Volume 10, Issue 7, July – 2025 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology

ISSN No:-2456-2165 https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/25jul242

A Pharmacognostic and Bibliometric

Exploration of Glycyrrhiza Glabra: from
Ancient Remedies to Modern Applications
Sanjeet Kumar1; Dr. Vinay Sen2; Dr. Jasmeet Singh3; Atreyee Mukherjee4
1,2,3,4
Deptt. of Dravyaguna, IMS Ayu. BHU Varanasi

Publication Date: 2025/07/15

Abstract: The plant Glycyrrhiza glabra L. (also known as licorice or "mulethi") has been historically used in both
therapeutic and nontherapeutic fashions, based on its unique phytochemical constituents, which subsequently resulted in
broad pharmacological activity and applications. This review documents G. glabra, from its various historical uses and
forms of traditions, taxonomy, and distribution, to its phytoconstituents and pharmacological activity (anticancer,
antiinflammatory, antioxidant, antimicrobial, and antidiabetic) substantiated by in-vitro and in-vivo work. This review
integrates bibliometric references and citations to illustrate the global interest of this plant; indeed, the significant interest
in G. glabra is reflected globally. Therapeutic value was demonstrated by the hydroalcoholic, methanolic, and aqueous root
extracts of G. glabra; therefore, these extracts are a viable candidate in drug discovery and development as
phytopharmaceuticals. Overall, this review on G. glabra integrates ancient medical traditions with modern pharmacological
science, support its use with integrative and evidence-based medicine.

Keywords: Glycyrrhiza Glabra, Licorice, Phytochemistry, Bioactive Compounds, Anticancer Activity Antioxidant, Anti-
Inflammatory, Antidiabetic, Antimicrobial, Traditional Medicine, Pharmacological Activities, Herbal Drug Discovery, Flavonoids,
Glycyrrhizin, Licorice Root Extract.

How to Cite: Sanjeet Kumar; Dr. Vinay Sen; Dr. Jasmeet Singh; Atreyee Mukherjee; (2025) A Pharmacognostic and Bibliometric
Exploration of Glycyrrhiza Glabra: from Ancient Remedies to Modern Applications. International Journal of Innovative Science
and Research Technology, 10(7), 745-768. https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/25jul242

I. INTRODUCTION G. glabra is found on riverbanks or streams growing in

fertile clay or sandy soils where water can sufficiently
There are some medicinal plants which are available to flourish the plant. (Khaitov et al.,2022). Licorice roots found
us as gifts from nature with historical, ethnomedicinal, and in traditional medicine have been reported to have been used
medicinal significance. Glycyrrhiza glabra (Linn) is a clearly singly or in combinations with other herbs, for the treatment
well-defined medicinal plant. It is well known as Licorice of many health complications like, digestive system disorders
sweet wood or mulethi (Bisht et al., 2021)(Tuli et al., 2022), ( stomach ulcers, hyperdipsia, flatulence, colic) (Goorani et
G. glabra is a small and perennial and useful medicinal plant. al.,2019), respiratory tract disorders, coughs, asthma,
Glycyrrhiza derives from "glycols- sweet and rhizo- root", tonsillitis, sore throat (Wahab et al.,2022), epilepsy (Wei et
"sweet root". Glycyrrhiza as a genus can be found worldwide al.,2025), fever, sexual debility (Prescott et al.,2020),
with over 30 species (Wahab et al., 2021). G. glabra is native paralysis (Shintani et al.,1992), rheumatism (Zhai et
to Eurasia, northern Africa and western Asia. It is distributed al.,2019), psoriasis (Khorshidian et al., 2024), prostate cancer
in (Libya), (Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Russian (Zamansoltani et al.,2009) malaria (Rashidzadeh et al.,2023),
Federation, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, haemorrhagic diseases jaundice (Batiha et al.,2020).
Uzbekistan, Mongolia, Iran, Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, Syria, Furthermore, it can be used as a food and beverage flavoring
Turkey, India, Pakistan), China, Afghanistan, Kazakhstan, and added it to flavor tobacco (Batiha et al., 2020). G. glabra
Palestine, and European countries (Moldova, Albania, is a traditional medicinal plant and this is a rich source of
Bulgaria, Russian Federation-European part, Ukraine, bioactive phytochemicals that has varied biological activities
Former Yugoslavia, Greece, Italy, Romania, France) (Ali. (Sharma et al., 2017). Pharmacological activities of
,2018). G. glabra is one of the most important commercial Glycyrrhiza glabra are mainly due to the possible
plants known and is widely used in tobacco, cosmetics, food, phytochemical constituents that have been studied
and the pharmaceutical industry. These uses have highlighted extensively to identify the probable compounds that could
the importance of G. glabra (Wahab et al, 2021). G. glabra have therapeutic effects (Hussain et al.,2021).
root has been recognized for its medicated effect as far back
as the beginnings of oral history (Ahmad et al., 2022).

