An assessment of Urban Expansion on the Surrounding Farming Land: the

Case of Tulu Bolo Town, Oromia Regional State.

By
Alemayehu Megersa

Advisor: Birhanu Girma (PhD)

.
A thesis Submitted to the School of Graduate Studies of Addis Ababa University in
Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master’s in Urban
Planning.

October, 2020

Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

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 Addis Ababa University

School of Graduate Studies

Ethiopian Institute of Architecture, Building Construction and City Development

(EiABC)
An assessment of Urban Expansion on the Surrounding Farming Land: the case of
Tulu Bolo Town, Oromia Regional State.

By

Alemayehu Megersa

Approved By Board of Examiners:

External Examiner………………………Signature ……..................Date ………….

Internal Examiner………………………Signature …………………Date …………..

Advisor: Birhanu Girma (PhD) Signature…………………Date…………..

------------------------------------ Signature ……….. …….. …Date………………

Chair of Department or Graduate Program Coordinator

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 Declaration
I, Alemayehu Megersa, certify that this research work entitled “An assessment of Urban
Expansion on the Surrounding Farming Land: the case of Tulu Bolo Town, Oromia Regional
State” is my own work. The Work has not been presented elsewhere for the award of any degree
or diploma in any other university/institutions. The Materials which have been used from other
sources have been properly acknowledged and citied.

Declarer’s full Name: Alemayehu Megersa Feyisa

Signature……………………… Date…………………………

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 Acknowledgement
First and for most I would like to thanks the God for ending with the endurance and courage of
going through all up and down to reach the stage where I am now and support me for the
successful completion of the masters program in Urban Planning. Next, I would like to express
my sincere and deepest gratefulness to my Advisor: Dr. Birhanu Girma for his intellectual
advice, guidance, encouragement and regular discussion were very valuable and inspiring in the
processes of proposal writing, research undertaking and thesis writing. Without his support and
endless understanding, this paper would not have had its present shape, I am also thankful to
people in various position in Tulu Bolo Town who gave me all valuable information and for their
cooperation in providing me the necessary data concerning urban expansion and its effects on
peripheral farming communities and also I want to thanks the people who support me to gathered
data and recorded during the study
I further acknowledge Wollega University for giving me opportunities to learn my M.SC studies.
Finally I want to thanks, the Graduate School of Addis Ababa University (EiABC) for the
Financial Support of the study.

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 Table of Contents
Declaration .................................................................................................................................... III
Acknowledgement………………………………………………………………………………..IV
Lists of Tables ............................................................................................................................ VIII
Lists of Figures ............................................................................................................................ IIX
Abbreviations and Acronyms ........................................................................................................ X
Abstract ......................................................................................................................................... XI
CHAPTER ONE ............................................................................................................................ 1
INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................... 1
Background of the study ................................................................................................................. 1
1.2. Statement of the problem ......................................................................................................... 3
Objectives of the Study ................................................................................................................. 4
1.3.1. General Objective of the Study .......................................................................................... 4
1.3.2. Specific Objective of the Study ......................................................................................... 4
1.4. Research Questions .................................................................................................................. 5
1.5. Significance of the Study ......................................................................................................... 5
1.6. Scope of the Study ................................................................................................................... 6
1.7. Limitation of the Study ............................................................................................................ 6
1.8. Organization of the Thesis ..................................................................................................... 7
1.9. Operational Definition of Terms .............................................................................................. 7
CHAPTER TWO ........................................................................................................................... 8
2. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURES ............................................................................... 8
2.1. Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 8
2.2. Conceptual framework of urban expansion ......................................................................... 8
2.3. Urbanization and urban growth ........................................................................................... 10
2.4. Theories of urban expansion ............................................................................................... 11
2.5. Urbanization in African context............................................................................................. 13
2.6. Urban expansion in the Ethiopian context ............................................................................. 15
2.7. Driving forces for urbanization and changes peripheral-urban area ................................ 16
2.8. Causes, forms and consequences of urban expansion ....................................................... 17
2. 8.1. Causes of urban expansion................................................................................................. 17

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2.8.2. forms of urban expansion. ................................................................................................ 18
2.8.3. Consequences of urban expansion ................................................................................... 18
2.8.3.1. The Social consequences of urban expansion ............................................................. 19
2.8.3.2. The Environmental consequences of urban expansion .................................................... 20
2.8.3.3. The Economic consequences of urban expansion ........................................................... 20
2.9. Effects of urban expansion on peripheral farming communities ...................................... 20
2.9.1. Negative effects of urban expansion ................................................................................... 20
2.9.1.1. Loss of farmland .............................................................................................................. 20
2.9.1.2. Solid waste disposal and land degradation .................................................................. 21
2.9.1.3. Encloses the surrounding villages to urban territory ....................................................... 22
2.9.1.4. Over-exploitation of natural resources............................................................................. 22
2.9.1.5. Urban expansion causes conflict .................................................................................. 22
2.9.2. Positive effects .................................................................................................................... 22
2.10. Urban expansion and livelihood strategies in the urban periphery ................................ 23
2.11. Rural -Urban Linkages ......................................................................................................... 24
2.11.1. The nature of rural- urban linkage .................................................................................... 24
2.11.2. Urban –rural linkage in Ethiopia....................................................................................... 24
2.12. Land Tenure Policy in Ethiopia ........................................................................................... 25
2.13. Urban expansion and its adverse effect under constitution of Ethiopia ........................ 27
CHAPTER THREE ..................................................................................................................... 29
3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY........................................................................................... 29
3.1. Description of the Study Area................................................................................................ 29
3.1.1. Location of the Study Area ................................................................................................. 29
3.1.2. Historical background ......................................................................................................... 30
3.1.3. Population and demographic characteristics....................................................................... 30
3.2. Research Design ................................................................................................................... 30
3.3 Data source and type ............................................................................................................... 32
3.3.1`. Data Sources ...................................................................................................................... 32
3.3.1.1. Primary sources ............................................................................................................. 32
3.3.1.2. Secondary sources ......................................................................................................... 32
3.3.2. Data type ............................................................................................................................. 32

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3.3.2.1 Quantitative ....................................................................................................................... 32
3.3.2.2. Qualitative ........................................................................................................................ 32
3.4. Sampling Techniques and Sample Size ................................................................................. 33
3.5. Data Collection Tools ............................................................................................................ 34
3.5.1. Questionnaire ...................................................................................................................... 34
3.5.2. Key informants interview ................................................................................................... 34
3.5.3. Focused group discussion (FGD)........................................................................................ 35
3.5.4. Field observation................................................................................................................. 36
3.6. Data analysis techniques ...................................................................................................... 36
3.7. Reliability and Validity of data .............................................................................................. 36
3.9. Ethical Consideration in the Field Work ............................................................................... 36
CHAPTER FOUR ......................................................................................................................... 37
4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION .............................................................................................. 37
4. 1.Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 37
4.2. The General Background of Respondents ............................................................................. 37
4.3. The impacts of urban expansion of Tulu Bolo Town on Farmers’ livelihood....................... 42
4.3.1 Urban Expansion and Community Awareness and Participation ........................................ 42
4.3.2. Ways of households’ awareness about urban expansion .................................................... 43
4.3.3. Reaction of peripheral farming communities to move from their former resettlement ...... 44
4.3.4. Compensations and Benefit Mechanisms ........................................................................... 46
4.3.5. Effect of the expansion programs you faced before its actual implantation ....................... 49
4.3.6. Urban expansion effect on farmers’ financial capital ......................................................... 50
4.3.7. Urban expansion effect on farmers’social relation before displacement in formal area .... 52
4.3.8. Effect of urban expansion on social relationship value after displacement ........................ 52
4.3.9. Peripheral farming community attitude towards urban expansion ..................................... 53
4.3.10. Urban expansion effect on farmers’ human capital .......................................................... 54
4.4. The perception of dislocated people on appropriateness of Compensation Provided by
Town administration ............................................................................................................. 55
4.4.1. Nature of Compensation for dislocated peripheral farmers ................................................ 56
4.5. The survival strategies of the farm households whose Livelihood are mostly affected by
Expansion of the town .......................................................................................................... 58

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4.5.1. Livelihood alternatives the affected households followed after displacement ................... 58
4.5.2. Job and related condition of the affected households after displacement........................... 60
4.6. The Role and Response of Institutional Intervention in Dealing with Rehabilitation of
Community after Displacement .............................................................................................. 62
4.7. The Governmental role to improve the life of the peripheral Farming community
Affected by urban expansion .................................................................................................. 63
4.8. Effects of urban expansion on socio-cultural aspects of the community............................... 64
CHAPTER FIVE .......................................................................................................................... 65
5. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ................................................................... 65
5.1. Conclusion ............................................................................................................................. 65
5.2. Recommendations .................................................................................................................. 66
References ............................................................................................................................... 68

Lists of Tables
Table 2.1 Numbers and sizes of urban settlements in Ethiopia……………………………….....15
Table 3.1: Number of sample households (SHHs) of the study area…………………………….34
Table 3.2: Number of key informants…………………………………………………………....35
Table 4.1: Age structure of the Respondents…………………………………………………….39
Table 4.2: Educational background of the respondents………………………………………….40
Table 4.3: Household family size ……………………………………………………………….40
Table 4.4, Occupational of the respondents……………………………………………………...41
Table 4.5: Household respondents living in Tulu Bolo Town…………………………………...42
Table 4.6: Means of awareness of urban expansion……………………………………………..45
Table4.7: Major purposes of urban expansion and displacement program in Tulu Bolo Town...46
Table4.8: List of benefit packages envisaged for compensation………………………………...47
Table 4.9: Effects of urban expansion before its implementation……………………………….48
Table 4.10: Total annual income after relocation………………………………………………50
Table 4.11: Peripheral farming communities‟ views towards urban expansion………………..52
Table4. 12: The disadvantageous groups to urban expansion…………………………………..54

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Table 4.13: Nature of compensation for dislocated peripheral farming communities…………..57
Table: 4.14 Activities the respondents engaged…………………………………………………58
Table 4.15: The major problems you and your family faced while coping up with the urban type
Of livelihood strategies………………………………………………………………..59
Table4.16: Percentages of household respondents by level of satisfaction for complaint
Application……………………………………………………………………………….60
Table 4.17: Level of satisfaction of institutions in dealing with rehabilitation………………….60
Table 4.18: Governmental role ………………………………………………………………….61

Lists of Figures
Figure 1.1 shows the change in the rural and urban populations of the world from 1950–2050......1
Figure.2.1: Schematic diagram on urban expansion…………………………………………….10
Figure 2.2.Urban Rivers contain wastes from many sources…………………………...22
Figure 3.1: Location map of the study area………………………………………….…………..30
Figure: 3.2 Flow of Research Design………………………….……………………...................32
Figure 4.1: Composition of respondents by sex …………………………………………………38
Figure4. 2: Marital status of the respondents……………………………………………………39
Figure 4: 3 Religious compositions of the respondents………………………………………….41
Figure4. 4: Households monthly income………………………………………………………..42
Figure 4.5: Community’s awareness on Urban Expansion………………………………………44
Figure 4.6: Reaction of farmers to relocation……………………………………………………45
Fig.4.7 For settlement…………………………………………………………………………... 46
Figure4. 8: Annual income of the dislocated farming community before……………………….49
Figure4.9: Level of social relation before relocation…………………………………………….51
Figure 4.10: Level of social relation after relocation……………………………………………52
Fig.4.11: Town expansion………………………………………………………………………..53
Figure 4.12: Perception of affected communities towards compensation……………………… 55
Figure4.13: Reaction on the amount and kind of benefit package………………………………56
Figure 4.14: Sustainability of Compensation obtained to support livelihood…………………...56
Figure 4.15: Livelihood strategies of households after displacement……………………………57

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Figure 4.16: Attitude of affected communities get jobs or works easily these days than before..58
Figure4. 17: A Responsive body to improve the current status of livelihood…………………...59

Abbreviations and Acronyms

ADIL..................................................................................... (Agricultural Led Industrialization)
RUL …………………………………………………………….. (Rural-Urban linkages)
BC……………………………………………………………… (Before Christ)
FAO………………………………………………………… (Food and Agriculture Organization)
FDRE………………………………………………… (Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia)
E.C…………………………………………………………………… (Ethio Calendar)
FGD………………………………………………………….…….. (Focused Group Discussion)
CSA…………………………………………………..…………… (Central Statistical Authority)
SHH …………………………………………………. …………… (Sample Household)
ETB…………………………………………………………….… (Ethiopian Birr)
DFID……………………..……………………… (Department for International Development)
UN…………………………………………………………………….. (United Nation)
SES……………………………………………………………….… (Socio-Ecological Systems)
KM……………………………………………………………………… (Kilo Meter)

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 Abstract
The Objectives of this study were to assess Urban Expansion on the Surrounding

Farming Land: The case of Tulu Bolo Town, Oromia Region. Problems related with

food security, asset losses, as well as the measures taken to address were

investigated. Urbanization is one of the most factors demographic trends of the

twenty first century where cities are rapidly expanding through a continuous

process of urban growth towards the peri-urban agricultural farmlands. One of the

many manifestations in urban expansion is the transformation of more and more

farmlands away from agricultural production. As it is associated with socio-

economic development, urbanization has a higher level of development in developed

nations than developing ones. In Ethiopia, although its urbanization level is the

lowest even under developed nations, however, its rate is the highest and made a

country one of the fast urbanization in the World. As a matter of this fact, Tulu

Bolo Town is among the Ethiopian urban settings experiencing unprecedented rate

of urbanization through expansion. Therefore, the study Depends on the descriptive

research design and involved both Quantitative and Qualitative approaches. A

household survey was conducted on 166 households sampled through systematic

sampling and non-random sampling techniques. Primary data had been collected

through semi-structured questionnaire, semi-closed interview, Field observation

and focus group discussion and secondary was from different Written and

documented sources. Thus, farmers consulted for this study had developed

dissatisfied feeling towards the urban development in the area and lost sense of

belongingness to the development program. Therefore , the recommendation of this

study that, there is a need to have a good urban governance to limit the

problem, especially, following participatory approach on stakeholders, mainly,

farmers, in to urban development plans and projects, there should exist effective

rules and regulations which guide expropriation and compensation to farmers

when their land is expropriated for public interest. There should, also be

consideration of the recipients' interests on kind and quantity of compensation

and if money is only possible resolutions on a kind of compensation to farmers,

then, pre-trainings and post instruction need to be carried out to enable such

community sustain and secure their livelihood.

