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Discovering Diverse Content Through
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complete except as the author states “some movements depending on particular
circumstances.”
1. “Percussion on the sacrum in the stride standing position.
2. “Transversal chopping on the neck in the sitting position.
3. “Pressure above the os pubis in the lying position, with elevated back, while
the separated and bent legs are drawn towards the abdomen. Vibration of the
perineum, in the same position.”
“The treatment begins with percussing the sacrum, in the stride standing
position, which in the first day or two not only allays and relieves the more violent
inflammation and copious secretion, but also changes the whole state of the
disease in such a manner, that the following treatment by movements, (different
{223} according to the state of the patient,) produces an increased flow of arterial

blood in the upper extremities, and the cure is very much accelerated. In the first
stage, during which only moderate stitching pains, tension, and little secretion
appears; the percussion on the sacrum alone is sufficient, if repeated three or four
times daily. If the symptoms become more violent, and accompanied by chordee
and pain during urinating, &c., then other movements are necessary, then make
use of the transversal chopping of the neck, which acts strongly against the
chordee, and of the pressure above the os pubis in the above mentioned lying
position, which increases the venous absorption of the bladder and sexual organs,
by its effect on the excited nerves of these parts. In the second period if the
urinating is very difficult, the perineum swollen and painful, the discharge mixed
with blood, and fever is present, then a more general treatment is necessary. To
increase the more local absorption in the urethra, vibrations along the whole tract
of the perineum from before backward are employed.”
That percussion on the sacrum has long been known as a remedial measure in
moral complaints we are perfectly aware, but that it was to become an article of
materia medica is something new under the sun!
Kinesipathy has not yet, we believe, been formally introduced into the United
States, but we hear that a new set of quacks, who call themselves Psychologists,
have adopted something from its rules, and are employing “percussions and
flagellations” as one of their means for the cure of the various ills that flesh is heir
too.
After all some partial truth, long well known and acted on by the profession, as
is the case in most successful quackeries, underlies Kinesipathy. Exercise and
stimulation of the external surface, are in themselves exceedingly beneficial, and
under the influence of a charlatan, patients will submit to a discipline, which if
directed by a physician would never receive more than momentary attention.
 P HARMACY IN R ICHMOND. —We are glad to see the following call to the
Apothecaries of Richmond, in the July number of the American Journal of
Pharmacy, and we hope that the example will be imitated in all our towns, in
which the number of phar­ma­ceu­tists is sufficient to form a society. Mutual
association is the best means of promoting the true interests and standing of the
profession.
“The undersigned, believing that by friendly co-operation among themselves,
their respectability will be increased; their standing in the community will become
more elevated, faults in their profession be remedied, evils to which they are now
subjected be removed; that their art may be more systematized, and better
regulated; a more friendly feeling towards each other be excited amongst them,
their mutual interests advanced, and the public good promoted; do most earnestly
call upon their brethren, engaged in Phar­ma­ceu­ti­cal pursuits, to meet at the
Gentlemen’s Parlor, Exchange Hotel, on Friday evening, 11th inst., at 8 o’clock, for
the purpose of considering the advantages that would result to all of them, from
the formation of some organized Association, that would have for its {224} object
the above named desirable ends; as well as to encourage among themselves
mutual improvement in the knowledge so necessary to a proper discharge of those
duties, (both to themselves and the public,) which their situations as men
occupying positions among the most responsible in life, impose upon them.
As the organization which it is now proposed to form, would contemplate the
good of all its Members, it is most earnestly hoped that all the Druggists and
Apothecaries who feel any interest in this important subject, will cordially unite
their intelligence and talents in an effort to accomplish the above named ends,
and that the proper preliminary steps will be taken for the formation of a society
of the Apothecaries in this city, which will prove beneficial to its members, an
honor to their profession, and a credit to the city of Richmond.”
A NDREW L ESLIE,
S. M. Z ACHRISSON,
P URCELL, L ADD & C O.,
S EABROOK & R EEVE,
A DIE & G RAY,
P EYTON, J OHNSTON & B RO.,
H. B LAIR,
C HAS. M ILLSPAUGH,
A LEX. D UVAL .
Richmond, June 8th, 1852.
 S UPPOSITORIES OF B UTTER OF C ACAO. —Butter of cacao has of late been largely
employed in the formation of suppositories, for which it is admirably adapted, by
its consistence, and by the facility with which it becomes liquid at the temperature
of the body. Some times a good deal of difficulty is encountered in incorporating it
with laudanum, chloroform, extracts and solutions. In such cases M. Stanislas
Martin recommends that the butter be first moulded in the desired form, and that
then a cavity be formed in it, by means of an iron wire slightly warmed, sufficiently
large to contain the prescribed medicine. The orifice can then be closed with a thin
layer of the butter of cacao, formed by rubbing a morsel of it upon an iron spatula,
or the blade of a knife slightly warmed in a spirit lamp.
A number of the suppositories thus prepared beforehand, can be preserved in
envelopes which serve them for a mould, these being removed only when they are
about to be used.