IJISRT25JUL242 www.ijisrt.com 745

Volume 10, Issue 7, July – 2025 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165 https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/25jul242
G. glabra is a "vital herbal remedy" in traditional because G. glabra possesses several types of bioactive
Chinese medicine (TCM) (Shang et al., 2022). One of the compounds like phenol, flavonoid, steroid, alkaloid as well as
most powerful herbal remedies for lowering toxicity and terpenoid (Hasan et al., 2021). Among many other
boosting the effectiveness of other herbal medications pharmacological advantages, it showed better memory
combined is licorice, which is said to be present in "nine out enhancer (Dhingra et al., 2004), antidepressant, antibacterial,
of ten formulae" in traditional Chinese medicine (Jiang et al., anticancer (Dhingara et al., 2023), antioxidant, protective,
2020). It has several pharmacological properties like anti- anti-inflammatory, antiulcer, antidiabetic, and hypolipidemic
cancer, antidiabetic, anti-Alzheimer (Pei et al., 2023), characteristics. (Sharma et al., 2021). The main objective of
antioxidant, and anti-epilepsy activity that are utilized in this paper is to provide brief pharmacological information and
Indian traditional medicine system (Abdulkhader et al., 2023) its bibliometric analysis of G. glabra.

Fig 1 Dried Roots of Glycyrrhiza glabra (Licorice)

The image shows the dried root of Glycyrrhiza glabra,  Taxonomical Description
more commonly called licorice or mulethi. The roots are Gigabar is an herbaceous perennial plant that has one
fibrous and cylindrical, light brown on the outside and meter in height. It has pinnate leaves that are seven to fifteen
yellowish on the inside, and readily available from a dry herb centimetres wide and have nine to seventeen leaflets (Sharma
supplier. The roots represent the chief harvest area of the et al., 2017). The lax inflorescence produces purple to pale
plant, and contain a large number of bioactive compounds greyish-blue flowers. The fruit is a 2–3 cm long, oblong pod
including glycyrrhizin, glabridin, and flavonoids, making with many seeds (Batiha et al.,2020). The pea-family shrub
them useful in all the traditional medicine systems such as Glycyrrhiza thrives in subtropical areas with fertile soil
Traditional Chinese Medicine, Unani, and Ayurveda, as an (Sharma et al.,2017). The Glycyrrhiza glabra plant has a large
anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antimicrobial, and antidiabetic underground root system that includes many runners and the
agent. major taproot (Jia et al.,2024). The primary taproot is soft,
fibrous, and has a bright yellow interior; it is gathered for
There are more than 30 species of Glycyrrhiza genus medicinal purposes (Dastagir et al., 2016).
extensively spread worldwide (Rizzato et al., 2017). It has
been planted since the 16th century in Europe. It was the most II. TRADITIONAL USES OF G. GLABRA
prescribed herb in Ancient Egyptian, Roman, Greek, East
China, and the West from the Former Han era (Shibata et Licorice has been known to be used in traditional
al.,2000). Various species of licorice are cultivated in Europe, pharmacopoeia for asthma, tonsillitis, sore throats, thirst,
the USA, South-Western Asia and Central Africa, the Middle excessive gas in the GI tract, epilepsy, fevers, sexual debility,
East, Afghanistan, and the North part of India. In addition, paralysis, coughs, peptic ulcers, heartburn, colic,
England, Spain, Iraq, Turkey, China, and Sicily commercially inflammation, rheumatism, skin infections, acid regulation,
cultivate licorice (Tohma et al.,2010) [18]. Other countries leucorrhea, haemorrhage, haemorrhagic pathologies,
producing the licorice are Pakistan, Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan jaundice, etc. (Khare et al., 2024, Damle et al., 2014, Kaur et
and Uzbekistan. al., 2013). Also, licorice has been used in a field as
insecticide, laxative, anti-inflammatory, anti-ulcer, antibiotic,
anti-arthritic, antagonist in relaxant, antivirals, stimulate or
improve in memory, anticholinergic, anti-tussive, anti-caries,

