷0 𝐷𝐸

𝐿0 𝐿𝐸
5 = 5
𝐷0 𝐷𝐸

3600 300
5 = 5
300 𝐷𝐸

𝐷𝐸 = 182. 5𝑀𝑀

NAME (SURNAME, FIRST NAME, M.I.):

TITLE / TOPIC:
DAYAG, KRISHJIAN ZCLANCE L.
MEASURING DEVICES FOR
STATIC PRESSURE & VELOCITY COURSE, YEAR & SECTION:

BSEE - 3EA
 27. TWO PIPES OF IDENTICAL DIAMETER AND MATERIAL
ARE CONNECTED IN PARALLEL. THE LENGTH OF PIPE A IS
TWICE THE LENGTH OF PIPE B. ASSUMING THE FLOW IS
FULLY TURBULENT IN BOTH PIPES AND THUS THE FRICTION
FACTOR IS INDEPENDENT OF THE REYNOLDS NUMBER AND
DISREGARDING MINOR LOSSES, DETERMINE THE RATIO OF

THE FLOW RATES IN THE TWO PIPES.

SOLUTION:
FOR A SYSTEM OF TWO PARALLEL PIPES 1 AND 2 BETWEEN
JUNCTIONS A AND B WITH NEGLIGIBLE MINOR LOSSES, THE
HEAD LOSSES IN EACH INDIVIDUAL PIPE MUST BE THE SAME
AND CAN BE EXPRESSED AS

( ) ( )
2 2
𝐹1𝐿1 𝑉1 𝐹2𝐿2 𝑉2
𝐻𝐿1 = 𝐻𝐿2 𝑂𝑅 𝐷1 2𝐺
= 𝐷2 2𝐺

THE RATIO OF THE AVERAGE VELOCITIES AND FLOW RATES

BECOMES
1
𝑉1 𝐹2 𝐿2 𝐷1 2

𝑉2
= (𝐹 . 𝐿1
. 𝐷2
) AND
1
1
2
𝑄1 𝐴1𝑉1 𝐷1 𝐹2 𝐿2 𝐷1 2

𝑄2
= 𝐴2𝑉2
= 2 × (𝐹 . 𝐿1
. 𝐷2
) 𝐸𝑄. (1)
𝐷2 1

IN THE CASE OF TWO IDENTICAL PIPES (𝐹1 = 𝐹2, 𝐷1 = 𝐷2)

AND 𝐿2 = 2𝐿1 WITH CANCELING THE COMMON FACTORS
AND REARRANGING EQ. (1) BECOMES

NAME (SURNAME, FIRST NAME, M.I.):

TITLE / TOPIC:
DAYAG, KRISHJIAN ZCLANCE L.
FLUID FLOW IN PIPES
COURSE, YEAR & SECTION:

BSEE - 3EA
 2 2
𝑄1 = 2𝑄2
𝑂𝑅
THE RATIO OF THE FLOW RATES IN THE TWO PIPES
𝑄1
𝑄2
= 2 = 0. 707

NAME (SURNAME, FIRST NAME, M.I.):

TITLE / TOPIC:
DAYAG, KRISHJIAN ZCLANCE L.
FLUID FLOW IN PIPES
COURSE, YEAR & SECTION:

BSEE - 3EA
 28. THREE PIPES OF LENGTH 800M, 500M AND 400M OF
DIAMETER 500MM,400MM AND 300MM RESPECTIVELY ARE
CONNECTED ARE CONNECTED IN SERIES THESE PIPES ARE
TO BE REPLACED BY A SINGLE PIPE OF LENGTH 1700M.FIND

THE DIAMETER OF SINGLE PIPE.

GIVEN:
𝐿1 = 800𝑀 𝐴𝑁𝐷 𝐷1 = 500𝑀𝑀 = 0. 5𝑀

𝐿2 = 500𝑀 𝐴𝑁𝐷 𝐷2 = 400𝑀𝑀 = 0. 4𝑀

𝐿3 = 400𝑀 𝐴𝑁𝐷 𝐷3 = 300𝑀𝑀 = 0. 3𝑀

𝐿 = 1700𝑀
LET THE DIAMETER OF EQUIVALENT SINGLE PIPE = D
𝐿 𝐿1 𝐿2 𝐿3
5 = 5 + 5 + 5
𝐷 𝐷1 𝐷2 𝐷3

1700 800 500 400

5 = 5 + 5 + 5
𝐷 0.5 0.4 0.3

= 25600 + 48828. 125 + 164609 = 239037

5 1700
𝐷 = 239037
=. 007118
0.2
𝐷 = (. 007118) = 0. 3718 = 𝐷 = 371. 8𝑀𝑀
NAME (SURNAME, FIRST NAME, M.I.):
TITLE / TOPIC:
DAYAG, KRISHJIAN ZCLANCE L.
FLUID FLOW IN PIPES
COURSE, YEAR & SECTION:

BSEE - 3EA
 29. A 150−MM−DIAMETER PIPE (𝐹= 0.02) 600M LONG, IS IN
PARALLEL WITH A 200−MM−DIAMETER PIPE (𝐹= 0.025) 750M
LONG. DETERMINE THE DIAMETER OF AN EQUIVALENT
SINGLE PIPE OF LENGTH 750M AND 𝐹= 0.015 THAT COULD
REPLACE THE TWO PIPES.

SOLUTION:
3
1𝑀
SET 𝑄 = 𝑆
FOR THE GIVEN PIPES (TWO PIPES IN PARALLEL)
𝑄1 + 𝑄2 = 1

𝐻𝐹1 = 𝐻𝐹2
2 2
0.0826(0.02)(600)𝑄1 0.0826(0.025)(750)𝑄2
5 = 5
0.15 0.2

𝑄2 = 1. 6422𝑄1

𝑄1 + 1. 6422𝑄1 = 1
3
𝑀
𝑄1 = 0. 3785 𝑆
2
0.0826(0.02)(600)(0.3785)
𝐻𝐿0 = 𝐻𝐹1 = 5 = 1870𝑀
0.15

NAME (SURNAME, FIRST NAME, M.I.):

TITLE / TOPIC:
DAYAG, KRISHJIAN ZCLANCE L.
FLUID FLOW IN PIPES
COURSE, YEAR & SECTION:

BSEE - 3EA
FOR THE EQUIVALENT PIPE:
3
1𝑀
𝑄𝐸 = 𝑆

𝐻𝐿𝐸 = 𝐻𝐿0 = 1870𝑀

2
0.0826(0.015)(750)(1)
𝐻𝐿𝐸 = 5 = 1870
𝐷𝐸

𝐷𝐸 = 0. 218𝑀 = 218𝑀𝑀

NAME (SURNAME, FIRST NAME, M.I.):

TITLE / TOPIC:
DAYAG, KRISHJIAN ZCLANCE L.
FLUID FLOW IN PIPES
COURSE, YEAR & SECTION:

BSEE - 3EA
 30. A 250-MM-DIAMETER PIPE (𝐹=0.015), 150M LONG, IS
CONNECTED IN SERIES WITH ANOTHER 200-MM-DIAMETER
PIPE (𝐹 = 0.02), 200M LONG. DETERMINE THE DIAMETER OF
AN EQUIVALENT SINGLE PIPE OF LENGTH 350M AND 𝐹=
0.025 THAT COULD REPLACE THE TWO PIPES.

SOLUTION:
3
1𝑀
SET 𝑄 = 𝑆
FOR THE ORIGINAL PIPE SYSTEM (TWO PIPES IN SERIES):
3
1𝑀
𝑄0 = 𝑄1 = 𝑄2 = 𝑆
𝐻𝐿0 = 𝐻𝐹1 + 𝐻𝐹2
2 2
0.0826(0.015)(150)(1) 0.0826(0.02)(200)(1)
= 5 + 5
0.25 0.2

𝐻𝐿0 = 1, 222. 81𝑀

FOR THE EQUIVALENT PIPE:

3
1𝑀
𝑄𝐸 = 𝑆
𝐻𝐿𝐸 = 1, 222. 81𝑀
2
0.0826(0.025)(350)(1)
𝐻𝐿𝐸 = 5 = 1, 222. 81
𝐷𝐸

𝐷𝐸 = 0. 226𝑀 = 226𝑀𝑀

NAME (SURNAME, FIRST NAME, M.I.):

TITLE / TOPIC:
DAYAG, KRISHJIAN ZCLANCE L.
FLUID FLOW IN PIPES
COURSE, YEAR & SECTION:

BSEE - 3EA
 31. WATER IS FLOWING THROUGH A HORIZONTAL
CIRCULAR PIPE. THE FLOW IS LAMINAR, AND YOU ARE
REQUIRED TO FIND THE PRESSURE DROP.

GIVEN: 𝐷 = 0. 05 𝑀
𝐿 = 10𝑀
−4 3
10 𝑀
𝑄 = 1× 𝑆
𝑃𝐴
Μ = 0. 001 𝐶𝐷𝑂𝑇𝑃𝑆

SOLUTION:

128Μ𝑄𝐿
∆𝑃 = 4
π𝐷

SUBSTITUTE VALUES:
−4
∆𝑃 = (
128(0.001) 1×10 )(10)
4
π(0.05)

∆𝑃≈261. 8𝑃𝐴

NAME (SURNAME, FIRST NAME, M.I.):

TITLE / TOPIC:
DAYAG, KRISHJIAN ZCLANCE L.
FLUID FLOW IN PIPES
COURSE, YEAR & SECTION:

BSEE - 3EA
 32. WATER FLOWS THROUGH A PIPE FROM A RESERVOIR
TO A LOWER OUTLET 10 METERS BELOW THE RESERVOIR
SURFACE. THE PIPE IS 30 METERS LONG, CIRCULAR, AND
HAS AN INTERNAL DIAMETER OF 100 MM. THE PIPE IS
MADE OF COMMERCIAL STEEL AND HAS A DARCY FRICTION
FACTOR OF 0.03. ASSUME STEADY, INCOMPRESSIBLE
FLOW, AND NEGLECT MINOR LOSSES.

GIVEN:
∆𝑍 = 10𝑀
𝐿 = 30𝑀
𝐷 = 0. 1𝑀
𝐹 = 0. 03
998𝐾𝐺 𝑀
Ρ= 𝑀^3
, 𝐺 = 9. 81 𝑆^2
SOLUTION:
2 2
𝑃1 𝑉1 𝑃2 𝑉2
Ρ𝐺
+ 𝑍1 + 2𝐺
+ Ρ𝐺
+ 𝑍2 = 2𝐺
+ 𝐻𝐹
𝑍1 − 𝑍2 = ∆𝑍 = 10𝑀
2
𝑉
10 = 2𝐺
+ 𝐻𝐹

10 =
𝑉
2
+
𝐿𝑉
2
=
(1=𝐹 )𝑉𝐿
𝐷
2

2𝐺 𝐷2𝐺 2𝐺
2 2 2

(
10 = 1 + 0. 03
30
0.1 ) 𝑉
2(9.81)
2
=
(1+9) 𝑉
19.62
= 10
𝑉
19.62
10𝑉 2
10 = 19.62
= 𝑉 = 19. 62
𝑀
𝑉≈4. 43 𝑆

NAME (SURNAME, FIRST NAME, M.I.):

TITLE / TOPIC:
DAYAG, KRISHJIAN ZCLANCE L.
FLUID FLOW IN PIPES
COURSE, YEAR & SECTION:

BSEE - 3EA
FINDING THE FLOW RATE:

( )𝑉 =
2 2 3
π𝐷 π(0.01) 0.0348𝑀
𝑄 = 𝐴𝑉 = 4 4
∙4. 43≈ 𝑆
34.8𝐿
𝑄= 𝑆

NAME (SURNAME, FIRST NAME, M.I.):

TITLE / TOPIC:
DAYAG, KRISHJIAN ZCLANCE L.
FLUID FLOW IN PIPES
COURSE, YEAR & SECTION:

BSEE - 3EA
 33. THE PIPE OF A SYPHON HAS 75 MM DIAMETER AND
DISCHARGES WATER TO THE ATMOSPHERE, AS SHOWN IN
FIGURE. NEGLECT ALL POSSIBLE LOSSES.
A. DETERMINE THE VELOCITY OF FLOW?
B. FIND THE DISCHARGE?
C. WHAT IS THE ABSOLUTE PRESSURE AT THE POINT 2?

SOLUTION:

'
𝐴) 𝐴𝑃𝑃𝐿𝑌𝐼𝑁𝐺 𝐵𝐸𝑅𝑁𝑂𝑈𝐿𝐿𝐼 𝑆 𝐸𝑄𝑈𝐼𝑇𝐼𝑂𝑁

( )
2
𝑉3
2+0+0=0+0+ 2𝐺
𝑀
𝑉3 = 6. 26 𝑆

( ) = 0. 028
2 3
π(0.075) 𝑀
𝐵) 𝑄 = 𝑉3×𝐴 = 6. 26× 4 𝑆
'
𝐶) 𝐴𝑃𝑃𝐿𝑌𝐼𝑁𝐺 𝐵𝐸𝑅𝑁𝑂𝑈𝐿𝐿𝐼 𝑆 𝐸𝑄𝑈𝐴𝑇𝐼𝑂𝑁
𝑃2
( )
2
6.26
2 + 0 + 0 = 3. 4 + Ρ𝐺
+ 2𝐺
𝑁
𝑃2 =− 3. 397×(1000×9. 81) =− 33327. 8 2 =− 33. 33𝐾𝑃𝐴
𝑀

𝑃𝐴𝐵𝑆 = 64. 77𝐾𝑃𝐴 𝑊𝐻𝐸𝑅𝐸, ( 𝑃𝐴𝑇𝑀 =

98.1𝐾𝑁
2
𝑀 )

NAME (SURNAME, FIRST NAME, M.I.):

TITLE / TOPIC:
DAYAG, KRISHJIAN ZCLANCE L.
FLUID FLOW IN PIPES
COURSE, YEAR & SECTION:

BSEE - 3EA
 34. A PIPE TRANSMITS WATER FROM A TANK A TO POINT C
THAT IS LOWER THAN WATER LEVEL IN THE TANK BY 4 M.
THE PIPE IS 100 MM DIAMETER AND 15 M LONG. THE
HIGHEST POINT ON THE PIPE B IS 1.5 M ABOVE WATER
LEVEL IN THE TANK AND 5 M LONG FROM THE TANK. THE
FRICTION FACTOR (4 F) IS 0.08, WITH SHARP INLET AND
OUTLET TO THE PIPE.
A. DETERMINE THE VELOCITY OF WATER LEAVING THE PIPE
AT C?
B. CALCULATE THE PRESSURE IN THE PIPE AT THE POINT B?

SOLUTION:

'
𝐴) 𝐴𝑃𝑃𝐿𝑌𝐼𝑁𝐺 𝐵𝐸𝑅𝑁𝑂𝑈𝐿𝐿𝐼 𝑆𝐸𝑄𝑈𝐴𝑇𝐼𝑂𝑁 𝐵𝐸𝑇𝑊𝐸𝐸𝑁 𝐴 𝐴𝑁𝐷 𝐶

( )
2
𝑉𝐶
𝐻𝐸𝐴𝐷 𝐿𝑂𝑆 = 0. 5 2𝐺

( )
2 2
𝑉𝐶 4𝐹𝐿𝑉𝐶
𝑍𝐴 + 0 + 0 = 𝑍𝐶 + 0 + 2𝐺
+0+ 2𝐺𝐷

( )
2
𝑉𝐶
4= 2𝐺 (
× 1 + 0. 5 +
(4×0.08×15)
0.1 )
𝑀
𝑉𝐶 = 1. 26 𝑆
'
𝐵) 𝐴𝑃𝑃𝐿𝑌𝐼𝑁𝐺 𝐵𝐸𝑅𝑁𝑂𝑈𝐿𝐿𝐼 𝑆 𝐸𝑄𝑈𝐴𝑇𝐼𝑂𝑁 𝐵𝐸𝑇𝑊𝐸𝐸𝑁 𝐴 𝐴𝑁𝐷 𝐵

( ) ( )
2 2 2
𝑃𝐵 𝑉𝐵 𝑉𝐵 4𝐹𝐿𝑉𝐵
𝑍𝐴 + 0 + 0 = 𝑍𝐵 + Ρ𝐺
+ 2𝐺
+ 0. 5 2𝐺
+ 2𝐺𝐷

NAME (SURNAME, FIRST NAME, M.I.):

TITLE / TOPIC:
DAYAG, KRISHJIAN ZCLANCE L.
FLUID FLOW IN PIPES
COURSE, YEAR & SECTION:

BSEE - 3EA
 𝑃𝐵
( ) (
2
− 1. 5 = (1000×9.81)
+
1.26
2
×9. 81 * 1 + 0. 5 +
4×0.08×5
0.1 )
𝑃𝐵 =− 28. 61 𝐾𝑁/𝑀^2

NAME (SURNAME, FIRST NAME, M.I.):

TITLE / TOPIC:
DAYAG, KRISHJIAN ZCLANCE L.
FLUID FLOW IN PIPES
COURSE, YEAR & SECTION:

BSEE - 3EA
 35. A PIPE, 40 M LONG, IS CONNECTED TO A WATER TANK
AT ONE END AND FLOWS FREELY IN ATMOSPHERE AT THE
OTHER END. THE DIAMETER OF PIPE IS 15 CM FOR FIRST
25 M FROM THE TANK, AND THEN THE DIAMETER IS
SUDDENLY ENLARGED TO 30 CM. HEIGHT OF WATER IN
THE TANK IS 8 M ABOVE THE CENTRE OF PIPE. DARCY’S
COEFFICIENT IS 0.01. DETERMINE THE DISCHARGE
NEGLECTING MINOR LOSSES?

SOLUTION:

𝐿𝑂𝑆𝑆 𝐷𝑈𝐸 𝑇𝑂 𝐹𝑅𝐼𝐶𝑇𝐼𝑂𝑁, 𝐻𝐿𝐹 = 𝐻𝐹1 = 𝐻𝐹2

2
32𝐹𝐿𝑄
𝐻𝐹 = 2 , 𝐹 = 0. 01
π 𝐺𝐷5
𝑇𝑂𝑇𝐴𝐿 𝐿𝑂𝑆𝑆𝐸𝑆,

𝐻𝑇 = 𝑄 (
2 32𝐹𝐿1
2
π 𝐺𝐷1
5 +
32𝐹𝐿2
2
π 𝐺𝐷2
5
)
2
(
8 = 𝑄 (32×0. 01) × 2
π 𝐺(0.15)
25
5

3
+
(32×0.1)(15)
2
π 𝐺(0.03)
5 )
𝑀
𝑄 = 0. 0087 𝑆𝐸𝐶

NAME (SURNAME, FIRST NAME, M.I.):

TITLE / TOPIC:
DAYAG, KRISHJIAN ZCLANCE L.
FLUID FLOW IN PIPES
COURSE, YEAR & SECTION:

BSEE - 3EA
 36. TWO RESERVOIRS HAVE 6 M DIFFERENCE IN WATER
LEVELS, AND ARE CONNECTED BY A PIPE 60 CM DIAMETER
AND 3000 M LONG. THEN, THE PIPE BRANCHES INTO TWO
PIPES EACH 30 CM DIAMETER AND 1500 M LONG. THE
FRICTION COEFFICIENT IS 0.01. NEGLECTING MINOR
LOSSES, DETERMINE THE FLOW RATES IN THE PIPE
SYSTEM?