DELEGATES TO THE CONVENTION FOR 1852.

At a meeting of the College of Pharmacy of the City of New York, held June
28th, Messrs. George D. Coggesshall, William Hegeman and L. S. Haskell, were
elected Delegates from this College to the National Phar­ma­ceu­ti­cal Convention, to
meet at Philadelphia, on the first Monday in October next. It was resolved that in
case of any disability of either of their number to attend, the remaining delegates
should be authorised to fill the vacancy.
The re-issue of President Guthrie’s official call for the meeting of the Convention
was expected in time for this number of the Journal, but has not been received. It
will doubtless appear in our next with a further notice of this important subject.
 {225}

NEW YORK
JOURNAL OF PHARMACY.
AUGUST, 1852.

AMOUNT OF LOSS IN POWDERING VARIOUS DRUGS.

The following results are from the mill returns of a drug house in this
city. They show the actual loss incurred in powdering these different
articles, and are, so far, of service by indicating the practical loss arising
from the process.
As the per centage of loss varies very much with the quantity
subjected to the process, ceteris paribus , the quantities of each parcel
are also given.
Per- Per- Per- Per-
Quan- cen- Quan- cen- Quan- cen- Quan- cen-
tity tage tity tage tity tage tity tage
lbs. of lbs. of lbs. of lbs. of
loss loss loss loss
SALTS, CRYSTALINE
SUBSTANCES, &c.
Acid. Tartaric. 556 1.08 1426 1.61 723 1.38 256 4.95
554 1.44
Cobalt (Arsenic), 122 1.63
Aluminæ &
74 5.40 49 6.12
Potassæ Sulph.
Ammoniæ
202 8.41
Muriat.
Potassæ Nitrat. 500 3.98 190 2.36 500 1.80 90 3.06
300 8.17
——— Sulphat. 63 1.59 98 3.06
——— Bitartrat. 1166 .43 2121 .47 1007 .49 1115 .44
1115 .41 1160 .52 1116 .44 2650 .37
 1068 .47 1163 .43 1155 .43
Sodæ Biborat. 110 20.91 50 10.00
Soap, Olive Oil,
62 33.33
white,
VEGETABLE
SUBSTANCES,
BARKS.
Canella Alba, 67 4.48 50 4.04
Cassia, 30 5.00 74 5.40
Cinchona
165 3.94 174 4.25 921 4.56
Maracaibo,
Cinchona Flava,
30 5.00 47 4.25 40 5.00
(Calisaya)
——— Rubra, 44 4.54 160 4.05 59 5.08 96 4.66
Mezerion, 32 7.81
Myrica Cerifera, 85 3.53 92 4.34
Prinos verticill. 24 4.16
Prunus Virginian. 50 4.00
BERRIES.
Capsicum, 166 3.67 95 3.15 64 4.69 80 3.75
Cubeba, 68 4.32 50 4.00 79 3.77 54 3.70
92 3.26
GUMS AND RESINS.
Aloes Soct, 220 7.27 320 5.23
Acacia, 225 4.00 217 3.64 121 4.13 75 4.69
64 3.12 93 3.76 64 3.12
Catechu, 70 4.28 71 4.89
Euphorbium, 52 3.84
Gambogia, 31 4.84 38 3.89
Kino, 50 4.00 44 3.41 44 3.40
Mastiche, 15 8.47
Myrrha, 117 4.27 35 5.71 5.69
Opium, 70 7.14 75 6.66 100 5.00
50 6.00 61 8.94 25 6.00 95 8.42
81 4.93 63 6.72 100 7.25 75 6.00
131 6.46 62 6.78 27 8.25 155 5.63
Sanguis Draconis, 10 5.00
Scammonium
29 6.89 9 8.33 14 3.57
Lachrym,
45 4.44 35 2.86
 Tragacantha, 30 5.00 35 4.28
HERBS.
Aconite, 38 5.26
Cicuta, 35 5.71
Digitalis, 47 4.25 32 4.34 28 3.57
Lobelia, 28 4.38 34 4.61
Hyoscyamus, 40 8.75
FLOWERS.
Arnica, 17 5.88
Caryophyllus, 28 5.36 55 2.72 50 4.00
Humulus, 268 4.10 195 5.12 222 3.80 252 3.57
218 4.11 193 4.14
FRUIT.
Colocynth.[19] 26 65.38 55 69.09
LEAVES.
Buchu, 104 .96
Senna Alex. 41 3.61 26 5.66
Senna Indic. 50 3.96
Uva Ursi, 42 4.70 50 4.00
ROOTS.
Calamus, 27 7.41
Cimicifuga
69 4.34
Racemosa,
Colomba, 194 4.13 95 2.52 79 3.79 94 4.25
Cucuma, ground, 650 3.08
Gentiana,
227 2.20 280 2.50 149 2.68
ground,
——— powdered, 72 4.17 71 4.22
Glyyrrh. 156 3.84 145 4.13 70 4.11 313 4.15
Helleborus, 58 4.31
Hydrastis canad. 37 5.40 50 5.00
Ictodes Fœtidus, 25 4.00
Inula, 50 4.00
Ipecac. 99 4.44 80 3.75 109 4.13 73 4.76
96 4.17 321 3.42
Iris Flor. 232 3.02 138 3.62
Jalap, 141 4.52 331 3.76 193 4.39 201 4.23
271 3.13
Rheum Indic. 96 4.16 78 3.84 75 4.00 40 3.75
 96 4.14 87 3.44 98 3.57 314 4.46
——— Russicum, 28 3.57 63 4.76 30 4.17
Sanguinaria, 50 3.96
Salep, 67 6.66 25 4.00
Scilla, 27 11.11 81 6.17 55 8.18 40 13.12
30 16.66
Senega, 59 5.08
Serpentara, 45 4.44
Spigelia Marilan. 52 4.76
Valeriana, 47 4.24
Zingib. Jam. 114 4.37 58 5.17 115 4.00
SEEDS.
Anisum, 58 4.27 102 2.94
Cardamomum,[20] 50 26.00 61 4.92
Colchicum, 61 4.09 37 4.00
Coriandrum, 99 2.02
Linum, ground, 533 .93 .81
Lobelia, 67 7.46
Nux Vomica, 100 3.00 52 3.84 66 4.54
SUNDRIES.
Cantharis, 68 4.41 68 4.41 65 3.82 112 3.57
39 3.79 41 4.88 53 6.00 42 3.57
Ext. Colocynth.
33 4.57
Comp.
Ext. Glyyrrh. 50 4.08 200 3.50
Ext. Jalap, 20 4.86
Galla, 70 4.21 73 4.11 28 5.26 56 3.54
Secale Cornut. 31 4.79 29 5.08 30 3.33
[19] This includes loss of Seeds.
[20] Of this 21.00 is loss in Hulls.

From the above results the following table, showing the average loss
on each article, has been calculated:― {228}