IJISRT25JUL242 www.ijisrt.com 746

Volume 10, Issue 7, July – 2025 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165 https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/25jul242
hypolipidemic, anti-mycotic, estrogen locus, antioxidants, Dihydroxyflavone, 4’-Hydroxychalcone, Isoliquiritin
anti-cancer, and anti-diuretic (Zadeh et al., 2013). Licorice is apioside, Pinocembrin, Chrisoeriol, Kaempferol, Pretensein
cheap and is found in soft drinks and candy, for alcohol in (Frattaruolo et al., 2024), Rutin (Nedilko et al., 2024),
tobacco, and confectionary. glucoliquiritin apioside vicenin 2 (apigenin-6,8-diC-
glucoside), isoshaftoside (apigenin-6,8-diC-pentose-hexose),
 Bioactive Constituents: liquiritin-apioside (liquiritigenin-7-hexose-pentose),
G. glabra L. roots contain several active compounds violanthin (apigenin-6-C-hexose-8-C-deoxyhexose),
including flavonoids, such as Isoliquiritigenin, Isoliquiritin, isoviolanthin (apigenin-6-C-deoxyhexose-8-C-hexose), 3-
Licochalcone A, Licochalcone B, Licochalcone C, Hydroxyl-3-methylglutaroyl-schaftoside, 3-Hydroxyl-3-
Licochalcone D, Licochalcone E, Licuraside, Neolicuroside, methylglutaroyl-isoschaftoside, 3-Hydroxyl-3-
Liquiritin, licoricidin (Cerulliet al., 2024). Glabridin, methylglutaroyl-violanthin, fujikinetin 7-O-laminaribioside,
Liquiritigenin, Licoflavonol, Isolicoflavonol, Echinatin 3-Hydroxyl-3-methylglutaroyl-isoviolanthin, glycyroside
(Esmaeili et al., 2024), Lico flavanone, Licorice,, (formononetin-7-hexose-pentose), ononin (formononetin-7-
Hispaglabridin A, Glyasperin D, Glyasperin C, hexose), Licorice glycoside C1, Licorice glycoside C2,
Dehydroglyasperin C, Dehydroglyasperin D, licorice glycoside A, licorice glycoside B, eurycarpin A (3’-
Glycyrrhisoflavone, Semilicoisoflavone B, licoisoflavone B, prenyl-7,2’,4’-trihydroxy-isoflavone), isoglabrone,
Isoangustone A, Dibenzoylmethan, Licoaryl coumarin, 3 parvisoflavone A, kanzonol Y, kanzonol C, 6,8-
hydroxy 4-O-methyl glabridin, Formononetin, diprenylgenistein, kuwanon V (Celano et al., 2024) and
Dihydrodaidzein, Glabranin, Quercetin, Liquiritin apposite, Apigenin (Singh et al., 2009), have been identified in G.
Glabrol, Neoliquiritin,, Neoisoliquiritin, Licoricidin, glabara.
Licoflavone B, Licoflavonol, Glycyrol, Glycerin, 7,4’-

IJISRT25JUL242 www.ijisrt.com 747

Volume 10, Issue 7, July – 2025 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165 https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/25jul242

Fig 2 Phytoconstituents of Glycyrrhiza glabra with Pharmacological Importance Description:

IJISRT25JUL242 www.ijisrt.com 748

Volume 10, Issue 7, July – 2025 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165 https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/25jul242

Fig 3 Glycosidic Derivatives and Flavonoid Glycosides of Licorice Description:

This number depicts a broad suite of bioactive This figure illustrates glycosidic compounds from
compounds separated from Glycyrrhiza glabra (licorice) from licorice, including liquorice glycosides A-C2, violanthin,
a number of different classes including flavonoids (e.g., isoviolanthin, and fujikinetin derivatives. These compounds
liquiritin, isoliquiritin, isoflavones (e.g., formononetin, consist of flavonoid backbones that have sugar moieties
daidzein), and triterpenoids (e.g., glycyrrhizin, glabrol). They conjugated to them. During the conjugation of sugar moieties,
show multifaceted pharmacological properties including anti- there is an increase in their solubility in water and
inflammatory, antioxidant, antidiabetic, hepatoprotective, bioavailability. The glycosides are critical to the medicinal
and antimicrobial activities, and the structural diversity effects in antioxidant and immunomodulatory responses that
typically encountered helps explain the diversity in biological support the adaptogenic aspects of licorice.
actions attributed to licorice.