Key words: Urban Expansion, expropriation, compensation, and peri-urban agricultural

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 CHAPTER ONE

1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the study
Urbanization is seen as an effect of the global phenomenon, which has a significant impact
on land use change and a multifaceted socio-economic phenomenon. It is linked with details
topography, transportation, land use, social structure, and economic type. But it is generally
related to economic and demography in a city (Lin Liet al, 2003).Urbanization is the process
of urban expansion that involves both horizontal and vertical expansion of the physical
structure of urban areas. It results decrease of farm land, range lands, natural beauties, parks
and sceneries (Minwuyelet, 2004). Urbanization also brings negative impacts on social and
economic conditions to the communities. These social and economic problems are: reduce
the quality of land and agricultural productivity, soil erosion, deforestation, reduces the
amount of open space, and desertification (Raddad et al, 2010).
Urbanization has been estimated that before the beginning of 19th C only 3 percents of the
world’s population lived in town not more than 5000 people. But the present time this has
increased to near 4 percents. In the world it has been explained in a different way, population
increased three over four between 1800, and 1960. The world urban population increased
from 28% to 38 % between 1950 and 1970 (Devis, 1972).although level of urbanization in
under developed countries is low, but the speed of urbanization is at fastest rate. In 1975
approximately 25% of African population lived in towns and Cities. 38% of the continent’s
population lived in urban centers in 2000, and the proportion is increased to 47% by 2015
and is expected to reach 66% by 2050(UNDESA, 2014).
Figure 1.1 shows the change in the rural and urban populations of the world from 1950–2050
(UNDESA, 2014)

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Deriving forces that influenced special change in peri-urban areas are: urbanization, rapid
population increase and changing socio-economic condition, (Jongkroy, 2009). Although
multifaceted, the increase of population is the principal cause of urban expansion. The increase
in African population is surprising. However, more surprisingly, their growth rate of national
population is less than urban growth rate in almost all countries of the continent. Berhanu (2005)
also argues that, among the other common factors of urban expansion high population pressure
caused horizontal expansion of African cities. The horizontal expansion of cities, however, at
the expense of agricultural productivity and prime agricultural lands which of both are the main
livelihoods of peripheral communities. Even by African standards, Ethiopia is characterized by
low level of urbanization where only 20.76% of populations live in urban area. However, the
growth rate of urban population recorded is relatively high. (4.63% annually), double that of
rural areas World Bank (2018) but, such high growth rate is not often accompanied by
development in socio-economic services, infrastructure, and employment capacity of the urban
centers to support the growing of population (Teller and Assefa, 2010).
Numerous towns and cities are rapidly growing into their fringe, engulfing the former villages
and farm lands and transforming them into urban land use. The rate of natural increase is
generally low in urban areas. However, rural-urban migration, physical expansion of urban areas
through invasion and transformation and re-classification of rural village into small urban
settlements are the main reason for raising the level of urbanization and city growth. (Cohen,
2005).Urban growth and Urbanization are considered as a modern way of life manifesting
economic growth and development. However, urban development and urbanization in Ethiopia
faced a number of socio-economic problems (Tegegne, 2002).
Tulu Bolo Town is the one that fast growing urban centers in the Oromia Region, this ongoing
trend of the Town expansion process captures the views of peripheral farmers who enforced to
leave their land and property. Therefore, the effect of this process of urban expansion on the
surrounding farming community needs to be clearly known in order to reduce the negative effect.
Thus, the purpose of this study is to assess Urban Expansion on the Surrounding Farming Land
by taking Tulu Bolo Town as a case study, Oromia Regional state, Ethiopia.

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1.2. Statement of the problem
The Rapid urban expansion results in the conversion of land from agriculture to urban land use.
This indicated, expansion of urban areas is of greater importance because of its strong effect on
other land cover classes, such as agricultural lands in particular and forests and others in general
which resulted in change of livelihoods of the surrounding society. As a result, problem of rapid
urban growth and its consequence on farm land in developing countries have been a serious
concern issue and are more worrisome when there is urban expanded on fertile agricultural land
and other socio-economic implication on peri-urban areas of most cities and resulted for
livelihoods change (Adeboyejoet, 2007).
During the process of urban expansion the loss of properties, dwellings, and uprooting from
an existing pattern of living causes a high further impoverishment of the peripheral communities.
In addition, even if urban growth have economically positive effects for the majority of urban
dwellers, serious negative effects would occur for a much of nearby farmers and poor people
(Nebiyu, 2000).Now urban expansion increasing at an alarming rate in developing countries.
This is due to fastest growth rate of world’s population and change in human settlement
preferences. This urbanization process was manifested through the horizontal urban expansion to
their peripheral agricultural farmlands. Such urban expansion affects more of the farmers in peri-
urban area. Especially, agricultural based economy countries and generally under developed
countries like, Ethiopia (Berhe, 2006).
In general, urban expansion is the basic problems that affect the living standard and food security
of many agrarian economy peoples in under developed countries. This invasion process leads to
the loss of agricultural farmlands and reduction of food productivity. But agriculture is a back
bone for the development of the country; Ethiopia which has depended on Agricultural led
industrialization (ADIL) economic policy.
In Ethiopia, there are a number of researches have been conducted in cities and towns entitled as
“An assessment of Urban Expansion on the Surrounding Farming Land”. For example, Asmera
(2018) conducted a research which assessed the horizontal urban expansion and peripheral
community livelihoods with great attention of examining impacts of urbanization well In Holeta
town, Additionally, Firew Bekele (2010) also conducted on related issues around, Hawassa, Sub-
City. But, the above mentioned researchers and other authors surveyed on related issue hadn’t
primarily justified status of urbanization, an extent to which expansion is happening by

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estimating temporal and spatial changes using land sat images and others of different years and
also no further assessment of livelihoods changes at time of investigation towards to peripheral
community is done in their study. Besides to this, even if problem in such towns of Ethiopia
researched and issue explored as described above, the feedback of research in such case could
not be a summary impact of urbanization to all national towns‟ peripheral community life.
The researcher, while developing interest and selecting area of the study observed that from time
to time and Town nearby Addis Ababa, Tulu Bolo is one of the rapidly expanding to the
peripheries due to its high population pressure migrate rural to urban and comfortable for
residence due to its location and suitable climate for human being and near to the capital Ethiopia
Addis Ababa (80km) and is located on the pathway to Jimma.
Since farming land around Tulu Bolo Town is getting less and less due to these urban sprawls
which in turn force the displacement of peripheral farming community whose livelihood is
mainly based on agriculture. rural communities around the study area face problems of
socio-cultural, economic challenges, falling incomes, rising cost of living, and inadequate
access to basic services, Environmental deterioration and land tenure insecurity. The rural
farming communities have little knowledge and know-how to adapt to the situation of urban life
most of them is unskilled to compete for urban job opportunity. .therefore the study was focused
on the challenges arising as a result of Tulu Bolo town expansion on peripheral farming
communities. the effect of urban expansion on the livelihood of the farming community is
expected to play an important role in Designing sound strategy and policy. Moreover, it
concentrates mainly on determining cope-up mechanisms pursued by dispossessed household
and assessing appropriateness of compensation packages provided to mitigate the problem.
Hence, it is believed that there is a gap to explain and clarify the effects of urban expansion on
the peripheral communities of the town so study hoped to fill this gap.
1.3. Objectives of the Study
1.3.1. General Objective of the Study
The overall objective of this study is to assess the problems of urban expansion on the
Peripheral Farming community of Tulu Bolo Town
1.3.2. Specific Objective of the Study
 To assess the major impacts of urban expansion of Tulu Bolo Town on farmers’
livelihood

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  To assess and evaluate the perception of dislocated Farmers on appropriateness of
Compensation Provided by Town administration
 To identify the Survival strategies of the farm households whose livelihood are mostly
affected by expansion of the town
 To recommend appropriate strategies to minimize the studied problem
1.4. Research Questions
At its end, the research answers the following questions:
1. What are the major impacts of urban expansion on farmers’ livelihood in the last 10 years
in terms of socio-economic, physical and natural capitals in the study area?
2. What is the perception of an affected community on appropriateness of benefit packages
Provided by town administration?
3. What are the Survival strategies of the farm households whose livelihood are affected by
town expansion?
4. What are the appropriate strategies to minimize the studied problem?
1.5. Significance of the Study
Under Developed countries like Ethiopia known by high rate of urbanization is an issue given
attention by scholars and state administration for various reasons. One of the reasons is the need
to minimize negative impacts of urban expansion on economic, social and environmental, to
bring mutual development and symbiotic integration of the urban and rural life that foster social
and economic development, (Abdissa, 2005). If urban expansion is inevitable, due to induced
development or socio-economic factors of the society, it must be considered in a manner that
protects the livelihoods of affected people. “If this is not done, then some people will share in the
gains, while others will share only in the pains, of development’ (Cemea, 1995).
Urban expansion is a dynamic process that consumes many hectares of prime agricultural land
from their surrounding every year. This results to change and loss of livelihood sources for the
farm communities there. Therefore, the investigation of research conduct on the effect of urban
expansion will contribute some important points. Firstly, the study will contribute as a feedback
to the administration unit as what they do in the peripheral -urban areas of expansion. Secondly,
the town may used as reference material for other similar or related studies concerning the social,
political, and economic problems of the farm communities in the periphery areas of urban.
Therefore, the study will be expected to play important role in filling the knowledge gap on this

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area and motivate future researcher as well as input for urban planner for sustainable
development that does not threaten peripheral farming community.
The study, by examining the livelihood of the dislocated rural community at household level,
will provide information for policy makers, urban planners and urban management to evaluate
their development programs and strategies. It also indicates areas of intervention for concerned
government and non-government institutions involved in the development process.
1.6. Scope of the Study
Generally the study was limited to the center of Tulu Bolo Town and at the surrounding
farming communities of the town. The town has been horizontally expanding to all the direction
and Kebeles that are found on the surrounding of the towns are subject to this study.
Therefore, the study concentrates on an implication of rapid expansion of the towns and
respective land use changes for farming communities who earn their livelihood from farm land.
The study covers people located at periphery of the town that previously lost their farm land due
to the town expansion and continue to earn their livelihood directly and indirectly from
agriculture. In this regard, the study was limited to investigating and analyzing only main aspects
of urban expansion and its effects on the dislocated peripheral farming communities.
1.7. Limitation of the Study
Obtaining previously recorded secondary data from the town’s municipality was the main
challenges during the study. Particularly data on land allocation for residential and the number of
displaced households who obtained compensation by years has been a major constraint during
data collection time, during interview, obtaining staffs in office was difficult at a time. Moreover,
there were challenges to easily obtain displaced households particularly those who encroach in
between the town. These households are either completely lose their land and become landless
and shift their livelihood to urban mode of life. Further the researcher was also faced with some
other problems related to the respondent’s behavior during the interviews and filling the
questionnaires. That is failures of respondents to answer the give questions properly, absence
when call for focus group discussion and incomplete municipality’s official data .Shortage of
time and small financial support with the required amount and COVID 19 is the major
challenges that were facing the researcher in during the study.

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1.8. Organization of the Thesis
This research was organized into Five Chapters. The First chapter contains Introduction of the
Study, Statement of the problem, Objectives of the study, Research Questions, Significance of
the study, Scope of the study and Limitation of the Study. The second chapter contains review of
related literature. The third chapter contains the methodology and procedures used to gather data
for the study and The fourth chapter deals with the Results and Discussion parts of the research
study, Finally, chapter Five contains conclusions of the Study, and recommendations for further
study.
1.9. Operational Definition of Terms
Farming communities:-is the community that basically depends on farming and relabeled
economic activities.
Dislocation: -is the change of living residence because of urban expansion.
Kebele: - as Ethiopian government’s administrational hierarchy, it is the lowest administration
unit.
Urban expansion:-it is the synonymous with urban sprawl, the expansion of attentiveness of
people or urban settlement to bordering and surrounding areas whose functions are none
agricultural and settlements were not similar with urban ones.
Urban periphery:-is an open country side largely occupied by agriculture communities
including peripheral areas in which urban settlement expands.
Urban: - definitions of urban have not internationally agreed conceptual meaning rather than
different countries define it on their social economic political organization of their country. But
urban area is characterized by higher population density and people living their economy not
depend on agriculture.
Financial capital: -In this study context, Consists of stocks of money and disposable assets such
as livestock, which in other senses considered as natural capital that includes income levels,
variability over time, and distribution within society of financial savings
Human capital:-is constituted by the quantity and quality of labor available. At household level,
therefore, it is determined by household size, but also by education.

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 CHAPTER TWO
2. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURES
2.1. Introduction
Urban expansion is multi-directional and dynamic characteristic. that it is causes, forms, and
consequences are varying across continents, countries and even within a given country.
Accordingly , in this chapter, about urban expansion, its dimension, and the theories of
urban expansion are dealt with. In addition, from related literatures, causes, consequences and
forms of urban expansion are reviewed and included in this literature. Finally, the chapter dealt
with overview of rural-urban linkages (RUL) in general and the context of Ethiopia in particular.
2.2. Conceptual framework of urban expansion
The below conceptual frame illustrates interrelated elements that to determine Urban expansion
and its effect on peripheral farming communities. Urban expansion drives force to bring problem
for far farming communities. to cope up with these the communities pursue Strategies and
government can take varies policy response to mitigate the problem in line this Frame work
study show urban expansion and its effect of the study area of peripheral farming
Communities,(Dayong,2004).
Deriving forces of different forces are considered for expansion of town over surrounding area,
Dayong (2004), Especially the studying area of surrounding of the town like forces include
population growth, technology in institution and determined land laws changes on peri-urban
area (DFID, 2000).Affect the pressure driven by change in land use over per urban interface
several loss of agricultural land. This affects the poor more than others because agricultural
production tends to be an important factor (Shahab,2000).Policy Response to urban
expansion over peripheries area government can take various measurable to mitigate the
compensation way for those who evicted and loss farm land due to urban expansion and skill
development on this area increase their occupational safety and reduced poverty (DFID
2008).

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Figure.2.1: Schematic diagram on urban expansion
Source: Dayong (2004) and Adopt by researcher (2020)

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2.3. Urbanization and urban growth
Urbanization is not a recent phenomenon; demographic and geographic transformation from
spread rural settlements to agglomerated urban settlement happened to human life at least
five thousand years ago. (Alaci, 2010),For the exact location of urbanization, many literatures
refer to the middle and near east in the surrounding area of today’s Iraq, which is believed to be
the origin of earliest form of urban life at around 3500 BC. Approximately the oldest urban
communities began in history around 6000 years ago and later emerged in the river basins of
china and India and with Maya culture in Mexico. (Peng et al, 2012:2), But, due to short of
advanced technology in the above two centuries the range of world’s urban population remained
low. In the history of human urban settlement , The mid of 19th century marked as turning point,
from what it was three percent in 1800(Clark 1998:85-95 ).
The world urban population was increased to 47 percents in 2000 and expected to reach 65% in
2030 with annual average growth rate of 1.8% where 90 percent of urban growth is expected to
occur in developing countries (United Nations Report, 2004). The global speeding up of urban
agglomeration in the nineteenth century makes urbanization one of the most frequently studied
features of the contemporary world generally by social scientists. In the first half of 20th
century Urbanization almost occurred rapidly and extensively in Europe, North America and
Oceania. The number of European and American large cities increased at high rate while
urbanization proceeded very slowly in much of the rest of the world (Davis 1965:40-53). This
rapid urbanization in North America, Europe, and Oceania was facilitated by the 18th century
European industrial revolution and the mid 19th century of American industrialization.
In these countries high demand of labor by factories and a rise in commercial activities created
the desired opportunities in the urban areas. This created high population density in urban areas
encouraged the population to migrate from rural areas to urban areas for employment (Tettey,
2005:56).Although there was no clear trend in overall urban growth in under developed countries
due to not consistent definition of urban and the lack of quality in their census data, Urbanization
of the developing world started to accelerate in late twentieth century (Timberlake 1987:109).
As United Nations Report (2002), being Africa is the least urbanized continent in the world,
only forty percent of urban population in the year 2000. However, the rate of urban development
is higher in developing countries than in developed countries since 1950.

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Africa is the least urbanized but most rapidly urbanizing region of the world. Amis (1990), He
also mentions that in 1960, there were 7 cities in Africa with over 500,000 populations and by
1980; it had increased to 14 cities. This fact shows that Africa is on the extremely rapid phase of
urbanization. The current developing world urban growth rate in general and that of Africa in
particular exceed the urban growth rate happened in Europe or America during their industrial
revolution era (Okpala 1987:45-139). With regard to particular cities, rates of population growth
range that more than 6 percent per annum in many African cities like Nairobi, Lagos, and
Lusaka. This is another indicator that developing countries’ are fast urbanizing. In Asia and
Latin America, many cities are growing at rates of about 5 percent per annum and less than one
percent per annum in places like New York, (Tettey 2005:8). The transition from the twentieth
century to the present marked a new and more striking era of global urbanization. The world
crossed that a long awaited demographic watershed of half of the people on earth living in urban
areas in 2008. Soja and Kanai (2007:113-122)
2.4. Theories of urban expansion
Urban growth might be “Generative or Parasitic”. In this sense, it is probable that in most
developed countries, urban growth is generative in that it stimulates economic growth
and create surplus in the wider urban area or region, whereas in under developed
countries urban growth was parasitic in their development (i.e. Surplus was extracted from
surrounding regions) but it is now becoming largely generative (Paul et al,2000). With regard to
generative process of urban expansion, explanations in the developed world are provided by the
central place theory, urban base theory and Keynesian theory while in less developed
countries justification for urban expansion is given by the modernization theory.
Modernization theory argues that, a modern urban institution has enormous contribution on
rural-urban migration that leads to the development of urban centers. Urban areas contain
modernizing institutions such as schools, factories, entertainment, media and advanced medical
care. These institutions then serve as a pull factor for the rural dwellers (urban pull), encouraging
them to migrate into the urban areas. Examples of such attractions are there in both developed
and under developed countries. Factories in England which began in the second half of the 18th
Century attracted a huge number of migrants from rural areas to settle in cities with the advent of
the industrial revolution.