Average
per centage
of Loss.
SALTS, CRYSTALINE
SUBSTANCES, &c.
 Acid, Tartaric 1.50
Cobalt (Arsenic) 1.63
Aluminæ et Potassæ,
5.76
sulphat. (calcined)
Ammoniæ Muriat. 8.41
Potassæ Nitrat. 2.80
——— Sulphat. 2.37
——— Bi-tartrat. .45
Sodæ Bi-Borat. 15.45
Soap, Olive Oil, white 33.33
VEGETABLE SUBSTANCES.
BARKS.
Cannella Alba 4.26
Cassia 5.20
Cinchona Maracaibo 4.25
——— Flava (Calisaya) 4.75
——— Rubra 4.58
Mezerion 7.81
Myrica Cerifera 3.98
Prinos Verticill. 4.16
Prunus Virginian. 4.00
BERRIES.
Capsicum 3.81
Cubeba 3.81
GUMS AND RESINS.
Aloes Soct. 6.25
Acacia 3.78
Catechu 4.58
Euphorbium 3.84
Gambogia 4.36
Kino 3.60
Mastiche 8.47
Myrrha 3.15
 Opium 6.61
Sanguis Draconis 5.00
Scammonium Lachrym 5.22
Tragacantha 4.64
Spegelia Mariland. 4.76
HERBS.
Aconite 5.26
Cicuta 5.71
Digitalis 4.04
Lobelia 4.49
Hyosciamus 8.75
FLOWERS.
Arnica 5.88
Caryoph. 4.03
Humulus 4.14
FRUIT.
Colocynth. 67.23
LEAVES.
Buchu .96
Senna Alex. 4.63
——— Ind. 3.96
Uva Ursi 4.35
ROOTS.
Calamus 7.41
Cimicituga Racemosa 4.34
Colomba 3.47
Curcuma ground, 3.08
Gentian. ground, 2.46
——— powdered 2.20
Glyyrrh. 4.06
Helleborus 4.31
Hydrastis Canad. 5.20
Iclodes Fœtidus 4.00
 Inula 4.00
Ipecacuanha 4.10
Iris Flor. 3.34
Jalap 4.00
Rheum Indicum 3.91
——— Russic. 4.17
Sanguinaria 3.96
Salep 3.84
Scilla 9.43
Senega 5.08
Serpentaria 4.44
Lobelia 7.46
Valerian. 4.24
Zingib. Jam. 4.51
SEEDS.
Anisum 3.60
Cardamom. 4.92
Colchicum 4.05
Coriandrum 2.02
Linum (ground,) .87
Nux Vomica 3.79
SUNDRIES.
Cantharis. 4.31
Ext. Coloc. comp. 4.54
Ext. Glyyrrh. 6.25
Ext. Jalap 4.87
Galla 4.34
Secale Cornutum 4.39
 ON THE PREPARATIONS OF IRON USED IN MEDICINE.
BY HENRY WURTZ.