IJISRT25JUL242 www.ijisrt.com 749

Volume 10, Issue 7, July – 2025 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165 https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/25jul242

Fig 4 Prenylated Flavonoids, Isoflavones, and Coumarins in Licorice Description:

The picture illustrates structurally diverse prenylated flavonoids, isoflavonoids, and coumarins with structural likeness to
glyasperin D, semilicoisoflavone B, and licoaryl coumarin. It is intended the prenyl or methoxy groups improve the permeability
and the membrane bioactivity of these structures. All these compounds bear anti-inflammatory, estrogenic, and anti-cancer activities;
but there is potential therapeutic modality for thyroid benefit.

Fig 5 Chalcones, Flavanones, and Flavonols: Structural Variants in Licorice Description:

IJISRT25JUL242 www.ijisrt.com 750

Volume 10, Issue 7, July – 2025 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165 https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/25jul242
This figure illustrates diverse chalcones (e.g., relevant therapeutic actions include the modulation of
licochalcone A - E), flavonols (e.g., quercetin, liquiritin), and oxidative stress pathways and inhibition of pro-inflammatory
glycosides (e.g., liquiritin apioside), all of which demonstrate mediators, making them valuable in the management of
antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of licorice. Their chronic diseases.

Fig 6 Rare and Complex Flavonoid Derivatives from Licorice Species Description:

This figure shows only rare flavonoid analogs (i.e., neuroprotective, cytoprotective activities. These secondary
kanzonol C, kuwanon V, parvisoflavone A, and 6,8- metabolites illustrate the phytochemical richness and
diprenylgenistein) with polyphenolic scaffolds and prenyl ethnomedicinal potential of Glycyrrhiza species.
modifications that offered enhanced antimicrobials,

Table 1 Phytoconstituents of Glycyrrhiza glabra (Licorice)

Number Compound Molecular formula MW (g/mol) REFRENCES
1. Isoliquiritigenin C15H12O4 256.257 Cerulli et al., 2024
2. Isoliquiritin C21H22O9 418.4 Cerulli et al., 2024
Licochalcone A C21H22O4 338.403 Cerulli et al., 2024
3. Licochalcone B C16H14O5 286.28 Cerulli et al., 2024
4. Licochalcone C C21H22O4 338.4 Cerulli et al., 2024
5. Licochalcone D C21H22O5 354.4 Cerulli et al., 2024
6. Licochalcone E C21H22O4 338.4 Cerulli et al., 2024
7. Licuraside C26H30O13 550.5 Cerulli et al., 2024
8. Neolicuroside C26H30O13 550.51 Cerulli et al., 2024
9. Liquiritin C21H22O9 418.4 Cerulli et al., 2024
10. licoricidin C26H32O5 424.5 Cerulli et al., 2024
11. Glabridin C20H20O4 324.4 g Cerulli et al., 2024
12. Liquiritigenin C15H12O4 256.25 Esmaeili et al., 2024
13. Licoflavonol C20H18O6 354.35 Esmaeili et al., 2024
14. Isolicoflavonol C20H18O6 354.35 Esmaeili et al., 2024
15. Echinatin C16H14O4 270.28 Esmaeili et al., 2024
16. Licoflavanone C20H20O5 340.4 Esmaeili et al., 2024
17. Licoricone C22H22O6 382.41 Frattaruolo et al., 2024
18. Hispaglabridin A C25H28O4 392.5 Frattaruolo et al., 2024