SOLUTION:

𝐻𝐹 = 𝐻𝐹1 + 𝐻𝐹2
6 = 𝐻𝐹1 + 𝐻𝐹2
2 2
6 = 𝐾1𝑄1 + 𝐾2𝑄2
32𝐹1𝐿1 32(0.01)(3000)
𝐾1 = 2 5 = 2 5 = 127. 64
π 𝐺𝐷1 π (9.81) 0.6( )
32𝐹2𝐿2 32(0.01)(1500)
𝐾2 = 2 5 = 2 5 = 4084. 48
π 𝐺𝐷2 π (9.81) 0.3 ( )

𝐾2 = 32𝐾1
2 2
6 = 𝐾1𝑄1 + 32𝐾1𝑄2
𝑄1 + 𝑄2 + 𝑄3 = 2𝑄2
2 2 2 2
6 = 𝐾1𝑄1 + 8𝐾1𝑄1 = 9𝐾1𝑄1 = (9 * 127. 64)𝑄1 =
2
1148. 76𝑄1
3 3
𝑀 𝑀
𝑄1 = 0. 072 𝑆
& 𝑄2 = 0. 036 𝑆
NAME (SURNAME, FIRST NAME, M.I.):
TITLE / TOPIC:
DAYAG, KRISHJIAN ZCLANCE L.
FLUID FLOW IN PIPES
COURSE, YEAR & SECTION:

BSEE - 3EA
 37. TWO TANKS A AND B HAVE 70 M DIFFERENCE IN
WATER LEVELS, AND ARE CONNECTED BY A PIPE 0.25 M
DIAMETER AND 6 KM LONG WITH 0.002 FRICTION
COEFFICIENT. THE PIPE IS TAPPED AT ITS MIDPOINT TO
LEAK OUT
3
𝑀
0. 04 𝑆
FLOW RATE. MINOR LOSSES ARE IGNORED.
DETERMINE THE DISCHARGED LEAVING A TANK A?
FIND THE DISCHARGE ENTERING B?

SOLUTION:

𝐻𝑅 = 𝐻𝐹1 + 𝐻𝐹2
70 = 𝐻𝐹1 + 𝐻𝐹2
2 2
70 = 𝐾1𝑄1 + 𝐾2𝑄2
32𝐹𝐿 32(0.002)(3000)
𝐾1 = 𝐾2 = 2 5 = 2 5 = 2032. 7
π 𝐺𝐷 π (9.81) 0.25( )
𝑄1 = 𝑄2 + 𝑄3 = 𝑄2 + 0. 04
2
(
70 = 𝐾1 𝑄2 + 0. 04 ) + 𝐾1𝑄2
2𝐾1𝑄2 + 0. 08𝐾1𝑄2 + 0. 0016𝐾1 + 𝐾1𝑄2
2
= 4065. 4𝑄2 + 162. 6𝑄2 + 3. 25
2
0. 0172 = 𝑄2 + 0. 04𝑄2 + 0. 0008
2
𝑄2 + 0. 04𝑄2 − 0. 0164 = 0
2
(−0.04) −4(1)(−0.0164)
𝑄2 =− 0. 04± 2(1)
3 3
𝑀 𝑀
𝑄2 = 0. 11 𝑆
& 𝑄1 = 0. 15 𝑆
NAME (SURNAME, FIRST NAME, M.I.):
TITLE / TOPIC:
DAYAG, KRISHJIAN ZCLANCE L.
FLUID FLOW IN PIPES
COURSE, YEAR & SECTION:

BSEE - 3EA
38. A TANK TRANSMIT 100 L/S OF WATER TO THE POINT C
WHERE THE PRESSURE IS MAINTAINED AT
𝐾𝐺
1. 5 2 . THE FIRST PART AB OF THE PIPE LINE 50
𝐶𝑀
DIAMETER AND 2.5 KM LONG, AND THE SECOND PART BC IS
25 CM DIAMETER AND 1.5 KM LONG.
THE FRICTION COEFFICIENT IS 0.005 AND MINOR LOSSES
ARE IGNORED.
ASSUMING LEVEL AT C IS (0.0); FIND THE WATER LEVEL (L)
IN THE TANK?

SOLUTION:

𝑃𝐶
𝐻𝐶 = 𝑌
= 1500 𝐶𝑀 = 15 𝐶𝑀
𝐻𝐶 = 15 = 𝐿 − 𝐻𝐹𝐴𝐵 − 𝐻𝐹𝐵𝐶
32𝐹1𝐿1 32(0.005)(2500)
𝐻𝐹𝐴𝐵 = 2 5 = 2 5 = 1. 32
π 𝐺𝐷1 π (9.81) 0.5 ( )
32𝐹2𝐿2 32(0.005)(1500)
𝐻𝐹𝐵𝐶 = 2 5 = 2 5 = 25. 38
π 𝐺𝐷2 (
π (9.81) 0.25 )
15 = 𝐿 − 1. 32 − 25. 28
𝐿 = 41. 7 𝑀

NAME (SURNAME, FIRST NAME, M.I.):

TITLE / TOPIC:
DAYAG, KRISHJIAN ZCLANCE L.
FLUID FLOW IN PIPES
COURSE, YEAR & SECTION:

BSEE - 3EA
 39. THREE WATER TANKS A, B AND C WITH SURFACE
LEVELS (100.00), (50.00), AND (10.00) M ARE CONNECTED
BY PIPES AJ, BJ AND CJ TO A COMMON JOINT J OF A
LEVEL (45.00) M. THE PIPES HAVE THE SAME LENGTH,
DIAMETER AND FRICTION COEFFICIENT.
a)​CALCULATE THE HEAD AT THE JOINT J?
b)​ DETERMINE THE DISCHARGE IN EACH PIPES?

SOLUTION:

𝑄𝐴𝐽 = 𝑄𝐽𝐵 + 𝑄𝐽𝐶

'
𝐴𝑃𝑃𝐿𝑌𝐼𝑁𝐺 𝐵𝐸𝑅𝑁𝑂𝑈𝐿𝐿𝐼 𝑆 𝐸𝑄𝑈𝐴𝑇𝐼𝑂𝑁 𝑇𝑂 𝐴 𝐴𝑁𝐷 𝐽:
𝐻𝐴 = 𝐻𝐽 + 𝐻𝐹𝐴𝐽
100 + 0 + 0 = 𝐻𝐽 + 𝐻𝐹𝐴𝐽
2
100 − 𝐻𝐽 = 𝐻𝐹𝐴𝐽 = 𝐾𝑄𝐴𝐽
32𝐹1
𝑊𝐻𝐸𝑅𝐸, 𝐾 = 2 5
π 𝐺𝐷
1 1

(
𝑄𝐴𝐽 = 100 − 𝐻𝐽 ) 2
(𝐾) 2

'
𝑆𝐼𝑀𝐼𝐿𝐴𝑅𝐿𝑌, 𝐴𝑃𝑃𝐿𝑌𝐼𝑁𝐺 𝐵𝐸𝑅𝑁𝑂𝑈𝐿𝐿𝐼 𝑆 𝐸𝑄𝑈𝐴𝑇𝐼𝑂𝑁 𝑇𝑂 𝐽 𝐴𝑁𝐷
𝐻𝐽 = 𝐻𝐵 + 𝐻𝐹𝐽𝐵
2
𝐻𝐽 − 50 = 𝐻𝐹𝐽𝐵 = 𝐾𝑄𝐽𝐵
1 1

(
𝑄𝐽𝐵 = 𝐻𝐽 − 50 ) 2
(𝐾) 2

NAME (SURNAME, FIRST NAME, M.I.):

TITLE / TOPIC:
DAYAG, KRISHJIAN ZCLANCE L.
FLUID FLOW IN PIPES
COURSE, YEAR & SECTION:

BSEE - 3EA
 '
𝐴𝐿𝑆𝑂, 𝐴𝑃𝑃𝐿𝑌𝐼𝑁𝐺 𝐵𝐸𝑅𝑁𝑂𝑈𝐿𝐿𝐼 𝑆 𝐸𝑄𝑈𝐴𝑇𝐼𝑂𝑁 𝑇𝑂 𝐽 𝐴𝑁𝐷 𝐶
𝐻 =𝐻 +𝐻 𝐽 𝐶 𝐹𝐽𝐶
2
𝐻𝐽 − 10 = 𝐻𝐹𝐽𝐶 = 𝐾𝑄𝐽𝐶
1 1

(
𝑄𝐽𝐶 = 𝐻𝐽 − 10 ) 2
(𝐾) 2

𝐻𝐽 = 50. 45 𝑀
7.039
𝑄𝐴𝐽 = 1
2
(𝐾)
0.671
𝑄𝐽𝐵 = 1/2
(𝐾)
6.36
𝑄𝐽𝐶 = 1
2
(𝐾)

NAME (SURNAME, FIRST NAME, M.I.):

TITLE / TOPIC:
DAYAG, KRISHJIAN ZCLANCE L.
FLUID FLOW IN PIPES
COURSE, YEAR & SECTION:

BSEE - 3EA
40. IN THE SYRINGE OF THE FIGURE SHOWN, THE DRUG
𝐾𝐺
HAD Ρ = 900 3 AND Μ = 0. 002 𝑃𝐴 − 𝑆. THE FLOW
𝑀
𝑀𝐿
THROUGH THE NEEDLE IS 0. 04 𝑆
.NEGLECT THE HEAD
LOSS IN THE LARGER CYLINDER.
𝑀
a)​DETERMINE THE VELOCITY AT POINT B 𝑆
b)​ WHAT IS THE REYNOLDS NUMBER FOR THE FLOW IN
THE NEEDLE.
c)​DETERMINE THE STEADY FORCE F REQUIRED TO
PRODUCE THE GIVEN.

SOLUTION:

a)​VELOCITY AT POINT B:
−6
𝑄 0.4×10 𝑀
𝑉𝐵 = 𝐴 (0.00025)2
= 8. 1487 𝑆
b)​ REYNOLD’S NUMBER:
𝑉𝐷𝑃 8.1487(0.00025)(900)
𝑅𝐸 = µ = 0.002
= 916. 73 (𝐿𝐴𝑀𝐼𝑁𝐴𝑅 𝐹𝐿𝑂𝑊)

NAME (SURNAME, FIRST NAME, M.I.):

TITLE / TOPIC:
DAYAG, KRISHJIAN ZCLANCE L.
FLUID FLOW IN PIPES
COURSE, YEAR & SECTION:

BSEE - 3EA
 C) FORCE, F:
−6 2
𝐻𝐿 = (
0.0826(0.0698)(0.02) 0.4×10 ) = 18. 89 𝑀
0.00025
𝑃𝐴 (8.1487)
2
0+ γ
+ 0 − 18. 89 = 2(9.81)
+0=0
𝑃𝐴 = 196, 681 𝑃𝐴
FORCE, F
= 𝑃𝐴 ×𝐴𝑅𝐸𝐴 𝑂𝐹 𝑃𝐼𝑆𝑇𝑂𝑁 = 196, 681× ( ) × (0. 01)
π
4
2

= 15. 45 N

NAME (SURNAME, FIRST NAME, M.I.):

TITLE / TOPIC:
DAYAG, KRISHJIAN ZCLANCE L.
FLUID FLOW IN PIPES
COURSE, YEAR & SECTION:

BSEE - 3EA
41. A CYLINDRICAL TANK 0.9m IN DIAMETER, 2m IN
HEIGHT OPEN AT TOP IS FILLED WITH WATER TO A
DEPTH OF 1.5m. IT IS ROTATED ABOUT ITS VERTICAL
AXIS N RPM. DETERMINE THE VALUE OF N WHICH WILL
RAISE WATER LEVEL EVEN WITH THE BRIM.

GIVEN:​ REQUIRED:
0.9m DIAMETER​ N OR SPEED
2m HEIGHT
1.5m DEPTH

SOLUTION:
0.9
𝑟 = 2
= 0. 45𝑚, 𝑙 = 2𝑚,
𝐼𝑁𝐼𝑇𝐼𝐴𝐿 𝐻𝐸𝐼𝐺𝐻𝑇 = 1. 5𝑚
𝑉𝑂𝐿𝑈𝑀𝐸 𝑂𝐹 𝐴𝐼𝑅 𝐵𝐸𝐹𝑂𝑅𝐸 𝑅𝑂𝑇𝐴𝑇𝐼𝑂𝑁 = 𝑉𝑂𝐿𝑈𝑀𝐸 𝑂𝐹 𝐴𝐼𝑅 𝐴𝐹𝑇𝐸𝑅 𝑅𝑂𝑇𝐴𝑇𝐼𝑂𝑁

NAME (SURNAME, FIRST NAME, M.I.):

TITLE / TOPIC:
DAYAG, KRISHJIAN ZCLANCE L.
FLUID FLOW IN VARIOUS
SYSTEM COURSE, YEAR & SECTION:

BSEE - 3EA
 2 2
π𝑟 (2) − π𝑟 (1. 5)
2
π𝑟
= 2
(2)

( );
2 2 2 2
𝑤𝑟 𝑤𝑟 1(2)(9.81)
𝑧 = 2𝑔
; 1. 0 = 2(9.81)
; 𝑤= 2
0.45

𝑤 = 9. 843
2π𝑁 9.843(60)
𝑤 = 60
; 𝑁 = 2π

𝑁 = 93. 99𝑅𝑃𝑀

NAME (SURNAME, FIRST NAME, M.I.):

TITLE / TOPIC:
DAYAG, KRISHJIAN ZCLANCE L.
FLUID FLOW IN VARIOUS
SYSTEM COURSE, YEAR & SECTION:

BSEE - 3EA
 42. IN A FREE CYLINDRICAL VORTEX FLOW, AT A POINT IN
THE FLUID AT A RADIUS OF 300mm, HEIGHT 150mm,
VELOCITY AND PRESSURE ARE 15M/S, 120kN/m2. IF FLUID
IS AIR HAVING WEIGHT DENSITY OF 0.012kN/m2, FIND
PRESSURE AT A RADIUS OF 600mm, HEIGHT IS 30m.

GIVEN:​ REQUIRED;
rfluid = 300mm​ PRESSURE AT A RADIUS
h = 150mm​ OF 600mm, 30M HEIGHT
v = 15m/s
P = 120kN/m2
DENSITY OF AIR = 0.012kN/m2

SOLUTION:
15𝑚 𝑘𝑁
𝑟1 = 0. 3𝑚 , ℎ1 = 0. 15𝑚, 𝑣1 = 𝑠
, 𝑃 1 = 120 2
𝑚𝑣
0.012𝑘𝑁
𝐴𝑇 𝑟2 = 0. 6𝑚, ℎ2 = 0. 3𝑚, 𝑊 = 2
𝑚

NAME (SURNAME, FIRST NAME, M.I.):

TITLE / TOPIC:
DAYAG, KRISHJIAN ZCLANCE L.
FLUID FLOW IN VARIOUS
SYSTEM COURSE, YEAR & SECTION:

BSEE - 3EA
 𝑐
𝐼𝑁 𝐹𝑅𝐸𝐸 𝑉𝑂𝑅𝑇𝐸𝑋 𝐹𝐿𝑂𝑊 𝑣 = 𝑣
; 𝑣𝑟 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
𝑣1𝑟1 15(0.3) 𝑚
𝑣1𝑟1 = 𝑣2𝑟2 ; 𝑣2 = 𝑟2
; 0.6
= 7. 5 𝑠
2 2 2
𝑃 𝑉 ℎ 𝑃 𝑉
𝑈𝑆𝐼𝑁𝐺 𝑊
+ 2𝑔
+ 1
= 2 + 2𝑔
+ ℎ2
𝑊
2
120 15
= 0.012
+ 2(9.81)
+ 0. 15
2 2
𝑃 7.5
= 2 + 2(9.81)
+ 0 = 10011. 62
𝑊
2
𝑃
= 2 + 3. 16
𝑊
2
𝑃
= 2 = 10008. 46
𝑊
2
𝑃 = 10008. 46 𝑥 0. 012
2 120.1𝑘𝑁
𝑃 = 2
𝑚

NAME (SURNAME, FIRST NAME, M.I.):

TITLE / TOPIC:
DAYAG, KRISHJIAN ZCLANCE L.
FLUID FLOW IN VARIOUS
SYSTEM COURSE, YEAR & SECTION:

BSEE - 3EA
 43.
(A)​ DOES THE FLOW U = X² + 3X – 4Y, V = –2XY –
3Y SATISFY CONTINUITY?
(B)​ COMPUTE THE VORTICITY.
(C)​ LOCATE ALL STAGNATION POINTS.
(D)​ FIND THE EQUATION OF THE STREAM FUNCTION
AND GRAPH IT IN THE FIRST QUADRANT.
SOLUTION
( )∂𝑢
(𝑎) ∂𝑥 + ∂𝑦
∂𝑣
( )
= 2𝑥 + 3 – 2𝑥 – 3 = 0
(𝑏)ξ = ( ) ( )
∂𝑣
∂𝑥
–
∂𝑢
∂𝑦
ξ = –2𝑦 – 4 ≠ 0
(𝑐) 𝑆𝑇𝐴𝐺𝑁𝐴𝑇𝐼𝑂𝑁 𝑃𝑂𝐼𝑁𝑇𝑆 𝑂𝐶𝐶𝑈𝑅 𝑊𝐻𝐸𝑅𝐸 𝐵𝑂𝑇𝐻 𝑢 = 0 𝐴𝑁𝐷
𝑣 = 0
3
–2𝑥𝑦 – 3𝑦 = –2𝑦 𝑥 + 2 ( )
3
𝑇𝐻𝐼𝑆 𝐼𝑆 𝑇𝑅𝑈𝐸 𝑊𝐻𝐸𝑁 𝑦 = 0 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = – 2 .
𝑢 = 0
2
𝑥 + 3𝑥 – 4𝑦 = 0
1
𝐼𝑓 𝑥 = –1, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑦 = – 2
𝐼𝑓 𝑦 = 0, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = 0 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = –3

NAME (SURNAME, FIRST NAME, M.I.):

TITLE / TOPIC:
DAYAG, KRISHJIAN ZCLANCE L.
FLUID FLOW IN VARIOUS
SYSTEM COURSE, YEAR & SECTION:

