वाननकी

JPPSC
राज्य वन से वा परीक्षा
2O24 - 25
Detailed Linkage of Infused with
Syllabus Based + Concepts with + Infographics &
study material PYQs Maps

Module - 1

◎ General Forestry ◎ Forest Regeneration

◎ Silviculture ◎ Forest Nursery
◎ Locality factors ◎ Vegetative propagation
◎ Tree crop morphology ◎ Plantation & Maintenance works
◎ Forest Succession ◎ Tending operations
◎ Forest types in India & in the Jharkhand ◎ Commercial Forestry
 To all our successful candidates in

MPPSC STATE FOREST SERVICE

Rank – 1 Rank – 3 Rank – 4 Rank – 5

Shashank Jain Jyoti Thakur Shivam Gautam Nitin Patel
Comprehensive Forestry Comprehensive Forestry Comprehensive Interview Comprehensive Forestry
Course + CIGP Course + CIGP Guidance Programme Course + CIGP

Rank – 6 Rank – 7 Rank – 8 Rank – 9

Ravi Kumar Ankur Gupta Deependra Lodhi Kapil Chauhan
Comprehensive Interview Comprehensive Forestry Comprehensive Interview Comprehensive Forestry
Guidance Programme + Test Series Course Guidance Programme Course

Rank – 10 Rank – 11 Rank – 12

Alok Kumar Jhariya Tarun Chouhan Raghvendra Thakur
Comprehensive Forestry Comprehensive Interview Comprehensive Forestry
Course + CIGP Guidance Programme + Test Series Course + CIGP

11 Out
of 12 Total
Selections in
Assistant Conservator of Forest (ACF) – 2023
SILVICULTURE
Paper – 1 | Section – A

EDITION : 2024 – 25
+917223970423 Hornbillclasses.com

Gole ka mandir, Morar, Gwalior (MP) 474005

 FORESTRY
SYLLABUS

Indian Forest General Silvicultural Principles : Ecological and physiological factors influencing
Service (IFoS) vegetation, natural and artificial regeneration of forests; methods of propagation,
[Paper 1 | Section A] grafting techniques; site factors; nursery and planting techniques. Nursery beds,
Jharkhand PSC polybags, and maintenance, water budgeting, grading and hardening of seedlings;
(ACF) Main 2024 special approaches; establishment and tending.

◈ Forests – definitions, role, benefits – direct and indirect. History of Forestry -

definitions, divisions and interrelationships. ◈ Classification of forests – High forests,
coppice forests, virgin forest and second growth forests, pure and mixed forests - even
and uneven aged stands. ◈ Forest types of India – Classification. Agroforestry –
Farm forestry, social forestry, [Covered in later sections – ◈ Joint Forest Management
concepts, programmes and objectives. Important ◈ Acts and Policies related to Indian forests.
◈ Global warming – forestry options for mitigation and adaptation - ◈ Carbon
Sequestration] ◈ Important events/dates related to forests and environment - Themes
and philosophy.

Silviculture General : ◈ General Silvicultural Principles; Ecological and

physiological factors influencing vegetation, ◈ Natural and artificial regeneration of
forests; ◈ Methods of propagation, grafting techniques; ◈ Site factors; ◈ Nursery
and planting techniques – Nursery beds, polybags, root trainers and maintenance,
Jharkhand PSC
grading and hardening of seedlings. ◈ Tending operations special approaches;
State Forest Service establishment and tending.
(RFO) Main Exam
Forest Soil, Soil Conservation : _____ ◈ Bio-fertilizers : Their importance. ◈
2024 Nitrogen fixation : Rhizobium-tree legume symbiosis, Frankia v/s Non-legume
[Paper 1] symbiosis, Asymbiotic and associative N2 fixation. Nitrification and denitrification in
forest ecosystems. ◈ Mycorrhizae : types, biology and importance with specific
relevance to tree crops and mobilization of phosphorus and micro-nutrients.
Rhizosphere and phyllo-sphere concept._____

Tree Improvement & Seed Technology : _____ ◈ Planning seed collection :

Collection of immature fruits – Methods of seed collection. ◈ Fruit and seed handling
: maintaining viability and identity – Special precautions for recalcitrant seeds. ◈ Seed
processing : Operations prior to extraction – Pre-cleaning; methods of extraction –
Operations after extraction – Cleaning, grading and Control of moisture level; Factors
affecting drying of orthodox seeds. ◈ Types of forest nursery, types of nursery beds,
preparation of beds, fumigation. ◈ Methods of seed sowing and mulching, seedling
growth and development, pricking, weeding, hoeing, rotation, organic matter
supplements and cover crops, mycorrhizae, fertilization, shading, pruning, root
culturing techniques, lifting windows, grading, packaging.

Remarks : ACF और RFO दोनों के पाठ् यक्रम एक ही हैं। हालाकां क, ACF पाठ् यक्रम सांकिप्त रूप में Present ककया गया है, जबकक RFO
पाठ् यक्रम किस्तृत Subtopics के साथ किकिन्न Subheadings के अतां गगत सगां कठत ककया गया है। सीधे सीधे बोल जाये तो आपको
पढ़ना एक ही Material है ।

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 FORESTRY

MODULE – 1

SN Chapter Page No
1. Forest, Forestry, and silviculture 1 – 16
2. Locality factors 17 – 23
3. Climatic factors 24 – 39
4. Edaphic factors 40 – 49
5. Physiographic factors 50 – 54
6. Biotic factors 55 – 58
7. Influence of forest on their environment 59 – 65
8. Tree's structure and growth forms 66 – 70
9. Crop morphology 71 – 78
10. Forest succession 79 – 87
11. Forest types in India 88 – 98
12. Natural regeneration 99 – 109
13. Artificial regeneration 110 – 115
14. Choice of species 116 – 122
15. Seed supply 123 – 134
16. Forest Nursery : How to raise and manage 135 – 147
17. Vegetative propagation 148 – 156
18. Sowing and planting 157 – 168
19. Maintenance of plantation 169 – 170
20. Tending operation 171 – 182
21. Plantation Forestry 183 – 188

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 FORESTRY
INDIAN FOREST SERVICE (IFoS) PYQs | 2010 – 2024

• What is Silvics? Explain its practical application. Discuss in brief the objects of study of
silviculture [P1/4 (b) | 15 M].
• What are Ecosystem Services? Differentiate between use values and non-use values. Explain
different methods of valuation of ecosystem services [Linked Q | P2/Q7 (b) | 15 M].
• Differentiate amongst Radiation Frost, Pool Frost and Advective Frost. Give at least two
examples each for frost hardy, moderately hardy and frost tender tree species [P2/6(c) | 10 M].
• Briefly summarize the characteristic features of cold arid forest vegetation. Discuss their
mechanism of Survival Under Extreme Cold temperatures [Linked Q : P1/1 (b) | 8 M].
2024 • Give four examples of tree species for each of the following methods by which their flowers
are pollinated [P1/1 (c) | 8 M].
(i) Anemophily
(ii) Zoophily
(iii) Entomophily
(iv) Hydrophily
• Enumerate the Standard Tree Classification adopted in Indian Forestry [P1/3 (c) | 10 M].
• "Pruning is an important Tending Operation in plantation forestry for the improvement of the
tree or its timber." Justify [P1/2 (c) | 10 M].

• What is Frost Hole? How does frost affect regeneration? [P1/1 (d) | 8 M].
• What are Biofertilizers? Enlist the factors associated with the Mycorrhizal Development in
trees. Discuss the types of mycorrhizae [15 M] [Linked Q | P1/8 (a) | 15 M].
• Explain the following [P1/4 (c) | 15 M].
(i) Lignotuber
(ii) Root sucker
(iii) Vermiculite
(iv) Buttresses
(v) Ortet and Ramet
• The shoot portion of seedlings of some tree species like Sal and Sandal, under Natural
Regeneration, keeps on drying year after year but the roots remain alive. Discuss [P1/1(a) | 8M].

2023 • Write the factors which affect the Natural Regeneration of Sal (Shorea robusta). Discuss the
procedure to obtain natural regeneration of Moist Sal Forests [P1/2 (b) | 15 M].
• Discuss the significance of Exotics in tree improvement. Name four exotic tree species [Linked
Q | P1/5 (b) | 8 M].
• Write the botanical names of three tree species each of [P1/1 (e) | 8 M].
(i) Non-coppicers,
(ii) Poor coppicers,
(iii) Good (fair) coppicers and
(iv) Strong coppicers.
• Describe the Seed Collection and Storage Methods of the following tree species [P1/2(a) | 15 M].
(i) Santalum album
(ii) Chukrasia tabularis
(iii) Cedrus deodara

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 FORESTRY
(iv) Azadirachta indica
(v) Dalbergia latifolia
• Calculate the Quantity of Seeds (kg) required to establish a teak plantation over an area of 10
ha. [P1/1 (b) | 8 M].
• What is Deforestation? Discuss the impact of deforestation on the environment [Linked Q |
P1/6 (c) | 15 M].
• Explain the present status, scope and constraints of Biofuel Production in India. Write the
botanical names of five tree-borne oilseeds [Linked Q | P2/8 (b) | 15 M].