IJISRT25JUL242 www.ijisrt.com 751

Volume 10, Issue 7, July – 2025 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165 https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/25jul242
19. Glyasperin D C22H26O5 370.4 Frattaruolo et al., 2024
20. Glyasperin C C21H24O5 356.4 Frattaruolo et al., 2024
21. Dehydroglyasperin C C21H22O5 354.4 Frattaruolo et al., 2024
22. Dehydroglyasperin D C22H24O5 368.4 Frattaruolo et al., 2024
23. Glycyrrhisoflavone C20H18O6 354.4 Frattaruolo et al., 2024
24. Semilicoisoflavone B C20H16O6 352.34 Frattaruolo et al., 2024
25. licoisoflavone B Frattaruolo et al., 2024
26. Isoangustone A C25H26O6 422.5 Frattaruolo et al., 2024
27. Dibenzoylmethan C15H12O2 224.25 Singh et al., 2009
28. Licoaryl coumarin Nedilko et al., 2024
29. 3 hydroxy 4-O-methyl C21H22O5 354.4 Singh et al., 2009
glabridin
30. Formononetin C16H12O4 268.26 Celano et al., 2024
31. Dihydrodaidzein C15H12O4 256.25 -
32. Glabranin C20H20O4 324.37 -
33. Quercetin C15H10O7 302.24 Singh et al., 2009
34. Liquiritin apioside C26H30O13 550.51 -
35. Glabrol C25H28O4 392.49 -
36. Neoliquiritin C21H22O9 418.39 -
37. Neoisoliquiritin C21H22O9 418.4 -
38. Licoricidin C26H32O5 424.53 -
39. Licoflavone B C25H26O4 390.47 -
40. Licoflavonol C20H18O6 354.35 -
41. Glycyrol C21H18O6 366.4 -
42. Glycyrin C22H22O6 382.41 -
43. 7,4’-Dihydroxyflavone C15H10O3 242.27 -
44. 4’-Hydroxychalcone C15H12O2 224.25 -
45. Isoliquiritin apioside C26H30O13 550.5 -
46. Pinocembrin C15H12O4 256.25 -
47. Chrisoeriol C16H12O6 300.266 -
48. Kaempferol C15H10O6 286.23 -
49. Pretensein C15H10O6 286.23 -
50. Rutin C27H30O16 610.51 Nedilko et al., 2024
51. glucoliquiritin apioside C32H40O18 711.2133 Celano et al., 2024
52. vicenin 2 (apigenin-6,8-diC- C27H30O15 593.1501 -
glucoside)
53. isoshaftoside (apigenin-6,8- C26H28O14 563.1395 -
diC-pentose-hexose)
54. liquiritin-apioside C26H30O13 549.1604 -
(liquiritigenin-7-hexose-
pentose)
55. violanthin (apigenin-6-C- C27H30O14 577.1550 -
hexose-8-C-deoxyhexose)
56. isoviolanthin (apigenin-6-C- C27H30O14 577.1551 -
deoxyhexose-8-C-hexose)
57. 3-Hydroxyl-3-methylglutaroyl- C32H36O18 707.1817 -
schaftoside
58. 3-Hydroxyl-3-methylglutaroyl- C32H36O18 707.1819 -
isoschaftoside
59. 3-Hydroxyl-3-methylglutaroyl- C33H38O18 721.1972 -
violanthin
60. fujikinetin 7-O-laminaribioside C29H32O16 635.1614 -
61. 3-Hydroxyl-3-methylglutaroyl- C33H38O18 721.1977 -
isoviolanthin
62. glycyroside (formononetin-7- C27H30O13 563.1727 -
hexose-pentose)
63. ononin (formononetin-7- C23H24O11 431.1317 -
hexose)
64. Licorice glycoside C1 C36H38O16 725.2072 -

IJISRT25JUL242 www.ijisrt.com 752

Volume 10, Issue 7, July – 2025 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165 https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/25jul242
65. Licorice glycoside C2 C36H38O16 726.68 -
66. licorice glycoside A C36H38O16 725.2073 -
67. licorice glycoside B C35H36O15 695.1971 -
68. eurycarpin A (3’-prenyl- C20H18O5 337.1071 -
7,2’,4’-trihydroxy-isoflavone)
69. isoglabrone C20H16O5 335.0919 -
70. parvisoflavone A C20H16O6 353.1000 -
71. kanzonol Y C25H30O5 409.2011 -
72. kanzonol C C25H28O4 391.1887 -
73. 6,8-diprenylgenistein C25H26O5 405.1696 -
74. kuwanon V C40H38O8 645.2485 Celano et al., 2024
75. Apigenin C15 H10 O5 Singh et al., 2009