BSEE - 3EA
(E)​ DOES THE FLOW U = X² + 3X – 4Y, V = –2XY –
3Y SATISFY CONTINUITY?
(F)​ COMPUTE THE VORTICITY.
(G)​ LOCATE ALL STAGNATION POINTS.
(H)​ FIND THE EQUATION OF THE STREAM FUNCTION
AND GRAPH IT IN THE FIRST QUADRANT.
SOLUTION
( )∂𝑢
(𝑎) ∂𝑥 + ∂𝑦
∂𝑣
( )
= 2𝑥 + 3 – 2𝑥 – 3 = 0
(𝑏)ξ = ( ) ( )
∂𝑣
∂𝑥
–
∂𝑢
∂𝑦
ξ = –2𝑦 – 4 ≠ 0
(𝑐) 𝑆𝑇𝐴𝐺𝑁𝐴𝑇𝐼𝑂𝑁 𝑃𝑂𝐼𝑁𝑇𝑆 𝑂𝐶𝐶𝑈𝑅 𝑊𝐻𝐸𝑅𝐸 𝐵𝑂𝑇𝐻 𝑢 = 0 𝐴𝑁𝐷
𝑣 = 0
3
–2𝑥𝑦 – 3𝑦 = –2𝑦 𝑥 + 2 ( )
3
𝑇𝐻𝐼𝑆 𝐼𝑆 𝑇𝑅𝑈𝐸 𝑊𝐻𝐸𝑁 𝑦 = 0 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = – 2 .
𝑢 = 0
2
𝑥 + 3𝑥 – 4𝑦 = 0
1
𝐼𝑓 𝑥 = –1, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑦 = – 2
𝐼𝑓 𝑦 = 0, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = 0 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = –3

NAME (SURNAME, FIRST NAME, M.I.):

TITLE / TOPIC:
DAYAG, KRISHJIAN ZCLANCE L.
FLUID FLOW IN VARIOUS
SYSTEM COURSE, YEAR & SECTION:

BSEE - 3EA
𝑇𝐻𝑈𝑆, 𝑇𝐻𝐸𝑅𝐸 𝐴𝑅𝐸 𝑇𝐻𝑅𝐸𝐸 𝑆𝑇𝐴𝐺𝑁𝐴𝑇𝐼𝑂𝑁 𝑃𝑂𝐼𝑁𝑇𝑆: (0, 0), (–
(𝑑 )
∂ψ
𝑢 = ∂𝑦
2
(
ψ = ∫ 𝑥 + 3𝑥 – 4𝑦 𝑑𝑦 )
2 2
ψ = 𝑥 𝑦 + 3𝑥𝑦 – 2𝑦 + 𝐶(𝑥)
∂ψ
𝑣 = –2𝑥𝑦 – 3𝑦 = – ∂𝑥
∂ψ '
∂𝑥
= 2𝑥𝑦 + 3𝑦 + 𝐶 (𝑥)
𝑆𝐸𝑇𝑇𝐼𝑁𝐺 𝐸𝑄𝑈𝐴𝐿:

'
𝑇ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑠𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑡𝑜 𝐶 (𝑥) = 0
𝑆𝑂, 𝐶(𝑥) = 𝐶𝑂𝑁𝑆𝑇𝐴𝑁𝑇 = 0

NAME (SURNAME, FIRST NAME, M.I.):

TITLE / TOPIC:
DAYAG, KRISHJIAN ZCLANCE L.
FLUID FLOW IN VARIOUS
SYSTEM COURSE, YEAR & SECTION:

BSEE - 3EA
44. A TWO-DIMENSIONAL VELOCITY FIELD IS GIVEN BY:
𝑦
𝑢 = −𝐾 * 2 2
𝑥 +𝑦
𝑥
𝑣 = 𝐾 * 2 2
𝑥 +𝑦

𝑊𝐻𝐸𝑅𝐸 𝐾 𝐼𝑆 𝐶𝑂𝑁𝑆𝑇𝐴𝑁𝑇.

DOES THIS FIELD SATISFY INCOMPRESSIBLE CONTINUITY?

TRANSFORM THESE VELOCITIES INTO POLAR
COMPONENTS VR AND vθ.WHAT MIGHT THE FLOW
REPRESENT? A TWO-DIMENSIONAL VELOCITY FIELD IS
GIVEN BY:
∂𝑢 ∂𝑣 ∂𝑤
∂𝑥
+ ∂𝑦
+ ∂𝑧
= 0
∂𝑢 2𝑥𝐾𝑦
∂𝑥
= 2
(𝑥 + 𝑦2) 𝑣θ
2

∂𝑣 2𝑦𝐾𝑥
∂𝑦
= − 2
(𝑥2+ 𝑦2)
∂𝑤
∂𝑧
= 0
2𝑥𝐾𝑦 2𝑦𝐾𝑥
2 2 2
− 2 + 0 = 0
(𝑥 + 𝑦 ) (𝑥2+ 𝑦2)

𝑁𝑂𝑊 𝑆𝑊𝐼𝑇𝐶𝐻 𝑇𝑂 𝑃𝑂𝐿𝐴𝑅 𝐶𝑂𝑂𝑅𝐷𝐼𝑁𝐴𝑇𝐸𝑆:

2 2 2
𝑥 + 𝑦 = 𝑟
𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠(θ) = 𝑟
𝑦
𝑠𝑖𝑛(θ) = 𝑟

NAME (SURNAME, FIRST NAME, M.I.):

TITLE / TOPIC:
DAYAG, KRISHJIAN ZCLANCE L.
FLUID FLOW IN VARIOUS
SYSTEM COURSE, YEAR & SECTION:

BSEE - 3EA
 𝐶𝑂𝑀𝑃𝑈𝑇𝐸 𝑣ᵣ (𝑅𝐴𝐷𝐼𝐴𝐿 𝐶𝑂𝑀𝑃𝑂𝑁𝐸𝑁𝑇):
𝑣ᵣ = 𝑢 cos 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (θ) + 𝑣 sin 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (θ)

= ⎡⎢ −
⎣
2
𝐾𝑦
𝑥 +𝑦 ⎦ 𝑟
( )
⎤ 𝑥 + ⎡ 𝐾𝑥 ⎤
2 ⎥
−𝐾𝑦𝑥 + 𝐾𝑥𝑦
⎢ 𝑥2+ 𝑦2 ⎥
⎣ ⎦
( )𝑦
𝑟
=
[𝑟(𝑥2+ 𝑦2)]
=0

𝐶𝑂𝑀𝑃𝑈𝑇𝐸 𝑣θ (𝑇𝐴𝑁𝐺𝐸𝑁𝑇𝐼𝐴𝐿 𝐶𝑂𝑀𝑃𝑂𝑁𝐸𝑁𝑇):

𝑣θ = − 𝑢 sin 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (θ) + 𝑣 cos 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (θ)

=− ⎢⎡ −
⎣
2
𝐾𝑦
2 ⎥
𝑥 +𝑦 ⎦ 𝑟
( )
⎤ 𝑦 + ⎡ 𝐾𝑥 ⎤
𝐾𝑦 + 𝐾𝑥
⎢ 𝑥2+ 𝑦2 ⎥
⎣
2 2 ⎦
( ) 𝑥
𝑟
=[
[𝑟(𝑥2+ 𝑦2)]
= [𝐾(𝑥² + 𝑦²/[𝑟(𝑥² + 𝑦²)]𝐶𝑂𝑀𝑃𝑈𝑇𝐸 𝑣ᵣ (𝑅𝐴𝐷𝐼𝐴𝐿 𝐶𝑂𝑀𝑃𝑂𝑁𝐸𝑁𝑇):
𝑣ᵣ = 𝑢 cos 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (θ) + 𝑣 sin 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (θ)

= ⎢⎡ −
⎣
2
𝐾𝑦
𝑥 +𝑦 ⎦ 𝑟
( )
⎤ 𝑥 + ⎡ 𝐾𝑥 ⎤
2 ⎥
−𝐾𝑦𝑥 + 𝐾𝑥𝑦
⎢ 𝑥2+ 𝑦2 ⎥
⎣ ⎦
( )𝑦
𝑟
=
[𝑟(𝑥2+ 𝑦2)]
=0
𝐾
= 𝑟

𝑇𝐻𝐸𝑅𝐸𝐹𝑂𝑅𝐸, 𝐼𝑁 𝑃𝑂𝐿𝐴𝑅 𝐶𝑂𝑂𝑅𝐷𝐼𝑁𝐴𝑇𝐸𝑆: 𝑣ᵣ = 0

𝐾
𝑣θ = 𝑟

𝑇𝐻𝐼𝑆 𝑅𝐸𝑃𝑅𝐸𝑆𝐸𝑁𝑇𝑆 𝐴 𝑃𝑂𝑇𝐸𝑁𝑇𝐼𝐴𝐿 𝑉𝑂𝑅𝑇𝐸𝑋.

NAME (SURNAME, FIRST NAME, M.I.):

TITLE / TOPIC:
DAYAG, KRISHJIAN ZCLANCE L.
FLUID FLOW IN VARIOUS
SYSTEM COURSE, YEAR & SECTION:

BSEE - 3EA
45. A NEWTONIAN FLUID WITH A DYNAMIC OR ABSOLUTE
𝑁𝑠
VISCOSITY OF 0.38 2 AND A SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF 0.91
𝑀
FLOWS THROUGH A 25 mm DIAMETER PIPE WITH A
3 2 3 2
VELOCITY OF 2.6 m/s.(i)U = 3xy, V=(2)𝑥 -(2)𝑦
3 2
2 2 2 2 𝑦𝑧
( 𝑖) 𝑈 = 𝑥 𝑦 𝑧, 𝑉 = + 𝑦𝑧, 𝑊 = 𝑦𝑧 − 2
(𝑖) 𝑈 = 3𝑥𝑦, 𝑉 = ( )𝑥3
2
2
− ( )𝑦3
2
2

ωₓ = ωᵧ = 0
ω
𝑧
= ( ) ⎡⎣( )
1
2
∂𝑣
∂𝑥
− ( )⎤⎦
∂𝑢
∂𝑦

= ( )(3𝑥
1
2
− 3𝑥) = 0 ⟵ 𝑖𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙
3 2
2 2 2 𝑦𝑧
(𝑖𝑖) 𝑈 = 𝑥 𝑦 𝑧, 𝑉 = − 𝑦𝑧 , 𝑊 = 𝑦𝑧 − 2

ωₓ = ( )⎡⎣ ( ) + ( )⎤⎦
1
2
∂𝑣
∂𝑧
∂𝑤
∂𝑦

( )(0 − 3𝑥 𝑦 ) = − ( )𝑥𝑦
=
1
2
2 3
2
2

3
ωᵧ = ( )⎣⎡ ( ) − ( )⎤⎦( )(𝑥 𝑦 − 0) =
1
2
∂𝑢
∂𝑧
∂𝑤
∂𝑥
1
2
2 𝑥𝑦
2

1
ωₓ = ∂𝑤 ∂𝑣
2⎡ − ∂𝑧 ⎤
⎣ ∂𝑦 ⎦

( )𝑧
2
= ⎡ 𝑧2 −
1 3𝑦 2
− (2𝑦2𝑧)⎤⎥⎦
⎢ 2 2
⎣
2 2
1 2 3𝑦 𝑧 2
= 2 ⎡⎢ 𝑧 − 2
+ 2𝑦 𝑧 ⎤⎥
⎣ ⎦

NAME (SURNAME, FIRST NAME, M.I.):

TITLE / TOPIC:
DAYAG, KRISHJIAN ZCLANCE L.
FLUID FLOW IN VARIOUS
SYSTEM COURSE, YEAR & SECTION:

BSEE - 3EA
 46. FLOW THROUGH A CONVERGING NOZZLE CAN BE
APPROXIMATED BY A ONE-DIMENSIONAL VELOCITY
DISTRIBUTION u = u(x).FOR THE NOZZLE SHOWN,ASSUME
THAT THE VELOCITY VARIES LINEARLY FROM u = Vo AT THE
ENTRANCE TO u = 3Vo AT THE EXIT.COMPUTE THE
𝐷𝑉
ACCELERATION 𝑑𝑡 AS A FUNCTION OF x.
𝐷𝑉 𝐹𝑇
EVALUATE 𝑑𝑡
AT THE ENTRANCE AND EXIT IF Vo = 10 𝑆
AND L = 1 ft.

𝐺𝐼𝑉𝐸𝑁:
𝑓𝑡
𝑉𝑜 = 10 𝑠

𝐿 = 1 𝑓𝑡
𝑢 = 3𝑉𝑜
𝐷𝑉
𝑅𝐸𝑄𝑈𝐼𝑅𝐸𝐷: 𝐸𝑉𝐴𝐿𝑈𝐴𝑇𝐸 𝐷𝑡
=?

NAME (SURNAME, FIRST NAME, M.I.):

TITLE / TOPIC:
DAYAG, KRISHJIAN ZCLANCE L.
FLUID FLOW IN VARIOUS
SYSTEM COURSE, YEAR & SECTION:

BSEE - 3EA
 𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑖𝑛𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑡:
2𝑉𝑜
𝑢(𝑥) = ( ) 𝑥 + 𝑉𝑜
𝐿

= 𝑉𝑜 ( + 1)
2𝑥
𝑢(𝑥) 𝐿
∂𝑢 2𝑉𝑜
∂𝑥
= 𝐿

𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒:
𝑎𝑥 = 𝑢 ( )
∂𝑢
∂𝑥

( )( + 1)
2
2𝑉𝑜 2𝑥
𝑎𝑥 = 𝐿 𝐿

𝐴𝑡 𝑥 = 0
𝑓𝑡
𝑎𝑥 = 200 2
𝑠

𝐴𝑡 𝑥 = 𝐿
𝑓𝑡
𝑎𝑥 = 600 2
𝑠

NAME (SURNAME, FIRST NAME, M.I.):

TITLE / TOPIC:
DAYAG, KRISHJIAN ZCLANCE L.
FLUID FLOW IN VARIOUS
SYSTEM COURSE, YEAR & SECTION:

BSEE - 3EA
 3
𝑀
47. CALCULATE THE VELOCITY IF 10 𝐻
OF WATER FLOWS
THROUGH A 100 mm INSIDE DIAMETER PIPE. IF THE PIPE IS
REDUCED TO 80 mm INSIDE DIAMETER.

GIVEN:
VELOCITY = 10 m³/h
INSIDE DIAMETER REDUCED = 80 mm
INSIDE DIAMETER PIPE = 100 mm
REQUIRED:
VELOCITY=?

SOLUTION:
𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 100 𝑚𝑚 𝑝𝑖𝑝𝑒
(10 𝑚³/ℎ) × (1/3600 ℎ/𝑠) = 𝑣₁₀₀ × [3. 14 × (0. 1 𝑚)² / 4]
𝑂𝑟:
𝑣₁₀₀ = [(10 𝑚³/ℎ) × (1/3600 ℎ/𝑠)] / [3. 14 × (0. 1 𝑚)² / 4]
100 𝑚
𝑣 = 0. 35 𝑠

𝑉𝐸𝐿𝑂𝐶𝐼𝑇𝑌 𝑂𝐹 80 𝑚𝑚 𝑃𝐼𝑃𝐸
𝑈𝑆𝐼𝑁𝐺 𝑇𝐻𝐸 𝐸𝑄𝑈𝐴𝑇𝐼𝑂𝑁 𝑇𝑂 𝐶𝐴𝐿𝐶𝑈𝐿𝐴𝑇𝐸
𝑇𝐻𝐸 𝑉𝐸𝐿𝑂𝐶𝐼𝑇𝑌 𝑂𝐹 𝑇𝐻𝐸 80 𝑚𝑚 𝑃𝐼𝑃𝐸:
(10 𝑚³/ℎ) × (1/3600 ℎ/𝑠) = 𝑣₈₀ × [3. 14 × (0. 08 𝑚)² / 4]
𝑂𝑟:
𝑣₈₀ = [(10 𝑚³/ℎ) × (1/3600 ℎ/𝑠)] / [3. 14 × (0. 08 𝑚)² / 4]
𝑣₈₀ = 0. 55 𝑚/𝑠

NAME (SURNAME, FIRST NAME, M.I.):

TITLE / TOPIC:
DAYAG, KRISHJIAN ZCLANCE L.
FLUID FLOW IN VARIOUS
SYSTEM COURSE, YEAR & SECTION:

BSEE - 3EA
48. A 0.225m DIAMETER CYLINDER IS 1.5m LONG AND
CONTAINS WATER UPTO A HEIGHT OF 1.05m. ESTIMATE THE
SPEED AT WHICH THE CYLINDER MAY BE ROTATED ABOUT
ITS VERTICAL AXIS SO THAT THE AXIAL DEPTH BECOMES
ZERO.

GIVEN:​ REQUIRED:
0.225m DIAMETER​ SPEED
1.5m LONG
1.05m HEIGHT

SOLUTION:
0.225
𝑟 = 2
= 0. 1125𝑚
𝑙 = 1. 5𝑚, 𝐼𝑁𝐼𝑇𝐼𝐴𝐿 𝐻𝐸𝐼𝐺𝐻𝑇 𝑂𝐹 𝑊𝐴𝑇𝐸𝑅 = 1. 05𝑚
𝑊𝐻𝐸𝑁 𝐴𝑋𝐼𝐴𝐿 𝐷𝐸𝑃𝑇𝐻 𝐼𝑆 𝑍𝐸𝑅𝑂
𝐷𝐸𝑃𝑇𝐻 𝑂𝐹 𝑃𝐴𝑅𝐴𝐵𝑂𝐿𝑂𝐼𝐷 = 1. 5𝑚
2 2 2 2
𝑤𝑟 𝑤 (0.1125)
𝑧 = 2𝑔
; 1. 5 = 2(9.81)
;
2
𝑤 = 2325. 33
𝑅𝐴𝐷
𝑤 = 48. 22 𝑆𝐸𝐶

2π𝑁
𝑤= 60
2π𝑁
48. 22 = 60

𝑁 = 460. 46 𝑅𝑃𝑀

NAME (SURNAME, FIRST NAME, M.I.):

TITLE / TOPIC:
DAYAG, KRISHJIAN ZCLANCE L.
FLUID FLOW IN VARIOUS
SYSTEM COURSE, YEAR & SECTION:

BSEE - 3EA
49. WATER ENTERS A TYPICAL GARDEN HOSE OF DIAMETER
𝑀
1.6 cm WITH A VELOCITY OF 3 𝑆 . CALCULATE THE EXIT
VELOCITY OF WATER FROM THE GARDEN HOSE WHEN A
NOZZLE OF DIAMETER 0.5 cm IS ATTACHED TO THE END OF
THE HOSE.

GIVEN:
DIAMETER = 1.6 cm
VELOCITY = 3 m/s
DIAMETER = 0.5 cm

REQUIRED:
VELOCITY=?