The preparations of iron being among the most important articles

of the Pharmacopœia, it is surprising that so little attention is paid
by many druggists and phar­ma­ceu­tists to the preparation and
preservation of these articles in a pure state. The greater part of the
preparations of iron to be found in the shops are far from having the
chemical composition indicated by their labels, and in fact, few of
the formulas given in any of the Pharmacopœias for preparations of
iron, are capable of giving even tolerably pure products.
If there is any difference in a therapeutical point of view, between
compounds of the protoxide and compounds of the peroxide of iron,
and if any value is to be attached to definite composition in
medicines, enabling physicians to administer known quantities to
their patients, this state of affairs should not exist. Persons who
handle the compounds of protoxide of iron, should be aware of the
fact that few substances are more speedily and completely
destroyed than these by the action of {230} moist air; thus, one
hundred parts of the carbonate of iron , require less than seven parts
of oxygen for complete conversion into sesquioxide of iron , and one
hundred parts of pure copperas require less than three parts of the
same element to effect a like change in all the protoxide of iron
which it contains.
As these protoxide of iron compounds, however, oxydate
themselves only in the presence of water, the mode of preservation
which I would propose, is very simple: It is only necessary to dry
them perfectly and to introduce into the vessels in which they are to
be preserved, a few small lumps of quicklime , which will keep the air
in the interior of the vessel continually dry. To prevent any
contamination of the preparation by direct contact with the lime, the
latter must be securely folded in one or two thicknesses of filtering
paper.
 The iodide of iron and the carbonate, phosphate, arseniate,
lactate and citrate of protoxide of iron may be preserved in this way,
also the anhydrous sulphate (Ferri Sulphas Siccatum), but it is
evident that crystallized copperas would not retain a definite
composition under these circumstances, because it would soon lose
its crystal water. To preserve crystallized copperas, it is best to
pulverize the crystals rather finely and dry the powder by repeatedly
pressing strongly between folds of filtering paper, before putting up.
Some have attempted to preserve the crystals under the surface of
strong alcohol, but having tried this plan I must report unfavorably,
for although the copperas remained for a while intact, yet, on
examination after a considerable lapse of time, a large proportion of
sesquioxide of iron was found. In fact, this result was to be
anticipated in consideration of the well-known fact that strong
alcohol has itself an attraction for oxygen, and always absorbs a
certain amount of it when exposed to the air, serving thus merely as
a medium for transmitting oxygen to any copperas which may be
immersed in it.
I think it may be confidently stated that none of the protoxide
compounds of iron should be kept in solution, either in water or
alcohol, for medical purposes, unless in vessels {231} hermetically
closed. Some say, not­with­stand­ing, that iodide of iron in solution
may be preserved by keeping in it a piece of metallic iron, a deposite
being formed, however, in the liquid which is supposed to be nothing
more than sesquioxide of iron, but in which I strongly suspect the
presence of a subiodide of iron , and consequent abstraction of
iodine from the solution. Of course, however, this question can only
be settled by a chemical examination of the deposit alluded to.
The sulphate of iron is the starting point in preparing all the
compounds of iron which are used in medicine, and it is important
therefore, to know how to separate easily the impurities which are
contingent to this extremely cheap article of commerce. The
impurities which commercial copperas most frequently contains are
more or less sulphate of sesquioxide, together with a little
sesquichloride of iron, and more rarely, traces of the sulphate of