This table lists the various bioactive compounds emphasizes the wide chemical diversity, including
isolated from Glycyrrhiza glabra, along with their molecular flavonoids, chalcones, saponins, and phenolics.
formulas, molecular weights (MW), and references. The data

Table 2 Identified Root Compounds via Methanolic Extract:

Compound Plant Extract Chemical MW Biological Reference
part type formula activity
Benzaldehyde, 4-(1-methylethyl)- Root methanol C10H12O 148.20 Insecticidal Elhefny et al.,
(Cumic aldehyde) activity 2023
Mahran, 2022 and
Abdelaal et al
2021
Benzene, (1-methyldecyl)- Root methanol C17H28 232.4
Benzene, (1-pentylheptyl)- Root methanol C18H30 246.430
Benzene, (1-butyloctyl)- Root methanol C18H30 246.430
Benzene, (1-propylnonyl)- Root methanol C18H30 246.430
Benzene, (1-butylheptyl)- Root methanol C17H28 232.40
Benzene, (1-propyloctyl)- Root methanol C17H28 232.4
Benzene, (1-methylundecyl)- Root methanol C18H30 246.43
Benzene, (1-pentyloctyl)- Root methanol C19H32 260.5
Benzene, (1-butylnonyl)- Root methanol C16H26 260.5
Benzene, (1-propyldecyl)- Root methanol C19H32 260.5
Benzene, (1-ethylundecyl)- Root methanol C18H30 246.5
1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid, Root methanol C24H38O4 390.5 Insecticidal Elhefny et al.,
activities 2023
Khalil, et al 2014
Benzene, (1-ethyldecyl)- Root methanol C18H30 246.5
Benzene, (1-methyldodecyl)- Root methanol C19H32 260.5
Cis-13-Eicosenoic acid Root methanol C20H38O2 310.5
Cis-Vaccenic acid Root methanol C18H34O2 282.5 Insecticidal Elhefny et al.,
activities 2023
Farag, et al 2021
2,4,6-Cycloheptatrien-1-one, 3,5-bis- Root methanol C7H6O 250.48 Elhefny et al.,
trimethylsilyl- 2023
Vijayalakshmi and
Shourie, 2019

Eicosanoic acid Root methanol C20H40O2 312.5

Eicosane, 2-methyl- Root methanol C21H44 296.57
2-Hexadecanol Root methanol C16H34O 242.5
Indan-1,3-diol monopropionate Root methanol C12H14O3 206
Lilial (4-tert-Butyl-α-methyl-phenyl Root methanol C14H20O 204 Repellent Elhefny et al.,
benzenepropanal) effect 2023
Zeng, et al 2018
Linolenic acid ethyl ester Root methanol C20H34O2 306 Insecticidal Elhefny et al.,
activity 2023