• What is the Purpose of Classifying Forests? How are the forests classified for silvicultural
management? [Linked Q | P2/1 (a) | 8 M].
• How do Sacred Groves help in conservation of biodiversity? [P 1/5 (b) | 8 M].
• What is Precision Silviculture? Explain the silvicultural techniques for the following [P1/3 (b) |
15 M].
(a) Dalbergia Sissoo,
(b) Eucalyptus tereticornis
• “Success of commercial forest plantations depends on Site-Specific and Strategic Planning”
Justify the statement [P2/1 (d) | 8 M].
• Describe the Adverse Climatic Factors causing damage to forests [P2/8 (b) | 15 M].
• Explain the Role of Mycorrhizae in plant growth and development of forest trees [P1/7 (b) | 10
M].
• What are Commensalism, Amensalism, Mutualism and Symbiosis? Write the function of an
ecosystem [Linked Q | P2/8 (c) | 10 M].
• What are the Biotic and Abiotic Stresses on trees? Explain the responses of trees to these
stresses [Linked Q | P2/5 (a) | 8 M].
2022 • Discuss the significance of Bamboo Flowering [P1/1 (e) | 8 M].
• How are Nurseries Classified in India? What is a clonal nursery? Explain the nursery
technique for Casuarina equisetifolia [P1/3 (a) | 15 M].
• Explain the techniques for upgradation and Hardening of Nursery Seedlings of Lagerstroemia
lanceolata [Linked Q | P1/1 (d) | 8 M].
• What is Root : Shoot Cutting? Write the names of five tree species which are propagated by
this method [P1/4 (c) | 10 M].
• Explain the following – (iv) Enrichment Planting [P1/2 (c) iv | 2.5 M].
• Is coastal rehabilitation using mangrove species a success? Explain the Plantation Technique
for degraded mangrove forest [Linked Q | P1/3 (c) | 10 M].
• Differentiate between Thinning Cycle and Thinning Intensity. Why is thinning essential for
the management of Forest Stand? Describe the merits and demerits of French thinning [P1/4
(b) | 15 M].
• Explain the Salvage Operations for plantation trees after natural disasters [Linked Q | P2/6(c) |
10 M].
• Explain the silvicultural practices that help in the Modification of Site Factors in forestry
[P1/4(a) | 15 M].

2021 • How are Forest Sites Classified on the basis of vegetation? [P1/4(c) | 10 M].

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 FORESTRY
• What is Site Quality Index? How does it differ from fractional site quality? Explain any one
method used for developing site quality classes with the help of neat diagram [P2/3(b) | 15 M].
• Do the trees of same species have different response to Light Conditions at different ages?
[P1/1(e) | 8 M].
2021
• What is the Role of Forest plantations in carbon sequestration? [P2/7(c) | 10 M].
• Differentiate Stand Density and Canopy Density. Mention Canopy density classification as
per Forest Survey of India [Linked Q | P2/1(d) | 8 M].
• What is meant by Climax in ecological succession? Give an example and describe types of
ecological succession [P2/5(b) | 8 M].
• What factors are considered important while Choosing a Species under Avenue Plantation?
[8 M] [Linked Q | P1/1(b) | 8 M].
• Are Non-Native Tree species an option or a threat in forest ecosystem / Plantation under
climate change? [P1/1 (d) | 8 M].
• Why is Grading operation of nursery seedlings essential for successful forest plantations?
[P1/3(c) | 10 M].
• What do you mean by Tending Operations? Enumerate various tending operations carried
out in forest crops. Discuss improvement felling [P1/3 (a) | 15 M].
• How does soil organic matter decomposition influence Forest Productivity? [Linked Q | P1 /
5(d) | 8 M].

• Define Silviculture. Relate the applications of silvicultural to different branches of forestry

[P1/1(a) | 8 M].
• Frost Resistance in trees depends on the internal and external factors. Explain [P1/1(b) | 8 M].
• Write the adaptive characteristics of plant species of Cold Desert [P 1/1 (d) | 8 M].
• How does Slope Aspect impact forest stand characteristics and soil properties? [P2/4 (c) | 10 M].
• Describe the following terms [P1/2 (a) | 10 M].
(a) Dominant, (b) Dominated, (c) Crop height, (d) Top height, (e) Hardening
• What are the factors that affect a Stand Structure? Describe in brief the DBH distribution in
even, uneven and multi-aged normal forest stands [Linked Q | P2/2 (a) | 15 M].
• What are the structural and functional changes that occur in a forest ecosystem during
Succession? [P2/7 (b) | 15 M].

2020 • Describe the methods of Artificial Regeneration of Tamarindus indica [P1/1 (e) | 8 M].
• What are the different factors governing the successful introduction of an exotic tree species?
[P1/6 (c) | 10 M].
• What are Orthodox and Recalcitrant seeds? Give five examples for each of these categories of
seeds [P1/8 (a) | 10 M].
• Write down the pre-sowing seed treatments for the following tree species [P1/3(c) | 15 M].
(a) Tectona grandis,
(b) Santalum album,
(c) Dalbergia sissoo,
(d) Albizia lebbeck,
(e) Acacia nilotica.
• Define Afforestation. Discuss in brief the afforestation techniques, including the choice of
species, for ravine lands. [Linked Q | P1/3 (a) | 10 M].

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• In India, large tracts of mixed even or uneven aged forests have been degraded due to biotic
interference. Suggest the method and measures to improve their condition and composition.
[Linked Q | P1/4 (a) | 10 M].
• What is the significance of Afforestation and Reforestration to the ecosystem? How are the
National Afforestation Programmme, Green India Mission and Forest Fire Prevention and
Management Scheme helping in restoration of forests? [Linked Q | P1/7 (a) | 15 M].

• Describe various physiological mechanisms underlying drought resistance, drought tolerance

and drought avoidance in forest species. [P2/Q6 (b) | 15 M].
• Draw a schematic diagram showing Altitudinal Zonation of forest vegetation [P1/4(a) | 10 M].
• Write scientific names of four major tree species in each of southern Tropical Semi-evergreen
Forest and Northern Tropical Wet-Evergreen Forest [P1/1 (a) | 8 M].
• Discuss the factors which influence the choice between natural and artificial regeneration
[P1/1(d) | 8 M].
2019 • Describe how controlled fire can be used as a tool in forest management [Linked Q | P2/5(d) |
8 M].
• Explain the Modern Nursery Techniques for the production of quality planting stock [P1/1 (c) |
8 M].
• What are the different types of Grafting? Explain 'Cleft Grafting' with neat sketches [P1/Q1 (e)
| 8 M].
• Explain different Grades of Thinning. Discuss in brief the thinning practices adopted for teak
plantations [P1/4 (b) | 15 M].

• Justify that the study of Silvics is essential for the successful afforestation program in India
[P1/1 (a) | 8 M].
• Discuss the physiology of Root Parasitism in Sandal tree [Linked Q | P1/1 (e) | 8 M].
• Explain the Eco-Physiological Factors that are more concerned to the silviculturist [P1/Q2 (a) |
15 M].
• Write in detail about the Influence of Parent Rock in the distribution of tree species [8 M].
[Linked Q | P1/5(c) | 8 M].
• What is Hydrology? Describe the role of hydrology in the planning and management of
watershed development. Do tree species improve the infiltration rate, soil temperature,
water level, and hydrological cycle? Justify with few examples [Linked Q | P1/8 (a) | 10 M].
2018 • What is Succession and climax? Give the causes of forest succession [P2/6 (c) | 10 M].
• Write in brief on the criteria of selection of tree for resistance to adverse environments for
high-quality timber production [Linked Q | P1/5 (a) | 8 M].
• Write the problem and prospects of Exotic tree species in India with suitable examples [P1/3
(c) | 15 M].
• Explain Seed production and certification system in Indian forestry [Linked Q | P1/Q6 (c) | 10 M].
• Enlist different types of Nurseries and write different types of nursery beds used in a nursery
[7.5 M] [P1/4 (c) (i) | 7.5 M].
• Enlist different types of containers used in a forest nursery and explain different methods of
seed sowing followed in a nursery [P1/4 (c) (ii) | 7.5 M].
• What is a mother tree? How is a plant prepared through Vegetative Propagation different

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 FORESTRY
from a plant raised through seed? [P1/3 (a) | 15 M].
• Explain different Kinds of Thinning and its application in the forest [P1/1 (b) | 8 M].

• Why Site-Specific Planning is essential for forest management? Explain different

Components of site-specific management. [Linked Q | P2/Q1 (a) | 8 M].
• Regulation of Solar Radiation given a powerful tool to the forester justify [P1/2 (d) | 10 M].
• Discuss in detail the kind of Soil Mycorrhizae and the benefits derived by plant from them [P1/5
(b) | 8 M].
• What is Sub-Climax? Explain its importance in the context of Indian forestry. [P1/4(c) | 10 M].
• Explain various types of Succession. Describe the major theories explaining succession [P1/8
(b) | 10 M].
• Define Succession. Explain different types of succession in details, citing suitable examples.
Discuss various theories of succession [P2/6 (a) | 15 M].
• Enlist four groups of Forest Types under the moist tropical forest as per the Champion and
Seth classification of forest types. [P1/1 (b) | 8 M].
• Explain the classification of forest types in India by Champion and Seth. Enlist major forest
types and their group [P2/Q7 (c) | 10 M].