copperas, manganese, alumina and lime. A small addition of oxide of
silver to the solution will precipitate all chlorine present, and
subsequent digestion for a few minutes with carbonate of baryta will
remove every trace of sulphate of sesquioxide of iron, and of
alumina. Copper may, of course, be removed by immersion of
metallic iron. Traces of lime may be separated by re­crys­tal­li­za­tion,
but if traces of manganese are present, as is sometimes the case, I,
know no way by which it can be separated. I am not aware,
however, that the presence of such a trace of manganese in a
preparation of iron would impair its therapeutical value. Another
method of getting rid of the sulphate of sesquioxide is to acidulate
the solution with sulphuric acid and, agitate with some pulverized
protosulphide of iron , which will reduce the sesquioxide to
protoxide.
When a solution of pure sulphate of protoxide of iron, free from
sesquioxide, merely is required for preparing the carbonate or other
insoluble protocompound, the method with carbonate of baryta is to
be preferred, and in some rare cases when the presence of sulphate
of lime in the solution of copperas obtained is of no importance,
carbonate of lime may be {232} substituted for carbonate of baryta,
and will accomplish the same object.
When a solution of pure protosulphate of iron thus obtained is
used for the preparation of carbonate of iron, care must be taken to
use for precipitating, a solution of carbonate of soda which is free
from silica, phosphoric acid, etc., which if present would surely go
down with the precipitate. The precipitated carbonate should be
washed with water which has been freed from air by previous
boiling and better with water which is still boiling hot, dried as
quickly as possible, first by pressure between folds of paper and
then in a water bath, and preserved in well closed vessels containing
lumps of quicklime as recommended above.
 The formulas given in the Pharmacopœias for the preparation of
the sesquioxide of iron, which besides being employed as a remedy
itself, is used in preparing all the other sesquicompounds of iron
used in Pharmacy, appear to be open to great objection on the
ground of affording, instead of a pure sesquioxide of iron, an
indefinite mixture of sesquioxide with carbonate of the protoxide. No
necessity whatever exists for this; the following modus operandi ,
besides being much less troublesome in its execution than those
given by the Pharmacopœias, will furnish a product of constant
composition, being an anhydrous sesquioxide of iron free from
protoxide, and either chemically pure or very nearly so. The
materials required are, five parts of commercial copperas which has
been recrystallized once or twice, six parts of crystallized pure
carbonate of soda, (Na O, C O2 + 10 HO) or two parts of dry
carbonate of soda, and one part of nitrate of soda. (Chili saltpetre).
The carbonate and nitrate of soda are dissolved together in one
portion of hot water and the copperas in another portion, and the
two solutions, after filtrating mixed together, evaporated to dryness
and the dry mass exposed to the lowest possible red heat for a few
minutes. On pouring water upon the mass thus obtained, sulphate of
soda and nitrate of soda dissolve and sesquioxide of iron separates
as a heavy powder very easily washed {233} by decantation. When
thoroughly washed and dried it appears as a dark reddish brown
perfectly impalpable powder, which is perfectly and easily soluble in
dilute acids, and even in acetic acid and the composition of which is
Fe2 O3.
One great advantage of this process, is an avoidance of the
immense tedium of washing the precipitates obtained in the
ordinary processes.
 I have but one more suggestion to make with regard to
preparations of iron, and that is in the preparation of Ferri Pulvis or
powder of iron by reduction of the sesquioxide—to propose the
substitution of common coal gas as a reducing agent for the
hydrogen gas directed by all the formulas, the former being
obviously so vastly more convenient and far less expensive.
 NOTE ON THE PREPARATION OF BESTUCHEFF’S TINCTURE.
BY FR. MAŸER.