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The development of fuel powered tractors in the early 20th century led to the migration of cotton
plantation workers from the south of the United States (rural-push) to take up jobs in places
located in the North East and the Midwest. Moreover rural push has caused a large scale from
rural to urban migration in the recent years in the developing countries. But in the context of
parasitic process an explanation of urban growth is offered by the dependency theory
(LloydEvans, 1998).
Dependency theory: this theory asserts that developing countries are poor because of their
unequal relationship with developed countries; it is not because they didn’t follow the path of
developed countries thought and technology. They argue that developed countries are using the
developing countries as a source of input (raw material supplier) for their factories. This unequal
relationship is facilitated by capitalism. This is because first; capitalism is a unique form of
social organization that forms a uniquely capitalist development pattern. Second, capitalism
requires a certain social structure, which is characterized by unequal exchange, uneven
development and individual social inequality. Finally, social organization, technology and
population dynamics are endogenous factors in development and urbanization that can easily
constrained by capitalist economic system (Timberlake 1987:102-115). The spread of capitalism
in the developing world is the most recent stage in the development of capitalism as a world
economic system that resulted in the accumulation wealth and the rise of world-system of
nations. Dependency theory also suggests that underdevelopment is a result of the plunder and
exploitation of peripheral economies by economic and political groups in core areas (Hette,
1990:204) .The core, consisting of industrialized nations, dominates over the periphery which
consists of the third world.
The third world urban development is, thus, conditioned by the developed world (Tettey,
2005:22).from the view of dependency perspective, the origin and expansion rate of urbanization
in developing countries, is a major spatial outcome of global capitalism and its own spatial
organization. Particularly if taking into account unequal conditions at begin of urbanization. This
is an inherently uneven process leading to geographic disparities between urban-rural areas and
between cities. Empirical studies, whether explicitly from this theoretical perspective or not,
have borne out the serious undesirable consequences of rapid urbanization in developing
countries such as rural-urban imbalance, irregular city hierarchy, housing segregation and
income inequality both within and across nations (Chen and parish 1996:95-100).

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This theory maintains that under laissez-faire-cities grow parasitically by exploiting and holding
back their surroundings. suggested that economic growth follows the principle of
cumulative causation, whereby-once established in a city economic development promotes
further local development the spread effect, but this is only at expense of urban neighbors in
general and land owners in particular the back wash effect( Paul et al,2000).
Finally, from the above mentioned four major theories of urban expansion, depending on the
level of relevance and applicability, the investigator intend to use the Dependency theory of
urban expansion as a base for this study. This is because for the welfare of a given country, urban
centers and rural areas in general and neighboring country side to the town in particular should
reinforce each other.
2.5. Urbanization in African context
Many scholars classify the history of African urbanization into pre colonial, colonial and post
colonial period. This categorization which creates heterogeneity in African urbanization
(Carlton, 2009:266). This shows the fact that Africa’s urban development is a product of
different historical events However, urbanization in Africa has been widely misconceived as
having been the result of colonization. Such misunderstanding assumes that Africa did not have
enough organizational capability to build towns and other urban requirements before the arrival
of European colonizer. Nevertheless, urbanization in Africa started long before the coming of the
Europeans in the 1400s. Urbanization appeared in northern Africa as early as 3200 BC and later
extended to the rest of the continent Chandler (1994). These urban centers were located along the
trade routes used by the Arab traders who brought wares from the Middle and Far East to trade
with Africans, mostly from the forest regions. Some of these urban centers include Tripoli in
Libya, Alexandria in present day Egypt, Fez in Morocco, Timbuktu in Mali, Kumasi in Ghana
and Kano in Nigeria (Chandler, 1994:3-14).
Urban centers including Axum, Gonder and Harar are examples of such urban oldest center in
Ethiopian. Even though there were urban establishments before the arrival of European
colonizer, the arrival of European colonizer opened a new chapter for African urbanization.
European colonizers improved urban development in Africa through infrastructural development
such as transportation networks, ports and administrative head quarters. The Europeans arrived
first along the coast of West Africa in an effort to break the trade monopoly of the Arabs with the
West African coast (Tettey, 2005:9). On arrival, they also established trading ports along the

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coast for their business activities, and for the easy transportation of commodities to their mother
countries. Administration was another need that led to the development of urban areas in Africa
by Europeans. The Europeans, in order to control the interior of their colonies, established
centers for the political control of the colonies.
Post-colonial period is a period of rapid urban development in Africa. This rapid growth of
urbanization in post colonial period was encouraged different factors such as rural-urban
migration. Another cause for rapid urban development in the post colonial period was natural
population increase (Carlton, 2009:266). It has been estimated that 40-50% of population growth
in cities in the developing world is due to natural increase (Aryeetey, 1997:185-193). As a result
of improved medical technology, mortality rates have fallen resulting in increased life
expectancy rates while fertility and birth rates continue to be high. However, urbanization in
Africa both in the pre and post colonial period has occurred with no concurrent proportional
changes in social transformation though there is limited research that correlates urbanization with
modernization, industrialization and socio-economic development (Satterthwaite2003:179-190).
Today, while Africa is the least urbanized Continent in the world, it is experiencing the highest
urban growth and the most rapid rate of urbanization. Between 1950 and 2005 the urban
inhabitants in Africa grew by an average annual rate of 4.3 percents from about 33 million to 353
million persons (Yousif 2005:55-59) .Even though from 2005 to 2010, the annual growth rate
has declined to 3.36 % per year, African urban areas grew 1.7 times faster than the urban growth
rate of the world in the same years (UN ECA, 2014:2).
As in most developing countries, urbanizing of Africa will face serious challenges, especially as
policy structures adjust slowly. At the national level, incorporation of capital markets often
occurs more slowly than labor market integration, which is facilitated by migration. Investment
in infrastructure is sadly inadequate, institutional development lags, and the fiscal base is
weakened by centralized processes. Urban management and planning needs to be strengthened to
help cities plan ahead and avoid pollution, congestion, and the emergence of urban slums; But
the track record of most African countries in this arena is poor so far. For this reason, the issue of
urban management is at the core of the continent’s development challenge (Henderson, 2005: 50-
1543).

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2.6. Urban expansion in the Ethiopian context
Urbanization in Ethiopia is a collective result of different event such as trade routes or
worshipping areas. Specifically, many literatures traced the beginning of urbanization in modern
Ethiopia to the reign of Menelik II (Teshome, 2007:23). In Ethiopia, there are several criteria
that differentiate between urban and non-urban centers this include population size, population
density, administrative or political boundaries and economic function. However, population size
and administrative center or municipal are currently the key criteria to define urban area. Based
on this measurement, there are five levels of urban centers in Ethiopia;
Table 2.1 Numbers and sizes of urban settlements in Ethiopia. (Ethiopian Urban Development
And Construction Ministry, 2012: 28-29)
Population of urban settlement Levels

From 2000 to 20,000, Small towns

From 20,001 to 50,000, Medium towns
From 50,001 to 100,000 Large towns
From 100,001 to 1,000,000 Cities
over one million Metropolitans
Regardless of its long history of urbanization and typical urban directives, Ethiopia remains less
urbanized country even by African standard. Only 19% of Ethiopian population is currently
living in urban areas (Zerihun et.al 2015:13).
However, with regard to current trend of urbanization, developing country in general and
Ethiopia in particular are the fastest urbanizing regions of the world (UN WUP: 2014). High rate
of unemployment, high number of informal sector, poverty, and regional distribution of urban
center etc. are some of the major obstacle facing Ethiopia’s urban development.
For instance, Tsegaye (2011) argues that Ethiopia’s urban regional distribution is unbalanced,
urbanization in Ethiopia is uneven and there is unbalanced growth of towns. By default the
regional pattern of urbanization in Ethiopia is already unbalanced. The level of urbanization
varies regionally, ranging from nearly 100 % in Addis Ababa to 13.8% in Oromia (CSA .JULY
2008).Ethiopia’s rapid urban expansion is a result of different factors such as rural-urban
migration, natural population growth, economic development and the desire of claiming more
land by urban center. High scale land consumption and the desire for more land is the major
cause of urban expansion in Ethiopia. The 2014 Addis Ababa- Oromia special zone joint master

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plan which ended in conflict and loss of civilian lives can be typical example. Indeed almost all
of the Oromia regional state special zone towns are under high pressure of Addis Ababa’s spatial
urban expansion. Formerly agricultural areas are now converted to commercial and residential
center. In this case, physical expansion of urban center is reducing grazing and agricultural land
which is becoming the source of economic, social and political crisis (Tegegne 2000:1). This
condition, therefore directly hit the agricultural community of the area. Urban expansion in
Ethiopia impedes the livelihood elements and strategies of peri-urban farmers’ and hence leads
them in to vulnerability compounded from trends, shocks and/or their combination in a given
context. Thus, the issue of sustainability is still the fundamental question to Ethiopia’s urban
development.
Rural-urban migration is another important contributing factor to high rates of urban expansion
happening in Ethiopia. Rural migrants’ come to urban areas with expect of better job
opportunity. This idea comes from the belief that urban area is a place where the cheap rural
labor gets demand and good value. In other words, it means labor was being shifted from
locations where it is extremely cheap to place where it is expensive and more valued. However,
when we look at the experience of many under developed countries like Ethiopia, we get the
opposite stories, (Tegegne, 2001).
Todaro (1981) argues that rates of rural-urban migration have greatly exceeded rates of urban job
creation and swamped the absorptive capacity of both job sector and urban social services. This
fact shows that migration can no longer be causally viewed by economists as a beneficent
process necessary to solve problems of growing urban labor demand. In support of this, Todaro
argues that migration remains a major factor contributing to the phenomenon of urban surplus
labor; a force that continues to make worse already serious urban unemployment problems
caused by the growing economic and structural imbalances between urban and rural areas. The
rural-urban migration in this case tends to bloat the urban labor supply while depleting the rural
countryside of valuable human capital. This holds true for urban expansion in Tulu Bolo Town.
The town was radically expanded to the peripheral area.
2.7. Driving forces for urbanization and changes peripheral-urban area
Economic, legal, and private sectors participation are forces that derive urbanization and
change in settlement pattern on per-urban zones. Each of these forces can either positively or
negatively influence the livelihood of farmers in per-urban area. The intervention of central

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government was considered as the primarily factor for expansion of peri-urban Bangkok
(Jonkory,2009). Due to government interference by installation of large scale infrastructure
to increase the supply of serviced land and accommodate urban growth, the demand for
new economic activities was raised. Accordingly, large parts of predominantly agricultural
lands have therefore converted to residential, commercial, industrial and other urban land uses.
The land conversion influences the change of economic base of the per-urban areas. Various
factors are contributed in rapid change in per-urban areas. However the pattern and pace of
change in developed and under developed countries are quite different. The main deriving forces
in Europe and America are; re-distribution of companies in periphery-urban areas with
relatively cheap land price, more activities of research and development located in the
areas with beautiful scenery and environment and demand of low density residential lands
leads to sprawl towards peripheral -urban areas. In the other ways, the factors that lead to
peripheral-urbanization in East Asian countries were foreign direct investment, easily
availability of cheap labor force and development of residential houses with cheap land prices
(Yuan,2008).
2.8. Causes, forms and consequences of urban expansion
2. 8.1. Causes of urban expansion
Urbanization in a global has resulted in cities that are rapidly growing and expanding to be
capable to host their increasing population and this expansion is termed as urban sprawl. The
expansion of urban to the neighboring rural environment is caused by two major factors;
namely spatial urban growth and urban population increase due to high birth rate and rural
to urban migration. The first source of urban expansion-urban development is induced by the
economic advancement, urban clearance and/ or industrialization (UN, 2004:4).
According to Tegegne (2002) two most important actors leading urban expansion are in-
migration (both rural-urban migration and urban-urban migration) and natural population
increases. Internationally, urban systems are expanding into lands that are valuable for
agricultural and forest production and impinging on the health and resilience of socio-
ecological systems (SES).These land use changes produce current profit at the cost of
eliminating future options for ecosystem goods and services (Farber et.al 2006).

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2.8.2. forms of urban expansion.
Accordingly the solutions lie in reforming transport system rather than imposing compaction to
the cities. There are others who favour neither compaction nor expansion of cities rather
advocating for elements from both views. This argument promotes urban regeneration
strategies and new intra-urban environmental initiatives in line with the compact city argument
and favours controlled direction of inevitable expansion to the periphery to support a full range
of facilities and to the sites that cause the least environmental damage as for the compaction view
of urban expansion (Feyera, 2005).
Compact city development strategy has more recognition and is recently accepted for
social and economic utilization of resources although developing countries rarely exercise
compaction. Urban Expansion is mostly uncontrolled that one often sees congestion and
comprehensive unplanned settlement with acute scarcity of infrastructure in one part and
unutilized or partially developed vacant land on the other part (Feyera,2005).
2.8.3. Consequences of urban expansion
High speed of urbanization is presently taking place in developing countries in general and in
countries with the lowest levels of economic development in particular. Consequently, dramatic
changes of urbanization over the past two or three decades has been concentrated in these
countries, where the urban population has been expanding at rates that are twice the
observed rate in the countryside (World Bank, 2004).
Urban expansion and the attendant’s social and environmental changes it introduces remain to
be a topic of popular debate and active policy formulation. Hence, there is no specific theory to
study the consequences of urban expansion on rural farming community in the urban neighbors.
However, Scholars in the field of development studies have argued the issues of urban
development and growth from different perspectives compaction. (Audirac, I.1999).
Urban Expansion is mostly uncontrolled that one often sees congestion and
comprehensive unplanned settlement with acute scarcity of infrastructure in one part and
unutilized or partially developed vacant land on the other part . Accordingly, the interaction of
urban to rural was described in modernization theories of economic development. The
main paradigm in this regard is the structural transformation model formulated in the mid-1950s.
The main focus of this model was the transfer of agricultural labor and growth of output
and an employment to the modern urban industrial sector through wages that is higher than

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subsistence agriculture (Barnett, 1995) Other theorists stated that the city offers cost
reducing advantages in economic, social and cultural amenities. However, this structural
transformation has historically a great deal of upheaval, conflict, dislocation and human
degradation in which the process involves winners and losers. In contrary to this structural
transformation theory the dependency theory maintains that cities grow parasitically by
exploiting and holding back their surrounding regions. Established economic development in
the city is only takes place at the expense of the surrounding areas.
The rapid urban expansion in under developed countries is usually associated with unplanned
development in the periphery that requires high cost of infrastructure. It is also evident that
even in planned activity the development of infrastructure usually does not correspond to
the large tract of land that develops in a low-density pattern. thus urban expansion
consequently results in social, environmental and economic problems to the society
(Balchinet al.2000).
2.8.3.1. The Social consequences of urban expansion
Urban expansion results in displacement, dislocation and segregation of urban periphery in
general and neighboring farmers in particular that result in social make up disorder. People in the
extended urban areas “live still partly rural and where many of the residents live in the
country side but are not socially and economically of it”. They usually do not participate in the
planning and design of resettlement and dislocation options as well as the distribution of
associated costs or benefits. Since social infrastructure is concentrated in the Centre people in the
extended area rely on proximity to facilities. This involves long commute or travel for work,
market and other basic social needs. Specifically, low-income households will continue to live in
such sever social constraints in the periphery (Carter, 1995).
According to Mejia (1999) there is also a possibility of urban neighbors isolation from the
city development and sandwiched between the rich creating class differences. This began
to accelerate the migration of the disadvantaged groups particularly the farming community who
already inhabited the area. Even urban rich or middle class incomers whose income permits to
commute perhaps many could be attracted to the liveliness and benefits of the facilities in the
Centre. Thus the community in the periphery could face problems of survival strategies,
solidarity network, and systems of power to which the social and economic activities are linked
to their original location.