SOLUTION:
𝐹𝐼𝑅𝑆𝑇, 𝐹𝐼𝑁𝐷 𝑇𝐻𝐸 𝐶𝑅𝑂𝑆𝑆
− 𝑆𝐸𝐶𝑇𝐼𝑂𝑁𝐴𝐿 𝐴𝑅𝐸𝐴𝑆 𝑂𝐹 𝑇𝐻𝐸 𝐸𝑁𝑇𝑅𝑌 (𝐴1)𝐴𝑁𝐷

𝐸𝑋𝐼𝑇 (𝐴₂) 𝑆𝐼𝐷𝐸𝑆 𝑂𝐹 𝑇𝐻𝐸 𝐻𝑂𝑆𝐸.

𝐴₁ = π𝑟₁² = π(0. 008 𝑚)² = 2 × 10⁻⁴ 𝑚²
𝐴₂ = π𝑟₂² = π(0. 0025 𝑚)² = 1. 96 × 10⁻⁵ 𝑚²
𝐴₁𝑣₁ = 𝐴₂𝑣₂

( ) 𝑣₁
1
𝐴
𝑣₂ = 2
𝐴

(2 × ) × (3 )
−4 2
2 10 𝑚 −5 2 𝑚
𝑣 = 1.96
× 10 𝑚 𝑠
2 𝑚
𝑣 = 30. 6 𝑠

NAME (SURNAME, FIRST NAME, M.I.):

TITLE / TOPIC:
DAYAG, KRISHJIAN ZCLANCE L.
FLUID FLOW IN VARIOUS
SYSTEM COURSE, YEAR & SECTION:

BSEE - 3EA
50. WATER FLOWS OUT OF A HORIZONTAL PIPE AT THE
𝐹𝑇
STEADY RATE OF 2 3𝑀𝐼𝑁 . DETERMINE THE VELOCITY OF THE
WATER AT A POINT WHERE THE DIAMETER OF THE PIPE IS
1in.

GIVEN:
𝐹𝑇
RATE OF 2 3𝑀𝐼𝑁

REQUIRED:
VELOCITY=?

SOLUTION:

𝑇𝐻𝐸 𝐴𝑅𝐸𝐴 𝐴 𝑂𝐹 𝑇𝐻𝐸 1 − 𝑖𝑛.

π𝑥1 2 2
𝐴= 4(144)
𝑓𝑡 = 0. 0055 𝑓𝑡

𝑊𝐻𝐸𝑁 𝑊𝐸 𝑆𝑈𝐵𝑆𝑇𝐼𝑇𝑈𝑇𝐸 𝑇𝐻𝐸 𝑉𝐴𝐿𝑈𝐸𝑆 𝐹𝑂𝑅 𝑄 𝐴𝑁𝐷 𝐴,

3 2
2𝑓𝑡 𝑓𝑡
60
𝑠𝑒𝑐 = 0. 0055 𝑉
;
𝑓𝑡
𝑉 = 6. 10 𝑠

TITLE / TOPIC: NAME (SURNAME, FIRST NAME, M.I.):

FLUID FLOW IN VARIOUS DAYAG, KRISHJIAN ZCLANCE L.
SYSTEM COURSE, YEAR & SECTION:

BSEE - 3EA
51. YOU ARE WATCHING LEAVES FLOAT PAST YOU IN A
STREAM THAT IS 0.76 METERS WIDE. AT ONE POINT, YOU
ESTIMATE THAT THE SPEED OF THE LEAVES TRIPLES. IF THE
STREAM HAS A CONSTANT DEPTH, WHAT IS THE WIDTH OF
THE STREAM AT THIS POINT?

GIVEN:
0.76 METERS WIDE

REQUIRED:
WIDTH OF THE STREAM

SOLUTION: USE THE EQUATION OF CONTINUITY:

𝐴₁𝑣₁ = 𝐴₂𝑣₂
𝐼𝑁 𝑇𝐸𝑅𝑀𝑆 𝑂𝐹 𝑇𝐻𝐸 𝑆𝑇𝑅𝐸𝐴𝑀 𝑊𝐼𝐷𝑇𝐻 Ω 𝐴𝑁𝐷 𝐷𝐸𝑃𝑇𝐻 𝐷,
𝑇𝐻𝐸 𝐶𝑅𝑂𝑆𝑆 − 𝑆𝐸𝐶𝑇𝐼𝑂𝑁𝐴𝐿 𝐴𝑅𝐸𝐴 𝑂𝐹 𝑇𝐻𝐸 𝑆𝑇𝑅𝐸𝐴𝑀 𝐼𝑆:
𝐴 = ω𝑑
𝐴₁𝑣₁ = 𝐴₂𝑣₂
ω₁𝑑 𝑣₁ = ω₂𝑑 𝑣₂
ω₁𝑣₁ = ω₂𝑣₂
𝑌𝑜𝑢 𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡:
𝑣₂ = 3𝑣₁
𝑆𝑜 𝑦𝑜𝑢 𝑐𝑎𝑛 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ ω₂:
ω₁𝑣₁ = ω₂𝑣₂
ω₁𝑣₁ = ω₂ × 3𝑣₁
1
2 ω
ω = 3
2 𝑚
ω = 0. 76 3

ω₂ = 0. 25 𝑚

TITLE / TOPIC: NAME (SURNAME, FIRST NAME, M.I.):

FLUID FLOW IN VARIOUS DAYAG, KRISHJIAN ZCLANCE L.
SYSTEM COURSE, YEAR & SECTION:

BSEE - 3EA
52. IF THE WATER THAT EXITS A PIPE FILLS A POOL THAT IS
3 METERS DEEP, 20 METERS LONG, AND 5 METERS WIDE IN
3 DAYS, WHAT IS THE FLOW RATE?

GIVEN:
3 METERS DEEP
20 METERS LONG
5 METERS WIDE

REQUIRED:
FLOW RATE=?

SOLUTION:
3
𝑉 = 3. 0𝑚×20𝑚×5. 0𝑚 = 300𝑚
𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑖𝑡 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑠 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑡𝑜 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑜𝑙 𝑖
24ℎ 3600𝑠 105
𝑡 = 3𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠× ​1𝑑𝑎𝑦 × ​1ℎ = 2. 59× 𝑠
𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒
𝑄 = 𝑉​/𝑡
3
300𝑚 5
= ​2.59
× 10 𝑠
3
−3 𝑚
= 1. 2×10 𝑠

TITLE / TOPIC: NAME (SURNAME, FIRST NAME, M.I.):

FLUID FLOW IN VARIOUS DAYAG, KRISHJIAN ZCLANCE L.
SYSTEM COURSE, YEAR & SECTION:

BSEE - 3EA
53. THE VOLUME FLOW RATE THROUGH PIPE 1 IS 2.5 TIMES
THAT OF PIPE 2. IF THE CROSS-SECTIONAL AREA OF PIPE 1
IS ONE-HALF THAT OF PIPE 2, WHAT IS THE RATIO OF THE
FLOW SPEED IN PIPE 1 TO THAT IN PIPE 2?

GIVEN:
PIPE 1 IS 2.5 TIMES THAT OF PIPE 2
CROSS-SECTIONAL AREA OF PIPE 1 IS ONE-HALF THAT OF
PIPE 2

REQUIRED:
RATIO=?

SOLUTION:
𝑄₁ = 2. 5𝑄₂
𝑄 = 𝐴𝑣
𝑄₁ = 2. 5𝑄₂
𝐴₁𝑣₁ = 2. 5𝐴₂𝑣₂
𝐴₁ = ( )𝐴₂
1
2

𝐴₁𝑣₁ = 2. 5𝐴₂𝑣₂

( )𝐴₂𝑣₁
1
2
= 2. 5𝐴₂𝑣₂

( )𝑣₁ 1
2
= 2. 5𝑣₂

𝑆𝑂𝐿𝑉𝐸 𝐹𝑂𝑅 𝑇𝐻𝐸 𝑅𝐴𝑇𝐼𝑂:

1
𝑣
2 = 2 × 2. 5 = 5. 0
𝑣

TITLE / TOPIC: NAME (SURNAME, FIRST NAME, M.I.):

FLUID FLOW IN VARIOUS DAYAG, KRISHJIAN ZCLANCE L.
SYSTEM COURSE, YEAR & SECTION:

BSEE - 3EA
54. WATER TRAVELS THROUGH A HOSE AT 0.8 METERS PER
SECOND. IF THE CROSS-SECTIONAL AREA OF THE EXIT
NOZZLE IS ONE-FIFTH THAT OF THE HOSE, AT WHAT SPEED
DOES WATER EXIT THE HOSE?

GIVEN:
0.8 METERS PER SECOND

REQUIRED:
SPEED=?

SOLUTION:
𝑈𝑆𝐸 𝑇𝐻𝐸 𝐸𝑄𝑈𝐴𝑇𝐼𝑂𝑁 𝑂𝐹 𝐶𝑂𝑁𝑇𝐼𝑁𝑈𝐼𝑇𝑌:
𝐴₁𝑣₁ = 𝐴₂𝑣₂
𝐴₂ = ( )𝐴₁
1
5

𝑣₁ = 0. 80 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑

𝑆𝑂𝐿𝑉𝐸 𝑇𝐻𝐸 𝐶𝑂𝑁𝑇𝐼𝑁𝑈𝐼𝑇𝑌 𝐸𝑄𝑈𝐴𝑇𝐼𝑂𝑁 𝐹𝑂𝑅𝑣₂:
𝐴₁𝑣₁ = 𝐴₂𝑣₂
𝐴₁𝑣₁ = ( )𝐴₁𝑣₂
1
5

𝑣₁ = ( )𝑣₂
1
5

𝑣₂ = 5𝑣₁
2 𝑚
𝑣 = 5 × 0. 80 𝑠
2 𝑚
𝑣 = 4. 0 𝑠

TITLE / TOPIC: NAME (SURNAME, FIRST NAME, M.I.):

FLUID FLOW IN VARIOUS DAYAG, KRISHJIAN ZCLANCE L.
SYSTEM COURSE, YEAR & SECTION:

BSEE - 3EA
55. WATER RUNS THROUGH A WATER MAIN OF
𝑀
CROSS-SECTIONAL AREA 0.4 M² WITH A VELOCITY OF 6 𝑆
.
CALCULATE THE VELOCITY OF THE WATER IN THE PIPE
WHEN THE PIPE TAPERS DOWN TO A CROSS-SECTIONAL
AREA OF 0.3 M²

GIVEN:
CROSS-SECTIONAL AREA =0.4 m²
VELOCITY = 6 m/s
CROSS-SECTIONAL AREA = 0.3 m²

REQUIRED:
VELOCITY

SOLUTION:
1 1 2 2 2
𝐴 𝑣 = 𝐴 𝑚𝑣 2𝑣
(0. 4 )(6 )
2
𝑚
= (𝐴₁/𝐴₂)𝑣₁ = 0.3
𝑚 𝑠

TITLE / TOPIC: NAME (SURNAME, FIRST NAME, M.I.):

FLUID FLOW IN VARIOUS DAYAG, KRISHJIAN ZCLANCE L.
SYSTEM COURSE, YEAR & SECTION:

BSEE - 3EA
56. A LIQUID FLOWS THROUGH A PIPE WITH A DIAMETER
𝐶𝑀
OF 10 CM AT A VELOCITY Of 9 𝑆 . IF THE DIAMETER OF
THE PIPE THEN DECREASES TO 6 CM, WHAT IS THE NEW
VELOCITY OF THE LIQUID?

GIVEN:
DIAMETER = 10 CM
𝐶𝑀
VELOCITY Of 9 𝑆
DIAMETER DECREASES TO = 6 CM

REQUIRED:
VELOCITY OF THE LIQUID=?

SOLUTION:
𝑅𝐴𝑇𝐸 𝑂𝐹 𝐹𝐿𝑂𝑊, 𝐴 * 𝑣, 𝑀𝑈𝑆𝑇 𝑅𝐸𝑀𝐴𝐼𝑁 𝐶𝑂𝑁𝑆𝑇𝐴𝑁𝑇.
𝐴₁𝑣₁ = 𝐴₂𝑣₂.
𝐴₁ = π𝑟² = π(5 𝑐𝑚)²
𝐴₂ = π𝑟₂² = π(3 𝑐𝑚)²
𝑈𝑆𝐼𝑁𝐺 𝑇𝐻𝐸𝑆𝐸 𝑉𝐴𝐿𝑈𝐸𝑆 𝐼𝑁 𝑇𝐻𝐸 𝐶𝑂𝑁𝑇𝐼𝑁𝑈𝐼𝑇𝑌
𝐸𝑄𝑈𝐴𝑇𝐼𝑂𝑁 𝐴𝐿𝐿𝑂𝑊𝑆 𝑈𝑆 𝑇𝑂 𝑆𝑂𝐿𝑉𝐸 𝑇𝐻𝐸 𝐹𝐼𝑁𝐴𝐿 𝑉𝐸𝐿𝑂𝐶𝐼𝑇𝑌.

(25π 𝑐𝑚2)(9 𝑐𝑚𝑠 ) = (9π 𝑐𝑚²) 𝑣₂

2 𝑐𝑚
𝑣 = 25 𝑠

TITLE / TOPIC: NAME (SURNAME, FIRST NAME, M.I.):

FLUID FLOW IN VARIOUS DAYAG, KRISHJIAN ZCLANCE L.
SYSTEM COURSE, YEAR & SECTION:

BSEE - 3EA
57. THREE RESERVOIRS A, B, AND C ARE CONNECTED
RESPECTIVELY WITH PIPES 1, 2, AND 3 JOINING AT A
COMMON JUNCTION P. RESERVOIR A IS AT ELEVATION 80 𝑚,
RESERVOIR B AT ELEVATION 70 𝑀 AND RESERVOIR C IS AT
ELEVATION 60 𝑚. THE PROPERTIES OF EACH PIPE ARE AS
FOLLOWS:
PIPE 1: 𝐿 = 5000 𝑚, 𝐷 = 300 𝑚𝑚​
PIPE 2: 𝐿 = 4000 𝑚, 𝐷 = 250 𝑚𝑚​
PIPE 3: 𝐿 = 3500 𝑚
a.​ FIND THE ELEVATION OF THE ENERGY GRADE LINE AT P
IN 𝑚.
𝑚3
b.​ DETERMINE THE FLOW ON PIPE 2 IN 𝑠
.
c.​ COMPUTE THE DIAMETER APPROPRIATE FOR PIPE 3 IN
𝑚𝑚.
FOR A.
2
0.0826𝑓𝐿𝑄
ℎ𝑓 = 5
𝐷
2
ℎ𝑓 =
0.0826(0.018)(5000) 0.0452 ( ) = 6. 195 𝑚
5
0.3
'
𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑣 𝑜𝑓 𝑃 = 𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑣 𝑜𝑓 𝐴 − ℎ𝑓1 = 80 − 6. 195
'
𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑣 𝑜𝑓 𝑃 = 73. 805 𝑚

THE ENERGY AT P, DENOTED AS P', IS HIGHER THAN

RESERVOIR B, THUS, THE FLOW IN PIPE 2 IS TOWARDS B.

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 FOR B.
'
ℎ𝑓2 = 𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑣 𝑜𝑓 𝑃 − 𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑣 𝑜𝑓 𝐵 = 73. 805 − 70
ℎ𝑓2 = 3. 805 𝑚
2
0.0826(0.018)(4000)𝑄2
5 = 3. 085
0.25
3
2 𝑚
𝑄 = 0. 025 𝑠

FOR C.
𝐴𝑡 𝑗𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑃, 𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 = 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤:
𝑄1 = 𝑄2 + 𝑄3
0. 045 = 0. 025 + 𝑄3
𝑚3
𝑄3 = 0. 02 𝑠
'
ℎ𝑓3 = 𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑣 𝑜𝑓 𝑃 − 𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑣 𝑜𝑓 𝐶 = 73. 805 − 60
ℎ𝑓3 = 13. 805 𝑚
2
0.0826(0.018)(3500) 0.02( ) = 13. 805
5
𝐷3

𝐷3 = 0. 172 𝑚 = 172 𝑚𝑚

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 58. A PUMP DRAWS WATER FROM RESERVOIR A AND LIFTS
IT TO RESERVOIR B AS SHOWN IN FIGURE 4-10. THE LOSS
OF HEAD FROM A TO 1 IS 3 TIMES THE VELOCITY HEAD IN
THE 150 − 𝑚𝑚 PIPE AND THE LOSS OF HEAD FROM 2 TO B
IS 20 TIMES THE VELOCITY HEAD IN THE 100 − 𝑚𝑚 PIPE.
COMPUTE THE HORSEPOWER OUTPUT OF THE PUMP AND
THE PRESSURE HEADS AT 1 AND 2 WHEN THE DISCHARGE
𝐿 𝐿
IS: (𝑎) 12 𝑆 ; (𝑏) 36 𝑆 .
𝐿
PART (A): DISCHARGE, Q = 12 𝑆
3
𝑚
𝑄 = 0. 012 𝑠
VELOCITY HEADS
2 2
𝑣 8𝑄
2𝑔
= 2 4
π 𝑔𝐷
2
𝑣1 8(0.012 )
2

2𝑔
= 2 4 = 0.0235 M
π (9.81)(0.15 )
2
𝑣2 8(0.012 )
2

2𝑔
= 2 4 = 0.119 M
π (9.81)(0.1 )

HEAD LOST
2
𝑣1
𝐻𝐿𝐴−1 = 3 𝑋 2𝑔
= 3 (0. 0235) = 0.705 M
2
𝑣2
𝐻𝐿2−𝐵 = 3 𝑋 2𝑔
= 20 (0. 119) = 2.38 M

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ENERGY EQUATION BETWEEN A AND B
𝐸2 − 𝐻𝐿𝐴−1 − 𝐻𝐴 − 𝐻𝐿2−𝐵 = 𝐸𝐵

( ) ( )
2 2
𝑣2 𝑝2 𝑣𝐵 𝑝𝐵
2𝑔
+ γ
+ 𝑧2 − 𝐻𝐿𝐴−1 − 𝐻𝐴 − 𝐻𝐿2−𝐵 = 2𝑔
+ γ
+ 𝑧𝐵
(0 + 0 + 0) − 0. 0705 + 𝐻𝐴 − 2. 38 = (0 + 0 + 72)
𝐻𝐴 = 74. 4505 𝑚
OUTPUT POWER OF THE PUMP
𝑃 = 𝑄γ𝐻𝐴 = 0. 012(9810)(74. 4505)
1ℎ𝑝
𝑃 = 8764. 31𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠×( 746𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠 )
𝑃 = 11. 75 ℎ𝑝
ENERGY EQUATION BETWEEN A AND 1
𝐸𝐴 − 𝐻𝐿𝐴−1 = 𝐸1

( ) ( )
2 2
𝑣𝐴 𝑝𝐴 𝑣1 𝑝1
2𝑔
+ γ
+ 𝑧1 − 𝐻𝐿𝐴−1 = 2𝑔
+ γ
+ 𝑧1

𝑝1
(0 + 0 + 0) − 0. 0705 = (0. 0235 + γ
− 6)
𝑝1
γ
= 5. 906 𝑚
ENERGY EQUATION BETWEEN 2 AND B
𝐸2 − 𝐻𝐿2−𝐵 = 𝐸𝐵

( ) ( )
2 2
𝑣2 𝑝2 𝑣𝐵 𝑝𝐵
2𝑔
+ γ
+ 𝑧2 − 𝐻𝐿2−𝐵 = 2𝑔
+ γ
+ 𝑧𝐵

(0. 119 + 𝑝2
γ )
− 6 − 2. 38 = (0 + 0 + 72)
𝑝2
γ
= 80.261 M

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59. THE FIGURE SHOWS A SIPHON DISCHARGING WATER
FROM RESERVOIR A INTO THE AIR AT B. DISTANCE 'A' IS 1.8
M, 'B' 𝑖𝑠 6 𝑚, AND THE DIAMETER IS 150 𝑚𝑚 THROUGHOUT.
IF THERE IS A FRICTIONAL LOSS OF 1. 5 𝑚 BETWEEN A AND
THE SUMMIT, AND 1. 5 𝑚 BETWEEN THE SUMMIT AND B,
WHAT IS THE ABSOLUTE PRESSURE AT THE SUMMIT IN
KILOPASCAL? ALSO DETERMINE THE RATE OF DISCHARGE IN

CUBIC METER PER SECOND AND IN GALLONS PER MINUTE.