Pure sesqui-chloride and poto-chloride of iron are unknown to the

Pharmacopœia of the United States, a fact which seems strange to a
German pharmaceutist, since they are met with in every German
dispensatory, and require great care for their proper preparation.
The American Pharmacopœia indeed recognizes a tincture of
chloride of iron, prepared by dissolving the sub-carbonate (sesqui
oxide) of iron in hydrochloric acid, and adding alcohol. This tincture
would be rejected throughout Germany, since they endeavor there
to obtain the preparations of perchloride of iron free from any traces
of sesqui-chloride, while those of the sesqui-chloride should contain
no admixture of the proto salt. This shows the practical character of
the American {234} Pharmacopœia, which does not demand of the
apothecary a purity of preparation which it is next to impossible to
meet.
While making this acknowledgment, a good formula for the
preparation of sesqui-chloride of iron still remains desirable.—This
drug too, is sometimes used in American practice, as may be seen
from the “Notes on Pharmacy,” by Mr. Benjamin Canavan, in the May
number of the New York Journal of Pharmacy . Mr. Canavan has
given one of the oldest formulæ from the Austrian Pharmacopœia of
1820, as found in the Pharmacopie Universelle by Jourdan. This
formula directs us to dissolve the iron in a kind of aqua regia, and
then to evaporate the superfluous acid by means of a sand bath.
The sesqui-chloride thus obtained is employed in the preparation of
“Bestucheff’s tincture,” by dissolving one ounce of it in an ounce of
water, adding twelve ounces of ether and agitating, then decanting
the ethereal solution, and finally mixing it with four times its bulk of
alcohol.
Having had frequent occasion to prepare this tincture as well in
Germany as in this city, it may not be unsuitable if I give here the
formula for its preparation, which seems to me the most convenient,
as well as my reasons for thinking so.
The sesqui-chloride of iron may be obtained in a pure and neutral
state, by passing a current of chlorine gas through a solution of
proto-chloride of iron, until a solution of the red ferrocyanide of
potassium of Gmelin no longer produces a blue precipitate, and then
evaporating the solution by means of a water bath. In this manner
the salt can readily be obtained in a crystalline form. One ounce of
the crystals thus obtained is to be dissolved in twelve ounces of
ether, if we retain the alleged proportions, mixed with four times its
bulk of alcohol, and finally bleached by exposing it to the direct light
of the sun.
The Prussian Pharmacopœia of 1846 gives the following
proportions:—One drachm of the sesqui-chloride of iron, or two
drachms of the aqueous solution, one fluid ounce of ether, and three
fluid ounces of alcohol. {235}
Here we have to notice,—1st, That it is preferable to take ether
and alcohol by weight rather than by measure, since their volume is
very much influenced by the temperature, which may range from
32° to 60° or 80.°
2nd, That the sesqui-chloride, prepared with nitro-nuriatic acid, is
not so easy to obtain in crystals, in consequence of the adhering
nitro-nuriatic acid, which is always retained in small quantities. On
the other hand, by drying the salt you will, in almost every case,
spoil a quantity of it by driving off too much of the acid.
3rd, That the sesqui-chloride of iron, if in crystals, is easily and
wholly soluble in ether, while the aqueous solution of it is but
partially so, a portion being decomposed, as is evidenced by the
solution becoming muddy. The ethereal solution, if prepared in the
last mentioned manner, must be of uncertain strength, which is
avoided by the first.
 In Europe Bestucheff’s tincture is much used by physicians. It
sometimes agrees better in the bleached state, sometimes when
colored. When first prepared the tincture has a yellow hue, which it
loses by exposure to the light of the sun. If, after it has thus been
bleached, it is placed in a dark closet, it again becomes yellowish,
though the color is not so deep as at first.
 ON SOCOTRINE ALOE JUICE, OR LIQUID SOCOTRINE ALOES.
BY JONATHAN PEREIRA, M. D., F. R. S.,
(Physician to the London Hospital.)