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2.8.3.2. The Environmental consequences of urban expansion
Egypt lost more than 10 percent of the country’s productive farmland to extended urban
settlement (Minwuyelet, 2004). On the other hand, urban expansion is not accompanied by
environmental protection system. Urban waste relay on open canals, open drains in the road side
and holes in the ground as regular means of waste disposal particularly in expansion areas. This
exposes the dwellers to sanitation related disease and air pollutions.
2.8.3.3. The Economic consequences of urban expansion
In under developed countries people are migrating from rural areas to urban centers and from the
Centre the poor also move to the periphery for urban renewal or squatting. These areas need
provision of infrastructure like road, power line, water pipes and drainage line. This requires
high development cost that draws on the financial capacity of the municipal government. In
many cases the municipality cannot afford to provide and people remain deficient of
basic means of life. Because of this most of the residents are exposed relatively to high cost of
living (Todaro, 1997). Also limited work opportunity in the area. The challenge is more intense
to the dislocated and evicted farming community since they lose their means of livelihood.
2.9. Effects of urban expansion on peripheral farming communities
A Long studies of research findings revealed that urban expansion has many negative effects on
the peripheral communities in general and farmers in particular (Tegegne, 2002).
2.9.1. Negative effects of urban expansion
Urban expansion has negative effects to its surrounding areas in different aspects
especially, in relation to displacement of farmers from their farmland and to degradation
of valuable agricultural land. This is because as the nation’s population increase, cities must
grow spatially to their peri-urban areas to accommodate more people and to serve different
services for them per year. Furthermore, it is estimated that by 2025, the World’s population rate
will reach 58%, African’s 52%, and Ethiopian’s will reach 32% (Wabster R.D, 2005).
The reason for an optimistic prediction towards the urbanization growth is that, it will have the
following negative effects of urban expanding on their peri-urban areas.
2.9.1.1. Loss of farmland
As pointed out by Dayong (2004) uneven urban expansion will occupy considerable valuable
farmland around urban centers, which causes to sensitive contradiction and conflicts with the
farmers who are displaced from their farmland. Urbanization negatively affects the peri-urban

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areas in different ways. As urban centers, expand by occupying fertile farmland and displacing
farmers cause to reduce the amount of production and number of family farmers and move to the
nearby urban centers. In Ethiopia, land take for expansion of towns and cities by regional
government is raising rapidly because urbanization leads to outward expansion of towns and
cities and results to change in land use and landscape where by the federal and regional
agencies and the municipality are expropriating of agriculture land for public purposes. In
addition, the federal law on rural land expropriation and compensation, have been crafted by the
agencies that are taking land seem to disfavor that are losing the land (Solomon, 2006). As a
result, the farmers with their large family size will be exposed to unemployment and
poverty (food insecure) for the reason that they are not well educated and skilled rather
depending on their agricultural production. It is understood that, people without basic
qualification or literally skilled are unable to compete and get job in the labor market.
2.9.1.2. Solid waste disposal and land degradation
According to Tvedten (2002) urban centers produce more solid waste products than they
can absorb within their own borders. Predominantly urban centers pollute the rural landscape.
Industrial, residential and institutional waste in urban area is often dumping directly on to the
farmland of their peri-urban areas. These solid wastes, hazardous, plastic, and medical product
wastes degrade or structurally change in its size and quality of production of the landscape.
In consonant with this Tacoli (2004) claimed that inadequate and improper municipal
waste collection and disposal methods are increasingly becoming major sources of land
degradation in the peri-urban areas and in turn affect the health and quality of life of
the peri-urban residents.

Figure .2.2. Urban Rivers contain wastes from many sources. (Source: Tacoli, 2004)

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2.9.1.3. Encloses the surrounding villages to urban territory
Tvedten (2002) stated that urban expansion is one of the causes/effect of population growth of
urban centers. According to them, about 10-15 percent of urban growth of the developing world
stems from boundary expansion or change while their livelihood style is based on agriculture
which is not the core issue of the urban centers administration unit.
2.9.1.4. Over-exploitation of natural resources
According to Tacoli (2004), rapid urbanization leads to over utilization of renewable and
nonrenewable resources of their peri-urban areas (especially, land). Because people who live in
urban areas have vary and different consumption pattern than these who live in the peri urban
areas. The demands made by urban centers greatly exceed the carrying capacity of their own
territory. Urban centers, in view of Kamete(2002), take up 2 percent of the earth’s surface
but consumes 75% of the world’s resources. They draw on the material resources of vast
and scattered peri-urban areas and are dependent on the skin capacity of the environment
to a degree, which greatly exceeds the immediate area. This results over exploitation of resources
of the peri-urban areas and finally degradation and environmental pollution. As noted above, the
world’s resource use is concentrated in urban centers.
Urban consumers account for most consumption of fire wood, charcoal, construction materials
and land for urban expansion and infrastructure provision which leads to the depletion of
rural-based natural resources such as farmland, forests, wildlife and quarry sites, hence often
results irreversible damage to the human environment (McGranahan, 2004 ).
2.9.1.5. Urban expansion causes conflict
At present time urbanization causes for enormous conflicts associated with land acquisition. The
most sources of conflict are found at the borders of the urban and rural, common and
private, smallholder and investors land. In Ethiopia, the peri-urban land use is changing rapidly
from rural agricultural use to other urban activities such as industry, commerce, housing,
infrastructure and other services. Thus, transferring of the farmlands to urban land use is
increasing from time to time through land acquisition. Such kind of transfer has been the sources
of an increasing numbers of land conflicts (Kanji, 2005).
2.9.2. Positive effects
Urban centers have also positive role on the development of their surrounding peri-urban
areas through different ways. The following are the major ones:

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a) Center of market area
According to Satterthwiate (2004), the surrounding areas of urban is mostly engaged in
agricultural production either for local consumers or as links to national and export markets,
urban centers act as access to market which is the pre-requisite to increasing rural agricultural
incomes. Proximity also contributes to minimize the risks of perishable products to
produce timely to market areas and to get affordable transportation.
b) Access to employment
people who live around urban centers, because of their proximity, have a better access to
employment and modern way of living than those who far rural dwellers. Besides, urban
centers create employment opportunities through the development of small and micro enterprises
and cooperatives, (Kamete and Tvedten, 2006).
2.10. Urban expansion and livelihood strategies in the urban periphery
The economies of the developing countries are growing at lower rate than population growth.
Especially, fast growing of urban population and economic problems have rapidly increased the
number of urban poor. Due to lack of alternative means to regular employment, urban poor has
several survival strategies. The main strategies are categorized as urban strategies and rural
strategies. The urban strategy is divided into two urban non-farming strategies and urban
farming strategies. The urban non-farming strategies include all income-generating activities
outside income derived from agriculture. These are mainly household activities (cooking and
washing) and economic activities which include informal enterprises (open air vehicle repair and
washing), metal works, carpentry, petty commodity trade, local brew making, prostitution,
formal employment, house maid and daily labor. Similarly, urban farming strategies are
activities deployed on farm by those who have access to a piece of land outside or within the city
boundaries. “In order to make ends meet, many poor urban households depends on
farming activities, either within the city boundaries or in the rural areas. From economic point
of view assets that is seen as capital from which livelihoods are constructed include
natural (land, water and the bio-network),economic (basic infrastructure, cash, credit and
saving, tools and technology), human (labor, skill, knowledge, ability and health), and social
(institutions, affiliations, social claims and network, (Ellis, 2000).

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2.11. Rural -Urban Linkages
2.11.1. The nature of rural- urban linkage
Rural-urban interactions are important elements of the livelihood strategies for both rural and
urban households, either in the form of flows of people (migration), products, goods and
services ( natural resources) , information and money, or in the form of income diversification
such as urban agriculture and non-farm rural employment ,on the other hand, mostly rural
and urban development has been considered in isolation in most developing countries.
(Adem, 2010).Their inherent linkage with each other’s is less considered or reduced to
only market linkages. Although market linkages play significant role, Rural-Urban Linkage
(RUL) is beyond this linear kind of assumption and it encompasses many complex interactions
and processes. Rather it is important to recognize the close relation between urban and
rural systems. This is due to fact that efforts and initiatives in one area, when properly conceived
and planned, can have a positive spillover effects in the other (Tacoli, 2002).

2.11.2. Urban –rural linkage in Ethiopia

In line with this, current trends in flows of natural resources, people, goods, money and
information and patterns of occupational diversification as well as level of poverty and
environmental degradation in Ethiopia reflect a dynamic process of ecological, economic,
social and cultural transformation that needs to be better understood and guided towards better
direction using the changing situation as an opportunity. (Tadele ferede, 2019) The high rate of
urbanization, which is among the highest in the world though important, can have
disastrous consequences on the already fragile economy and environment, unless properly
managed (Tacoli,2003 ). From the above related literatures it is possible to infer that rural-
urban linkage is multidimensional interactions between rural and urban areas and it is
crucial concept since the development of the two areas could not be achieved in isolation. It is
useful in maintaining the win-win relations between the two areas. However, the implementation
of this concept in Ethiopia is limited both in scope and history. Had the rural-urban linkages been
applied and studied well, the neighboring rural farming communities would have not been
negatively affected as a result of urban expansion and dislocation.

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2.12. Land Tenure Policy in Ethiopia
According to the definition provided by Food and agriculture organization (FAO), land tenure is
whether legally or customarily defined; as individuals or groups with respect to land (FAO
2002:7). In other words, land tenure is the method in which rights in land are held. The
institutions that govern access to and use of land and the security of land tenure range from
temporary to exclusive, traditional or registered and protected by a legal title, and have a
significant impact on sustainable use of land.
All countries across the world have their own land tenure policy that fits to their social, cultural,
economic and political system. Land is the basic social, political and economic asset of people in
every country either developed or developing one. Likewise, in Ethiopia, the most important
portion of property is land. It has already been repeatedly mentioned that in Ethiopia land is an
important asset in all aspects. This important asset was treated differently under different ruling
system of the country, ones nationalized and the other time privatized, the politics of capital
(Jun,2008). In the nineteenth and early twentieth century, the church was a holder of large tracts
of land. Emperors of different eras made the grants to churches and monasteries so that the latter
would be supported from the income. This kind of land tenure system and other property related
issues of imperial-feudal structure came to end in 1974 with the rise of military government of
Derg. The land tenure policy of Ethiopia experienced several changes and amendments in the
past political system.
The pattern of Ethiopian land tenure policy and farmers’ property rights have dependent on
mainly the policy exercised by three different political regimes since the beginning of the 20th
century .namely; the feudal, the Derg and the current regimes (Shimelles et. al, 2009:13).The
dynamic nature of land tenure policy during these regimes makes access to land is an important
issue for the majority of Ethiopian people .who, one way or the other, depend on agricultural
production for their income and survival. Land tenure therefore continues to be one of the
political central and economic issues.
The feudal land tenure system is determined by birth and family line within the royal family, in
this tenure system, land is claimed according to one’s family line. The land tenure system during
emperor Minilik and Hailesillasie can be typical example. This is largely because of the
similarity of their feudalistic birth and kinship based ruling system. The types of land tenure
policy of feudal regime are differentiated as communal (Rist), grant land (Gult), private land

25 | P a g e
(Gebbar), Church land (Samon) and state land (Mengist). This classification is made by the
feudal ruling class and can be change or modify only by the ruling class according to their own
will. During feudal period, access to land is determined by ones family background and kinship
line. Thus, it was the most difficult time for majority of Ethiopian people who are not from the
line of the royal family. This situation forced majority of the Ethiopian people to serve the land
lords as daily laborers in exchange with crop (Teka et al, 2013:944-951). Land lords are people
mainly from the background of the royal family or top government officials and known business
man. During feudal period almost all of the country’s land where in the hands of land lords.
According to Shimelles et al, (2009) the feudal period was a time when more than seventy
percent of the fertile land was owned by only one percent of the property owner of the entire
population in Ethiopia. The imperial-feudal land tenure policy which was the worst and unfair
land policy in the history of Ethiopia ended when the regime was overthrown by the military
government of Derg in 1975.
The 1975 revolution brought another chapter of Ethiopian land tenure policy. The military
government of Derg who came to power by defeating the imperial rule started to implement land
policy directly opposed to the feudal-imperial system. The first measure taken by the Derg
government was the nationalization of land. Land became the property of the state (rural lands
proclamation of 1975). According to this proclamation renting, selling, or operating land on the
basis of share crop is strictly forbidden and the only possible way for transferring land was either
back to the state or through inheritance within the family. Through radical redistribution of all
land to the peasants’ Derg succeeded in abolishing the feudal-imperial land tenure policy in
general and its principles of land lords in particular. This nationalization of land was mainly
marked by its popular name ‘land to tiller’ slogan. Land to the tiller was the rallying cry of the
student and opposition movement, which eventually overcome and collapsed the imperial
regime. The 1975 radical land reform successfully accomplished its nationalization objective and
was much-admired at the time as it seemed that the question of land in general and rural land in
particular had got an adequate answer. However, due to mismanagement and under utilization of
natural resource, the level of poverty and food insecurity has been worsened and failed to
subside, despite fundamental changes in the land tenure system. Together with other internal and
external political crisis, the Derg government and some of its land tenure policy came into end in

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1991. However, the nationalization policy of land which was first implemented by Derg was
accepted by the current government and it is still among the running land tenure policies of
Ethiopia. (Girma 2011: 17).
The downfall of Derg regime in 1991 marked the establishment of the current government.
Because of the contrasting nature of socialist-capitalist ideology, the current government
redefined almost all of policies, rules and regulations of the country with the exception of
nationalization of land previously implemented by the Derg regime. The only difference between
Derg and the current government nationalization policy of land is that, the current government
land policy unlike Derg is enshrined in the constitution (Girma 2011: 17). Hence, the 1995
FDRE constitution declared that all land is owned by the government and people of Ethiopia
(See FDRE constitution article 40).Though land is nationalized; the government has assured that
the landholding rights to be used by the landholder for an indefinite period of time and has
guaranteed protection of landholders from eviction. The 1997/89 Rural land Administration
Proclamation enacted vesting regional governments with the power of rural land administration
by legislation of their own regional land administration proclamations based on the national one.
The right of each region to administer land and other natural resources by enacting their own
rural land administration proclamation is obtained from the current Ethiopian national
constitution. With the current accelerated rate of urban expansion and expropriation of land
particularly farming land, the usufruct and holding rights are at risk. Thousands of hectares of
farming land are expropriated every year in favor of urban expansion or investment. This action
is violating the legally provided farmers’ usufruct of land. This is a serious issue that needs great
improvement. Unless, the farming community will face a serious of problem that arises from
shortage of land which in turn leads to wide-range of economic, social, and political crisis.
2.13. Urban expansion and its adverse effect under constitution of Ethiopia
All communities who have been displaced or whose livelihood has been adversely affected as
result of state or government programs have the right to commensurate monitor or
alternatively means of compensation with adequate state (government) assistance” FDRE
constitution 44(2). As indicate in the above National constitutional provision that state the right
of every person to claim for the unequivocal and compensation for their property and land
when government Programs affect their living condition that based on land. On the other hand,
there are legal rights/issues concerning the farmland holding expropriation and compensation.

27 | P a g e
The federal constitution of Ethiopia under article 40(4 and 8) states that, the farmers who hold
farmland have the right not to be expropriated without just compensation for their farmland. The
Ethiopian civil code under its articles (Art 1463-1473) and proclamation No. 455/2005
also provides the mandatory legal procedures of expropriation stating from declaration of public
interest to the payment of just compensation. However, many Town including Tulu Bolo did not
seem to implement the law of farmland expropriation and the subordinate laws properly due to
weak institutional governance, lack of financial capacity and standard of land tenure
system for investments. As a result, there are many farm households were displaced from their
farmlands with little or no means of compensation and which are presently suffering from food
insecurity and vulnerability (Berhe, 2006) Farmland expropriation without just compensation
seems to be cause for a several problems such as unemployment, poverty, rural-urban migration
and conflict between government and farmers communities as well as among farmers in the
peripheral -urban area and the city. As a result, the livelihoods of the farmers in the peripheral -
urban areas have unfavorably affected.