𝑄𝐶 = 𝑄𝐵 = 𝑄
𝐻𝐿𝐴−𝐶 = 1. 5 𝑚
𝐻𝐿𝐶−𝐵 = 1. 5 𝑚
VELOCITY HEAD AT B AND C IN TERMS OF Q
2 2 2
𝑣 8𝑄 8𝑄
2𝑔
= 2 4 = 2 4
π 𝑔𝐷 π (9.81)(0.15 )

2
𝑣 2
2𝑔
= 163. 21𝑄

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ENERGY EQUATION BETWEEN A AND B
𝐸𝐴 − 𝐻𝐿𝐴−𝐶 − 𝐻𝐿𝐶−𝐵 = 𝐸𝐵
2
(0 + 0 + 0) − 1. 5 − 1. 5 = 163. 21𝑄 + 0 − 4. 2
2
163. 21𝑄 = 1. 2
3
𝑚
𝑄 = 0. 0857 𝑆
𝐿𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠 1𝑔𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑛 60𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝑄 = 85. 7 𝑠𝑒𝑐
× 3.78𝐿𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠
×
1𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑔𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑠
𝑄= 1360. 32 𝑚𝑖𝑛
THUS, THE VELOCITY HEAD AT B AND C IS
2
𝑣 2
2𝑔
= 163. 21(0. 0857 ) = 1. 2 𝑚
ENERGY EQUATION BETWEEN A AND C
𝐸𝐴 − 𝐻𝐿𝐴−𝐶 = 𝐸𝐶
𝑝𝐶
(0 + 0 + 0) − 1. 5 = 1. 2 + γ
− 1. 8
𝑝𝐶
γ
= − 0. 9 𝑚

𝑝𝐶 = 1. 5γ =− 0. 9(9. 81)
𝑝𝐶 =− 8. 829 𝑘𝑃𝑎

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60. THE 150-MM PIPE LINE SHOWN IN FIGURE 4-05
CONDUCTS WATER FROM THE RESERVOIR AND DISCHARGE
AT A LOWER ELEVATION THROUGH A NOZZLE WHICH HAS A
DISCHARGE DIAMETER OF 50 MM. THE WATER SURFACE IN
THE RESERVOIR 1 IS AT ELEVATION 30 M, THE PIPE INTAKE 2
AND 3 AT ELEVATION 25 M AND THE NOZZLE 4 AND 5 AT
ELEVATION 0. THE HEAD LOSSES ARE: FROM 1 TO 2, 0;
FROM 2 TO 3, 0.6 M; FROM 3 TO 4, 9 M; FROM 4 TO 5, 3 M.
COMPUTE THE DISCHARGE AND MAKE A TABLE SHOWING
ELEVATION HEAD, PRESSURE HEAD, AND TOTAL HEAD AT
EACH OF THE FIVE POINTS.
HEAD LOST
𝐻𝐿1−2 = 0
𝐻𝐿2−3 = 0. 6 𝑚

𝐻𝐿3−4 = 9 𝑚

𝐻𝐿4−5 = 3 𝑚

𝐻𝐿1−5 = 𝐻𝐿1−3 + 𝐻𝐿2−3 + 𝐻𝐿3−4 + 𝐻𝐿4−5

𝐻𝐿1−5 = 0 + 0. 6 + 9 + 3

𝐻𝐿1−5 = 12. 6 𝑚

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ENERGY EQUATION BETWEEN 1 AND 5
𝐸1 − 𝐻𝐿1−5 = 𝐸5
2 2
𝑣1 𝑝1 𝑣5 𝑝5
2𝑔
+ γ
+ 𝑧1 − 𝐻𝐿1−5 = 2𝑔
+ γ
+ 𝑧5
2
8𝑄
(0 + 0 + 30) − 12. 6 = 2 4 + 0 + 0)
π 𝑔𝐷
2
8𝑄
17. 4 = 2 4
π (9.81)(0.05)
3
𝑚 𝐿
𝑄 = 0. 0363 𝑠
= 36. 3 𝑠

VELOCITY HEADS
2 2
𝑣 8𝑄
2𝑔
= 2 4
π 𝑔𝐷
2 2
𝑣3 𝑣4 8(0.0363 )
2

2𝑔
= 2𝑔
= 2 4 = 0. 2151 𝑚
π (9.81)(0.15 )
2
𝑣5 2
= (
8 0.0363 ) = 17. 4202 𝑚
2𝑔 2
π (9.81)(0.054)

PRESSURE HEADS
2
𝑝
γ
= 𝐸𝑙 1 − 𝐸𝑙 2 = 30 − 25
2
𝑝
γ
= 5𝑚
ENERGY EQUATION BETWEEN 2 AND 3
𝐸2 − 𝐻𝐿2−3 = 𝐸3
2 2
𝑣2 𝑝2 𝑣3 𝑝3
2𝑔
+ γ
+ 𝑧2 − 𝐻𝐿2−3 = 2𝑔
+ γ
+ 𝑧3
𝑝3
(0 + 5 + 25) − 0. 6 = 0. 2151 + γ
+ 25
𝑝3
γ
= 4. 1849 𝑚

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ENERGY EQUATION BETWEEN 3 AND 4
𝐸3 − 𝐻𝐿3−4 = 𝐸4
2 2
𝑣3 𝑝3 𝑣4 𝑝4
2𝑔
+ γ
+ 𝑧3 − 𝐻𝐿3−4 = 2𝑔
+ γ
+ 𝑧4
𝑝4
(0. 2151 + 4. 1849 + 25) − 9 = 0. 2151 + γ
+0
𝑝4
γ
= 20. 1849 𝑚
Elevation head Velocity head Pressure head
Point Total head (m)
(m) (m) (m)
1 30 0 0 30.0
2 25 0 0 30.0
3 0 0.2151 4.1849 29.4
4 0 0.2151 20.1849 20.4
5 0 17.4202 0 17.4

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 61. A HORIZONTAL PIPE CARRIES 30 CFS OF WATER. AT A
THE DIAMETER IS 18 IN. AND THE PRESSURE IS 10 PSI. AT B
THE DIAMETER IS 36 IN. AND THE PRESSURE IS 10.9 PSI.
DETERMINE THE HEAD LOST BETWEEN THE TWO POINTS.

DISCHARGE
3
𝑓𝑡
𝑄𝐴 = 𝑄𝐵 = 30 𝑠

VELOCITY HEAD
2 2
𝑉 8𝑄
2𝑔
= 2𝑔𝐷
4

π
2
𝑉𝐴
=
8 30( 2) = 4. 4752 𝑓𝑡
2𝑔 18 4
(2)
π (32.2) ( ) 12

2
𝑉𝐴 8(302)
2𝑔
= 36 4
= 0. 2797 𝑓𝑡
2
π (32.2) ( )
12

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PRESSURE HEADS
𝑃𝐴
=
10 12( 2) = 23. 0769 𝑓𝑡
γ𝑤 62.4
𝑃𝐴
= ( 2) = 25. 1538 𝑓𝑡
10.9 12
γ𝑤 62.4

ENERGY EQUATION BETWEEN A AND B

𝐸𝐴 − 𝐻𝐿 = 𝐸_𝐵
2 2
𝑣𝐴 𝑝𝐴 𝑣𝐵 𝑝𝐵
2𝑔
+ γ𝑤
+ 𝑧𝐴 − 𝐻𝐿 = 2𝑔
+ γ𝑤
+ 𝑧𝐵

4. 4752 + 23. 0769 + 0 − 𝐻𝐿 = 0. 2797 + 25. 1538 + 0

𝐻𝐿 = 2. 1186 𝑓𝑡

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62. IN FIGURE 4-04, A 50 MM PIPELINE LEADS DOWNHILL
FROM A RESERVOIR AND DISCHARGES INTO AIR. IF THE
LOSS OF HEAD BETWEEN A AND B IS 44.2 M, COMPUTE THE

DISCHARGE.
2
𝑣2 8𝑄
Note 2𝑔
= 2𝑔𝐷
4 for circular pipes
π
Sum up energy head from A to B
𝐸𝐴 − 𝐻𝐿 = 𝐸𝐵
2 2
𝑉𝐴 𝑝𝐴 𝑣𝐵 𝑝𝐵
2𝑔
+ γ𝑤
+ 𝑧𝐴 − 𝐻𝐿 = 2𝑔
+ γ𝑤
+ 𝑧𝐵
2
8𝑄
(0 + 0 + 45. 7) − 44. 2 = 2 +0+0
π (9.81)(0.054)
3
𝑚
𝑄 = 0. 01065 𝑠
𝐿
𝑄 = 10. 65 𝑠

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63. A PUMP TAKES WATER FROM A 200 − 𝑚𝑚 SUCTION
PIPE AND DELIVERS IT TO A 150 − 𝑚𝑚 DISCHARGE PIPE IN
𝑀
WHICH THE VELOCITY IS 3. 6 𝑆
. THE PRESSURE IS
− 35 𝑘𝑃𝑎 AT A IN THE SUCTION PIPE. THE 150 − 𝑚𝑚 PIPE
DISCHARGES HORIZONTALLY INTO AIR AT C. TO WHAT
HEIGHT H ABOVE B CAN THE WATER BE RAISED IF B IS
1. 8 𝑚 ABOVE A AND 20 ℎ𝑝 IS DELIVERED TO THE PUMP?
ASSUME THAT THE PUMP OPERATES AT 70 PERCENT
EFFICIENCY AND THAT THE FRICTIONAL LOSS IN THE PIPE
BETWEEN A AND C IS 3 𝑚.
DISCHARGE
𝑄 = 𝑣𝐵𝐴𝐵
1 2
𝑄 = 3. 6[ 4 π(0. 15 )]
3
𝑚
𝑄 = 0. 0636 𝑠
OUTPUT POWER OF THE PUMP
𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 = 𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦×𝑃𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡
𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 = 0. 70𝑃𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 = 0. 70(20)
746 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠
𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 = 14 ℎ𝑝( 1 ℎ𝑝
)

𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 = 10 444 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠

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𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 = 𝑄γ𝐻𝐴
10 444 = 0. 0636(9810)𝐻𝐴
𝐻𝐴 = 16. 74 𝑚
VELOCITY HEADS
2 2
𝑣 8𝑄
2𝑔
= 2 4
π 𝑔𝐷
2
𝑣𝐴 8(0.0636)
2

2𝑔
= 2 4 = 0.2089 m
π (9.81)(0.2 )
2
𝑣𝐵 8(0.0636)
2

2𝑔
= 2 4 = 0.6602 m
π (9.81)(0.15 )

ENERGY EQUATION FROM A TO C

𝐸𝐴 + 𝐻𝐴 − 𝐻𝐿 = 𝐸𝐶
2 2
𝑣𝐴 𝑝𝐴 𝑣𝐶 𝑝𝐶
2𝑔
+ γ𝑤
+ 𝑧𝐴 − 𝐻𝐴 − 𝐻𝐿 = 2𝑔
+ γ𝑤
+ 𝑧𝐶
35
0. 2089 − 9.81
+ 0 + 16. 74 − 3 = 0. 6602 + 0 + (1. 8 +
ℎ = 7. 92 𝑚

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64. THE FIGURE SHOWS A SIPHON DISCHARGING OIL (
𝑠𝑝 𝑔𝑟 0. 90). THE SIPHON IS COMPOSED OF 3-IN. PIPE FROM
A TO B FOLLOWED BY 4-IN. PIPE FROM B TO THE OPEN
DISCHARGE AT C. THE HEAD LOSSES ARE FROM 1 TO 2, 1.1
𝑓𝑡; FROM 2 TO 3, 0.7 𝑓𝑡; FROM 3 TO 4, 2.5 𝑓𝑡. COMPUTE
THE DISCHARGE, AND MAKE TABLE OF HEADS AT POINT 1,
2, 3, AND 4.
DISCHARGE
𝑄2 = 𝑄3 = 𝑄4 = 𝑄
HEAD LOST
𝐻𝐿1−2 = 1. 1 𝑓𝑡
𝐻𝐿2−3 = 0. 7 𝑓𝑡
𝐻𝐿3−4 = 2. 5 𝑓𝑡
VELOCITY HEADS IN TERMS OF Q
2 2
𝑣 8𝑄
2𝑔
= 2 4
π 𝑔𝐷
2
𝑣2 2
8𝑄 2
2𝑔
= 2 3 4 = 6. 4443𝑄
π (32.2)( 12 )
2 2
𝑣3 𝑣4 8𝑄
2
2
2𝑔
= 2𝑔
= 2 4 4 = 2. 039𝑄
π (32.2)( 12 )
ENERGY EQUATION BETWEEN 1 AND 4
𝐸1 − 𝐻𝐿1−2 − 𝐻𝐿2−3 − 𝐻𝐿3−4 = 𝐸4
2 2
𝑣1 𝑝1 𝑣4 𝑝4
( 2𝑔 + γ
+ 𝑧1) − 𝐻𝐿1−2 − 𝐻𝐿2−3 − 𝐻𝐿3−4 = ( 2𝑔 + γ
+
2
(0 + 0 + 10) − 1. 1 − 0. 7 − 2. 5 = (2. 039𝑄 + 0 + 0)

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 2
2. 039𝑄 = 5. 7
3
𝑓𝑡
𝑄 = 1. 672 𝑠

VELOCITY HEADS AT 2, 3, AND 4

2
𝑣2 2
2𝑔
= 6. 4443(1. 672 ) = 18. 02 𝑓𝑡
2 2
𝑣3 𝑣4 2
2𝑔
= 2𝑔
= 2. 039(1. 672 ) = 5. 7 𝑓𝑡
ENERGY EQUATION BETWEEN 1 AND 2
𝐸1 − 𝐻𝐿1−2 = 𝐸2
2 2
𝑣1 𝑝1 𝑣2 𝑝2
( 2𝑔 + γ
+ 𝑧1) − 𝐻𝐿1−2 = ( 2𝑔 + γ
+ 𝑧2)
𝑝2
(0 + 0 + 10) − 1. 1 = (18. 02 + γ
+ 15)
𝑝2
γ
= − 24. 12 𝑓𝑡
𝑝2 =− 24. 12γ =− 24. 12(0. 9×62. 4)
𝑝2 =− 1354. 58 𝑝𝑠𝑓
1𝑓𝑡 2
𝑝2 =− 1354. 58
𝑙𝑏
𝑓𝑡
2 × ( 12𝑖𝑛 )
𝑝2 =− 9. 41 𝑝𝑠𝑖

ENERGY EQUATION BETWEEN 3 AND 4

𝐸3 − 𝐻𝐿3−4 = 𝐸4
2 2
𝑣3 𝑝3 𝑣4 𝑝4
( 2𝑔 + γ
+ 𝑧3) − 𝐻𝐿3−4 = ( 2𝑔 + γ
+ 𝑧4)
𝑝3
(5. 7 + γ
+ 𝑧3) − 2. 5 = (5. 7 + 0 + 0)
𝑝3
γ
= -12.5 ft

TITLE / TOPIC: NAME (SURNAME, FIRST NAME, M.I.):

FRICTIONAL LOSSES IN PIPE DAYAG, KRISHJIAN ZCLANCE L.

FLOW COURSE, YEAR & SECTION:

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65. THE 600 − 𝑚𝑚 PIPE SHOWN IN FIGURE 4-11
CONDUCTS WATER FROM RESERVOIR A TO A PRESSURE
TURBINE, WHICH DISCHARGES THROUGH ANOTHER 600-MM
PIPE INTO TAILRACE B. THE LOSS OF HEAD FROM A TO 1 IS
5 TIMES THE VELOCITY HEAD IN THE PIPE AND THE LOSS OF
HEAD FROM 2 TO B IS 0.2 TIMES THE VELOCITY HEAD IN
𝐿
THE PIPE. IF THE DISCHARGE IS 700 𝑠 ,WHAT POWER IS
BEING GIVEN UP BY THE WATER TO THE TURBINE AND
WHAT ARE THE PRESSURE HEADS AT 1 AND 2?

SOLUTION
DISCHARGE
3
𝑚
𝑄 = 0. 7 𝑠
VELOCITY HEADS
2 2
𝑣 8𝑄
2𝑔
= 2 4
π 𝑔𝐷
2 2
𝑣1 𝑣2 2
= 2 ( ) 4 = 0. 3124 𝑚
8 0.7
2𝑔
= 2𝑔 π (9.81)(0.6 )

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FRICTIONAL LOSSES IN PIPE DAYAG, KRISHJIAN ZCLANCE L.

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HEAD LOST
2
𝑣1
𝐻𝐿𝐴−1 = 5× 2𝑔
= 5(0. 3124) = 1. 562 𝑚
2
𝑣2
𝐻𝐿2−𝐵 = 0. 2× 2𝑔
= 0. 2(0. 3124) = 0. 0625 𝑚
ENERGY EQUATION BETWEEN A AND B
𝐸𝐴 − 𝐻𝐿𝐴−1 − 𝐻𝐸 − 𝐻𝐿2−𝐵 = 𝐸𝐵

( 𝑣
𝐴
2𝑔
2

+
𝑝𝐴
γ )
+ 𝑧𝐴 − 𝐻𝐿𝐴−1 − 𝐻𝐸 − 𝐻𝐿2−𝐵 = ( 𝑣
𝐵
2𝑔
2

+
𝑝𝐵
γ
+𝑧

(0 + 0 + 60) − 1. 562 − 𝐻𝐸 − 0. 0625 = (0 + 0 + 0)

𝐻𝐸 = 58. 3755 𝑚
POWER GIVEN UP BY THE WATER TO THE TURBINE
𝑃 = 𝑄γ𝐻𝐸 = 0. 7(9810)(58. 3755)
𝑃 = 400 864. 56 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠 × 1 ℎ𝑝 ( 746
𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠 )
𝑃 = 537. 35 ℎ𝑝
ENERGY EQUATION BETWEEN A AND 1
𝐸𝐴 − 𝐻𝐿𝐴−1 = 𝐸1

( ) ( )
2 2
𝑣𝐴 𝑝𝐴 𝑣1 𝑝1
2𝑔
+ γ
+ 𝑧𝐴 − 𝐻𝐿𝐴−1 = 2𝑔
+ γ
+ 𝑧1

(0 + 0 + 60) − 1. 562 = (
= 0. 3124 +
𝑝1
γ
+ 4. 5 )
𝑝1
γ
= 53. 6256 𝑚

TITLE / TOPIC: NAME (SURNAME, FIRST NAME, M.I.):

FRICTIONAL LOSSES IN PIPE DAYAG, KRISHJIAN ZCLANCE L.