It has long been known that the Socotrine aloes imported into
England varies considerably in its consistency, and is sometimes met
with in a soft or semi-fluid state. Frequently, on opening a package
of this sort of aloes, the interior is found to {236} be quite soft, while
the exterior is firm and hard. In general this arises from insufficient
evaporation of the aloe juice.
In the third edition of my Elements of Materia Medica , (vol. ii.,
part 1, p. 1077, published in 1850,) I have briefly referred to a soft
or semi-liquid Socotrine aloes, which had a bright or palm-oil yellow
color and odor. At that time I had but little opportunity of
investigating this very interesting drug; but a large importation of it
having recently taken place, I have more fully examined it, and, as it
appears to me to be the raw or unboiled juice of the plant yielding
what is known in commerce as Socotrine aloes, I propose to
distinguish it from the ordinary soft Socotrine aloes by the name of
“Socotrine Aloe Juice .”
Messrs. Horner, the holders of the whole of the present
importation of this juice, inform me that it was purchased of the
Arabs up the Red Sea, by a merchant, who was assured by the
venders that it was very fine aloe juice, and had not been boiled or
otherwise altered. It was imported into London by way of Madras, in
casks each containing six cwt. I am informed that the contents of
some of the packages have undergone decomposition during the
voyage.
Its consistence is that of treacle or very thin honey; its color deep
orange or palm oil yellow; its odor powerful, fragrant, and
resembling that of fine Socotrine aloes. By standing it separates into
two parts,—an inferior, paler colored, opaque, finely granular
portion, and a superior, darker colored, transparent liquid. The latter
forms, however, a very small portion of the whole mass.
When the granular portion is submitted to microscopic
examination, it is found that the opacity and granular appearance
arise from myriads of beautiful prismatic crystals. If a temperature of
132° Fah. be applied to the juice these crystals melt or dissolve, and
the juice becomes deep red and transparent; and when the liquid
becomes cold it retains its transparency, and does not deposit any
crystals. By evaporation the juice yields a solid, transparent extract,
having all the {237} characters of fine Socotrine aloes, in which no
traces of crystalline texture can be discovered. Mr. Jacob Bell has
ascertained that 14 lbs. of the juice yield 8lbs. 12ozs. of solid
extract, or 621⁄2 per cent. when the juice is mixed with cold distilled
water, it becomes opaque yellow, and renders the water turbid, but
is not miscible with it. If, however, heat be applied, the juice
dissolves in the water, forming an almost clear, rich red liquid. As the
solution cools, it at first becomes turbid, owing to the separation of
an opaque yellow precipitate, which, apparently, is the crystalline
principle in an amorphous form. This gradually separates from the
liquid and collects as a clear resiniform mass (commonly called the
resin of aloes) at the bottom of the vessel, leaving the supernatant
liquid tolerably clear. If the juice be shaken up with rectified spirit of
wine, an uniform clear mixture is obtained, from which numerous
yellow crystals rapidly fall to the bottom of the liquid. Similar results
are obtained when we mix the juice with equal parts of rectified
spirit of wine and water.
This crystalline constituent of Socotrine aloes is doubtless, either
21
the aloin described by Messrs. T. & H. Smith, of Edinburgh, and by
Dr. Stenhouse, or a principle closely allied to it.
Dr. Stenhouse, to whom I have given a sample of it, is now
engaged in its investigation; and in a letter which I have received
from him, he says, that though he has not been able to get the aloin
ready for analysis, yet from the experiments he has already made
with it, he has scarcely a doubt that it will be found identical with
that formerly obtained from Barbados aloes. It forms, he adds, a
precisely similar combination with bromine, and, in short, agrees
with it in every particular; I shall, therefore, provisionally term this
crystalline principle the aloin of Socotrine aloes . On comparing it
with a fine specimen of aloin, kindly presented to me by Messrs.
Smith, I find its crystals smaller and more tapering—the summits of
the crystals being more acute.
21 See New York Journal of Pharmacy, No. vi. page 177.