2017 • Enlist the general rules governing the felling of bamboo in forests. What are the
consequences of Gregarious Flowering of bamboo? What special measures would you take in
the event of gregarious flowering? [Linked Q | P1/3 (c) | 15 M].
• Give four examples of uses of Pollarding in Indian forestry [P1/1 (a) | 8 M].
• Enlist the advantages and disadvantages of Vegetative Propagation. What future do you
foresee for it in forestry? [P1/4 (d) | 10 M].
• Calculate the number of Seeds Required to raise a 20-hectare plantation with 4 m x 4 m spacing
and an extra plant in the centre of each square. Plant percent of the species is 75% [P1/Q1 (e) | 8
M].
• Name the method of Thinning that best promotes genetic improvement of the regular stand
besides controlling density. Give reasons in support of your answer [P1/1 (c) | 8 M].
• Describe the Effect of Thinning on volume increment [P2/2 (c) | 10 M].
• Some rural communities are opposed to Chir-pine and advocate removal of Chir-pine and its
replacement with broadleaved multipurpose trees. What is your reaction to this matter? [P1/2
(c) | 10 M].

• How are the forests classified in India? Discuss its significance in forest management [Linked Q
| P2/1 (a) | 10 M].
• Comment on 'Forest has moderating influences on soil and air temperature' [P1/1 (b) | 8 M].
• Explain the role of forests in environmental conservation. [P1/7 (a) | 10 M].
• Justify the statement “Forest substantially check soil erosion and control run-off” [P1/Q1 (a) | 8
2016 M].
• Enumerate the classification of tropical dry deciduous forests given by Champion and Seth
(1964). Mention two species for each forest type [P2/6 (d) | 10 M].
• Discuss the reasons for widespread use of Exotics for plantations and specific advantages of
exotics over native species [Linked Q | P1/Q5 (e) | 8 M].
• Provide scientific names of four potential NFTs each suitable for Tropical and Temperate

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 FORESTRY
conditions [Linked Q | P1/5 (c) | 8 M].
• Write the importance of soil organic matter in the forest. How is calculation of number of
seedlings carried under Line, square, Triangular, and Quincunx methods of planting? [P1/3 (a) |
20 M].
• Write in detail the term Girdling and Pruning. Write scientific names of five trees/Shrubs
each for the cold desert and mangrove forest. [Linked Q | P1/4 (a) | 20 M].
• Describe the important objectives of thinning. Differentiating crown thinning from ordinary
thinning. Write grades of ordinary thinning. [P1/1 (c) | 8 M].
• Clonal forestry approach proved successful in meeting the industrial wood demand
particularly pulpwood. Substantiate your view and perception in this regard [P2/4 (a) | 10 M].

• How can a forest with Shade Bearer and Light Demander tree species be managed under
uniform shelterwood system? [Linked Q | P1/2 (c) | 10 M].
• Comment upon the adaptive and Survival Strategies of the plant species endemic to the cold
desert area of the Western Himalaya [Linked Q | P1/4 (c) | 10 M].
• Explain How the Latitude influences the forest types of the earth [P1/4 (a) | 10 M].
• Can you differentiate between the terms mixed plantations in forestry and mixed cropping in
agriculture? Justify the differences between them. [Linked Q | P2/1 (a) | 8 M].
2015
• Comment upon the Dieback (dying back) phenomenon in Shorea robusta. Is it a problem or
an adaptation? [P1/1 (a) | 8 M].
• Describe the methods of Pre-sowing treatment of seeds for raising Nursery [P1/2 (b) | 10 M].
• Explain the term Hardening off. What are the internal factors affecting forest resistance?
[P1/3 (a) | 10 M].
• Explain the necessity of Grading of seedlings before plantation [P1/4 (d) | 10 M].

• Why does height of a tree consider a better criterion for a Site Selection than its diameter?
Discuss [5 M].
• How is Site Quality important in timber production? Discuss the methods used to measure
the site quality [Paper – 2 | 15 M].
• Explain the importance of soil and air Temperature on the growth of forest trees [10 M].
• Explain the importance of Snow in regeneration of Cedrus deodara [5 M].

• Explain the survival strategies of the following group of plants [20 M] - (a) Halophytes, (b)
Phraetophytes, (c) Xerophytes, (d) Succulent.
• Difference b/w - (1) Ectomycorrhizae and Endomycorrhizae [4 M].
2014
(2) Exogenous dormancy, and endogenous dormancy [4 M].
• Describe the characteristics and structure of an even-aged stand [Paper – 2 | 10 M].
• Mixed forest stand offers complete utilization of land, Comment [8 M].
• Give a short account on the management of uneven-aged forests [Linked Q | 8 M].
• What is Stand Density? How spacing is used to control stand density? Discuss [Paper – 2 | 15 M].
• Discuss in detail the evolution of the concept of Plant Succession [20 m].
• Discuss the Natural Regeneration in Sal, give steps recommended for ensuring its successful
regeneration [8 M] (A typo : in the actual paper, it is written as "Soil" instead of "Sal" as
required)

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 FORESTRY
• Do you think that the Controlled Fire is beneficial to forest vegetation? Discuss [Linked Q | 10 M].
• Explain why after Gregarious Flowering bamboo always die [8 M]
• Discuss in detail the objective of Artificial Regeneration [10 M].
• Explain the following – (a) Orthodox and Recalcitrant seeds [5 M].
(b) Elite thinning are often difficult to execute [5 M].
• Exotics have potential, do you agree or disagree. Justify your response [5 M].
• Comments on the statement that “Vegetative Propagation is a dead end of breeding” [10 M]
• What do you mean by Plantation Schedule? give in detail the factors which decide the
success of plantation program [10 M]

• Based on objectives, what are the different Classifications of the Forestry? [10 M].
• What are the main contributions of Dr. D. Brandis in Indian forestry? Enumerate the various
stages of working plan. What is the role of silvicultural system in the working plans? [Linked Q
| Paper – 2 | 8 M].
• Write critical notes on any four of the following – (i) Plants of Sacred Groves with two
Examples well-known in the country [Paper – 2 | 2.5 M].
• What are the sources and nature of elements considered as Essential Plant Nutrients? [10 M].
• Discuss the mechanism of Drought Resistance, Drought Tolerance, and Drought Avoidance in
plants [Paper – 2 | 10 M].
• Write a note on 'role of Micro-Organism and Rhizobium in amelioration of forest soils [10 M].
• Configuration of the Land Surface has an impact on local climatic conditions and wind
movement, which in turn have a bearing on forest." Comment [8 M].
• Willow is the life line in dry temperate region (Lahaul-Spiti) but its large-scale drying is
causing great concern. Give your viewpoints [Paper – 2 | 8 M].
• Explain the evolution of the concept of Plant Succession [8 M].
• Describe the different theories of Climax. Name different types of climax (plant community)
2013
that are observed [Paper – 2 | 8 M].
• Describe flora and distribution of group: Type 14/C2 East Himalayan sub-alpine birch fir
forests [Paper – 2 | 10 M].
• Large-scale Mortality has been noticed in Dalbergia sissoo and Acacia nilotica. What could be
the possible reasons for this mortality? [10 M].
• Explain various factors affecting the choice between Artificial and Natural regeneration with
reasoning [10 M].
• Enumerate the factors which decide the Choice of Species for plantation [8 M].
• Write about species diversity and Centre of Origin of Willows (Salix species). Describe its
various uses under short rotation forestry [Paper – 2 | 8 M].
• Elaborate upon the multipurpose tree species ideotype selection criteria [Linked Q | P1 | 8 M].
• Describe the operational use of Vegetative Propagation in tree improvement [10 M].
• Explain the role of Thinning in forestry. What are the different methods of
thinning followed in regular crops? Discuss in detail crown thinning [20 M].
• What are the traditional practices and recent advances in tropical silvicultural research? [10 M].

• Comment critically on the following (Each in about 75 Words) :–

2012
(a) Failure of forest plantations [5 M].

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(b) Recycling of nutrients in Natural Forest [5 M].
(c) Successful regeneration in a forest depends upon silvicultural system [Linked Q | 5 M].
(d) Basis of forest classification and why there is a need for such classification [5 M].
(e) How snow affects the forest vegetation? [5 M]
(f) Importance of Plant Succession in Forestry practices [5 M].
(g) Reasons of dying Dalbergia sissoo [5 M].
• Discuss in detail the Protective Role of national forests in India [10 M].
• Describe the altitudinal variations in flora of Eastern and Western Himalayas through a
schematic diagram [Paper – 2 | 10 M].
• Differentiate between – (1) Growth and development of trees, (2) Ectomycorhizae and
Endomycorrizae [5 × 2 = 10 M].
• Explain with the help of suitable examples the various kinds of Population Interactions during
their growth period and give difference between Commensalism and Amensalism of plant
relationship [Linked Q | Paper – 2 | 10 M].
• Discuss the Role of Forest in interception, surface runoff, Infiltration of rainfall, regulation of
stem flow, and maintaining Soil fertility [5 M].
• Do forests influence the rainfall? If so, how? [75 Words | 5 M].
• Briefly discuss the - Canopy Architecture in forestry [5 M].
• List the pioneer’s flora of sand dunes under – (i) on dunes, (ii) Spread out sand, and (iii)
Stabilized dunes [Linked Q | Paper – 2 | 8 M].
• Describe flora and distribution of Group : 16 C1 of Champion & Seth's Forest Type [Paper – 2 | 8M]
• Gregarious Flowering is an indicator of drought in the area.' Do you agree with this
statement? [4 M].
• Differentiate clearly between Natural and Artificial Regeneration of forest. Describe the
manner in which natural regeneration of Teak, Sal and Deodars takes places [4+4+4+4 = 16 M].
• What are the ecological aspects for Selecting the tree species? Discuss [8 M].
• Write Short notes on – Exotics in Indian Forestry [5 M].
• Highlight the salient features of – (1) Aerial Seeding (2) Stump Planting [2 × 3 = 6 M].
• What are the major ecological consideration in Afforestation [75 Words | 5 M].