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ENERGY EQUATION BETWEEN 2 AND B
𝐸2 − 𝐻𝐿2 − 𝐵 = 𝐸𝐵

( ) ( )
2 2
𝑣2 𝑝2 𝑣𝐵 𝑝𝐵
2𝑔
+ γ
+ 𝑧2 − 𝐻𝐿2 − 𝐵 = 2𝑔
+ γ
+ 𝑧𝐵

(0. 3124 + 𝑝2
γ )
+ 4. 5 − 0. 0625 = (0 + 0 + 0)
𝑝2
γ
=− 4. 7499 𝑚
CHECKING
ENERGY EQUATION BETWEEN 1 AND 2
𝐸1 − 𝐻𝐸 = 𝐸2

( ) ( )
2 2
𝑣1 𝑝1 𝑣2 𝑝2
2𝑔
+ γ
+ 𝑧 1 − 𝐻𝐸 = 2𝑔
+ γ
+ 𝑧2

(0. 3124 + 53. 6256 + 4. 5) − 58. 3755 = (0. 3124 − 4. 74

0. 0625 = 0. 0625

TITLE / TOPIC: NAME (SURNAME, FIRST NAME, M.I.):

FRICTIONAL LOSSES IN PIPE DAYAG, KRISHJIAN ZCLANCE L.

FLOW COURSE, YEAR & SECTION:

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66. IN FIGURE 4-04, WITH 35 L/S OF SEA WATER (sp gr
1.03) FLOWING FROM 1 TO 2, THE PRESSURE AT 1 IS 100
kPa AND AT 2 IS -15 kPa. POINT 2 IS 6 m HIGHER THAN
POINT 1. COMPUTE THE LOST ENERGY IN kPa BETWEEN 1

AND 2.
DISCHARGE
𝑚3
𝑄1 = 𝑄2 = 0. 035 𝑠
VELOCITY HEADS
2 2
𝑉 8𝑄
2𝑔
= 2𝑔𝐷4
4

π
2
𝑉1 2
= (
8 0.035 ) = 0. 0125 𝑚
2𝑔 2
π (9.81)(0.34)
2
𝑉2 2
= (
8 0.035 ) = 1. 0122 𝑚
2𝑔 2
π (9.81)(0.14)
ENERGY EQUATION BETWEEN 1 AND 2
𝐸1 − 𝐻𝐿 = 𝐸2
2 2
𝑉1 𝑝1 𝑣2 𝑝
2

2𝑔
+ γ
+ 𝑧1 − 𝐻𝐿 = 2𝑔
+ γ
+ 𝑧2
0. 0125 + 1001. 03(9. 81) + 0 − 𝐻𝐿 = 1. 0122 − 151. 03(9
𝐻𝐿 = 4. 38 𝑚
𝐻𝐿 = 4. 38[1. 03(9. 81)]
TITLE / TOPIC: NAME (SURNAME, FIRST NAME, M.I.):

FRICTIONAL LOSSES IN PIPE DAYAG, KRISHJIAN ZCLANCE L.

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𝐸𝐴 = 3. 1990 + 7. 1356 + 0 = 10. 3346 𝑚
𝐸𝐵 = 0. 0395 + 5. 0968 + 4. 5 = 9. 6363 𝑚
THE FLOW IS ALWAYS FROM HIGHER ENERGY TO LOWER
ENERGY. 𝐸𝐴 > 𝐸𝐵, THUS, THE FLOW WILL BE FROM A TO
B.
ENERGY EQUATION BETWEEN A AND B
𝐸𝐴 − 𝐻𝐿 = 𝐸𝐵
10. 3346 − 𝐻𝐿 = 9. 6363
𝐻𝐿 = 0. 6983 𝑚

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FRICTIONAL LOSSES IN PIPE DAYAG, KRISHJIAN ZCLANCE L.

FLOW COURSE, YEAR & SECTION:

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67. DETERMINE THE FLUID FLOW WITH A RELATIVE DENSITY
𝐾𝐺 𝑁−𝑆
OF 80 𝐶𝑈. 𝑀 , A VISCOSITY OF 0.7 𝑆𝑄. 𝑀 , AND A VELOCITY
𝑀
6 𝑆
THROUGH A PIPE OF 0.25 M DIAMETER.
GIVEN:
𝐾𝐺
ρ = 80 𝐶𝑈.𝑀
𝑀
V=6 𝑆
L = 0.25 M
𝑁−𝑆
μ = 0.7 𝑆𝑄. 𝑀

FIND: FLUID FLOW

ρ𝑉𝐿
THE REYNOLDS NUMBER IS: RE = μ
(80)(6)(0.25)
RE = (0.7)
120
RE = 0.7
RE = 171
SINCE RE < 2000, THE FLOW IS LAMINAR

TITLE / TOPIC: NAME (SURNAME, FIRST NAME, M.I.):

FRICTIONAL LOSSES IN PIPE DAYAG, KRISHJIAN ZCLANCE L.

FLOW COURSE, YEAR & SECTION:

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68. IN AN INDUSTRIAL WATER DISTRIBUTION NETWORK, A
PIPE WITH A REYNOLDS NUMBER OF 100,000 IS BEING
ANALYZED. THE PIPE HAS A ROUGH SURFACE, AND ITS
RELATIVE ROUGHNESS IS GIVEN AS 0.01. THE ENGINEERS
NEED TO ESTIMATE THE FRICTION FACTOR USING THE
MOODY CHART TO DETERMINE THE PRESSURE LOSSACROSS
THE PIPE.

GIVEN:
ϵ
- REYNOLDS NUMBER: 100,000- RELATIVE ROUGHNESS 𝐷
: 0.01

QUESTION
FROM THE MOODY CHART, ESTIMATE WHETHER THE
FRICTION FACTOR FOR THIS FLOW WILL BE CLOSER TO 0.02
OR 0.04. THIS WILL HELP IN CALCULATING THE ENERGY
LOSS IN THE SYSTEM.

SOLUTION:
FROM THE MOODY CHART, FOR RE = 100,000 AND;
ϵ
𝐷
=0.01,

THE FRICTION FACTOR IS APPROXIMATELY 0.035,WHICH IS

CLOSER TO 0.04.

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DAYAG, KRISHJIAN ZCLANCE L.

FRICTIONAL LOSSES IN PIPE
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 69. DURING THE INSTALLATION OF A NEW WATER
PIPELINE,THE ENGINEERS NEED TO DETERMINE THE
RELATIVE ROUGHNESS OF THE PIPE TO ESTIMATE THE
FRICTION FACTOR LATER ON. THE PIPE HAS A DIAMETER OF
8 INCHES AND AN ABSOLUTE ROUGHNESS OF 0.0015
FEET.THIS INFORMATION WILL BE ESSENTIAL FOR THE
PROPER DESIGN OF THE PIPELINE TO ENSURE EFFICIENT
WATERFLOW.

GIVEN:
- PIPE DIAMETER: 8 INCHES (0.667 FT)- ABSOLUTE
ROUGHNESS: 0.0015 FEET

QUESTION:
CALCULATE THE RELATIVE ROUGHNESS FOR THIS NEWLY
INSTALLED PIPE. THIS VALUE WILL HELP ENGINEERS
DETERMINE THE IMPACT OF ROUGHNESS ON THE FRICTION
FACTOR AND THE OVERALL SYSTEM EFFICIENCY.

SOLUTION:

ϵ 0.0015
𝐷
= 0.667
≈ 0.00225

TITLE / TOPIC: NAME (SURNAME, FIRST NAME, M.I.):

FRICTIONAL LOSSES IN PIPE DAYAG, KRISHJIAN ZCLANCE L.

FLOW COURSE, YEAR & SECTION:

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 70. AN OIL COMPANY IS TRANSPORTING OIL THROUGH
PIPELINE WITH A DIAMETER OF 1 INCH. THE OIL IS
𝐹𝑇
FLOWING AT A VELOCITY OF 0.1 𝑆 , AND THE PIPELINE
IS20 FEET LONG. THE OIL HAS A KINEMATIC VISCOSITY OF
𝑆𝑄. 𝐹𝑇 𝐿𝐵
3×10 ⁵ 𝑆 AND A DENSITY OF 50 𝐶𝑈.𝐹𝑇 . THE ENGINEERS
NEED TO DETERMINE THE HEAD LOSS DUE TO FRICTION IN
THIS SECTION OF THE PIPELINE.
GIVEN:

𝑆𝑄. 𝐹𝑇
- KINEMATIC VISCOSITY OF OIL: 3 3×10 ⁵ 𝑆
- PIPE DIAMETER: 1 INCH (0.0833 FT)
𝐹𝑇
- FLOW VELOCITY: 0.1 𝑆
- PIPE LENGTH: 20 FEET
𝐿𝐵
- OIL DENSITY: 50 𝐶𝑈.𝐹𝑇
𝐹𝑇
- GRAVITATIONAL ACCELERATION: 32.2 𝑆𝑄.𝐹𝑇
QUESTION:
CALCULATE THE HEAD LOSS DUE TO FRICTION FOR THE OIL
FLOWING THROUGH THE PIPELINE. THE HEAD LOSS WILL
AFFECT THE PRESSURE REQUIRED TO MAINTAIN FLOW IN
THE SYSTEM.

SOLUTION:
1 𝑉𝐷
D= 12
𝐹𝑇 → RE = 𝑁 ≈ 278
SINCE RE < 2000, THE FLOW IS LAMINAR.
64 64
F= 𝑅𝐸
= 278
= 0. 23
2
𝐿 𝑉
𝐻𝐹 = 𝐹( )( 𝐷 2𝐺
) = 0. 071 𝐹𝑇

TITLE / TOPIC: NAME (SURNAME, FIRST NAME, M.I.):

FRICTIONAL LOSSES IN PIPE DAYAG, KRISHJIAN ZCLANCE L.

FLOW COURSE, YEAR & SECTION:

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 TITLE / TOPIC: NAME (SURNAME, FIRST NAME, M.I.):

FRICTIONAL LOSSES IN PIPE DAYAG, KRISHJIAN ZCLANCE L.

FLOW COURSE, YEAR & SECTION:

BSEE - 3EA
C.) PRESSURE AT THE TOP OF THE TANK (PSI)
Ea – HL = Eb
+ + Za – HL = + + Zc
0 + + 10 – 6370.86 = + 0 + 100
= 6755.65 FEET OF WATER
p = 421,522.8 psf

p = 2,927.45 psi

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FRICTIONAL LOSSES IN PIPE DAYAG, KRISHJIAN ZCLANCE L.

FLOW COURSE, YEAR & SECTION:

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 72. FIND THE APPROXIMATE FLOW RATE AT WHICH WATER
WILL FLOW IN A CONDUIT SHAPED IN THE FORM OF AN
EQUILATERAL TRIANGLE IF THE HEAD LOST IS 5M PER KM
LENGTH. THE CROSS-SECTIONAL AREA OF THE DUCT IS
0.075M2. ASSUME F = 0.0155.

GIVEN:
HEAD LOSS:
A = 0.075 M²
F = 0.0155

REQUIRED:
APPROXIMATE FLOW RATE:
Q ≈ ? (IN)
SOLUTION:
hf = () (
5 = () (

V = 1.232

[Q = Av]
Q = 0.075(1.232) = 0.0924

Q = 92.4

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FRICTIONAL LOSSES IN PIPE DAYAG, KRISHJIAN ZCLANCE L.

FLOW COURSE, YEAR & SECTION:

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 73. WATER FLOWS THROUGH A PIPE 25 MM IN DIAMETER
AT A VELOCITY OF 6 . DETERMINE WHETHER THE FLOW IS
LAMINAR OR TURBULENT. ASSUME THAT THE DYNAMIC
VISCOSITY OF WATER IS 1.30 X 10-3 AND ITS DENSITY IS
1000 . IF OIL OF SPECIFIC GRAVITY 0.9 AND DYNAMIC
VISCOSITY 9.6 X 10-2 IS PUMPED THROUGH THE SAME
PIPE, WHAT TYPE OF FLOW WILL OCCUR?

GIVEN:
D = 25 MM = 0.025 M
V=6
= 1.30 X 10-3
= 1000
SOIL = 0.9
OIL = 9.6 X 10-2

REQUIRED:
·​ TYPE OF FLOW WHEN WATER IS FLOWING THROUGH
THE PIPE
·​ TYPE OF FLOW WHEN OIL IS FLOWING THROUGH THE
PIPE

TITLE / TOPIC: NAME (SURNAME, FIRST NAME, M.I.):

FRICTIONAL LOSSES IN PIPE DAYAG, KRISHJIAN ZCLANCE L.

FLOW COURSE, YEAR & SECTION:

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WHEN WATER IS FLOWING THROUGH THE PIPE

A = = )2 = 0.000491 m2

REYNOLDS NUMBER OF FLOW,

Re = =
Re = 115385

AS THE REYNOLDS NUMBER OF FLOW IS GREATER THAN

4000, THE FLOW IS CATEGORIZED AS TURBULENT.

·​ WHEN OIL IS FLOWING THROUGH THE PIPE

= Soil x water = 0.9 × 1000 = 900

oil
REYNOLDS NUMBER OF FLOW,
Re = =
Re = 1406
AS THE REYNOLDS NUMBER OF FLOW IS LESS THAN 2000,
THE FLOW IS CATEGORIZED AS LAMINAR.

TITLE / TOPIC: NAME (SURNAME, FIRST NAME, M.I.):

FRICTIONAL LOSSES IN PIPE DAYAG, KRISHJIAN ZCLANCE L.

FLOW COURSE, YEAR & SECTION:

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 74. A PIPE NETWORK CONSISTS OF PIPELINE 1 FROM A TO
B, THEN AT B IT IS CONNECTED TO PIPELINES 2 AND 3,
WHERE IT MERGES AGAIN AT JOINT C TO FORM A SINGLE
PIPELINE 4 UP TO POINT D. PIPELINES 1,2 AND 4 ARE IN
SERIES CONNECTION WHEREAS PIPELINES 2 AND 3 ARE IN
PARALLEL TO EACH OTHER. IF THE RATE OF FLOW FROM A
TO B IS 10 AND ASSUMING F = 0.02 FOR ALL PIPES,
DETERMINE THE FLOW IN EACH PIPE AND THE TOTAL HEAD
LOST FROM A TO D.

REQUIRED:
THE FLOW IN EACH PIPE AND THE TOTAL HEAD LOST
FROM A TO D

SOLUTION:
Q1 = Q4 = 10
Q1 = Q4 = 0.01

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FRICTIONAL LOSSES IN PIPE DAYAG, KRISHJIAN ZCLANCE L.

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 [hf = ]
hf1 = = 1.549m
hf2 = = 1495.64
hf3 = = 16520.64
hf4 = = 0.0452 m

[hf2 = hf3]
1495.64= 16520.64
Q2= 3.323Q3 >>> Eq. 1

[Q2 + Q3 = 0.01]
3.323Q3 + 3.323Q3 = 0.01
Q3 = 0.00231 = 2.31

Substitute Q3 to Eq. (1):

Q2 = 3.323(0.00231)
Q2 = 0.007687
Q2 = 7.687

[HL = hf1 + hf2 + hf4]

HL = 1.549 + 1495.64(0.007687)2 + 0.0452
HL = 1.683 m

TITLE / TOPIC: NAME (SURNAME, FIRST NAME, M.I.):

FRICTIONAL LOSSES IN PIPE DAYAG, KRISHJIAN ZCLANCE L.

FLOW COURSE, YEAR & SECTION:

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75. THE TURBINE SHOWN IS LOCATED IN THE 350MM
DIAMETER LINE. IF THE TURBINE EFFICIENCY IS 90%,
DETERMINE ITS OUTPUT POWER IN KILOWATTS.

GIVEN:
D= 350MM
TURBINE EFFICIENCY = 90%

REQUIRED:
OUTPUT POWER IN KILOWATTS.

SOULUTION:
Q3 = 0.23
hf3 = = 87.75 m
Elev. D’ = Elev. C + hf3 = 280 + 87.75
Elev. D’ = 367.75

hf2 = Elev. D’ - Elev. B = 367.75 – 330

hf2 = 37.75 m hf2 = = 37.75
Q2 = 0.0487

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FRICTIONAL LOSSES IN PIPE DAYAG, KRISHJIAN ZCLANCE L.

FLOW COURSE, YEAR & SECTION:

BSEE - 3EA
 AT JUNCTION D:
[Inflow = Outflow]
Q1 = Q2 + Q3
Q1 = 0.0487 + 0.23
Q1 = 0.2787
hf1 = = 26.825 m
hf1 + HE = Elev. A – Elev. D’
26.825 + He = 400 – 367.75
HE = 5.425

POWER INPUT = Q1 γHE = 0.2787(9.81) (5.425)

POWER INPUT = 14.83 KILOWATTS

POWER OUTPUT = POWER INPUT X EFFICIENCY

POWER OUTPUT = 14.83(0.90)

POWER OUTPUT = 13.347 KILOWATTS

TITLE / TOPIC: NAME (SURNAME, FIRST NAME, M.I.):

FRICTIONAL LOSSES IN PIPE DAYAG, KRISHJIAN ZCLANCE L.

FLOW COURSE, YEAR & SECTION:

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 76. IN A WATER PIPELINE THERE IS AN ABRUPT CHANGE IN
DIAMETER FROM 140 MM TO 250 MM. IF THE HEAD LOST
DUE TO SEPARATION WHEN THE FLOW IS FROM THE
SMALLER TO THE LARGER PIPE IS 0.6 M GREATER THAN THE
HEAD LOST WHEN THE SAME FLOW IS REVERSED,
DETERMINE THE FLOW RATE.

GIVEN:
D1 =140 mm
D2 = 250 mm

REQUIRED:
FLOW RATE

SOLUTION:
A1= =
A2= = = 0.049107 m2

HLSE = (1- () = (1- )2 () = 0.471 ()

WHEN THE FLOW IS REVERSED, THE FLOW IS FROM LARGER

PIPE TO SMALLER PIPE AND THE LOSS IS DUE TO SUDDEN
CONTRACTION.