IJISRT25JUL242 www.ijisrt.com 753

Volume 10, Issue 7, July – 2025 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165 https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/25jul242
Kannathansan et
al., 2008 and
Farag, et al 2011
Linoleic acid Root methanol C18H32O2 280 Insecticidal Elhefny et al.,
activities 2023
Rahuman et al.,
2008 and Ramos-
López,
et al 2012
2-Monolinolenin, 2TMS derivative Root methanol C27H52O4Si2 496.87
Octanal, 2-(phenylmethylene)- (α Root methanol C15H20O 216.31
hexylcinnamaldehyde)
8-Octadecenal Root methanol C18H34O 266.5
Octadecane, 3-ethyl-5-(2-ethylbutyl)- Root methanol C26H54 366.7
1-Penten-3-one, 1-(2,6,6-trimethyl-1- Root methanol C14H22O 206.32
cyclohexen-1-yl)-
Palmitic acid (Hexadecanoic acid, Root methanol C17H34O2 270.45 Insecticidal Elhefny et al.,
methyl ester) activity 2023
Figueroa-Brito et
al. 2002 and Pérez-
Gutiérrez, et al
2011
Oleic acid, methyl ester Root methanol C19H36O2 296.5 Insecticidal Elhefny et al.,
activities 2023
Kannathansan et
al., 2008 and
Farag, et al 2011
Octadecanoic acid, methyl ester Root methanol C19H38O2 298.50 Insecticidal Elhefny et al.,
(Methyl stearate) activities 2023
Farag, et al 2011
Octadecanal,2-bromo- Root methanol C18H35BrO 347.4
Octadecane, 3-ethyl-5-(2-ethylbutyl)- Root methanol C26H54 366.7
4-Octadecenal Root methanol C18H34O 266.5
Phenol, 2,4-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)- Root methanol C14H22O 278.5 Insecticidal Elhefny et al.,
activity 2023
Zhao, et al 2020
Propanal, 2-methyl-3-phenyl- Root methanol C10H12O 148.2017
Stearic acid Root methanol C18H36O2 284.5 Insecticidal Elhefny et al.,
effect 2023
Figueroa-Brito et
al. 2002,
PérezGutiérrez et
al 2011 (Farag, et
al 2011
Stearylvinyl ether Root methanol C20H40O 296.54
Triacetin Glycerol triacetate Root methanol C9H14O6 436.4 Insecticidal Elhefny et al.,
activity 2023
Jeyasankar and
Chinnamani 2017
and
Akami, et al 2016)
Tetratetracontane Root methanol C44H90 619.2 -
Benzaldehyde, 4-ethoxy-3-hydroxy Root methanol C9H10O3 166.17 -
Isonicotinic acid, 2-tetrahydro Root methanol C11H13NO3 207.23 -
furylmethyl ester
1-(4-Amino-furazan-3-yl)-5- Root methanol -
pyrrolidin-1ylmethyl-1H-
C12H17N7O3 307.5
[1,2,3]triazole-4-carboxylic acid ethyl
ester

IJISRT25JUL242 www.ijisrt.com 754

Volume 10, Issue 7, July – 2025 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165 https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/25jul242
Methyl (3-oxo-2-pentylcyclopentyL) Root methanol C13H22O3 226.31 -
Acetate
beta. -Methyl-4-methoxycinnamic acid Root methanol C11H12O3 192.5 -
2,4-Dihydroxy-3,6-dimethyl benzoic Root methanol C10H12O4 196.5 -
acid
6-Ethyl-2-methyl-6-hepten-2-ol Root methanol C10H20O 156.26 -
Tetra decanoic acid Root methanol C14H28O2 228.5 -
Benzoic acid Root methanol C14H12O2 122.12 -
(1-Methyl-1 propylpentyl) benzene Root methanol C15H24 204.35 -
6,7-Diethyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro- Root methanol -
C18H28 244.4
1,1,4,4tetramethyl naphthalene
Linalool Root methanol C10H18O 154.25 -
Eicosanoic acid Root methanol C20H40O2 312.53 -
Cycloprop[e]indene- Root methanol -
C15H20O2 232.32
1a,2(1H)dicarboxaldehyde
2,3,3-Trimethyl-2-(3-methylbuta-1,3- Root methanol -
dienyl)- C15H22O 218.33
6-methylenecyclohexanone
7-Acetyl-6-ethyl-1,1,4,4- Root methanol C18H26O 258.5 -
tetramethyltetralin
Salicylic acid Root methanol C14H12O3 228.5 -
4,6,6,7,8,8-Hexamethyl-1,3,4,6,7,8 Root methanol -
C18H26O 258.5
hexahydrocyclopenta[g] isochromene
5-Formyl-2-methoxyphenyl 4- Root methanol -
C13H15NO5 265.26
morpholine carboxylate
Oxacyclohexadecan-2-one Root methanol C15H28O2 240.38 -
Ascorbic acid 2,6-dihexadecanoate Root methanol C38H68O8 652.95 -
1-Nonadecene Root methanol C19H38 266.5 -
Hexadecanoic acid, 1-methylethyl Root methanol C19H38O2 298.5 -
ester
3(2H)-Phenanthrenone Root methanol C18H26O2 274.5 -
1-Naphthalenepentanoic acid Root methanol C22H36O4 228.2 -
(5. alpha.)-Andros-7-ene Root methanol C19H30 258.5 -
1-Phenanthrenecarboxylic acid Root methanol C21H34O2 222.24 -
Hydroxydehydrostevic acid Root methanol C20H30O3 318.4 -
Dehydroabietylamine Root methanol C20H31N 285.47 -
Tetracosan-1-ol Root methanol C24H50O 354.7 -
1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid Root methanol C24H38O4 166.13 -
Benzaldehyde, 4-ethoxy-3-hydroxy Root methanol C9H10O3 166.17 -
Isonicotinic acid, 2-tetrahydro Root methanol C11H13NO3 207.23 -
furylmethyl ester
1-(4-Amino-furazan-3-yl)-5- Root methanol -
pyrrolidin-1ylmethyl-1H-
C12H17N7O3 307.5
[1,2,3]triazole-4-carboxylic acid ethyl
ester
Methyl (3-oxo-2-pentylcyclopentyL) Root methanol C13H22O3 226.31 -
Acetate
beta. -Methyl-4-methoxycinnamic acid Root methanol C11H12O3 192.5 -
2,4-Dihydroxy-3,6-dimethyl benzoic Root methanol C10H12O4 196.19 -
acid
6-Ethyl-2-methyl-6-hepten-2-ol Root methanol C10H20O 156.5 -
Tetra decanoic acid Root methanol C14H28O2 228.37 -
Benzoic acid Root methanol C14H12O2 122.12 -
(1-Methyl-1 propylpentyl) benzene Root methanol C15H24 204.35 -
6,7-Diethyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro- Root methanol -
C18H28 244.4
1,1,4,4tetramethyl naphthalene
Linalool Root methanol C10H18O 154.25 -
Eicosanoic acid Root methanol C20H40O2 312.53 -