• Give Legal Definition of Forests in India. Write about the major groups of forest types of
India. [Paper – 2 | 10 M].
• Describe the tangible and intangible Benefits of Forests [Paper – 2 | 10 M].
• Write Short Notes on – (ii) Sacred Groves [2 ¼ M]
• Why are Locality Factors considered important for any silvicultural operation? [10 M].
• Explain “Adiabatic Lapse Rate” [Paper – 2 | 10 M].

2011 • Define Micro-Climate giving suitable examples [Paper – 2 | 10 M].

• Differentiate between Ectomycorrhizae and Endomycorrhizae with respect to structure and
function [Paper – 2 | 10 M].
• Compare Nutrient Cycling in a natural forest, an agroforestry system and an agricultural
field. Discuss how it helps to sustain soil fertility. [Linked Q | 10 M].
• Describe the initial causes of Secondary Succession. Write various seral stages of succession
leading to the development of Shorea robusta forests [Paper – 2 | 10 M].
• Define a Forest Type. Discuss the different forest types found along with tidal swamp forests

© Hornbill classes +91 78802 71423 [email protected] xi

 FORESTRY
with their species composition. Give a note on how Rhizophora racemosa is managed in the
mangrove forest of Sundarbans. [Linked Q | 3 + 12 + 5 = 20 M].
• Explain the Role of Fire in the silviculture of Shorea robusta [10 M].
• Differentiate between [5 × 2 = 10 M].
(a) Exogenous Dormancy and endogenous dormancy
(b) Artificial regeneration and Natural Regeneration
• Explain the following points in relation to Nursery Management – (1) Site selection and
layout, (2) Soil working, (3) Methods of raising nursery stock, (4) Plant protection measures,
(5) Nursery Register. [4 × 5 = 20 M].
• How do we calculate the Seed Requirement of a species while raising nursery? Also explain
the method of calculating the number of plants required per hectare for plantation [10 M].
• Write Short notes on – (i) _____, (ii) Cultural Operations [P1/3 (b)ii | 5 M].

• Why do forest Plantations Fail? cite relevant examples. [P1/1(a) | 5 M].

• What are the different Types of Containers used in raising forest nurseries? List their
advantages and disadvantages [P1/1(c) | 5 M].
• Explain the role of Growth Regulators in rooting of cuttings [P1/1(e) | 5 M].
• Briefly discuss Low-Temperature Injuries in forest trees. [P1/1 (g) | 5 M].
• Briefly describe the merits and demerits of 'High Density Short Rotation' forestry. Enlist
suitable species in this regard along with their productivity potential [P1/2 (a) | 10 M].
• What do you understand by the term Locality Factors? How these affect the decision of
plantations undertaken by the silviculturist? [P1/2 (b) | 10 M].
• Why is LAI important in deciding the productivity of forest trees? Explain the concept of
optimum LAI and how it varies with the type of forest and climate [P1/Q2 (c) | 10 M].
• Differentiate between the – (ii) Photosynthetic efficiency and Nutrient use efficiency (iii) Site
Quality and Site Index, (v) Gregarious Flowering and sporadic flowering in bamboo. [P1/3 (a)
| 4× 3 = 12 M].
• Comment on following – (a) Pure stand of forest result incomplete utilization of the site, (b)
2010
Plantation forestry has high production potential but low conservation value [5 × 2 = 10 M].
• Distinguish between "Tending operations" and "Cultural operations" in forestry [10 M]
• Write short notes on – (a) Canopy architecture, (b) Radiation absorption and energy balance
in forest, (c) Seed coating and pelleting, (d) Nutrient cycling in natural forest [5 × 4 = 20 M].
• Write on tree species for smoke and dust pollution control. [Linked Q | P1/7 (c) (i) | 5 M].
• Mention 10 species (Scientific name) of trees tolerant to salinity [Linked Q | 10 M].
• What morphological, Anatomical, and physiological features are suited in Xerophytic Plants.
[P2/Q6 (a) | 10 M].
• What are Live Fences? Name five plant species most commonly used as live fences. How do
these differ from other types of fences? [P2/Q6 (c) | 10 M].
• How are Ectomycorrhizal fungi beneficial in managing soil borne diseases of forest nurseries?
Give examples. [P2/Q7 (a) | 10 M].
• How do variation in density and quality of a forest influence annual yield estimation? [Linked Q
| P2/1 (d) | 8 M].
• Illustrate the succession of mangrove vegetation in sea coast [P2/5 (e) | 8 M].

xii JPSC | 2024-25 +91 72239 70423 Hornbillclasses.com

 CHAPTER FOREST FORESTRY
1 & SILVICULTURE

1.1 INTRODUCTION
Chapter Outline
वन शब्द की उत्पत्ति प्रारंत्तिक मध्ययुगीन यूरोपीय समाज से हुयी है । बढ़ती
जनसंख्या और नए साम्राज्यों तथा सामंतवाद के उदय ने प्राकृ त्ततक संसाधनों का
1.1 Forest
अत्यत्तधक दोहन त्तकया , त्तजसने प्राकृ त्ततक वनस्पत्तत (त्तजसे हम िारत में जंगल कहते 1.2 Forest Classification
हैं) को त्तवनाशकारी रूप से नष्ट कर त्तदया, तात्तक िोजन, चारा, ईधन ं और लकडी की 1.3 Forestry
बढ़ती मागं ों को परू ा त्तकया जा सके । प्राकृ त्ततक वनस्पत्तत के घटते क्षेत्र ने उनके शात्तसत 1.4 Silviculture
क्षेत्रों में ईधन
ं लकडी और इमारती लकडी की कमी पैदा कर दी । पररणामस्वरूप, 1.5 Role of Forest

उन्होंने ित्तू म के उन त्तहस्सों को, जो आमतौर पर अनुपजाऊ होते थे और गांवों की 1.6 Forestry development
through ages
सीमाओ ं पर त्तस्थत होते थे, वृक्ष फसलों को उगाने के त्तलए त्तचत्तित करना शरू
ु कर
1.7 Important terminology
त्तदया । ये स्थान Woodlands या वन कहलाने लगे, तात्तक आवश्यक संसाधनों का
Silvology
उत्पादन त्तकया जा सके ।
Sacred Groves

 वन (Forest) शब्द लैत्तटन शब्द foris से त्तलया गया है, त्तजसका अथथ है गााँव की Precision Silviculture
1.8 Exercise
सीमा के बाहर ।

Figure 1.1 : A medieval European village

► पररिाषा (DEFINITION)

– वन एक ऐसा क्षेत्र है त्तजसे लकडी और अन्य वनोपज के उत्पादन के त्तलए या

इससे त्तमलने वाले अन्य अप्रत्यक्ष लािों के त्तलए आरत्तक्षत त्तकया गया है ।
[Technical definition].
 FORESTRY
– वन एक अत्तवकत्तसत ित्तू म है जो प्राकृ त्ततक वनस्पत्तत से आच्छात्तदत होती है, त्तजसमें Canopy परू ी तरह या आत्तं शक रूप से बदं
(Closed) होती है, और यह वन्यजीवों को आश्रय प्रदान करता है । [Ecological definition].
– वन ऐसा ित्तू म क्षेत्र है, त्तजसे त्तकसी कें द्रीय, राज्य या स्थानीय कानूनों (जैसे, जनजातीय पररषद द्वारा) के तहत 'वन' के रूप में घोत्तषत
त्तकया गया है । [Legal definition]
1.2 वनों का वर्गीकरण
वनों को ववविन्न श्रेवणयों में वर्गीकृत वकया जाता है –

• वनों के त्तवत्तिन्न प्रकारों को उनकी त्तवशेषताओ ं जैसे पेड प्रजात्ततयों की संरचना, त्तवतान संरचना (Canopy Structure), और
पाररत्तस्थत्ततक कायों के आधार पर पहचानने, वणथन करने (Describing) और मानत्तचत्रण (Mapping) के त्तलए एक मानकीकृ त प्रणाली
प्रदान करें । तात्तक इस जानकारी का उपयोग संरक्षण (Conservation), प्रबंधन (Management), प्रशासन (Administration),
अनसु धं ान (Research),
ित्तू म उपयोग योजना (land-use
planning) और ररकॉर्थ रखने से संबंत्तधत त्तनणथय लेने की प्रत्तिया Previous year Questions