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FRICTIONAL LOSSES IN PIPE DAYAG, KRISHJIAN ZCLANCE L.

FLOW COURSE, YEAR & SECTION:

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THE HEAD LOST DUE TO SUDDEN CONTRACTION IS GIVEN BY
EQUATION
HL = ( () = ( ()
HLSC = ( () = ( () = 0.34 ()

IT IS GIVEN THAT THE HEAD LOST DUE TO SEPARATION

WHEN THE FLOW IS FROM THE SMALLER TO THE LARGER
PIPE IS 0.6 M GREATER THAN THE HEAD LOST WHEN THE
SAME FLOW IS REVERSED. THAT IS,

HLSE = HLSC + 0.6

0.471 () = 0.34 () + 0.6
(0.471 – 0.340) () = 0.6
0.131 () = 0.6
() = = 4.58 m OF WATER

V2 = VELOCITY OF FLOW IN SMALLER PIPE

= 9.48

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FRICTIONAL LOSSES IN PIPE DAYAG, KRISHJIAN ZCLANCE L.

FLOW COURSE, YEAR & SECTION:

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77. TWO RESERVOIRS A AND B HAVE A DIFFERENCE IN LEVEL
OF 9 M AND ARE CONNECTED BY A PIPELINE 200 MM IN
DIAMETER OVER THE FIRST PART AC, WHICH IS 15 M LONG,
AND THEN 250 MM DIAMETER FOR CB, THE REMAINING 45 M
LENGTH. THE ENTRANCE TO AND EXIT FROM THE PIPES ARE
SHARP AND THE CHANGE OF SECTION AT C IS SUDDEN. THE
FRICTION COEFFICIENT F IS 0.01 FOR BOTH PIPES. (A) LIST
THE LOSSES OF HEAD (ENERGY PER UNIT WEIGHT OF
FLOWING LIQUID) WHICH OCCUR, GIVING AN EXPRESSION
FOR EACH.

GIVEN:
A and B, H = 9 m
D1 = 200 mm = 0.2 m
A1= = = 0.0314 m2
L1 = 15 m
D2 = 250 mm = 0.25 m
A2= = = 0.049107 m2
L2 = 45 m
FRICTION COEFFICIENT FOR PIPE 1, F1 = 0.01
FRICTION COEFFICIENT FOR PIPE 2, F2 = 0.01

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FRICTIONAL LOSSES IN PIPE DAYAG, KRISHJIAN ZCLANCE L.

FLOW COURSE, YEAR & SECTION:

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REQUIRED:
·​ LIST THE LOSSES OF HEAD (ENERGY PER UNIT WEIGHT
OF FLOWING LIQUID)

SOLUTION:
Q = A1V1 = A2V2
) V1 = )V2 = V1 = V2
V1 = V2
V2
1.5625 V2

H= 0.5 [] = + +
+
9 = 0.062217 + 0.373304 + 0.016127 +
0.366972 + 0.050968

9 = 0.869589
V2 = 3.217

Therefore, Q = A2V2 = (0.049107) x (0.311)

= 0.158

TITLE / TOPIC: NAME (SURNAME, FIRST NAME, M.I.):

FRICTIONAL LOSSES IN PIPE DAYAG, KRISHJIAN ZCLANCE L.

FLOW COURSE, YEAR & SECTION:

BSEE - 3EA
78. TWO VESSELS IN WHICH THE DIFFERENCE OF SURFACE
LEVELS IS MAINTAINED CONSTANT AT 2.4 M ARE CONNECTED
BY A 75 MM DIAMETER PIPELINE 15 M LONG. IF THE
FRICTIONAL COEFFICIENT F MAY BE TAKEN AS 0.008,
DETERMINE THE VOLUME RATE OF FLOW THROUGH THE
PIPE.

GIVEN:
H = 2.4 m
D = 75 mm = 0.075 m
L = 15 m
f = 0.008

REQUIRED:
VOLUME RATE OF FLOW THROUGH THE PIPELINE, Q

SOLUTION:
H= 0.5 [] + +
2.4 m = 0.025484 V2 + 0.326198 V2 + 0.050968 V2
= 0.40265 V2

TITLE / TOPIC: NAME (SURNAME, FIRST NAME, M.I.):

FRICTIONAL LOSSES IN PIPE DAYAG, KRISHJIAN ZCLANCE L.

FLOW COURSE, YEAR & SECTION:

BSEE - 3EA
V2 = = 5.961

V = 2.44

AS PER EQUATION OF CONTINUITY, WE HAVE,

Q = AV = ) V
= ) 2.44

= 0.01079

TITLE / TOPIC: NAME (SURNAME, FIRST NAME, M.I.):

FRICTIONAL LOSSES IN PIPE DAYAG, KRISHJIAN ZCLANCE L.

FLOW COURSE, YEAR & SECTION:

BSEE - 3EA
 79. WATER DISCHARGES FROM A RESERVOIR THROUGH A
100 MM DIAMETER PIPE 15 M LONG WHICH RISES TO ITS
HIGHEST POINT AT B, 1.5 M ABOVE THE FREE SURFACE OF
THE RESERVOIR, AND DISCHARGES DIRECT TO THE
ATMOSPHERE AT C, 4 M BELOW THE FREE SURFACE AT A.
THE LENGTH OF PIPE LAB FROM A TO B IS 5 M AND THE
LENGTH OF PIPE LBC FROM B TO C IS 10 M. BOTH THE
ENTRANCE AND EXIT OF THE PIPE ARE SHARP AND THE
VALUE OF F IS 0.08. CALCULATE (A) THE MEAN VELOCITY OF
WATER LEAVING THE PIPE AT C AND (B) THE PRESSURE IN
THE PIPE AT B.

GIVEN:
D = 100 mm = 0.1 m
L = 15 m
LAB = 5 m
LBC = 10 m
f = 0.08
REQUIRED:
·​ MEAN VELOCITY OF WATER LEAVING THE PIPE AT
C, V
TITLE / TOPIC: NAME (SURNAME, FIRST NAME, M.I.):

FRICTIONAL LOSSES IN PIPE DAYAG, KRISHJIAN ZCLANCE L.

FLOW COURSE, YEAR & SECTION:

BSEE - 3EA
B.) PRESSURE IN THE PIPE AT B, PB

SOLUTION:
SINCE THE ENTRANCE TO THE PIPE AT A IS SHARP, THERE
WILL BE AN ENTRANCE LOSS OF

TOTAL ENERGY PER UNIT WEIGHT OF WATER AT

O = TOTAL ENERGY PER UNIT WEIGHT OF WATER AT C +
LOSS IN ENERGY PER UNIT WEIGHT OF WATER

ZO + + = (ZC + ) + LOSSES
ZO + 0 + 0 = ZC + 0 + + +
ZO - ZC = +
4 m = 0.076453 V2 + 2.446483 V2 = 2.522936 V2
V2 = = 1.585
V = = 1.26
LET US APPLY THE STEADY FLOW ENERGY EQUATION
BETWEEN THE POINTS O AND B. WE HAVE,

(ZO + + ) = (ZB + ) + ENTRANCE LOSS AT A + FRICTION LOSS

IN SEGMENT AB OF PIPE

ZO + 0 + 0 = (ZB + ) + +
ZO + 0 + 0 = (ZB + ) + +
ZO = ZB + + 0.050968 + 0.815494
ZO-ZB = + 0.815494
= (ZO - ZB) - 0.815494
= - 2.91606 m
pB = (- 2.91606 m) x (9810 )
= - 28606.5
= 28.607 BELOW ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE

TITLE / TOPIC: NAME (SURNAME, FIRST NAME, M.I.):

FRICTIONAL LOSSES IN PIPE DAYAG, KRISHJIAN ZCLANCE L.

FLOW COURSE, YEAR & SECTION:

BSEE - 3EA
 80. TWO RESERVOIRS WHOSE DIFFERENCE OF LEVEL IS 15 M
ARE CONNECTED BY A PIPE ABC WHOSE HIGHEST POINT B IS
2 M BELOW THE LEVEL IN THE UPPER RESERVOIR A. THE
PORTION AB HAS A DIAMETER OF 200 MM AND THE PORTION
BC A DIAMETER OF 150 MM, THE FRICTION COEFFICIENT
BEING THE SAME FOR BOTH PORTIONS. THE TOTAL LENGTH
OF PIPE IS 3 KM. FIND THE MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE LENGTH
OF THE PORTION AB IF THE PRESSURE HEAD AT B IS NOT TO
BE MORE THAN 2 M BELOW ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE.
NEGLECT THE SECONDARY LOSSES.
​

SOLUTION:
H = 15 m = + ...... (1)
BY THE PRINCIPLE OF CONTINUITY, WE HAVE:
Q = AAB × VAB = ABC × VBC
⇒ () × DAB² × VAB = () × DBC² × VBC
⇒ DAB² × VAB = DBC² × VBC
⇒ (0.2)2× VAB = (0.15) ² × VBC
⇒ 0.04 × VAB = 0.0225 × VBC

TITLE / TOPIC: NAME (SURNAME, FIRST NAME, M.I.):

FRICTIONAL LOSSES IN PIPE DAYAG, KRISHJIAN ZCLANCE L.

FLOW COURSE, YEAR & SECTION:

BSEE - 3EA
 ⇒ VBC = × VAB = 1.778 × VAB
LBC = L − LAB = 3000 − LAB

PUTTING LBC = 3000 − LAB AND VBC = 1.778 × VAB INTO

EQUATION (1), WE HAVE:

15 = +
⇒ 15 = 0.008155 LAB VAB² + 0.034373 (3000 − LAB) VAB²
⇒ 15 = 0.008155 LAB VAB² + 103.1204 VAB² −
0.034373 LAB VAB²
⇒ 15 = −0.02622 LAB VAB² + 103.1204 VAB²

LAB =

IGNORING THE ENTRANCE LOSS AT A, WE HAVE,

(ZO + + ) = (ZB + ) + FRICTION LOSS IN SEGMENT AB OF PIPE

ZO + 0 + 0 = (ZB + ) +
ZO + 0 + 0 = (ZB – 2.0 ) + () )
ZO​− ZB​= −2.0 + 0.050968​+ 20f
(
⇒ 2.0 m = −2.0 + 0.050968 ​+ 20f (200.4532​
−29.15812)

TITLE / TOPIC: NAME (SURNAME, FIRST NAME, M.I.):

FRICTIONAL LOSSES IN PIPE DAYAG, KRISHJIAN ZCLANCE L.

FLOW COURSE, YEAR & SECTION:

BSEE - 3EA
 ⇒ 2.0 + 2.0 = 0.050968​+ 32.07251​− 4.665299
⇒ 4.0 + 4.665299 = 0.050968​+ 32.07536
⇒ 8.665299=32.12633
V2AB = = 0.269726

⇒ VAB = 0.519351

SUBSTITUTING VAB = 0.519351 IN THE EXPRESSION FOR LAB

GIVEN BY EQUATION (2), WE HAVE,

LAB = 1811.911 m

TITLE / TOPIC: NAME (SURNAME, FIRST NAME, M.I.):

FRICTIONAL LOSSES IN PIPE DAYAG, KRISHJIAN ZCLANCE L.

FLOW COURSE, YEAR & SECTION:

BSEE - 3EA
81. CALCULATE THE DISCHARGE THROUGH THE 140-mm
DIAMETER ORIFICE SHOWN. ASSUME C = 0.62.

SOLUTION:
Q = CA (2𝑔𝐻)
H = HUPSTREAM − HDOWNSTREAM
50 15
H=3+ 9.81
− 9.81
H = 6.568 m
π
Q = 0.62 × 4
(0.14)2 2(9. 81)

2
𝑚
Q = 0.108 𝑠

TITLE / TOPIC: NAME (SURNAME, FIRST NAME, M.I.):

MEASURING DEVICES FOR DAYAG, KRISHJIAN ZCLANCE L.
STATIC PRESSURE & VELOCITY COURSE, YEAR & SECTION:
BSEE - 3EA
 82. AN OPEN CYLINDRICAL TANK, 2.4 m IN DIAMETER AND 6
m TALL HAS 1 m OF GLYCERIN (S₁ = 1.5), 2.5 m OF WATER,
AND 1.5 m OF OIL (S. 0.82). DETERMINE THE DISCHARGE
THROUGH THE 125 mm DIAMETER LOCATED AT THE BOTTOM
OF THE TANK. ASSUME C = 0.65.

SOLUTION:
Q = CA (2𝑔𝐻)
1 0.82
H = 1 + 2.5 1.5 + 1. 5 1.5
π
Q = 0.65 × 4
(0.125)2 × 2(9. 81)(3. 487)

3
𝑚
Q = 0.066 𝑠

TITLE / TOPIC: NAME (SURNAME, FIRST NAME, M.I.):

MEASURING DEVICES FOR DAYAG, KRISHJIAN ZCLANCE L.
STATIC PRESSURE & VELOCITY COURSE, YEAR & SECTION:
BSEE - 3EA
 83. AN ORIFICE OF 50 mm SQUARE, WITH C = 0.6 IS
LOCATED ON ONE SIDE OF A CLOSED CYLINDRICAL TANK AS
SHOWN. AN OPEN MERCURY MANOMETER INDICATES A
PRESSURE HEAD OF -300 mm Hg IN THE AIR AT THE TOP OF
THE TANK. IF THE UPPER 4 m OF THE TANK IS OIL (SG =
0.80) AND THE REMAINDER IS WATER, DETERMINE THE
DISCHARGE THROUGH THE ORIFICE.

GIVEN: C = 0.6
A = 50 mm2 = 0.05 m2
SG = 0.80
PH = -300 mm Hg

REQUIRED: Q

SOLUTION:
Q = CA
2𝑔𝐻

BUT H,
H = 4 + 4(0.8) + (-0.3) (13.6)
H = 3.12 m OF WATER

THUS Q,
Q = 0.6 (0.05)2 2(9. 81)(3. 12)

𝑚
Q = 0.01173 2
𝑠

TITLE / TOPIC: NAME (SURNAME, FIRST NAME, M.I.):

MEASURING DEVICES FOR DAYAG, KRISHJIAN ZCLANCE L.
STATIC PRESSURE & VELOCITY COURSE, YEAR & SECTION:
BSEE - 3EA
 84. A VENTURIMETER IS FITTED IN A PIPE OF 30 cm
DIAMETER INCLINED AT 40° TO THE HORIZONTAL TO
MEASURE THE FLOW RATE OF PETROL HAVING A SPECIFIC
GRAVITY OF 0.8. THE RATIO OF AREAS OF MAIN PIPE AND
THROAT IS 5 AND THE THROAT IS AT 1 m FROM THE INLET
ALONG ITS LENGTH. THE DIFFERENCE IN MANOMETER HEAD
IS 40 mm OF MERCURY. ASSUMING THE COEFFICIENT OF
DISCHARGE AS 0.96. CALCULATE THE DISCHARGE THROUGH
THE VENTURIMETER.

SOLUTION:
Q = Cd (𝐴 )(𝐴 )
1
2
2
2
× 2𝑔ℎ𝑚(
ρ𝑚
ρ
− 1)
𝐴1 − 𝐴2

π
A1 = 4
× (0.3)2 = 0.0707 m2
𝐴1
𝐴2
=5
0.0707
A2 = 5
= 0.0141 m2
0.96 × 0.0141 × 0.0707 13.6
Q= 2 2
× 2 × 9. 81 × 0. 04 ×( 0.8
− 1)
0.0707 − 0.0141
3
𝑚
Q = 0.0486 𝑠

TITLE / TOPIC: NAME (SURNAME, FIRST NAME, M.I.):

MEASURING DEVICES FOR DAYAG, KRISHJIAN ZCLANCE L.
STATIC PRESSURE & VELOCITY COURSE, YEAR & SECTION:
BSEE - 3EA
85. PROBLEM N0. 82
CALCULATE THE DISCHARGE THROUGH A 90 mm
DIAMETER SHARP EDGED ORIFICE IN THE FIGURE
SHOWN. ASSUME C = 0.65

GIVEN: C = 0.65
D = 90 mm = 0.09 m

REQUIRED: Q

SOLUTION:
Q = CA 2𝑔𝐻

BUT H,
24
H=3+ (9.81) (0.90)
H = 5. 718 m

THUS Q,
π
Q = 0.65 × 4
(0.09)2 × 2(9. 81)(5. 718)
3
𝑚
Q = 0.0438 𝑠

TITLE / TOPIC: NAME (SURNAME, FIRST NAME, M.I.):

MEASURING DEVICES FOR DAYAG, KRISHJIAN ZCLANCE L.
STATIC PRESSURE & VELOCITY COURSE, YEAR & SECTION:
BSEE - 3EA
 86. A 50-mm DIAMETER CIRCULAR SHARP-EDGED ORIFICE
AT THE SIDE OF A TANK DISCHARGES WATER UNDER A HEAD
OF 3 m. IF THE COEFFICIENT OF CONTRACTION C = 0.63
AND THE HEAD LOST IS 240 mm, COMPUTE THE DISCHARGE
AND THE COEFFICIENTS OF VELOCITY CO AND DISCHARGE C.

SOLUTION:
ENERGY EQUATION BETWEEN 1 AND 2:
E1 − HL = E2
2
𝑉2 𝑃2
Z1 − 𝐻𝐿 = + Z2
2
𝑉1
2𝑔
+
𝑃1
ϒ
+ 2𝑔
+ ϒ
2
𝑉2
0 + 0 + 3 − 0. 24 = 2𝑔
+0+0
2
𝑉
2𝑔
= 2.76 m
𝑚
V = 7.359 𝑠
→ ACTUAL OR REAL VELOCITY

TITLE / TOPIC: NAME (SURNAME, FIRST NAME, M.I.):

MEASURING DEVICES FOR DAYAG, KRISHJIAN ZCLANCE L.
STATIC PRESSURE & VELOCITY COURSE, YEAR & SECTION:
BSEE - 3EA
THEORETICAL VELOCITY:
Vt = 2𝑔ℎ = 2(9. 81)(3)
𝑚
Vt = 7.672 𝑠
→ THEORETICAL OR IDEAL VELOCITY

COEFFICIENT OF VELOCITY
𝑉
CV = 𝑉𝑡
7.359
= 7.672
CV = 0.959

COEFFICIENT OF DISCHARGE
C = C C × CV
= 0.63 ×0. 959
C = 0.604

TITLE / TOPIC: NAME (SURNAME, FIRST NAME, M.I.):

MEASURING DEVICES FOR DAYAG, KRISHJIAN ZCLANCE L.
STATIC PRESSURE & VELOCITY COURSE, YEAR & SECTION:
BSEE - 3EA
87. PROBLEM N0. 83
WATER FLOWS THROUGH AN ORIFICE AT THE VERTICAL
SIDE OF A LARGE TANK UNDER A CONSTANT HEAD OF
2.4 m. HOW FAR HORIZONTALLY FROM THE VENA
CONTRACTA WILL THE JET STRIKES THE GROUND 1.5 m
BELOW THE ORIFICE?