In drying, the crystals of the Socotrine aloin have a strong {238}

tendency to break up; so that crystals which in the moist state are
moderately large and regular, become small and pulverulent when
dry. Like the aloin crystals of Messrs. Smith, the aloin crystals of
Socotrine aloes, strongly doubly refract and depolarize light, and are,
therefore, beautiful objects when viewed by the polarizing
microscope.
The crystals of aloin contained in Socotrine aloe juice cannot be
confounded with the crystals of oxalate and phosphate of lime found
in the juices of various plants, and which are called by botanists
raphides . The appearance under the microscope of the former is
very different from that of the latter. Moreover, the ready fusibility,
solubility, and complete combustibility of aloin crystals easily
distinguish them from the calcareous salts just referred to. On
platinum foil the aloin burns without leaving any residue, except
such as may arise from the presence of traces of some foreign
matter.
Aloin may be readily obtained from the juice by mixing the latter
with spirit (either rectified or proof,) and collecting and drying the
precipitate. When procured in this way it appears to the naked eye
like a yellow powder; but when examined by the microscope it is
found to consist of minute fragments of crystals.
 The tincture from which the aloin has been separated, yields by
distillation a spirit having the fragrant odor of the juice; showing that
the latter contains some volatile odorous principle. By evaporation
the tincture yields a resiniform extract.
In the first edition of my Elements of Materia Medica , published
1840, I have stated, that by digesting hepatic aloes in rectified spirit
of wine, a yellowish granular powder is obtained which is insoluble in
[cold] water, alcohol, ether, and dilute sulphuric acid, but is readily
soluble in a solution of caustic potash, forming a red colored liquid.
The powder like residue here referred to, is identical with the aloin
of Socotrine aloes. When examined by the microscope, it is
perceived to consist of very minute prismatic crystals, which
depolarize polarized light like the larger crystals of aloin above
referred to. I {239} think, therefore, that it may be safely inferred that
hepatic aloes has been prepared without the employment of artificial
heat, and that its opacity is due to the presence of minute crystals of
aloin.
When Socotrine aloes is digested in rectified spirit, an insoluble
portion is also obtained; but its color, instead of being yellow, as in
hepatic aloes, is dark brown. On submitting this dark brown
insoluble portion to microscopic examination, I find that it contains
depolarizing crystals.
Artificial Socotrine aloes (prepared by evaporating this aloe juice)
also yields, when digested in rectified spirit, a dark brown insoluble
portion.
I think, therefore, that Socotrine aloes differs from hepatic aloes in
the circumstance of its having been prepared by the aid of artificial
heat; by which its aloin constituent has become altered. This
inference is further substantiated by the fact, that after it has been
melted, hepatic aloes is found to have acquired the clearness and
transparency of the Socotrine sort.
The clear supernatant portion of aloe juice, from which the above
crystals have subsided, would probably also yield, by spontaneous
evaporation, an extract resembling, or identical with, Socotrine
aloes.
That Socotrine and hepatic aloes were obtained from the same
plant, and were not different species of aloes, I have long
suspected; and in the first edition of my work on Materia Medica,
published in 1840, I have observed that “the similarity of the odor of
Socotrine and hepatic aloes leads to the suspicion that they are
obtained from the same plant; and which is further confirmed by the
two being sometimes brought over intermixed, the Socotrine
occasionally forming a vein in a cask of the hepatic aloes.”
The intermixture of the two sorts of aloes in the same cask might
be explained by supposing that the consolidation of the clear portion
of the juice has produced the so-called Socotrine aloes; while the
opaque aloin containing portion of juice has yielded what is termed
hepatic aloes. {240}
In the third edition of my work above alluded to, I have stated
that the name of opaque liver-colored Socotrine aloes might with
propriety be applied to hepatic aloes. But until the present time I
have been unable to offer a plausible explanation of the cause of the
difference in these two commercial kinds of aloes.
From the preceding remarks I think we may infer:
1. That aloin pre-exists in a crystalline form in the juice of
Socotrine aloes.
2. That the substance which deposits as a decoction of Socotrine
aloes cools, and which is usually termed the resin or the resinoid of
Socotrine aloes, is the aloin in a modified state.
3. That hepatic aloes22 is the juice of the Socotrine aloes plant
which has been solified without the aid of artificial heat.
4. That hepatic aloes owes its opacity to the presence of minute
crystals of aloin.
 5. That the juice of Socotrine aloes yields, when evaporated by
artificial heat, an extract possessing all the properties of commercial
Socotrine aloes.—Pharm. Journ. April, 1852.
22 By the term “hepatic aloes ” I mean the opaque liver-colored aloes imported into
England from the East Indies (usually from Bombay). This sort of aloes is very different
from the hepatic Barbadoes aloes , which formerly appears to have been exclusively
called “hepatic aloes.”
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