में त्तकया जा सकता है । IFoS 2022 : What is the purpose of classifying

• उच्च जैव त्तवत्तवधता (High biodiversity) या पयाथवरणीय forests ? How are the forests classified for
silvicultural management? (8 m)
महत्व (Ecological significance) वाले क्षेत्रों की पहचान
IFoS 2012 : Basis of forest classification and why there
करना संरक्षण और सतत प्रबंधन के त्तलए आवश्यक है ।
is need for such classification (5 m).
• सतत प्रबंधन योजनाओ ं का त्तवकास (Developing
What are the bases for the classification of
sustainable management plans) : त्तवत्तिन्न वन प्रकारों forests? Why there is need of their
की त्तवशेषताओ ं को समझकर, प्रबंधक ऐसी योजनाएाँ त्तवकत्तसत classification? Write the type groups of
tropical forests and their distribution and
कर सकते हैं जो वन पाररत्तस्थत्ततकी तंत्र की त्तवत्तशष्ट
species of the area [OPSC ACF 2019-20 | 20 m].
आवश्यकताओ ं के अनुसार अनुकूत्तलत हों ।
What are the objectives of forest
वनों को वगीकृ त त्तकया जा सकता है – classification ? Classify forests on the basis of
different criteria used with definition of each
[A] आयु (Age)
class [Arunachal PSC Civil (Main) 2017-18 | 20 m].
[B] पुनजथनन (Regeneration)
Write down the classification of forests on
[C] सरं चना (Composition) the basis of age, regeneration, composition and
[D] स्वात्तमत्व (Ownership) growing stock [OPSC Civil (Main) 2020-21 | 10 m]

[E] कायथ (Function) Discuss classification of forests based on age,

composition, object of management, ownership
[F] वैधता (Legality)
and legal status [OPSC Civil (Main) 2016 | 20 m].
[G] वन त्तनत्तध (Growing stock)
[H] वन आवरण का घनत्व (Density of Forest cover)

[I] पाररत्तस्थत्ततक या पाररत्तस्थत्ततकी तत्रं आधाररत (Ecological or Ecosystem-based)

► आयु के आधार पर वन प्रकार

• समान आयु वर्गीय या वनयवमत वन (Even Aged or Regular Forest ) : एक ऐसा वन (स्टैंर्) त्तजसमें पेड लगिग एक
ही आयु के होते हैं । प्रबंधन के दृत्तष्टकोण से, यत्तद एक खंर् (Stand) में स्टैंर् 100 या अत्तधक वषों तक कटाई नहीं की गयी हो ,

2 JPSC | 2025 07223970423 [email protected]

 FORESTRY
तो आवतथन काल (Rotation age) के 25% तक के अतं र की अनमु त्तत दी जा सकती है । जबत्तक प्रकृ त्तत ने किी समान आयु
वगीय वन नहीं पाये जाते है, मनुष्य इसे वृक्षारोपण कायों के माध्यम से बना सकता है, जैसे त्तक नीलांबुर सागौन वृक्षारोपण
(1842) । (संक्षेप में, एक वास्तत्तवक समान आयु वगीय वन मनुष्य द्वारा त्तनत्तमथत वन ही हो सकता है) ।

• ववषमआयु या अवनयवमत वन (Un-Even Aged or Irregular Forest) : ऐसा वन त्तजसमें सिी आयु वगथ के पेड शात्तमल
होते हैं । आयु में अंतर आमतौर पर 20 वषों से अत्तधक होता है, और अत्तधक आवतथन काल की फसलों के मामले में, यह अंतर
आवतथन काल (Rotation age) के 25% से अत्तधक होता है । प्राकृ त्ततक वन इसी प्रकार की संरचना प्रदत्तशथत करते हैं, जैसे
सतपडु ा का वन ।
► पुनजजनन की वववध (METHOD OF REGENERATION)

• उच्च वन (High Forest) : ऐसा वन त्तजसका त्तवतान परू ी तरह या आंत्तशक रूप से बंद हो और जो बीजों के द्वारा पनु जथत्तनत हो ।
इसे "बीज वन" (“Seedling Forest” ) के नाम से िी जाना जाता है ।
• स्थूणज वन (Coppice Forest) : एक वन त्तजसे कुछ वनस्पत्तत त्तवत्तधयों जैसे त्तक coppice, root suckers, ratoons आत्तद
के माध्यम से पनु जीत्तवत त्तकया जाता है, उसे कॉत्तपस फॉरे स्ट कहते हैं। इसे “Low Forest” िी कहा जाता है ।
इसे इस प्रकार िी वगीकृ त त्तकया जा सकता है ।
Virgin Forest .
• Natural Forest : जब पनु जथनन प्राकृ त्ततक तरीकों से प्राप्त होता है, i.e.,
A natural forest in its natural state
virgin Forest
(without any human intervention)
• कृविम वन या बार्गान (Man-Made Forest or Plantation) : जब
पनु जथनन कृ त्तत्रम तरीकों से प्राप्त त्तकया जाता है । Differentiate between - High Forest
► COMPOSITION OF FOREST VEGETATION (FLORISTIC and Coppice Forest [Himachal PSC
Civil (Main) 2015 |5 m]
COMPOSITION)
Write short notes - (a) High Forest
• शद्ध
ु वन (Pure Forest) : शद्ध ु वन ऐसा वन जो लगिग परू ी तरह से एक (b) Low Forest [Uttarakhand PSC

ही प्रजात्तत से बना हो, या कम से कम 80% से कम न हो । इसे शद्ध (RFO) 2012 | 20 m].

ु फसल
(Pure Crop) िी कहा जाता है ।

• वमवश्रत वन (Mixed Forest) : एक ऐसा वन त्तजसमें दो या अत्तधक प्रजात्ततयों के पेड एक ही त्तवतान (Canopy) सतह में आपस
में त्तमले-जल
ु े होते हैं । त्तमत्तश्रत वनों को आगे त्तविात्तजत त्तकया जा सकता है । -
 मख्ु य प्रजात्तत (Principal species) – (a) एक त्तमत्तश्रत वनस्पत्तत में सबसे अत्तधक महत्त्वपणू थ प्रजात्तत, जो या तो उनकी
आवृत्ति, आयतन, या वात्तनकी मल्ू य के आधार पर प्रमख ु होती है । (b) वह प्रजात्तत त्तजसके त्तलए त्तमत्तश्रत वन का वनवधथन
(Silviculture) मुख्य रूप से त्तनदेत्तशत होता है ।
 सहायक प्रजात्तत (Accessory species) – एक उपयोगी प्रजात्तत जो मख्ु य प्रजात्तत की तुलना में कम मल्ू यवान होती है,
लेत्तकन बाद में इसके त्तवकास में सहायता करती है ।
 सहायक प्रजात्ततयााँ (Auxiliary species) – ऐसी प्रजात्ततयााँ जो त्तनम्न गुणविा या आकार की होती हैं और त्तजनका वात्तनकी
(त्तसत्तल्वकल्चर) मल्ू य अपेक्षाकृ त कम होता है । [समानाथी: त्तद्वतीयक प्रजात्ततयााँ, सहायक प्रजात्ततयााँ] ।

► स्वावमत्व के आधार पर वर्गीकरण (CLASSIFICATION BASED ON OWNERSHIP)

• सरकारी वन (Govt Owned Forest) : राज्य द्वारा स्वात्तमत्व और प्रबंत्तधत वन है, िारत के 96% वन क्षेत्र इस श्रेणी में आते हैं ।

• सामुदावयक वन (Communal Forest) : ऐसा वन जो त्तकसी समदु ाय, जैसे गांव, जनजातीय प्रात्तधकरण, या स्थानीय सरकार
द्वारा उनकी िलाई के त्तलए बनाया जाता है और प्रबंत्तधत त्तकया जाता है [समानाथी: सामदु ात्तयक]

© Hornbill classes 07223970423 Hornbillclasses.com 3

 LOCALITY FACTORS
CHAPTER

2.1 स्थानीयता कारक (LOCALITY FACTORS)

Chapter Outline
साइट (SITE) या स्थान (LOCATION) वह क्षेत्र है जह ाँ आप वृक्ष रोपण य प्रबधं न क यय
करन च हते हैं ।
2.1 Locality Factors
2.2 Why are these factors
important?
2.3 Site Quality
Quality classification
Site quality Index
Site index curve
2.4 Importance of Site
Quality
SITE FACTORS (कारक)
2.5 PYQs
ककसी कवशेष क्षेत्र के सभी प्रभ वी जलव यु, मृदीय (Edaphic), स्थल कृ कत, और जैकवक
कस्थकतयों क योग, कजसके अंतगयत एक plant community (प दप समदु य) वृकि करती है
। इसक अथय है, कक स्थल क रक ककसी क्षेत्र के सभी जैकवक और अजैकवक क रकों क योग
हैं, जो परस्पर किय करते हैं और वनस्पकत की उपकस्थकत, कवतरण और वृकि को प्रभ कवत
करते हैं ।
⩥ स्थ न क रकों (Site factors) को स्थ नीयत क रक (locality IFoS 2018 : Explain the Eco-physiological factors
that are more concerned to Silviculturist (15 m).
factors) य आव स क रक (habitat factors) के रूप में भी
IFoS 2011 : Why are locality factors considered
ज न ज त है ।
important for any silvicultural operation? (10 m).
ये क रक हैं
IFoS 2010 : What do you understand by the term
1. Climatic factors (जलव यु क रक) : Solar radiation (सौर locality factors ? how these affect the decision of
कवककरण), rainfall (वष य), Wind speed (व यु की गकत), Air plantations undertaking by the Silviculturist ? (10 m).