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 CHAPTER THREE
3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1. Description of the Study Area
3.1.1. Location of the Study Area
Relatively the study area located at South West Shoa zone of the Oromia Regional State, It is
far away 80 Kilometers from Addis Ababa (the capital city of Ethiopia) on the way to Jimma
and also 34 kilometers from zonal town Woliso and located in the coordinate of 8°40′N and
38°13′E and with an elevation of 2202.88 Meters above Sea level. The town is the largest
settlement in Becho Woreda and serves as social, economic and political center for Woreda.
The first master plan of the Town was prepared in 1975 and the revision has been made in 1982,
and 2003, The Town gradually expanded from starting center to the periphery. At present, the
Total area of Town 1450 hectares (: (source; Institute of Oromia planning, 2004)

Figure 3.1: Location Map of the Study Area

Source: By Researcher, 2019

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3.1.2. Historical Background
The area on which the present Tulu Bolo Town is located had been covered by natural forest
before its establishment around 1929 E.C at area called Aroge Gebeya place and one of the
tribes of Oromo people, Bonda were living there as Trading group (1929). Bonda is the people
travel from place to place for the trading purpose.
The place present town found was served as a joined line Jimma to Finfine for a long time
In this joined line people came to the area and construct living houses, trading houses, different
Restaurants and schools (Source: Tulu Bolo municipality May 2011).
3.1.3. Population and Demographic Characteristics
Population size is one indicator to measure the status of urbanization for one urban
settlement. Population size of Tulu Bolo town at different census based on figures from
the Central Statistical Agency in 2005, an estimated total population of 14,307 of whom, 6,837
are men and 7,470 are women. The 1994 national census reported this town had a total
population of 8,011 of whom 3,708 were men and 4,303 were women and The 2007 national
census the total population of town is 14,476 of whom 7,210 men and 7,266 were women,
increased to 42,294 total population in the year 2011 and estimated to reach 44,409 in 2012
(Source : Tulu Bolo municipality ,2011), Tulu Bolo town has five religious followers Protestant,
3.5 percents Orthodox, 86.1 percents, Muslim,9.9 percents , catholic,0.5 percents and
waqqefana,0.04% were found and regard of ethnic group Oromo,89.3 percents Amhara 5.5
percents Gurage 4.8 percents Tigre 0.2 percents and kulo 0.2% ( source; Institute of Oromia
Planning,2004 ).
3.2. Research Design
In this research study, the Descriptive Research Design was employed to make intensive
investigation of urban expansion and its effects on peripheral farming communities. In order to
address the stated objectives the researcher was used both quantitative and qualitative types
Quantitative method was used to collected statistical (numerical) data and in other ways the
Qualitative approach was used for this study because the data collected and used focuses on the
participants’ subjective experiences on the process of disclosure and the way they interpret them.
and as well as applied to describe the existing conditions of expansion of the town that were held
and processes that were going on concerning to urban expansion to the surrounding of the study
area of Tulu Bolo Town.

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The General procedure in the study and plans that arrived at the final achievement was;

Title or Topic of the Research

Statement of the Problem

Research objectives Research questions

Literature review

Structured interviews Research methodology Participatory discussions

Designing interview format

Survey

Analysis

Interpreting data

Conclusion &recommendation

Figure: 3.2 Flow of Research Design

Source: By researcher, 2020

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3.3 Data source and type
3.3.1`. Data Sources
In order to achieve the aim of the study that assess the problems of urban expansion on the
peripheral farming community, the research was involved both the combination of the Primary
and Secondary data sources which had been supported by spatial data and since it was vital for
the study.
3.3.1.1. Primary sources
These sources of data were collected from the Original sources of data, which includes open
ended and close ended questionnaires, structured/semi-structured interviews for farmers, elders,
town dwellers, field observation with the displaced farmers and municipality official’s, Kebele
administrators and communities leaders for the study of urban expansion.
3.3.1.2. Secondary sources
This sources of data were collected from reported documents, various registers and
publications (like books, journals, research reports and papers, magazines, ),documents available
on different profiles on world wide web and others like, and land use regulations and government
policy document.
3.3.2. Data type
3.3.2.1 Quantitative
This data had been represented in numbers and figures, hence the researcher was used
quantitative data to express in statistical (numerical) which emphasize on sample size and deal
with facts.
3.3.2.2. Qualitative
The qualitative data were collected using multiple tools such as in-depth interview, focus group
discussion, photography, and direct and participatory observation
In qualitative research, the site and participants are mostly selected by researchers
purposefully that was best help to understand the problems and research questions
(Creswell, 2009).The same idea in different word, Currivan (2004) noted that, in qualitative
research selection procedure is a deliberate rather than a random process. Thus, in this
study, the researcher was deliberately selected those informants who could provide necessary
and rich data about the livelihood circumstances of the displaced people. Therefore, in order to
find varied and rich data, interviewee was purposefully selected from those relocates that left the

32 | P a g e
area in advance of the determined cut-off date rather than leaving in accordance to or after the
deadline.
3.4. Sampling Techniques and Sample Size
In order to identify the samples both hybrid of random and non- random sampling method was
used in the study. To assure the representativeness on target group household that were settler
and faced study problem in the peripheral part of Tulu Bolo Town a Simple random sampling
technique was used. The town has two Kebeles and it is surrounded by four peripheral
neighbouring areas. They are; Kata insilale, Batu ciracha, Dhaka gudda and Soyyoma genchi, the
town’s rapid expansion is all in the peripheral part of the area. The investigator mad an attempted
to take representative sample of households from these dislocated peripheral farming
communities. Regarding this, the researcher purposively selected all kebeles (four). In each
peripheral Kebele`s a list of the displaced households would be generated from roasters of the
kebele administration, to form the sampling frame for simple random sampling, 93% Confidence
level and 7% Precision level are used at criteria.
The Representative samples from the households of selected Kebeles were based on scientific
formula at required degree of confidence. Therefore, representative sample of these households
have been calculated based on the formula for sample size determination and for finite
population. According to Dirribsa and Tassew (2015) as cited by Ahlam Yimam June, 2017 the
formula is given as:

. . .
n = ( ) . .

. ∗ . ∗ . ∗
= ( )
=166
. . ∗ . ∗ .

Where n= required sample size=166, N=Population=1383, Z= Confidence interval at 93%

which is 1.92, e=7%, P= 0.5, q= 0.5, Z=93% confidence interval under normal curve 1.92
The samples of respondent are taken from each kebeles on the basis of the formula given above).
e= acceptable error term (0.07), P and q are estimates of the proportion of population to be
sampled and N=total population.
The following is the detail about the sample respondents from each kebele which is computed as
total population of each kebele or portion/total population*total calculated sample using the
above formula: Kata Insilale: displaced, 277/1383*166=33, Batu ciracha: displaced,

33 | P a g e
296/1383*166=36, Dhaka gudda displaced, 367/1383*166=44 and Soyyoma displaced,
443/1383*166=53. Total= 33+36+44+53=166
This is summarized with the following (Table 3.1).
Table 3.1: Number of Sample households (SHHs) of the Study Area
No Name of Total Population Sample size based on Sampling
Kebele number of displaced in proportionality techniques
households household sampling

1 Kata insilale 706 277 33 Simple random

2 Batu ciracha, 732 296 36 Simple random
3 Dhaka gudda 846 367 44 Simple random
4 Soyyoma 954 443 53 Simple random
Total 3238 1383 166 Simple random
Source: The researcher manipulation from Becho Woreda Administration (2020)

3.5. Data Collection Tools

The most important instruments employed to generate relevant information were questionnaires,
key informants interview, field observation and focused group discussion (FGD).
3.5.1. Questionnaire
The researcher used similarly questionnaire for all respondents of the selected sample
The questionnaire was primarily prepared in English languages and then translated to Afaan
Oromo Finally it was translated to English language and then been analyzed
The items of questionnaire are both closed ended and open ended. The closed ended items have
been used for quantitative analysis.
3.5.2. Key informants interview
The study employed both unstructured and semi-structured interview with affected local farmers
and other concerned authority. Informants’ selection criteria were based on availability sampling.
The particular focus of the interview included, the common understanding of local farmers
towards urban expansion , the major positive and negative impacts of expansion, an interview
was prepared for kebele administration, community elders, displaced farmers, and municipality,
These included women, men and youth whose landholdings have been expropriated in case of
urban expansion. Accordingly, a total of 33 informants were selected composed of 15 men, 8

34 | P a g e
women and 10 youths of which 6 male and 4 female were interviewed. This strategy of selection
was preferred since it helps the researcher to understand the impact of urban expansion from
different perspective on different social groups. Other concerned administration experts from
Tulu Bolo municipality, bureau of investment, bureau of urban land management as well as
bureau of Agricultural and natural resource office were part of the interview. Because experts
and office head who are directly working on the issue believed to have rich data than the others.
In furthermore, it helps to get required information from community elders could describe
changes resulted over time than other existing young people.
Table 3.2: Number of key Informants:
No Name of No of key informants Sampling
. kebeles Technique
Rural community displace Town previous town
kebele elders d administrati administration
administr farmers, on experts
ation,
M F T M F T M F T M F T M F T
1 Kata insilale 1 - 1 1 1 2 2 1 3 Purposive

2 Batu ciracha, 1 - 1 1 2 3 1 1 2 Purposive

3 Dhaka gudda 1 - 1 - 1 1 1 1 2 Purposive
4 Soyyoma 1 - 1 1 - 1 1 1 2 Purposive
Total 4 0 4 3 4 7 5 4 9 5 3 8 4 1 5
Source: The researcher manipulation from Becho Woreda Administration (2020)

3.5.3. Focused group discussion (FGD)

Al together, in a group discussions, eight people Participated in the study. The FGD members
were selected from influential elders and leaders, Target population (displaced farmers)
purposively. Specifically One from Municipality of the town, two from Office of Land
Management of Tulu Bolo Town, three from Community elders, and two from kebele
Administration

35 | P a g e
3.5.4. Field observation
Ground truth data’s on the field were collected by direct observation on the selected area for this
study. The researcher was observed and collected the necessary visual information with the help
of Digital Camera from the existence of urban expansion. Observation used by the researcher to
get relevant information to accurate the information gets from the other tools. Observation
checklist was used by researcher to conduct field survey systematically.
3.6. Data analysis techniques
The study has both qualitative and quantitative methods of analysis , prior of any data analyzing
techniques Primarily data collected from sampled household was processed and analyzed ,
qualitatively. With regard to the data gathered from household survey, field supervisor checks
every completed questionnaires; the pre-coded questionnaires were processed, managed and
analyzed by using the tools Micro-soft excel program, micro-soft word illustrator, Google map,
and AutoCAD. Variables such as, sex, age, family size, education status, their attitude on the
effects of urban expansion on their farmland and livelihood were analyzed using descriptive
statistic mainly percentage and graphs. The acquired data statistics were presented and analyzed
by using tables, graphs, figures, charts, maps, and reports.
3.7. Reliability and Validity of data
The outcome of this thesis report was ensuring as much as possible by taking the following
safety measures. The insights were obtained from the combined use of qualitative and
quantitative technique simultaneously increases the strength of the conclusion. Consulting
knowledgeable persons (experts and researchers) on issues that require expertise and cross
checking information was obtaining through interviewing with information gathered from public
records and published materials on the issue.
3.9. Ethical Consideration in the Field Work
The study presented an important number of ethical and moral dilemmas which must be
identified and addressed prior to carrying out any research study in order to protect all
participants from unwanted hurt. During gathering information from different concerned bodies
the researcher was show positive approach at any time for the respondents. The name of data
collectors was not recorded during the data collection process. Therefore, before data collection,
a formal letter was given to the researcher from Addis Ababa University (EiABC) and the
researcher show to the concerned organization and explained the general goal of the study.

36 | P a g e
 CHAPTER FOUR
4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4. 1.Introduction
This chapter presents the main findings of the
the study concerning town expansion and its impact
on the livelihoods of peripheral farming community. The results presented in this chapter
required to achieve objective of the study. Titled as, an assessment of Urban Expansion on the
Surrounding Farming Land: the case of Tulu Bolo Town, Oromia Regional State. This part of the
thesis deals with the Description of general characteristics of sample respondents and then
information's are presenting, analyzing and interpreting collected/gathered from; farmers who
were displaced from their land between 2002-
2002 2012, from key informants who are interviewed
such as formal and informal leaders and influential elders, municipal experts and official
documents through conducting questionnaires, interviews and document analysis.
analysis. Generally, it
contains three cooperated or mutually coexisted, parts i.e. some deals with farmer's responses,
others deal with the official administrative experts response to the questionnaires and interviews
and some others also deal with the official
off (municipal) document analysis.
4.2. The General Background of Respondents
Figure 4.1:: Composition of respondents by sex

Source: Field survey, 2020

As figure 4.1, above
ve show that the respondents‟
respondents 97(58%) indicated that the male and 69(42
69(42%)
were female share, hence male was taken the majority of the sample respondents
respondents.

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 Table 4.1: Age structure of the Respondents
Respondents age Frequency Percent

20 -30 81 48.7

31-40 42 25..3

41-50 22 13.3

51-60 14 8.4

above 60 7 4.2
.2

Total 166 100

Source: Field survey, 2020

As seen from the Table 4.1, above the sample respondents 81(48.7%)
81(48.7 20 to 30 age, 42(25.3%)
were 31to 40 age, 22(13.3%) exposed that 41 to 50 age, 14(8.4%)
14(8.4 ) indicated that 51
51-60 age and
7(4.2%)
.2%) above 60 age. Therefore, the majority respondents of the sample households of the age
groups were 20 to 30 ages in the study area.
Figure 4.2: Marital status of the respondents

Marital status
frequency percent

Total 166 100

Widowed 3 1.8

Married 107 64

Divorced 15 9

Single 41 25

Source: Field Survey, 2020

As figure 4.2, above shows that the marital
marital status of the respondents, 41 (25%) were single, 107
(64%) married, 15 (9%)
%) divorced and 3 (1.8%)
%) shows that widowed. The majority respondents
of the sample households were married in the study area.