GIVEN: H = 2.4 m
y = 1.5 m

REQUIRED: x

SOLUTION:
2
𝑔𝑥
y = x tan Θ - 2 2
2 𝑣𝑜 𝑐𝑜𝑠 Θ

y = -1.5 m

BUT y,
vo = 2𝑔𝐻
vo = 2(9. 81)(2. 4)
𝑚
vo = 6.862 𝑠

AND,
Θ = 0°

THUS,
2
(9.81) 𝑥
-1.5 = x tan 0° - 2 2
2(6.862) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 0°
x = 3.79 m

TITLE / TOPIC: NAME (SURNAME, FIRST NAME, M.I.):

MEASURING DEVICES FOR DAYAG, KRISHJIAN ZCLANCE L.
STATIC PRESSURE & VELOCITY COURSE, YEAR & SECTION:
BSEE - 3EA
88. A CLOSED CYLINDRICAL TANK 5 m HIGH CONTAINS 2.5
m OF WATER. A 100-mm CIRCULAR ORIFICE IS SITUATED 0.5
m FROM ITS BOTTOM. WHAT AIR PRESSURE MUST BE
MAINTAINED IN THE AIR SPACE IN ORDER TO DISCHARGE
WATER AT 10 HP.

SOLUTION:
POWER = QϒE
2
𝑉
POWER = (AV)ϒ 2𝑔
π
10(746) = 4
(0.1)2(9810)
3
𝑉
2(9.81)
𝑚
V = 12.38 𝑠

V = 2𝑔ℎ = 12.38
H = 7.82
𝑃
H=2+ 9.81
= 7.82
P = 57.09 kPa

TITLE / TOPIC: NAME (SURNAME, FIRST NAME, M.I.):

MEASURING DEVICES FOR DAYAG, KRISHJIAN ZCLANCE L.
STATIC PRESSURE & VELOCITY COURSE, YEAR & SECTION:
BSEE - 3EA
89. PROBLEM N0. 84
A LARGE CYLINDRICAL STEEL TANK 4 m HIGH WITH ITS
BOTTOM ON A LEVEL GROUND CONTAINS TWO LAYERS
OF LIQUID. THE BOTTOM LAYER IS WATER 2 m DEEP.
THE TOP LAYER IS OCCUPIED BY A LIQUID WHOSE
SPECIFIC GRAVITY IS NOT KNOWN TO A DEPTH OF 1 m.
A 50 mm DIAMETER ORIFICE WITH A COEFFICIENT OF
VELOCITY OF 0.98 IS SITUATED 1 m FROM THE BOTTOM
OF THE TANK. THE JET FROM THE ORIFICE HITS THE
GROUND 2.75 m HORIZONTALLY AWAY FROM THE VENA
CONTRACTA. DETERMINE THE SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF THE
LIQUID AT THE TOP LAYER.

GIVEN: h = 4m
bLAYER = 2m
tlayer = 1m
D = 50mm = 0.50m
CV = 0.98
x = 2.75m

REQUIRED: SGLIQUID

𝑚
SOLUTION: 𝑣𝑜 = 6.09 𝑠

vo = CV 2𝑔𝐻 THUS,
H = 1 + 1(SG) 6.09 = 0.98 2(9. 81)(𝐻)
H = 1 + SG H = 1.968 m
FROM y, 1.968 = 1 + SG
2
𝑔𝑥
y = x tan Θ - 2 2 SG = 0.968
2 𝑣𝑜 𝑐𝑜𝑠 Θ
2
(9.81) (2.75)
-1 = x tan 0° - 2 2
2(𝑣𝑜) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 0°
TITLE / TOPIC: NAME (SURNAME, FIRST NAME, M.I.):
MEASURING DEVICES FOR DAYAG, KRISHJIAN ZCLANCE L.
STATIC PRESSURE & VELOCITY COURSE, YEAR & SECTION:
BSEE - 3EA
 90. A CONCRETE CULVERT 1.2 m IN DIAMETER AND 5 m
LONG CONVEYS FLOOD WATER. BOTH ENDS OF THE CULVERT
ARE SUBMERGED AND THE DIFFERENCE IN WATER LEVEL
UPSTREAM AND DOWNSTREAM IS 2.40 m. CALCULATE THE
DISCHARGE ASSUMING C = 0.
GIVEN: d = 1.2 m
l=5m
STREAM = 2.40 m

SOLUTION:
Q = CA (2𝑔𝐻)
π
Q = 0.61 × 4
(1.2)2 2(9. 81)(2. 4)

3
𝑚
Q = 4.734 𝑠

TITLE / TOPIC: NAME (SURNAME, FIRST NAME, M.I.):

MEASURING DEVICES FOR DAYAG, KRISHJIAN ZCLANCE L.
STATIC PRESSURE & VELOCITY COURSE, YEAR & SECTION:
BSEE - 3EA
 91. A LARGE CLOSED CYLINDRICAL STEEL TANK 4 m HIGH
WITH ITS BOTTOM ON A LEVEL GROUND CONTAINS TWO
LAYERS OF LIQUID. THE BOTTOM LAYER IS WATER 2 m DEEP.
THE TOP LAYER IS OCCUPIED BY A LIQUID WHOSE SPECIFIC
GRAVITY IS NOT KNOWN, TO A DEPTH OF 1 m. THE AIR
SPACE AT THE TOP IS PRESSURIZED TO 16 KPa ABOVE
ATMOSPHERE. A 50 mm DIAMETER ORIFICE WITH A
COEFFICIENT OF VELOCITY OF 0.98 IS SITUATED ONE METER
FROM THE BOTTOM OF THE TANK. THE JET FROM THE
ORIFICE HITS THE GROUND 3.5 m HORIZONTALLY AWAY
FROM THE VENA CONTRACTA. DETERMINE THE SPECIFIC
GRAVITY OF THE LIQUID AT THE TOP LAYER.
GIVEN: h = 4m
bLAYER = 2m
tlayer = 1m
P = 16kPa
D = 50mm = 0.50m
CV = 0.98
x = 3.5
REQUIRED: SGLIQUID
SOLUTION:
FROM THE TRAJECTORY, THUS,
y = x tan Θ -
2
𝑔𝑥
2 2 vo = CV 2𝑔𝐻
2 𝑣𝑜 𝑐𝑜𝑠 Θ

Θ = 0° 7.75 = 0.98 2(9. 81)(𝐻)

2
(9.81) (3.5)
-1 = 0 - 2 2 H = 3.19m
2(𝑣𝑜) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 0°
𝑚 16
𝑣𝑜 = 7.75 𝑠
H = 1 + 1(SG) + 9.81
=
3.19
SG = 0.56
TITLE / TOPIC: NAME (SURNAME, FIRST NAME, M.I.):
MEASURING DEVICES FOR DAYAG, KRISHJIAN ZCLANCE L.
STATIC PRESSURE & VELOCITY COURSE, YEAR & SECTION:
BSEE - 3EA
 92. WATER UNDER A HEAD OF 4.95 m. A SMALL HOLE,
TAPPED IN THE SIDE OF THE TUBE 50 mm FROM THE
ENTRANCE, IS CONNECTED WITH THE UPPER END OF THE
PIEZOMETER TUBE THE LOWER END OF WHICH IS
SUBMERGED IN A PAN OF MERCURY. NEGLECTING VAPOR
PRESSURE, TO WHAT HEIGHT WILL THE MERCURY RISE IN
THE TUBE? ALSO DETERMINE THE ABSOLUTE PRESSURE AT
THE UPPER END OF THE PIEZOMETER TUBE.

SOLUTION:
NOTE: FOR STANDARD SHORT TUBES, THE PRESSURE
HEAD AT POINT NEAR THE ENTRANCE IS -0.82 H.

𝑃𝑎
ϒ
= -0.82 H
= -0.82(4.95)
𝑃𝑎
ϒ = -4.059
Pa = -4.059(9.81)
Pa = -39.82 kPa

NEGLECTING VAPOR PRESSURE:

𝑃𝑎
h= ϒ𝑚
39.82
= 9.81 × 13.6
h = 0.289
h = 298 mm

TITLE / TOPIC: NAME (SURNAME, FIRST NAME, M.I.):

MEASURING DEVICES FOR DAYAG, KRISHJIAN ZCLANCE L.
STATIC PRESSURE & VELOCITY COURSE, YEAR & SECTION:
BSEE - 3EA
93. IT IS DESIRED TO DIVERT 5.1
𝑚
𝑠
WATER FROM A POOL WHOSE WATER SURFACE
ELEVATION IS 45 m, TO AN ADJACENT POND WHOSE
WATER SURFACE ELEVATION IS 42 m BY MEANS OF A
SHORT CONCRETE CULVERT 8 m LONG AND WITH BOTH
ENDS SUBMERGED. WHAT SIZE OF CULVERT IS NEEDED
ASSUMING C = 0.58?

𝑚
GIVEN: Q = 5.1 𝑠
C = 0.58
H = 45m - 42m = 3m

REQUIRED: D

SOLUTION:
Q = CA 2𝑔𝐻

THUS,
π
5.1 = 0.58 × 4
(D)2 2(9. 81)(3)

D = 1.21 m

TITLE / TOPIC: NAME (SURNAME, FIRST NAME, M.I.):

MEASURING DEVICES FOR DAYAG, KRISHJIAN ZCLANCE L.
STATIC PRESSURE & VELOCITY COURSE, YEAR & SECTION:
BSEE - 3EA
 94. A 1.5-m DIAMETER VERTICAL CYLINDRICAL TANK 3 m
HIGH CONTAINS 2.5 m OF WATER. A 100-m DIAMETER
CIRCULAR SHARP-EDGED ORIFICE IS LOCATED AT ITS
BOTTOM. ASSUME C = 0.60. (A) HOW LONG WILL IT TAKE TO
LOWER THE WATER LEVEL TO 1 m DEEP AFTER OPENING THE
ORIFICE?
(B) HOW LONG WILL IT TAKE TO EMPTY THE TANK?

SOLUTION:
2𝐴𝑆
t= ( 𝐻1 − 𝐻2)
𝐶𝐴𝑂 2𝑔

𝐻1 = 2. 5 𝑚
𝐻2 = 1. 0 𝑚

π 2
2× (1.5)
t= π
4
2 ( 2. 5 − 1. 0)
0.60 × 4
(0.1) × 2(9.81)

t = 98.4 sec

TITLE / TOPIC: NAME (SURNAME, FIRST NAME, M.I.):

MEASURING DEVICES FOR DAYAG, KRISHJIAN ZCLANCE L.
STATIC PRESSURE & VELOCITY COURSE, YEAR & SECTION:
BSEE - 3EA
 95. A 75 mm DIAMETER ORIFICE DISCHARGES 23.41 LITERS
PER SECOND OF LIQUID UNDER A HEAD OF 2.85 m. THE
DIAMETER OF THE JET AT THE VENA CONTRACTA IS FOUND
BY CALLIPERING TO BE 66.25 mm. CALCULATE THE THREE
ORIFICE COEFFICIENTS.

GIVEN: D = 75 mm
d = 66.25 mm
Q = 23.41
𝐿
𝑠
H = 2.85 m

REQUIRED: C, CC & CD

SOLUTION:
COEFFICIENT OF CONTRACTION,
2 2
𝑎 𝑑 66.25
CC = 𝐴
= 2 = 2
𝐷 75
CC = 0.78

COEFFICIENT OF DISCHARGE,
𝑄
C= 𝑄𝑇

BUT QT = A 2𝑔𝐻
π
= 4
(0.075)2 2(9. 81)(2. 85)
COEFFICIENT OF
𝐿
QT = 33 𝑠
CONTRACTION,
23.41
C= 33
C = CD × CC
C = 0.709 0.709 = CD × 0.78
CD = 0.909

TITLE / TOPIC: NAME (SURNAME, FIRST NAME, M.I.):

MEASURING DEVICES FOR DAYAG, KRISHJIAN ZCLANCE L.
STATIC PRESSURE & VELOCITY COURSE, YEAR & SECTION:
BSEE - 3EA
 96. AN OPEN CYLINDRICAL TANK 4 m IN DIAMETER AND 10
m HIGH CONTAINS 6 m OF WATER AND 4 m OF OIL (SP.
GR. = 0.8). FIND THE TIME TO EMPTY THE TANK THROUGH A
100-mm DIAMETER ORIFICE AT THE BOTTOM. ASSUME CC =
0.9 AND Cv = 0.98.

SOLUTION:
2𝐴𝑆
t= ( 𝐻1 − 𝐻2)
𝐶𝐴𝑂 2𝑔
π 2
2× (4)
= 4
2𝐴𝑆

𝐶𝐴𝑂 2𝑔 π 2
(0.9×0.98) × 4
(0.1) × 2(9.81)
2𝐴𝑆
= 819.1
𝐶𝐴𝑂 2𝑔

TIME TO EMPTY THE WATER:

H1 = 6 + 4(0.8) = 9.2
H2 = 4(0.8) = 3.2
t1 = 819.1( 9. 2 − 3. 2)
t1 = 1019.3 sec

TIME TO EMPTY THE OIL:

H1 = 4
H2 = 0
t2 = 819.1( 4 − 0)
t2 = 1638.2 sec

TOTAL TIME TO EMPTY = t1 + t2 = 2657.5 sec

TOTAL TIME TO EMPTY = 44.3 min

TITLE / TOPIC: NAME (SURNAME, FIRST NAME, M.I.):

MEASURING DEVICES FOR DAYAG, KRISHJIAN ZCLANCE L.
STATIC PRESSURE & VELOCITY COURSE, YEAR & SECTION:
BSEE - 3EA
97. PROBLEM N0. 88
THE INITIAL HEAD ON AN ORIFICE WAS 9 m AND WHEN
THE FLOW WAS TERMINATED THE HEAD WAS MEASURED
AT 4 m. UNDER WHAT CONSTANT HEAD H WOULD THE
SAME ORIFICE DISCHARGE THE SAME VOLUME OF WATER
IN THE SAME INTERVAL OF TIME?

GIVEN: H2 = 9 m
H1 = 4 m

REQUIRED: H

SOLUTION:
2𝐴𝑆
t= ( 𝐻2 - 𝐻1 )
𝐶𝐴𝑂 2𝑔
2𝐴𝑆
t= ( 9- 4)
𝐶𝐴𝑂 2𝑔
2𝐴𝑆
t=
𝐶𝐴𝑂 2𝑔

UNDER CONSTANT HEAD,

VOLUME = Qt
2𝐴𝑆
AS (9 - 4) = 𝐶𝐴𝑂 2𝑔𝐻 ( )
𝐶𝐴𝑂 2𝑔

5=2 𝐻
H = 6.25 m

TITLE / TOPIC: NAME (SURNAME, FIRST NAME, M.I.):

MEASURING DEVICES FOR DAYAG, KRISHJIAN ZCLANCE L.
STATIC PRESSURE & VELOCITY COURSE, YEAR & SECTION:
BSEE - 3EA
 98. A VERTICAL RECTANGULAR WATER TANK IS DIVIDED
INTO TWO CHAMBERS WHOSE HORIZONTAL SECTIONS ARE 3
m2 AND 5 m2, RESPECTIVELY. THE DIVIDING WALL IS
PROVIDED WITH A 100 mm × 100 mm SQUARE HOLE
LOCATED 0.5 m FROM THE BOTTOM AND WHOSE
COEFFICIENT OF DISCHARGE IS 0.60. INITIALLY THERE IS 5 m
DEEP OF WATER IN THE SMALLER CHAMBER AND 1 m DEEP
OF WATER IN THE LARGER CHAMBER. WHAT IS THE
DIFFERENCE IN THE WATER LEVEL IN THE TWO CHAMBERS
AFTER 2 MINUTES?

SOLUTION:
𝐴𝑆1𝐴𝑆2 2
t= 𝐴𝑆1+𝐴𝑆2 𝐶𝐴 2𝑔
( 𝐻1 − 𝐻2)
𝑂

H1 = h1 = 4 m
H2 = h2 = ?
t = 2 min = 120 sec

3(5) 2
120 = 3+5 0.6(0.1×0.1) × 2𝑔
( 4 − ℎ2)
h2 = 1.32 m

TITLE / TOPIC: NAME (SURNAME, FIRST NAME, M.I.):

MEASURING DEVICES FOR DAYAG, KRISHJIAN ZCLANCE L.
STATIC PRESSURE & VELOCITY COURSE, YEAR & SECTION:
BSEE - 3EA
 99. A 30 cm BY 15 cm VENTURI METER IS MOUNTED ON A
VERTICAL PIPE WITH THE FLOW UPWARD. ONE HUNDRED
TWENTY-SIX (126) LITERS PER SECOND OF OIL (SG = 0.80)
FLOWS THROUGH THE PIPE. THE THROAT SECTION IS 15 CM
ABOVE THE UPSTREAM SECTION IF C = 0.957, WHAT IS THE
DIFFERENCE IN PRESSURE BETWEEN THE INLET AND THE
THROAT?

𝐿
GIVEN: Q = 126 𝑠
C = 0.957
SG = 0.80
D1 = 0.15 m
D2 = 0.30 m
h = 0.15 m

REQUIRED: P1 - P2

SOLUTION:
𝑃1 −𝑃2
Q = CVA 2𝑔 γ
4
((1 − 𝐷1 /𝐷2) )

π 𝑃1 −𝑃2
2 2𝑔
0.126 = 0.956 × 4
(0.15) (9.81) (0.80)
4
((1 − 0.15 /0.30) )

𝑃1 −𝑃2
(9.81) (0.80) − 0. 15 = 0.1692
4
1−0.5

P1 - P2 = 22 kPa

TITLE / TOPIC: NAME (SURNAME, FIRST NAME, M.I.):

MEASURING DEVICES FOR DAYAG, KRISHJIAN ZCLANCE L.
STATIC PRESSURE & VELOCITY COURSE, YEAR & SECTION:
BSEE - 3EA
 100. A GLASS TUBE WITH A 90% BEND IS OPEN AT BOTH
ENDS. IT IS INSERTED INTO A FLOWING STREAM OF OIL
(SP. GR. = 0.90) SO THAT ONE OF THE OPENING IS DIRECTED
UPSTREAM AND THE OTHER IS DIRECTED UPWARD. IF THE
OIL INSIDE THE TUBE IS 50 mm HIGHER THAN THE SURFACE
OUTSIDE, DETERMINE THE VELOCITY MEASURED BY THE
TUBE.

SOLUTION:
v = 2𝑔 (THEORETICAL VELOCITY)
= 2(9. 81)(0. 05)
3
𝑚
v = 0.99 𝑠

TITLE / TOPIC: NAME (SURNAME, FIRST NAME, M.I.):

MEASURING DEVICES FOR DAYAG, KRISHJIAN ZCLANCE L.
STATIC PRESSURE & VELOCITY COURSE, YEAR & SECTION:
BSEE - 3EA