Temperature (व यु क त पम न), आकद ।

Define the term locality factors. How do these
2. Edaphic factors (मृदीय क रक) : कमट्टी में उपकस्थत जैकवक factors affect the decision of plantation
undertaken by a forester [Mizoram PSC Civil
पद थय, soil texture (कमट्टी की बन वट), soil structure (कमट्टी
(mains) 2018 | 10 m]
की संरचन ), म इकोर इज , जलभर व, लवणत आकद ।
What are all the biotic and abiotic factors,
3. Topographic or Physiographic factors (स्थल कृ कतक य responsible for tree/forest growth? Discuss
[Himachal PSC ACF (Main) 2017| 15 m]
भआ
ू कृ कतक क रक) : पवयतों क कवन्य स (Mountains
arrangement), ऊाँ च ई (Altitude), अक्ष ंश, ढल न, कदश एाँ (aspects), संरेखण (exposure), आकद ।
 CLIMATIC FACTORS
CHAPTER

जलवायु (Climate) का आशय ककसी क्षेत्र के Average weather से होता है जो हमारी

वनीय वनस्पकत (Forest Vegetation) को प्रभाकवत करते है जैसे की प्रकाश, Chapter Outline
वायुमंडलीय तापमान, वायु-दाब, आर्द्तर ा आकद ।
3.1 Solar radiation
Importance
Light Increment
Species behaviour toward
Humidity + Moisture
2 light
Solar Radiation
1 3.2 Temperature
Importance of
Temperature
Types of Frost; Frost
4
Temperature resistance & Species
3
behaviour
Wind
Snow, its beneficial &
Figure 3.1 : Climatic factors
harmful effects

3.1 सौर विविरण (SOLAR RADIATION) 3.3 Wind

Beneficial & harmful
सौर कवककरण प्रकाश संश्लेषण के कलए ऊजार का मख्ु य स्रोत है । प्रकाश की गणु वत्ता, तीव्रता effects

और अवकि जैसे कारक वनस्पकत को प्रभाकवत करते हैं या अप्रत्यक्ष रूप से पूरे वन 3.4 Moisture
Types of precipitation
पाररकस्िकतकी तंत्र को प्रभाकवत करते हैं ।
Source of Moisture
सौर विविरण िा महत्ि (IMPORTANCE OF SOLAR RADIATION) Importance of water
Water-logging / Flood
पौिे न के वल भोजन सश्ल ं ेकषत करने के कलए बककक कई अन्य चयापचय प्रकतकियाओ ं को Drought
कनयंकत्रत करने के कलए भी सौर कवककरण पर कनभरर करते हैं, जैसे – Water tapper, Saver and
Storer plants
▪ मल ू भतू चयापचय प्रकतकियाओ ं के कलए आवश्यक है, जैसे कक प्रकाश संश्लेषण,
3.5 PYQs/Exercise
वाष्पोत्सजरन, और प्रकाश-सकिय रंध्रों का खल
ु ना और बंद होना ।
▪ प्रकाश क्लोरोकिल अणओ ु ं के सश्ल
ं ेषण के कलए आवश्यक है । लबं े समय तक प्रकाश
की अनुपकस्िकत के कारण क्लोरोकिल अणओ ु ं का कवघटन हो जाता है, और पकत्तयां
पीली हो जाती हैं । इस घटना को इटीओलेशन (Etiolation) कहा जाता है ।
▪ तेज प्रकाश वाष्पोत्सजरन की दर (transpiration rate) को बढा देता है, कजससे
पौिों में अस्िायी मरु झाने (Wilting) की कस्िकत उत्पन्न होती है । Wilting stress
जड़ प्रणाली को अकिक पानी अवशोकषत करने के कलए मजबूर करता है ताकक इस
 CHAPTER
PHYSIOGRAPHIC
5
FACTORS

किसी क्षेत्र िी स्थलािृ कि या भौकिि किशेषिाओ ं से जडु े िारिों िो स्थलाकृतिक

(topographic) या भौगोतलक (Physiographic) िारि िहा जािा है । इनमें Chapter Outline
ऊँ चाई, ढलान िी किशा और ढलान िी िीव्रिा शाकमल होिी है । स्थलािृ किि िारिों
िो अप्रत्यक्ष कारक भी िहा जािा है, क्योंकि ये जलिायु िारिों में किकिधिा उत्पन्न 5.1 Configuration of land
surface
िरिे िनस्पकि िे कििास और िृकि िो प्रभाकिि िरिे हैं ।
5.2 Altitude
ये िारि हैं -
Effect
• भकू म िी सिह िा किन्यास या व्यिस्था, जैसे पहाकडयाँ (Hills) और घाकियाँ Zonation
(valleys) 5.3 Latitude
• ऊंचाई (Altitude) 5.4 Slopes
• अक्षाश
ं (Latitude) 5.5 Aspect & Exposure

• ढालें (Slopes) 5.6 Exercise

• किशा और सपं िक (Aspect & Exposure)

5.1 भूति की सिह का तिन्यास (CONFIGURATION OF LAND

SURFACE)

पहाकडयों और घाकियों िी संरचना स्थानीय जलिायु िो प्रभाकिि िरिी है, क्योंकि यह

िषाक िे पैिनक (Rainfall Patterns)①, िापमान (Temperature)②, सौर किकिरण
(Solar Radiation)③ और कमट्टी िी गहराई (Soil Profile Depth)④ िो प्रभाकिि
िरिी है। यह हिा िी किशा िो भी प्रभाकिि िरिी है, जो शंिुधारी पौधों में परागण और
बीज िे फै लाि िे कलए आिश्यि है । कहमालयी घाकियों में सकिकयों िे िौरान ठंड
अकधि होिी है और ठंढ िा जमाि सामान्य है, जबकि गकमकयों में आसपास िी
पहाकडयां घािी िो अत्यकधि गमक बना िेिी हैं । घाकियों िी कमट्टी गहरी, अकधि समृि,
उत्पािि और सघन िनस्पकि से भरी होिी है । उिाहरण िे कलए, आिं ररि कहमालय में
बहुि िम िषाक (60 सेमी से िम) होिी है ।

Figure 5.1 : Effect of mountain range

on the pattern of rainfall
 BIOTIC FACTORS
CHAPTER

जैविक कारक (Biotic factors) िे जीवित तत्ि हैं, जो िनस्पवत की िृवि और

विकास को सीधे प्रभावित करते हैं । जलिायु, मृदीय कारक (वमट्टी से संबंवधत), और भ-ू Chapter Outline
आकृ वतक कारक (Physiographic factors) सम्पर्ू ण फसल को प्रभावित करते है,
जबवक जैविक कारक व्यविगत (जैस,े साल हार्णिडु बोरर) और सामवू हक रूप से भी 6.1 Relationship between
plants of various species
प्रभावित करते है
आमतौर पर, एक पौधा या पौधों की कोई प्रजावत अन्य पौधों की प्रजावतयों, Competition
Symbiosis
विवभन्न जंगली जानिरों और मनुष्यों के साथ अनेक तरीको से, सकारात्मक और
Parasitic
नकारात्मक दोनों रूपों में, परस्पर विया करती है । Epiphytes
Climbers
Commensalism
Amensalism
Helotism

6.2 Relationship between

Plants and Animals

Insectivorous Plants

6.3 Relationship between

plants and man
Figure 6.1 : Relationship between various biotic factors.
6.4 Exercise

6.1 विविन्न प्रजावियों के पौधों के बीच संबंध (RELATIONSHIP

BETWEEN PLANTS OF VARIOUS SPECIES)

जहां एक पौधों की प्रजावत अन्य पौधों की प्रजावतयों की िृवि, विकास और वितरर् को

कई तरीकों के द्वारा प्रभावित करती है । -
• प्रवतस्पधाणत्मक संबंध (Competitive relationship) : पौधे एक-दसू रे से
प्रकाश, नमी, स्थान और पोषर् के वलए प्रवतस्पधाण करते हैं । इसवलए, के िल एक
स्िस्थ और सशि पौधा ही जीवित रह सकता है ।
• सहजीिी संबंध (Symbiotic relationship) : यहााँ पौधे विषम या प्रवतकूल
पररवस्थवतयों में एक-दसू रे को जीवित रहने में सहायता प्रदान करते हैं, जैसे
माइकोराइजा और राइजोवबयम ।
 FORESR SUCCESSION
CHAPTER

10

अनुक्रमण (Succession) : एक जैविक समदु ाय को अन्य उन्नत और विन्न स्ििाि

िाले जैविक समदु ाय द्वारा प्रवतस्थावित वकए जाने की प्रविया को अनि ु मण Chapter Outline
(Succession) कहा जाता है ।
10.1 Process of Succession
10.2 Types of Succession
10.3 Causes of Succession
10.4 Examples of various
types of Succession
Mt. Temperate forest
Riverain forest
Estuarine succession
Sand dunes
10.5 Theories
Figure 10.1 :
Mono-climax theory
Forest succession.
Poly-climax theory