38 | P a g e
 Table 4.2: Educational background of the respondents
Educational background Frequency Percent
Illiterate 21 12.6
Write and read 48 29.0
Grade 1- 4 39 23.4
5-8 33 19.8
Grade 9-10 14 8.4
Grade 11-12 & above 11 6.6
Total 166 100
Source: Field Survey, 2020
Concerning the respondents‟ Educational background shows that, 21(12.6%) were Illiterate,
48(29.0%) were able to write and read, 39 (23.4%), grade 1 to 4, 33 (19.8%) were 5 to 8,
14(8.4%) stated that 9-10 and 11 (6.6%) were indicate above grade twelve and more educational
level .the majority of the household 48(29.0%) were the ability to read and write .This implies
that most of the peripheral farming community whose land has been displaced and thus their
livelihood has been affected by urban expansion have no educational qualifications by which
they be able to secure their alternative livelihood after agriculture.
Table 4.3: Household family size
Households family size Frequency Percent
1-3 26 15.6
4-6 77 46.4
7-9 45 27.1
10-12 12 7.2
>13 6 4.0
Total 166 100
Source: Sample households survey, 2020
Regarding to respondents the family size shows that, 26(15.6%) were 1-3, 77(46.4%) were 4 -6,
45(27.1%), were 7-9, 12 (7.2%) indicate that 10 to, 12 and 6(4.0%) were stated that above 13
family sizes .This indicated that the most respondents 77 (46.4%) of the respondents were high
family sizes. So, this implies that most of the peripheral farming community whose land had

39 | P a g e
been Expropriated and their livelihood has been affected by urban have a large family size
burden under the narrower income source condition.
Figure 4: 3 Religious compositions
comp of the respondents

Religious of Respondents
300
250
Axis Title

200
150
100
50
0
Muslim orthodo Protesta waaqqe Catholic Total
x nt effata
Percent 17.4 38.5 22.3 13 9 100
Frequency 29 64 37 21 15 166

Source: Sample households survey, 2020

As the above
ove figure 4.3, shows that, 29(17.4%)
29 .4%) were Muslim 64 (38.5%) were orthodox
37(22.3%), were protestant 21(13%) were waaqqeeffata and 15(9.0%)
%) indicate that catholic ..This
indicated
ted that the most respondents 64 (38.5%)
(38.5%) of the respondents were orthodox followers.
Table 4.4, Occupational of the respondents
Job of respondents Frequency Percent

Merchant 20 12.0

Daily labor 26 15.6

Private 30 18.0

Farming 71 43.0

Others 19 11.0

Total 166 100.0

Source: Sample households survey, 2020

As the above table 4.4, shows that most of the respondents
respondents occupation were farmers 71(43
71(43%)

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 Figure4. 4: Households monthly income
Monthly Income levels

Total 100
0
Above… 5.4
9
3001-3800 8.3
14
2201-3000 11.4 Percent Frequency
19
601-2200 14.5
24
801-1600 40.4
67
<800 19.8
33

0 20 40 60 80 100 120

Source: Sample households survey, 2020

Along the lines of the figure 4.4, of the respondents, 33 (19.8%) were less than 800, 67 (40.4%)
shows that 801 to 1600, 24 (14.5%) indicated 1601 to 2200, 19 (11.4%) were 2201 to 3000,
14(8.3%) were 3001 to 3800 and 9 (5.4%) show that above 3801 incomes levels in the study
area. Moreover, the majority income levels of town 67 (40.4%) were 801 to 1600 income levels
of the town.
Table 4.5: Household respondents lived in Tulu Bolo Town
Respondents (in years) Frequency Percent
<1 8 4.8
1-5 13 8.0
6-10 17 10.2
11-15 35 21.1
16-20 93 56.0
>20 166 100
Source: Sample households survey, 2020
As the above table shows the majority of the respondents were lived in the town for a long time
16-20 is 93(56%)

41 | P a g e
 4.3. The impacts of urban expansion of Tulu Bolo Town on Farmers’ livelihood
4.3.1 Urban Expansion and Community Awareness and Participation
As mentioned in the literature review, in any development program, community awareness and
participation is a central issue to insure sustainability. With respect to this an attempt has been
made to assess whether the dislocated farming community had been aware and participated in the
process of urban expansion and determination of the kind and amount of benefit and
compensation provided for the assets dispossessed as a result of urban expansion.
Key informants from the Town Administration indicated that there have been work done to
create awareness and involve the community in general and the farming community who were
direct victim of urban expansion in particular. According to Town’s Administration, this has
been played by Tulu Bolo Municipality Bureau by conducting meeting and discussions with
farmers in the expansion areas once in the year.
In the urban areas there will be no extra lands as in the rural areas and as a result needs careful
management by urban planners, surveyors and other experts in the area of urban management.
The Municipality is also more responsible and knowledgeable about urban land management, so
that it should check for free sites within urban areas before displacing the communities.
However, the information gathered from focus group discussion is extremely contrary to the
response of key informant from the Municipality. The group in the discussion stated that there
were Kebele leaders and other people serving as intermediary between farming communities and
the Municipality visiting the areas. The dislocated rural farmers also stated that they have
informally heard the tale that the Town is expanding and the Municipality is planning to displace
the community in the near future. However, the group stated that no government body formally
conducted meeting and discussion with them and after sometime they were told to stop farming
and leave their land in a small meeting held in the respective Kebeles. The household survey
result with regard to awareness and participation of the urban expansion program, dislocation
and compensation and benefits mechanisms implementation process in their neighbourhood is
similar to that of community focus group discussions. The result indicated that the majority 107
households (64.4%) of the sampled household respondents were not aware of the urban
expansion program in their surrounding area and they were suddenly told to leave their original
home while relatively considerable minority 59 (35.5%) replied that they were aware of the
urban expansion program in their vicinity. In regarding this, the majority of the surveyed

42 | P a g e
households stated that since we were not properly given awareness and we were not participated
in the program of urban expansion we aggressively resisted and we, finally were forced to leave
the land and receive the compensation determined by the Regional State.
Figure 4.5: Community’s awareness on Urban Expansion
Ex

Total 166 100

No 107 64.4

Yes 59 35.5

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

Frequency Percent

Source: Sample households survey, 2020

Has
as been pointed out in previous parts, it is advises to participate the stakeholders in any
Development programs, in this regards,
regard as Figure 4.5 shown, about 107 (64.4%)
%) households not
agreed that they had not awareness on the expansion
expansion program. And while some 59(35.5
59(35.5%) they
had awareness
4.3.2. Ways of households’ awareness about urban expansion
Concerning to the respondents awareness Table 4.6 show that 79 (48.0%) werre through public
orientation, 41(25.0%)
%) that were
were through official training, 27 (16.3%) indicate both and
19(11.4%)
%) were other means awareness of sample households in the town. This indicated that the
most respondents of awareness about urban expansion
e of sample households 79 (48
(48.0%) were
through public orientation. On the other hand, the focus group discussion based data shown us
that this community had been informed via different means that the land was to be taken for the
town’s development with which the
t key informants also agreed.

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 Table 4.6: Means of awareness of urban expansion
Means of awareness Frequency Percent

Through public orientation 79 48.0

Through official training 41 25.0

Both 27 16.3

Other 19 11.4

Total 166 100

Source: Sample households survey, 2020

4.3.3. Reaction of peripheral farming communities to move from their former resettlement
The below Figure 4.6, shows the varied reaction of peripheral farming communities to
resettlement caused by planned expansion of Tulu Bolo Town. From reaction of the respondents
101(61.0%) agreed without objection, 41 (25.0%) exposed objected but left force fully and 24
(14.0%) stated that bargaining. Therefore, the majority respondents of reaction of farmers move
from former Possession, 101 (61.0%) were agreed without objection in the town. Yet, the
objected of the displacement program implementation in Tulu Bolo Town by the town
administration initially .But the farmers accepted that they get convinced latter on by the
administration through a collective bargaining and left latter on. Still some others, 41
(25.0%)were objected to left force fully ,on the other hand, claimed that they were forced to
leave no matter how they objected the displacement and only the smallest number, agreed the
dislocation without any objections can be seen from figure 4. 6 here below.

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 Figure 4.6: Reaction of farmers to relocation

Nature of reaction
300
100
200
61
100 166
101 25
41 14
24
0
Agreed Objected Objected Total
without but left but
objection force fully convinced
through
bargaining Frequency Percent

Source: Sample households Survey, 2020

Table 4.7: Major purposes of urban expansion and displacement program in Tulu Bolo
Town
Land needed Frequency Percent
For investment 43 26.0
For settlement 69 42.0
For commercial centre 28 17.0

for government office building 9 5.4

for road construction 10 6.0
Other 7 4.2
Total 166 100
Source: Sample households Survey, 2020
According to the key informants, respondents, more sites
sit were needed for residence 69 (42
(42%)
purpose
rpose followed by investments 43 (26%)
(26%) ,Therefore, it is possible to conclude from this fact
that Tulu Bolo’s expansion is enhanced by residence and investment need which intern implies
that the Town is attractive enough for these two
tw purposes In the study area

45 | P a g e
 Fig.4.7 For settlement
Source: field survey, 2020
4.3.4. Compensations and Benefit Mechanisms
According to Ethiopian Proclamation No. 455/2005, the government’s promise is not only
providing compensation for dispossessed assets to restore their livelihood after dislocation. The
proclamation further states that neighbouring farming community shall be entitled payment of
compensation for land, buildings, trees and others (Federal Negaret Gazeta, July, 2005).
The proclamation also indicated that the valuation of land and other assets dispossessed should
be carried out by certified private or public institutions or individual consultants on the basis of
valuation formula adopted at federal level. In line with this, the survey data indicated that the
majority responded that the Municipality promised compensation and benefit packages such as
cash payments, job opportunities, urban housing plots, access to services and organizing the
affected households to engage in business and other activities to improve their living condition.
However, the dislocated farming households who participated in the study stated that they did
not actually enjoy all the promised lists of compensation and benefit packages. In addition to
identifying and analyzing policy issues and process of urban expansion in Oromia National
Regional State (ONRS), an attempt has also been made to access different policy documents and
manuals related to urban issues. Oromia National Regional State (ONRS) has designed and
implemented Proclamation No. 65/2003 by which the local urban governance was established.

46 | P a g e
The Proclamation was designed to establish urban institution that facilitates urban spaces for
development, work and residence in the region (ONRS, 2003).
In addition, the region has designed and implemented Proclamations and directives adopted from
Proclamations and Directives prepared at federal level. For instance, recently, the region has 47
designed Proclamation No.147/2007 which provides the establishment of Oromia Bureau of
Land and Environmental Protection. This was to ensure proper administration and regulation of
urban and rural land and preparation of land use planning in the region (ONRS, 2009).
In this regard, the analyses of the above Proclamations revealed that due attention is given to
institutional establishment and their power and duties in the affairs of urban centres in the region.
However, these proclamations did not clearly and adequately state the issues of rural farming
communities’ .while promoting urban expansion in the region. However, the Directive No.
99/2007 designed by Oromia Bureau of Urban Works and Development stated that
Municipalities in the region should plan and prepare land for different purposes depending on the
request and the process should be transparent to the residence of a particular Municipality. In
addition, the directive stated that the land should not be given without the consent of the
community from which the land is to be taken (Oromia Urban Works and Development Bureau,
2007). The survey data gathered from displaced households and focus group discussion indicated
that the implementation of urban expansion is contradictory with the above stated legal grounds.
The key informants also agreed that the majority of the displaced farming communities resisted
leaving their land in the beginning. The informants said that some farmers were convinced later
on the eve of dislocation.
From these facts it is possible to deduce that there is implementation gaps observed in urban
expansion and dislocation program of Oromia National Regional State (ONRS) in general and
Tulu bolo town in particular. This is due to the fact that farmer’s preference was not money in
exchange with their land dispossessed as a result of urban expansion. The proclamation designed
at federal level did not clearly address the processes of urban expansion and dislocation in the
context of different regions. Despite this, the researcher came to know that the criteria for
calculating the assets to be dispossessed is determined at regional level and the actual valuation
is done at Woreda level by Agriculture and Rural Development Bureaus Becho Woreda
Agriculture and Rural Land Administration Bureau in collaboration with the Municipality in the
case of Tulu bolo Town. Furthermore, the proclamation stated that if the Municipality decided to

47 | P a g e
expropriate landholder, it shall notify the landholder, in writing, indicating the time when the
land has to be vacated and the compensation to be paid .In addition, the Proclamations and
Directives designed by Oromia National Regional State (ONRS), found to be more ambiguous
than that of Proclamations and related Directives designed at federal level. For instance, the
Proclamation No. 455/2005 sub-article 9 stated that the valuation of property situated on the land
to be expropriated shall be carried out by certified private or public institutions or individual
consultants on the valuation formula adopted at national level (FDRE, 2005). In addition, though
all the respondents received cash compensation, they argued that the payment was not made on
time, the promise of urban housing plot was only 48 (29%) and job opportunity and access to
basic services have not been seen yet. This implies that the displaced communities were
disappointed by the Municipality.
Table 4.8: List of benefit packages envisaged for compensation
Packages of benefits No of HHs Responded Percent

Compensation money 94.0 57.0

Housing plot 48.0 29.0
Job opportunities 13.0 8.0
Access to services(pure water, 11.0 7.0
electricity, road, clinics, etc)

Total 166.0 100.00

Source: Tulu Bolo Town municipality, 2020
The study participants from dislocated peripheral farmers stated that the Municipality has
promised us access to job opportunities and basic services other than the cash payment and urban
housing plots. However, they argued that the Municipality has disappointed them and the
promises were only for the sake of convincing the community to leave their land. In this regard,
the focus group discussion stated that the extreme disappointment is the failure by the
Municipality to provide infrastructures like road, electricity, and pure water in the new resident
areas. Furthermore, the survey data and the focus group discussion indicated that the majority of
the dislocated farming community members were satisfied with none of the compensation made
so far. Contrary to this, the focus group discussions stated that there were very few individuals
who were eager to get money and were happy during the dislocation. However, due to lack of

48 | P a g e
financial utilization know how and time value of money, those individuals are now in poverty
since they exhaustively consumed all the compensation unwisely
4.3.5. Effect of the expansion programs you faced before its actual implantation
The below Table 4.9 indicated that most displaced farmers have frustration because of lack of
orientation how to live in urban area were 39(24.0%) and they were fear of in adequate attention
from town administration 74 (45.0%)while the other 27 (16.3%)were because of the lack of new
knowledge on newly urban form of life, 15(9.0%) were all and 11(7.0%) were other .There are
many evidences that show the effect of the urban expansion related problem at the expense of
framer’s agricultural farmland in relation with displacement of farmers, loss of livelihood
sources and problem in implementation of procedural requirements during displacement. In this
regard the below table indicated that most displaced farmers have 74 (45.0%) were fear of in
adequate attention from town administration in communities‟ development. As to the responses
from respondent, document analysis as well as scholars‟ literatures; there are many effects of
urban built-up area expansion to its periphery prime agricultural communities. Among them the
major once effect are unjust displacement of farmers, decline farmer incomes or loss of sources
of their livelihood (such as assets and land holding size) and finally leads to conflicts and create
many problem on the farmers who live on the peripheral area of the town.
Table 4.9: Effects of urban expansion before its implementation
Before its implementation Frequency Percent
Frustration because of lack of orientation on where and 24.0
how to live in urban settlement 39
In adequate attention from the administration in 74 45.0
community development activity
In adequate provision of new skills and knowledge on 27 16.3
newly urban form of the life
All 15 9.0
Other 11 7.0
Total 166 100
Source: Field Survey, 2020

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 4.3.6. Urban expansion effect on farmers’ financial capital
According to both primary and secondary sources, in earlier times the main source of income for
Tulu Bolo area farmers was agriculture. The data gathered from informants proves that, in the
pre urban expansion time almost all of them are used to generate income from agricultural
activities including; food production, poultry, dairy farm and etc. After the urban expansion in to
the area, majority of them are forced to engage in non-agricultural activities such as daily
laborer, Trader, store keeper in different factories, guard and etc. According to one informant
during focus group discussion serving as a guard in a private company (powder factory) in Tulu
Bolo town, a decade ago only a few people were engaging in non-agricultural activities like this.
To the extreme reverse, this day only a few people in are fully engaging in agricultural activities
in the area. The informant’s response also shows, this shift from agricultural to non-agricultural
activity has a tremendous impact on the amount of their income.

Figure4. 8: Annual income of the dislocated farming community before dislocation

Annual income before expansion (in ETB)

Total 100
166
>50,000 11
18
41,000-50,000 30
49
31,000-40,000 44
73
11,000-30,000. 8.4
14
1000-10,000 7.2
12
0 50 100 150 200

Percent Frequency

Source: Field Survey, 2020

According to the above figure 4.8, the sample households of respondents‟ 12 (7.2%), were 1000-
10,000, 14 (8.4%) 11000-30,000, 73 (44.0%) 31,000-40,000, 49 (30.0%), 41,000-50,000 and 18
(11.0%) were earn an average annual income above 50, 000. In this regard the above Figure
indicated that most households earn high Annual income before relocation 73 (44.0%). Hence
this shows that the majority measure a household’s financial capital as one of the livelihood
element, an average annual income these households used to earn before urban expansion and

50 | P a g e
are earning currently and the house hold’s average number income before expansion , which was
in the form of savings, had been measured in the area.
Table 4.10: Total annual income after relocation
Annual income after expansion (in ETB) Frequency Percent
1000-10,000 105 63.1

11,000-30,000 36 22.0

31,000-40,000 13 8.0

41,000-50,000 9 5.2

>50,000 3 2.0

Total 166 100

Source: Field Survey, 2020

Regarding to the above table 4.10, of the sample household respondents of the total annual
income after expansion 105 (63.1%), were 1000-10,000, 36 (22.0%), 11,000-30,000, 13 (8.0%),
31,000-40,000, 9 (5.2%) 41,000-50,000, and 3 (2.0%) indicated that above 50,000 birr total
annual income after expansion. Moreover, the majority respondents of the total annual income
after expansion were decline from 31,000-40,000ETB to 1000-10,000 ETB, in the study area
According to informants, a decrease in income affected their livelihood in different ways. This
include change in consumption behavior, health, education, shelter or housing, etc The amount
of annual income used to gain in the pre expropriation period can be relatively considered as a
good income comparing with the country’s household income level. The expropriation of
farmers’ livelihood asset such as land, house and livestock radically changed the degree of
income in general and reduced annual cash income almost by half. As a result, local farmers are
responded that, they are incapable of feeding their children and incapable of covering other life
expenses such as school and health fee.