प्रथम प्रजावत, जो वकसी नए क्षेत्र में अवतिमण करती है और िहााँ िर िृवि करती है, Climax pattern
hypothesis
उसे पायननयर (pioneer) या कॉलोनाइज़र (colonizer) प्रजावत कहा जाता है ।
Information theory
Sere या सेरल चरण (Seral stages), वजसे कंसोनलडेशन चरण Mosaic theory
(consolidation phase) िी कहा जाता है, एक मध्यिती चरण होता है । इस
मध्यिती चरण के दौरान िादि समदु ाय िृवि करता है, मृदा की गणु ित्ता में सधु ार करता
है, और धीरे -धीरे खदु को दसू रे प्रगवतशील समदु ाय (Progressive Community) में
िररिवतित करता है ।
• अंत में Climax stage आती है, जो एक िररिक्कक्कि (Mature), अंवतम (Final)
और वस्थर समदु ाय (Stable Community) है, जो उस विशेष ियाििरणीय वस्थवत
 With every stage in succession
के साथ संतुलन (Equilibrium) में एक विस्ताररत अिवध (Extended period) complexity and diversity increase.
के वलए खदु को बनाये रखती है ।  When COLONIZER starts growing
on barren land where there no
• िनस्िवत के विकास एिं उसकी गवत को एक चरण से दस ू रे चरण तक जाने की
residue of previous Organic matter
प्रविया (जैसी की grassland से tree land) को अनुिमण (succession) is called Primary Succession . If it
कहते है । starts growing on previously
availed Organic Matter, called –
10.1 अनुक्रमण की प्रनक्रया (PROCESS OF SUCCESSION)
Secondary Succession).
▪ Nudation : बजं र क्षेत्र के विकास की प्रविया के प्रारंविक चरण को न्यूडेशन
(Nudation) कहते हैं । यह चरण अिक्षय, वनक्षेिण, िनों की आग, ज्िालामख ु ी
 FORESTRY

SHOLA FOREST [stunted forests of the high elevational belts]

िोला एक तलमल िब्द (िोलाई) है, लजसका उपयोग छोटे उष्णकलटबधं ीय पवततीय जगं लों (stunted tropical montane forest) की
वनस्पलतयों के ललए लकया जाता है । इसमें उपोष्णकलटबंधीय पहालड़यां और पवततीय आर्द्त समिीतोष्ण (montane wet temperate
forest) वनस्पलतयां िालमल होती हैं । ये जग ं ल आमतौर पर समर्द्ु तल से 1,500 मीटर से अलधक ऊंचाई पर लस्ित घालटयों में पाये
जाते हैं । नीललगरर पवतत श्रृंिला में ये घास के लहरदार पवततीय मैदानों द्वारा एक-दसू रे से अलग लदिायी देते हैं ।
⩥ औसत वालितक विात (Mean annual rainfall) : 2000 to 3000 mm
⩥ तापमान (Temperature) : वालितक औसत अलधकतम तापमान 17°C से 22°C के बीच रहता है, जबलक लदसबं र और जनवरी
सबसे ठंडे महीने होते हैं । ठंड के मौसम (जनवरी) के दौरान औसत न्यूनतम तापमान लगभग 9°C रहता है, जो कुछ स्िानों पर
3°C से 5°C तक लगर सकता है; हालालं क, यह कभी भी 0°C तक नहीं पहुच ं ता ।
⩥ वनस्पलत (Vegetation) : वनस्पलत में दलक्षणी उपोष्णकलटबधं ीय पहाड़ी वन (Southern Subtropical Hill Forests) सलम्मललत
हैं, जो ऊाँ चाई बढ़ने के साि धीरे -धीरे दलक्षणी पवततीय आर्द्त समिीतोष्ण वनों (Southern Montane Wet Temperate
Forests) (चैलम्पयन और सेठ, 1968, 11A/C1***) में पररवलततत हो जाते हैं । इन वन प्रकारों को अब एक ही वगत, उष्णकलटबंधीय
पवततीय वन (Tropical Montane Forests) (मेहर होमजी, 1986, 1989) के अंतगतत रिा गया है ।

Montane wet temperate

forest

Subtropical hills

Tropical wet
evergreen
forests

Landscapes showing the gradual

transformation of Tropical wet evergreen
The Stands are generally
forests to subtropical hill forests and
less than 15 m tall, and
montane forests
occupy depressions
between the hillocks

11.4 चैमपपयन औि सेठ के वर्गीकिण की सीिाएँ

भारतीय वनों को लवलभन्न प्रकारों में वगीकृ त करने की प्रणाली व्यापक रूप से अपनायी गयी है । लेलकन यह वगीकरण स्वयं में पणू त नहीं है ।
कुछ वन सघं ों का लबल्कुल भी उल्लेि नहीं लकया गया है । इस प्रणाली में लनम्नलललित सीमाएाँ हैं ।
• भारत के वनों को लवलभन्न प्रकारों में वगीकृ त करना सामान्यतः यहां-वहां की गयी लटप्पलणयों पर आधाररत है, लजससे भारत का वन
प्रकार मानलचत्र लगभग अनुमालनत रूप में तैयार लकया गया है । अब तक कोई व्यवलस्ित सवेक्षण नहीं लकया गया है । लवलभन्न वन
प्रकारों में क्षेत्र का लवभाजन मनमाने ढंग से लकया गया है । यलद इसके ललए स्टॉक मानलचत्रों या हवाई फोटोग्राफ का उपयोग लकया गया
होता, तो लवलभन्न वन प्रकारों की पष्ु पीय संरचना की पहचान अलधक सटीक और प्रभावी ढंग से की जा सकती िी ।

© Hornbill classes 07223970423 Hornbillclasses.com 99

 SEED SUPPLY
CHAPTER

15

हमें बीजो की आपर्ू ति की आवश्यकता क्यों है? (WHY WE REQUIRE SEED

SUPPLY ?) Chapter Outline
• हमारे जंगल पहले से ही भारी जैविक दबाि और तनाि (Pressure or stress)
से प्रभावित हो रहे हैं। अब जलिायु पररिततन (Climate change) और िैविक 15.2 Seed
तापमान िृवि (Global warming) इन पर ओर अविक प्रभाि डाल रहे हैं । 15.3 Seed collection
पररणामस्िरूप, हमारे अविकांश प्राकृ वतक िन (Natural forests) अब
Requirements ?
प्राकृ वतक रूप से पनु रुत्पादन (Regeneration) करने में असफल हो रहे हैं ।
Collection methods
इसवलए, यवद हम अपने िनों (Forests) और पाररवस्िवतकी तंत्र (Ecosystem)
Time
को सतत बनाए रखना चाहते हैं, तो हमें नसतरी में उगायी गयी पौि (Seedlings)
15.4 Seed Processing
का परू क के रूप में कृ वत्रम रोपण में उपयोग करना चावहए । (क्या आपको याद है ?
अध्याय 5 में आपने Cardinal Temperature की समस्या के बारे में पढा िा) 15.5 Seed Storage
• बंजर भवू म (Wasteland) की पनु ः स्िापना (Restoration), पररत्यक्त खदानों Orthodox v/s Recalci

(Abandoned mines), औद्योवगक कचरे के जमाि (Industrial Dumping) Types of storage

आवद के वलए कृ वत्रम रूप से उगाए गए पौिों का प्रयोग रोपण के वलए वकया जाता 15.6 Seed treatment
Seed dormancy
है ।
Seed dressing
• INDC के तहत, हमारी प्रवतबिता (Paris Agreement के अंतगतत) है वक 2030
15.7 Seed Testing
तक 2.5 से 3 वबवलयन टन अवतररक्त CO2 वसक ं का वनमातण करें गे । इसके
Purity test
अलािा, हम यह भी प्रवतबि हैं वक 2030 तक 26 वमवलयन हेक्टेयर बंजर भवू म
Germination test
पर रोपण करें गे, जो UNCCD (2019, ग्रेटर नोएडा) के तहत वकया जाएगा ।
Viability test
• कृ वत्रम रोपण (Artificial plantation) की आिश्यकतायें CAMPA, National Moisture content
green highway project, raising Industrial demands of timber, 15.8 Exercise
pulp & papers के अंतगतत होती है ।

STEPS (A review of this chapter)