51 | P a g e
4.3.7. Urban expansion effect on farmers’social relation before displacement in formal area
Figure 4.9: Level of social relation before relocation

Level of social relations

300
250
Axis Title

200
150
100
50
0
High Very high Low Very low Moderate Total
Percent 23 63 5 4.2 5.4 100
Frequency 38 104 8 7 9 166

Source: Field Survey, 2020

As shown Above Figure 4.9, the respondents, 104 (63.0%) of the urban expansion effect on
social relationship before dislocation in the town were Very high, 38 (23.0%) of the urban
expansion effect on social relationship before dislocation in the town were High, 9 (5.4%) of the
urban expansion effect on social relationship before dislocation in the town were Moderate, 8
(5%) of the urban expansion effect on social relationship before dislocation in the town were low
and 7 (4.2%) of the urban expansion effect ton social relationship before dislocation in the town
were very low in the town. Therefore, the most of the respondents 104(63.0%) of the urban
expansion effect on social relationship before dislocation in the town were Very high in the study
area.
4.3.8. Effect of urban expansion on social relationship value after displacement
Figure 4.10: Level of social relation after relocation

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 Total 166 100

Moderate 21 13

Very low 83 50

Low 42 25.3

Very high 9 5.4

High 11 7

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

Frequency Percent

Source: Field Survey, 2020

The Above figure 4.10, indicate that the sample households of the respondents, 11 (7.0%) of the
respondents urban expansion on social relationship value now show that high, 9 (5.4%) is very
high, 42(25.3%) is exposed to low, 83 (50.0%) is very low and 21(13.0%) is moderate in the
town. This indicated that the most respondents of 83 (50.0%) of the respondents urban expansion
on social relationship value now is very low in the town.
4.3.9. Peripheral farming community attitude towards urban expansion
The data collected from individual households and focus group discussions in addressing the
perceptions and states of Peripheral communities towards urban expansion into their area seem
to be nearly identical. Irrespective of their attitudes and reaction the participants stated that urban
expansion is a predictable process. They complained and suggested only on the implementation
program that the government did not keep its promises and especial attention should be given to
female households, elderly and large family size in compensation and resettlement programs

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 Table 4.11: Peripheral farming communities’ views towards urban expansion
Peripheral farming communities’ views Frequency Percent
towards urban expansion
Agree 17 10.2
Strongly agree 14 8.4
Disagree 57 34.3
Strongly disagree 78 47.0
Total 166 100

Source: Field Survey, 2020

As verification with the above table 4.11, information from the survey data revealed that the
majority respondents 78(47.0%) of the study population were against urban expansion program
or strongly disagrees and 57(34.3%) disagrees to the surrounding areas. While very few
households 17(10.2%) were agrees, and 14(8.4%) strongly agrees, the expansion program
towards the periphery.

Fig.4.11: Town expansion

Source: Field survey, 2020
4.3.10. Urban expansion effect on farmers’ human capital
Table 4.12 below shows that the households family members affected by the effect of urban
expansion and the led- consequences. As, 45(27.1%), male 67 (40.2%) female 23(14.0%)
children and 31(18.3%) were all of the households, the disadvantageous group of the households
attributed to urban expansion over their surrounding area were the disadvantageous groups of the

54 | P a g e
family. The explained reasons for this included among others; the lack of adequate foods,
income, education, and the related household’s amenities. Moreover, data from focus group
discussion and the key informants, shown that these households had not been able to educate
their children owing to the financial constraints and that was why the child had no access to
education for which right s/he is deserved otherwise. Hence, the boys and girls of this
community had a lack of marketable and more productive knowledge and skills. From this, it is
fair to infer that the households‟ human capital” of such community had been adversely affected
by the town expansion.
Table 4.12: The disadvantageous groups to urban expansion
Disadvantageous groups Frequency Percent

Male 45 27.1

Female 67 40.2

Children 23 14.0

All 31 18.3

Total 166 100

Source: Field survey, 2020

4.4. The perception of dislocated people on appropriateness of Compensation Provided by
Town administration
According to information obtained from field survey, 131 (79%)were not support the benefit
package obtained while 35 (21.1% ) support the benefit packages Figure 4.12 show. even though
payment is made for the properties lost in the land, there are complains on the appropriateness of
evaluation procedures. Some evicted households points out that the current evaluation
procedures used by the municipality for the properties lost on the land does not consider actual
value of property. On the other hand, there are other cases that some farmers did not obtained
compensation payment for the properties lost on the land. However, compensation for
improvement made on the land has not been considered and implemented on study area.
As information obtained from key informants from Tulu Bolo Town municipality, generally
three compensation packages are widely available for evicted farmers. These are:

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A. Residence land in urban Area:
Area: Farmer who loses his residence land can get land in urban area
in his name and for each of his family. If the size of the residence land lost is 500/m2 and
above, the husband and wife of the family together can get 500/m2
500/m2 from the urban
administration. If the land lost is below 500/m2, they obtain 200/m2.In addition, each child in
the family with the age of 18 and above can obtain 140/m2 from urban area.
B. Employment Creation: Relevant line government offices responsible institutions to
rehabilitate the livelihood of evicted peripheral farming community’s farmers. Their
Responsibility include organizing evicted farmers, give skill development training and
appropriate place of work and made favorable condition to engage pr
private investment
activities.
C. Cash compensation: cash compensation is mostly used for the land lost farmers
Figure 4.12: Perception of affected communities towards compensation

100
Total 166

79
No 131

21.1
Yes 35

0 50 100 150 200

Percent Frequency

Source: Field Survey,

Su 2020
4.4.1. Nature of Compensation for dislocated peripheral farmers
The Table 4.13 below shows that there were many promises that were told to the farmers whose
land had been expropriated and hence whose livelihood elements had been affe
affected in one way
or in another. 81(49.0%)
%) households agreed compensation in monetary
monetary or compensated by
money, 45(27.1%)
%) the housing plot allotments, and creating a job opportunity. On similar case,
24(14.4%)
%) only a few households dined promises on access to some basic services and trainings
related to developing the skill pertained to alternative livelihoods of the urban settings

56 | P a g e
However, the urban expansion and development program executing institutions and their leaders
seemed not to be committed on their promises to
to the farmers whose livelihood had been affected
by the expansion program.
Table 4.13: Nature of compensation for dislocated peripheral farming communities
Nature of compensation Frequency Percent

In monetary benefit 81 49.0

Alternative land 45 27.1

Training to develop skill 24 14.4

Others (mention) 16 9.6

.6

Total 166 100

Source: Field survey, 202

Figure4.13: Reaction on the amount and kind of benefit package

Reaction to Satisfaction
Axis Title

100%
80%
60%
40%
20%
0%
Highly Satisfie dissatis Indiffer Highly Total
satisfie d fied ent discour
d aged
and
dissatis
fied
Percent 10.2 16 18.1 13 51.2 100
Frequency 17 26 30 21 85 166

Source: Field survey, 2020

As indicated in figure 4.13 above, the majority of the affected
affected farming communities were highly
discouraged and dissatisfied 85 (51.2%)
(51.2 with the compensation provided.

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 Figure 4.14: Sustainability of Compensation obtained to support livelihood

300
250
100
200
150 73.4

100
166
50 26.5 122
44
0
Yes No Total

Frequency Percent

Source: Field survey, 2020

As the above figure 4.14 mention most of respondents 122(73.4%) were not support their
livelihood the compensation obtained. this show that majority of farmers were under risk
4.5. The survival strategies of the farm households whose Livelihood are mostly affected by
Expansion of the town
4.5.1. Livelihood alternatives the affected households followed after displacement
As figure 4.15 shows below, all of the households engaged in a productive livelihood activity
after the Displacement of their land for the urban expansion. Of all this community members,
only 41(25%) of the households engaged in their usual livelihood, the “agriculture” while the
most rest, 125(75.3%), turned in to the “non- agricultural “activities as shown in a figure. The
loss of arable farmland leads farmers‟ to change their livelihood strategies from agricultural
farming practice to semi and/or non – agricultural livelihood strategy.

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 Figure 4.15: Livelihood strategies of households after displacement

Livelihood strategies
Frequency Percent

Total 166 100

Non- Agriculture 125 75.3

Agriculture 41 25

Source: Field survey, 2020

Table: 4.14 Activities the respondents engaged
Activities Frequency Percent
Raising own business 18 11.0
Serving in some one’s house 36 22.0
Migration to far areas of 13 8.0
urban
Migration to far areas of 9 5.4
rural
Daily labour in the town 71 43.0
Begging 7 4.2
Others 12 7.2
Total 166 100
Source: Field survey, 2020
As above Table 4.14 shows 71(43.0%) employment in daily laborer in the town, 36(22.0%)
Serving in some one’s house, 18(11.0%) Raising own business, 13(8.0%) Migration to far areas
of urban, 9(5.4%) Migration to far areas of rural 7(4.2%) begging and 12(7.2%) were others that
doing in different organization like guarding.

59 | P a g e
4.5.2. Job and related condition of the affected households after displacement
The Figure 4.16 below shows, 124(75.0%) of households did not believe as they may get job at
this time than before while the rest, only 42(25.3) %, did rather. The stated reasons for this
absence of demandable and marketable knowledge’s and skills, low availability of the job itself,
as well as the lack of experiences in searching and access job in urban setting.
Figure 4.16: Attitude of affected communities gets jobs or works easily these days than
Before

Description
300
250
200
Axis Title

150
100
50
0
Yes No Total
Percent 25.3 75 100
Frequency 42 124 166

Source: Field survey, 2020

Therefore, it is fair to say that although these households had their own effort to engage
themselves in different livelihood strategies and alternatives, each of the household’s educational
background, economic status they had before, the family size they had accommodated, the lack
of institutional interventions all limited the output from the newly chosen livelihood.
Hence as the respondents said to get job is tired and bored

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 Table 4.15: The major problems you and your family faced while coping up with the
Urban type of livelihood strategies
Problems Frequency Percent

Lack of knowledge in financial utilization 62 37.3

Lack of due follow- up from the concerned institutions 47 28.3

Lack of skill (knowledge) for job opportunity 38 23.0

Discrimination by the new settlers 11 7.0

Others 8 5.0

Total 166 100

Source: Field survey, 2020

Regarding to information obtained from field survey, 62 (37.3%) were Lack of knowle
knowledge in
financial utilization, 47(28.3%)
%) were Lack of due follow-
follow up from the concerned instituti
institutions
38(23%) were Lack of skill (knowledge)
nowledge) for job opportunity, 11(7%)
11(7 Discrimination
nation by the new
settlers and 8(5%)
%) were others in the study area. This show that the majority of the household
were not had experience to create business
Figure4. 17: A Responsive body to improve the current status of livelihood

Total 166 100

All 18 11
Private Settlers 11 7
Private investors 15 9
Non- Government (NGOs) 29 17.4
Government 93 56

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

Frequency Percent

Source: Field Survey 2020

Regarding what obtained from field survey, 93(56%) were mention a responsible body had
government.

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 Table 4.16: Percentages of household respondents by level of satisfaction for complaint
Application
Level of satisfaction Frequency Percent

Strongly satisfied 10 6.0

Just satisfied 8 5.0

Indifferent 11 7.0

dissatisfied 51 31.0

very much dissatisfied 66 40.0

extremely dissatisfied 20 12.0

Total 166 100

Source: Field Survey 2020
As regards to information gain from field survey, 10 (6.0%) were strongly satisfied, 8(5%) were
Just satisfied, 11(7%) were Indifferent, 51(31%) dissatisfied, 66 (40%) were very much
dissatisfied and 20(12%) were extremely dissatisfied in the study area. This show that the
majority of the household were very much dissatisfied 66(40%).
4.6. The Role and Response of Institutional Intervention in Dealing with Rehabilitation of
Community after Displacement
Table 4.17: Level of satisfaction of institutions in dealing with rehabilitation
Rehabilitation institutions Frequency Percent

Government institution 95 57.2

Community leaders’ 31 19.0

Civil society organization 14 8.4

private organization 17 10.2

other 9 5.4

Total 166 100

Source: Field survey, 2020

even if there were different views and beliefs that the sampled households had on how to
mitigate the problems, majority had pointed out that the government need to be the sole owner of

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the intervening process under the rational that the town ‟s development program had been and is
being run by it. This group of the respondents specified that urban development program was to
be participatory where by all the stake holders to take part and have a say, ensure common
beneficiary ship few powerful beneficiary ship before the implementation periods.
When it is implemented, the farming community whose land is to be displaced and hence whose
livelihood is to be interrupted need to be compensated proportionally to, at least, the negative
effects the program brings up on them and the livelihood interruption it causes then after. After
the program implementation, the executing institution should have a concern to the affected
groups of community. The government institution as a central transforming structure (factor) for
any livelihood and under whose lead ship the urban development program being run should
follow-up the post urbanization lives of the affected community and assist them based on their
ability and interest in such a way that their family secure their livelihood. On the other hand, the
focus group discussion participants pointed out that, besides the program’s participatory ship
before the implementation periods, compensation should be based on the farmers‟ interest which
is usually alternative farming lands. But if the money compensation is only a resolution, then it
should be executed after the provision of trainings and other capacity building services to this
community on how to make urban businesses, how to manage these businesses under the smaller
and micro- industry organizations where strong institutional follow- up exists with which the key
informants strongly agree.
4.7. The Governmental role to improve the life of the peripheral Farming community
Affected by urban expansion
Table 4.18: Governmental role
Governmental role Frequency Percent

Capacity building 73 44.0

social organization 59 36.0

Strengthening the available institutions 34 21.0

Total 166 100.

Source: Field survey, 2020

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Seeing that the table above information obtained from field survey, 73 (44.0%) were said that
government should be capacity building in the area, however 59(36.0%) were said that
organizing community is beterr, in other ways 34(21.0) were believe to Strengthening the
available of institutions. This show that the majority of the household were 73(44.0%) had been
believe that government role were capacity building
4.8. Effects of urban expansion on socio-cultural aspects of the community
As information obtained from farmers and the focus group discussions, farming community
around Tulu Bolo Town faced challenges on their well-known socio-cultural assets which were
evidenced in traditional social institutions. These traditional institutions which bring them
together in work and on different celebrations like horse riding on New Year and holidays, The
information gathered from focus group discussions state that the social interactions of the
displaced farming communities with their respective neighbours at new residence area is not as
smooth as before. Particularly, households who are now settled in the urban area do not have
healthy relationship with previous urban settlers. This is due to the fact that new settlers do not
need to completely lose their domestic animals like cattle, sheep and others, while old residents
of the Town do not have these assets due to limited land for grazing and limited class rooms for
breeding. However, in addressing question to assess whether the community support urban
expansion, the majority responded that they are not happy with it. The reasons they stated
include, loss of permanent assets, grazing land for domestic animals and site where their children
and young enjoy.

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 CHAPTER FIVE
5. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1. Conclusion
The accelerate of urban growth leads to rapid changes of rural farm land into urban land use at
this time than before, Tulu Bolo Town has been experiencing horizontal urban expansion that
follows suitable for settlement, comfortable landscape, and other infrastructure development, and
then its impact is clear to the peripheral farming communities. During the town's expansion,
despite of the community’s' awareness of the expansion through public orientation and official
meeting training, all farming community was not made participant on the decisions about the
types and amount of compensations and related benefits to them for the their land displaced
vacated, for the property they lost and hence for their livelihood interruption and the resulting
impact on their family. In fact, in most under developed countries like Ethiopia participation of
stakeholders on the decision about urban expansion compensation is not habitual. As a result
dissatisfaction about the land compensation become goes from bad to worse. With the same vein,
for most of the households in the study area, the town administration did compensation
calculation of money and/or housing plots to the displaced placed without the agreement
between the compensation taker and the responsible bodies. Even though most of the households
agreed, but with higher dissatisfaction, that they had been given 48(29.1%) housing plot and
94(57%) money. The urban expansion, that was carried out in this method had brought a
significant negative impact on the livelihood strategies of the peripheral farming community in
terms of natural capital (i.e. farming land, grazing land, forest and shrub lands), financial capital
(i.e. income and livestock holdings), the physical capital (i.e. housing or built up area), and
human capital (i.e. education, health and other training skill), it has positive impact on them. This
was examined with this study in the descriptive statistics and analysis. Therefore, this study had
assessed and found that the urban expansion has an impact on the financial, natural, physical and
human asset of the peripheral farming community's livelihood.
Before the urban expansions considered in this study, an average annual income of the
households used to earn per year was 31,000-40,000 ETB, However, after urban expansion then,
this study had scanned that there was no a single households earning above 10,000 ETB, and
majority fallen in the income group of 1000-10,000 per year.

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Furthermore, the social capital of this community had before declined from above moderate
through very high to very low while natural asset mainly land and permanent forest declined.
Similarly, the study had also pointed out that the horizontal urban expansion affected human
capital of these households explained by poor nutrition, inadequate food, poor health, lack of
education and very limited marketable skills and knowledge all of which are the function of the
households‟ income level that in turn is determined by the type and nature of the livelihood
alternatives each of the households have. Conversely, the physical capital, represented by the
number of house rooms- buildings- these households had after urban expansion had shown the
percentage increase. The increased physical capital after urban expansion had been offset by the
poor quality attributed to low during construction. Thus, the income generating capacity of such
capital was very much low. Therefore, this study had assessed and found that the urban
expansion has adversely affected the financial, social, natural, physical and human asset of the
peripheral farming community’s live livelihood which was why these community call
themselves as “urban made destitute”. As a matter of this fact, most of the samples were against
to urban expansion unless it was be run by a responsive institution, to be participatory,
willingness based and promissory to all stakeholders. As a copping mechanism, the households
engaged in different livelihood strategies. Some shifted their strategies from farming to different
job types, i.e. 71(43%) employment in daily laborer in the town 36(22%) Serving in some one’s
house, 18(11%) Raising own business, 13(8%) Migration to far areas of urban, 9(5.4%)
Migration to far areas of rural 7(4.2%) begging and 12(7.2%) others doing in different
organization like guarding
5.2. Recommendations
Based on the designed objectives and the conclusion of this study; the following
Recommendations have been forwarded:
 One of the main causes of horizontal urban expansion is rapid population growth
resulted from natural increase, rural-urban and urban-urban migrations; Therefore needed
improvements in a national, regional, family planning, the spatial planning and urban
planning should get considerable attention.
 Moreover, follow up needs to be made for displaced farming communities in general and
for female headed households and not educated in particular, by creating and enlarging
job opportunities and access to education, infrastructures and services.

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 The Government should be revised compensation policies that serve on the side of
displaced people & become best alternatives.
 Provide Sustainable use of land resources and avoiding agricultural land loss by
uncontrolled horizontal urban expansion.
 Basically, it was not the farmers’ interest to be compensated with money, but alternative
Farm land Nevertheless, if the money compensation is only a resolution, then it should
be effected after the provision of trainings and other capacity building services to this
community on how to make urban businesses & how to manage these businesses under
The smaller and micro- industry organizations where strong institutional follow- up
exists.
 The trend of urban expansion program implemented so far indicated that the peri-urban
farming communities are not consulted and involved in planning and implementation
program. To make transparent, participatory and sustainable development in urban
Expansion all actors of development especially the peri-urban farming communities are
very crucial. Therefore, consensuses in pre awareness and participation of the farming
community in the forgoing programs and decision making should be given first priority
before implementation of the program.
 Poorly planned and managed urban development is threatening the human health,
environmental condition, economic and generally the quality of life .it is necessary to be
prepared with the best professional in their ethics and skill. Therefore the city or town
administration should be build its capacity and employ professionals by seeking on job
training programs for its staff and apply modern technology to manage the land
resources in a proper way.
 Use Top-up planning method that means both top-down and bottom up to make a more
participatory design, so it is sure to be comprehensive and well regarded in order to be as
successful as possible.
 This Study Focused on An assessment of Urban Expansion on the Surrounding Farming
Land: therefore further study is required to assess rapid horizontal urban expansion and
It is necessary to change this trend and make the policies that implement vertical growth
of the town

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Hailemariam, Assefa. The Demographic Transition and Development in Africa. Edited by
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Appendix-I ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY
SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES
COLLEGE OF URBAN AND REGIONAL PLANNING DEPARTMENT
PROGRAM OF MASTERS IN URBAN PLANNING
QUESTIONNAIRE
Dear respondent:-
The main aim of this questionnaire is to collect data as input for the study Titled as “An
assessment of Urban Expansion on the Surrounding Farming Land: the case of Tulu Bolo
Town, Oromia Regional State.”Whose sole purpose is to qualify the requirement for awarding
the Masters of Science Degree (M.Sc) Addis Ababa University, College of urban and regional
planning School of urban planning. Therefore, thanking in advance for your co-operation, I
assure you that each pieces of information collected via this tool are very much confidential
except for the purpose pointed out here above.
Please note that:
There is no need to write your name.

Each question has its own instruction to follow

Return the questionnaire to the researcher, as soon as you complete filling it.

Thank you in advance!

Section I. Respondent Background information

Note- you are required Circle in the appropriate choose
1. Kebele - a) 01 b) 02
2. Sex - a) Male: b) Female:
3. Age a) 20 -30: b) 31-40 c) 41-50: d) 51-60 e) above 60
4. Marital status of household head -
a) Single b) Divorced
c) Married d) Widowed
5. Education level-
a) Illiterate b) Write and read c) Grade 1- 4 d) 5-8
e) Grade 9-10 f) Grade 11-12 & above

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6. Family size (in number) -
a) 1-3 c) 7-9 e) 13 above
b) 4-6 d) 10-12
7. Religion- a) Muslim b) orthodox) c) protestant d) waqqefana e) catholic
If any other specify ______________________________
8. Occupation - a) Merchant c) Private e) others
b) Daily labor d) Farming

9. How much is your monthly income (in birr)?

a) <800 c) 1601-2200 e) 3001-3800
b) 801-1600 d) 2201-3000 f) Above 3801
10. How long you have been living in Tulu Bolo Town T (in years)?
a) <1 c) 6-10 e) 16-20
b) 1-5 d) 11-15 f) >20
Section II: Specific objectives and questionnaire to achieve the stated objectives
Objective: 1. To assess the major impacts of urban expansion of Tulu Bolo Town on
Farmers’ livelihood
1. Have you been aware in advance that the municipality is going to take your land as a result
of urban expansion?
a) Yes b) No
2. If “Yes”, how?
a) Through public orientation b) Through official training
c) Both d) Other

3. What was your reaction when you’re asked to move from your former possession?
a) Agreed without objection b) Objected but left force fully
c) Objected but convinced through bargaining
4. For what purpose your land was needed?
a) For investment d) for government office building
b) For settlement e) for road construction
c) For commercial centre f) other specifies: ____________________

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5. What was the effect of the expansion programs you faced before its actual implantation?
a) Frustration because of lack of orientation on where and how to live in urban settlement
b) In adequate attention from the administration in community development activity
c) In adequate provision of new skills and knowledge on newly urban form of the life
d) All e) other

6. What was average annual total income you used to get before expropriation in ETB?
a) 1000-10,000 b) 11,000-30,000.
c) 31,000-40,000 d) 41,000-50,000 e) Above 50,000
7. What is an average annual total income you are gaining these days in ETB?
a) 1000-10,000 b) 11,000-30,000.
c) 31,000-40,000 d) 41,000-50,000 e) Above 50,000
8. How was your social relationship and value within your community before your land
Displacement?
a) High c. Low
b) Very high d. Very low e) Moderate
9. What is your social relationship and value now?
a) High b) Very high c. Low d. Very low e) Moderate
10. Do you agree that urban expansion in to your area is advantageous to your family members
(Parents daughters and boys)?
a) Agree b) Strongly agree c) Disagree d) Strongly disagree
11. Which groups are more disadvantages because of urban expansion in to your locality?
a) Male b) Female
Objective.2:- To evaluate the perception of dislocated people on appropriateness of
Compensation Provided by Town administration
1. Have you obtained the benefit package due to the loose of your land?
a) Yes b) No

2. If yes, in what kind did you compensated?

a) In monetary term b) Alternative land
c) Training to develop skill d) others (mention)________________

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 3. What is your reaction on the amount and kind of benefit package allotted to you?
a) Highly satisfied b) Satisfied
c) Indifferent d) highly discouraged and dissatisfied
4. In which of these skill acquired training did you have participate?
a) Own business development, management and supervision
b) Financial management/ saving
c) Basic skill training
d) Technical training for livelihood means
5. Could the compensation you obtained were enough to support your livelihood in sustainable
Base?
a) Yes b) No
6. If no, what is the reason? 4. In which one these training/trainings you pleased most and why? -
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
a) ______________, _____________________________________________
b) ______________, _____________________________________________
8. In the above compensation which one you promised but did not obtained? ------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
9. Have you ask concerned body about compensation promised but did not provided and what
were the responses you obtained for? -----------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
10. Have you any other additional comments and recommendations on the compensation
packages? ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Objective 3:- To identify the survival strategies of the farm households whose livelihood
Are mostly affected by expansion of the town
1. Were you engaged in any of productive (income means) activities just right after the
Dispossession/ displacement of your land?
a) Agricultural b) Non-agricultural
2. If your response for question number “1” above is “b”, in which of these you engaged yourself?
a) Raising own business b) Serving in some one’s house c) Migration to far areas of urban
d) Migration to far areas of rural e) Daily labour in the town
f) Begging g) others

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3. Do you believe that you get jobs or works easily these days than before? a) Yes b) No
4. If “No” is your response for question ≠ 3 above, why? ----------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
5. Do you have a job now? a) Yes b) No
6. If “Yes” what type of job it is?
a) Self employer b) Employed in government organization c) Employed in private business
d) Daily labour e) Other
7. Do you have any other source of income today? a) Yes b) No
8. If “Yes”, which of these?
a) Rental income b) Remittances
c) Farm land income from elsewhere d) Supplementary small and micro enterprises

e) Other, specify-------------------------------------------------------

9. What did your family decided to do as an individual or group after land dispossession)?
a) Raised common business b) Followed each of their livelihood strategies
c) Disintegrated d) other, specify
10. Do you believe that the way they turned on become favourable to them to secure their
Livelihood?
a) Yes b) No
11. What do you think the major problems you and your family faced while coping up with the
Urban type of livelihood strategies?
a) Lack of knowledge in financial utilization
b) Lack of due follow- up from the concerned institutions
c) Lack of skill (knowledge) for job opportunity d) Discrimination by the new settlers
e) Others, specify__________________________________________________
12. Who is, as to you, a responsive body to improve the current status of your livelihood?
a) Government b) NGOs c) Private investors d) Private settlers e) All
13. What do you think as better to be done to improve your survival strategies status?
______________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________

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 Objective 4:- To Recommend to the concerned body to solve problems and realize
Prospects following urban expansion
1. What was your level of satisfaction towards institutional capacity dealing with rehabilitation of
displacement farmer?
a. Strongly satisfied d. dissatisfied
b. Just satisfied e. very much dissatisfied
c. Indifferent f. extremely dissatisfied g. other
2. If your answer to Q 1 is either dissatisfied or very much dissatisfied, did you apply you
Disappointment?
a. Yes b. No

3. If your answer for Q2 is yes, to which institution did you apply?

a. Government institution d. private organization
b. Community leaders’ e. other
c. Civil society organization
4. What role could the governmental institutions play in improving the life of the peripheral
Farming community affected by urban expansion? (Capacity building, social organization and
Strengthening the available institutions
5. Does displacement/dislocation scheme considered different aspects of social and economic
Activities of the Peripheral farmers?
a. Areas that have social significance to the community:
___________________________________________________________________________
b. Interest of the local community in site selection for resettlement:
___________________________________________________________________________
c. Infrastructure accessibility and conduciveness of the selected site for the people and other
Services:

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Appendix II ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY
SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES
COLLEGE OF URBAN AND REGIONAL PLANNING DEPARTMENT
PROGRAM OF MASTERS IN URBAN PLANNING
Interview Questions to the key informants
Appendix 2: An Interview guideline to kebele leaders, influential elders, displaced farm
Households and municipality officials
Part I: - Background of Respondent
1. Address __________________________________
Sub town (sefer) ___________________________________
kebele____________________________________
2. Level of education_____________________________
3. Your position in this organization________________________________
4. Year of services in this organization ______________________________
Part II
Interviews about town expansion
5. Do you notice the phase and rate of urban expansion in Tulu Bolo town on peripheral farming
Communities?
6. What do you think the factors that contributed for the rapid expansion of these towns during
The last 13 years or more?
7. Is the town expansion rate going with planning?
8. What are the reason if your response is” no” for question number seven above?
9. Have the pre- settlers been made participant of planning and implementation programs?
10. What factors, do you believe, are causes for expansion?
11. What benefits and compensations have been given so far or promised to peripheral
Agricultural community whose livelihood is affected by urban expansion?
12. Do you believe the given or promised benefits compensations are fair enough to farmer while
Considering farmers‟ economic back ground, living cost and land productivity?

13. If your response is “no” for question number twelve above, what has so far been planned to
Improve the beneficiary ship of pre-farmers from the town expansion?

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14. Have the dislocated and dispossessed community been given any training, orientation and
Institutional supports in such a way that they can easily sustain their livelihood in newly
Changed urban way of life?
15. As well known, land is a base up on which life and livelihood of agricultural community
Families‟ depend. Hence, if this base is affected, then the lives of all children, parents and
Their well-being gets affected directly. As this is the case, therefore, land is equivalently the
Means to assure the well-being and prevalence of fundamental rights of the citizens to life
Do you believe that urbanization has taken place in Surrounding Tulu Bolo Town areas, they
Are; Kata insilale, Soyyoma genji, batu ciracha and Dhaka gudda?
16. As a government institution, what is your organization’s role to internalize negative
Externalities of urbanization on those peri-urban community livelihoods?
17. What were the government policy responses to mitigate the problem related to displacement
Of house hold from their land?

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Appendix III ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY
SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES
COLLEGE OF URBAN AND REGIONAL PLANNING DEPARTMENT
PROGRAM OF MASTERS IN URBAN PLANNING (M.Sc)
Questions for the Focus Group Discussion
1. What factors do you think have contributed for urban expansion in this locality?
2. Had you been made participate for planning in urban expansion program and their
Implementation?
3. Had you discussed on the issues of compensation and benefit packages?
4. Did you agree on a given (promised) compensation?
5. What are the kind of compensations you agreed and why?
6. What advantages and disadvantages you believe the result of urban expansion towards your
Localities specially interims of social and economic aspects?
7. Discuss the copying strategy of the community at house hold levels and victims of social
Groups i.e. newly means or sources of income, job opportunity, social and cultural influences
(Neighbourhood reaction)
8. Discuss whether former agricultural practitioners of the today urban areas have secured their
Newly livelihood and adapted the urban way of life through resource utilization.
9. Discuss whether the technical trainings, orientations or institutional follow-up are being made
To you by any of government, NGOs, privates or their Joints to assist you and your family
Adapt with, participate in and benefit from urban expansion programs and urbanization.
10. Who is, to you, the responsive body to day to reduce the negative effects of urbanization on
your livelihood and to take first action of rehabilitation of your livelihood strategies and means?

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