Figure 15.1 : basic

steps in the seed
collection process
 FOREST NURSERY
CHAPTER

16

वन रोपणी (Forest Nursery) एक ऐसा क्षेत्र है । जहााँ पर वानस्पतिक प्रजनन के तिए

स्टॉक (Stock) के रूप में प्रयुक्त पौधों व रोपाई के तिए उपयुक्त पौधों को उगाया जािा Chapter Outline
है । जैसे मक
ु ु िन (Budding),किम बाधां न (Grafting) ।
16.1 Requirements of
Seedlings
बीज बोने से प्राप्त युवा पौधे है । ये युवा पौधे िगभग एक
nursery
मीटर ऊांचाई िक की हो सकिी है । प्रत्यारोतपि (Transplants) पौधे वे पौधे है जो
16.2 Types of Nurseries
रोपण को सफि बनाने के तिए एक क्यारी से दसू री क्यारी में स्थानािररि तकए जािे है ।
16.3 Establishment of a
नवोदतभद (Seedlings), प्रतिरोपण (Transplants), और अन्य रोपण सामग्री अथााि
permanent nursery
ू किम (Rooted cuttings) आतद, को एक साथ आमिौर पर planting
जैसे मि 16.4 Seed bed or Nursery
stock कहा जािा है । bed
16.1 रोपड़ी (NURSERY) की आवश्यकिाये ? 16.5 Planting stock
16.6 Use of Containers for
वनों का कृ तत्रम पनु रुद्भवन (Artificial Regeneration) और बजां र भतू म के वनरोपण
raising seedlings
के तिए या िो सीधे खेि में बीज की बवु ाई करके , अथवा नसारी (Nursery) में उगायी
16.7 Stump preparation
गयी पौध (Seedlings), किम (Cuttings), अथवा स्थूण (Stumps) का रोपण
16.8 Grading of planting
तकया जािा है । कृ तत्रम पनु रुद्भवन का सबसे सरि और तकफायिी िरीका यह है तक
material
जांगि और बांजर भतू म में वाांतिि प्रजाति के बीजों को सीधे खेि में बो तदया जाए । बीज
16.9 Nursery Journal
अांकुररि होने के बाद उन्हें स्विांत्र रूप से बढ़ने के तिए िोड़ तदया जािा है ।
16.10 Nursery Callender
हािाांतक, कृ तत्रम पनु रुद्भवन में कई प्रजातियों के अपेतक्षि पररणाम कुि समस्याओ ां के
16.11 Nursery register
कारण प्राप्त नहीं हो पािे । बीज की बुवाई से उत्पन्न पौध की िुिना में नसारी में उगायी
16.12 Exercise
गयी पौध (Seedlings), स्थूण, किम (Stumps, cuttings), और प्रकांद
(Rhizomes) के रोपण से कुि तवशेष िाभ प्राप्त होिे हैं । ये िाभ तनम्नतितखि हैं
• कई प्रजातियाां शुरुआि में धीमी गति से उगिी है यतद हम इन प्रजातियों के बीजों
को सीधे खेि में बोिे है ,िो इनकी पौध (Seedlings) खरपिवारो (Weeds) िथा
िीव्र प्रतिस्पधाा के कारण मर जाने की सांभावना अतधक होिी है । रोपणी
(Nursery) में िैयार पौध (Seedlings) बेहिर ढांग से खरपिवार और अन्य क्षेत्र
कारकों के कारण होने वािी समस्या से आसानी से तनपट सकिी है इसी कारण से
रोपणी (Nursery) में िैयार पौध (Seedlings) से बेहिर सफििा प्राप्त होिी है ।
• कई प्रजातियााँ प्रत्येक वषा बीज नहीं देिी हैं, और प्रजातियों द्वारा अच्िी गणु वत्ता
वािे बीजों का तनमााण के वि good seed year में ही तकया जािा है । इसतिए,
हम कई वषों िक बीजों को एकतत्रि करके नसारी में पौध िैयार कर सकिे हैं ।
 SOWING & PLANTING
CHAPTER

18

18.1 SITE SELECTION

Plantation के सफल कार्यक्रम के ललए Site का चनु ाव काफी महत्वपर्ू य होता है । र्लि
Chapter Outline
Plantation लकसी पनु र्यनन क्षेत्र र्ा CAMPA Plantation के अत ं र्यत हो रहा हो, तो उस क्षेत्र के
18.1 Site selection, including
बारे में आमतौर पर पता होता है ।
planting survey
Plantation site आमतौर पर 4 प्रकार को होती है । (a) अवक्रलमत वन क्षेत्र (Degraded
18.2 Site Preparation
forest area): र्हााँ पर मृिा अपक्षरर् की समस्र्ा अलिक होती है। एवं मृिा की लस्िलत ख़राब
Soil working
होती है। (b) ऊसर भलू म (Wasteland)- ऐसी Site र्हााँ पर एक र्ा एक से अलिक सीलमत
Staking
कारक होते है। (c) ऐसे वन क्षेत्र र्हााँ पर प्राकृ लतक पुनर्यनन का अभाव है र्ा लफर मौर्िू ा फसल 18.3 Seed sowing
को प्रलतस्िालपत करना हो, लर्स कारर् से वहां पर Plantation र्रुरी हो र्ाता है (iv) रे ल, Direct sowing
सड़क, नहर के लकनारे एवं कृ लिवालनकी की कृ लि भलू म पर रोपर् (Plantation) का कार्य करने Hydro
के ललए । Aerial

अलिकांश मामलों में, स्िल का चर्न करते समर् लनम्नलललित लबंिओ ु ं पर लवचार करना 18.4 Planting-out : When ?
/Size/Age, Method,
आवश्र्क होता है :
Spacing, Planting pattern
• Plantation की site पर पहच
ं ना आसान होना चालहए, र्लि ऐसा नहीं होर्ा तो Planting 18.5 General Rules of
stock के पररवहन, Plantation के कार्य को करना, लनराई (Weeding), उपर् के Planting
Disposal में एवं अन्र् कार्ों के संचालन करने में बािा आती है । 18.6 Plantation journal
• रोपर् के कार्य को कई विों तक करने के ललए पर्ायप्त क्षेत्रफल की आवश्र्कता होती है । र्े 18.7 Exercise
पर्यवेक्षर् एवं सरु क्षा में सहार्क होती है ।
• Site रोपर् के कार्य को कई विों तक करने के ललए पर्ायप्त क्षेत्रफल की आवश्र्कता होती
है । र्े पर्यवेक्षर् एवं सरु क्षा में सहार्क होती है ।

Site Selection
Site allotted by the Govt.

Green Highway Corridor CAMPA Forest

 FORESTRY

TENDING OPERATION
CHAPTER

20

Tending या Tending operation से आप क्या समझते है ?

पनु रुद्धारण (Regeneration) की स्थापना से लेकर फसल की

IFoS 2021 : What do you mean by tending operations?
कटाई तक के विविन्न चरणों में ऐसे कई कार्य वकए जाते हैं, जो
Enumerate various tending operations carried out in
पौधे की िृवद्ध के वलए स्िस्थ िातािरण उपलब्ध कराते हैं । इन forest crops. Discuss improvement felling (15 m).
कार्ों को Tending operations (पररपालन कार्य) कहा जाता है Explain briefly the tending operations carried out in
। र्े कार्य वनम्नवलवित हैं । – a forest [UKPSC (ACF) 2018].

• वनराई (Weeding), Explain different types of tending operations used in

forestry [MPPSC (ACF) 2017| 20 m].
• स्िच्छन (Cleaning),
What do you understand by tending? Write in detail
• विरलन (Thinning) एिं सध ु ार पातन (Improvement
about various tending operations in forest trees.
felling) How are tending operations different from cultural
• आरोही लता की छंटाई (Climber cutting) operations [Himachal PSC Civil (Main) 2017| 20 m].
• छंटाई (Pruning)
• अनचाही शािाओ ं का िलर्न (Girdling)

कर्षण क्रिया (CULTURAL OPERATION) ?

ऐसे कार्य जो मौजदू ा पनु रुद्धारण की प्रविर्ा की सहार्ता के वलए वकए जाते हैं, र्ा IFoS 2011 : Short notes on – cultural
operation (5 m).
पातन की प्रविर्ा जैसे वक वनराई (Weeding), स्िच्छन (Cleaning), विरलन
IFoS 2010 : Distinguish between ‘Tending
(Thinning), अनचाही िृवद्ध का िलर्न (Girdling), आरोही लताओ ं की छंटाई operation’ and Cultural operation in
(Climber cutting), एिं वनर्ंवित अवनन (Controlled burning) आवद, Forestry (10 m) [Also in, Arunachal PSC civil
(Main) 2015-16; Odisha PSC Civil (Main)
पनु रुद्धारण को कम से कम नुकसान पहचं ाकर उसके उवचत विकास को बढािा देती
2018].
हैं, िे विर्ाएँ कर्यण विर्ाएँ (Cultural operations) कहलाती हैं ।
 To all our successful candidates in

Indian Forest Service (IFoS) 2023

1 3 5 6
AIR AIR AIR AIR
Ritvika Pandey Swastic Yaduvanshi Vidyanshu Shekhar Jha Rohan Tiwari

\.
Forestry Comprehensive
Course \.
Forestry Comprehensive
Course \.
Forestry Comprehensive
Course + Test Series \.
Forestry Comprehensive
Course

10 14 16 17
AIR AIR AIR AIR
Shashank Bhardwaj Ankan Bohra Prachi Gupta Raj Patoliya

\.
Forestry Comprehensive
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Forestry Comprehensive
Course
\.
Forestry Comprehensive
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Forestry Comprehensive
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23 27 28 37
AIR AIR AIR
AIR
Vineet Kumar Jatin Babu S Gaurav Saharan Yash Singhal
Forestry Comprehensive
\.
Course \.
Forestry Comprehensive
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Test Series \.
Forestry Comprehensive
Course

41 50 54 56
AIR AIR AIR AIR
Nitish Pratik VAASANTHI P. Sourabh Kumar Jat Ekam Singh

\.
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Course \.
Test Series \.
Forestry
Comprehensive Course \.
Forestry Comprehensive
Course + Test Series

57 58 60 61
AIR AIR AIR AIR
Kunal Mishra Atul Tiwari Aman Gupta Sanket Adhao

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63 65 66 67
AIR AIR AIR AIR
Preeti Yadav Nihal Chand Shashikumar S. L. Dhino Purushothaman

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 68 72 74 75
AIR AIR AIR AIR
Diwakar Swaroop Rajesh Kumar Krishna Chaitanya Harveer Singh Jagarwar

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76 78 80 82
AIR AIR AIR AIR
Akash Dhanaji Kadam Himanshu Dwivedi Sumit Dhayal Priyadarshini

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91 93 96 97
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Sucheet Balkal Harshad Hinge Maharshi Kumar Akash Kumar

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104 105 110 111

AIR AIR AIR AIR
P R Sarbajit Pawan K. Meena Keshav Prasoon Nagabhushana S

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113 123 127 128

AIR AIR AIR AIR

Shewale Vyankatesh G. Chandra Bhushan Shubham Kanoujia Harsh Verma

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134
AIR
64 Out
Of 147 Total
Selections In
Gaugin
GauginGyanendra
GyanendraSingh
Singh
Indian Forest Service (IFoS) 2023
\.
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