IJISRT25JUL242 www.ijisrt.com 755

Volume 10, Issue 7, July – 2025 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165 https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/25jul242
Cycloprop[e]indene- Root methanol -
C15H20O2 232.32
1a,2(1H)dicarboxaldehyde
2,3,3-Trimethyl-2-(3-methylbuta-1,3- Root methanol -
dienyl)- C15H22O 218.33
6-methylenecyclohexanone

This table provides the chemical profiling of G. glabra Cancer is an extremely heterogeneous disease
root extracted with methanol. It includes volatile and non- characterized by pathological cell growth, proliferation and
volatile compounds primarily identified through analytical metastasis of neoplastic cells. Cancer is also one of the
techniques such as GC-MS. leading causes of death in the world. Cancer treatment can
involve multiple modalities, including surgical excision,
III. ANTICANCER ACTIVITY radiation therapy, immunotherapy, targeted agents, and
chemotherapeutics; however, most of the world refers to
Cancer is defined by the formation, proliferation, and chemotherapeutics as 'pain killers.' The use of
distribution of abnormal cells in the human body and one of chemotherapeutic agents may be associated with many
the leading causes of global deaths. All of the surgical adverse reactions both common and severe, and may disrupt
procedures, chemotherapy, surgery, radiation therapy, and bodily function via non-specific cytotoxicity as they kill
other techniques involved when used by oncologists is known normal growing cells just as malignant cells, including
as cancer therapy. Chemotherapy is the most recognized healthy cells.
therapy. Chemotherapy medications are known to have a
variety of side effects, such as loss of hair, anaemia, Given all of that, there has been a resurgence of interest
gastrointestinal toxicities, and immunosuppression. These in foods to produce healthy compounds from plant sources,
side effects occur because chemotherapy medications are not with an anti-cancer agent which has little host toxicity or
only killing abnormal cancer cells rapidly growing cells, but specificity. Gly(prof Ace(locice) has been known for its
also harming normally functioning cells. Isolated medicinal properties for hundreds of hundreds of years, and
Lichoflavonons from G. glabras leaf can inhibit breast cancer is one of the ideal candidates for anti-can-cer drugs, primarily
cell lines like MCF-7, MDA-MB 231, and MCF-10A at an because of the variability in phytotherapy.
inhibitory concentration (IC50) 19.18, 10.97, and
41.38µm/ml (Frattarulo et al., 2024). In another study, IV. MECHANISTIC PATHWAYS
Sharma et al., 2017 isolated 12 phytocompounds from the
root of G. glabra, and only the quercetin and glabrols had ic50  Anticancer Mechanisms
values of 2.2 and 15 mM/ml for triple-negative MDA-MB-
468 breast cancer cells.  Caspase-mediated apoptosis Induction:
Many plant-based chemicals are believed to stimulate
Cancer is a heterogeneous disease caused by aberrant caspase-3, the primary mediator of apoptosis and the
cell growth, proliferation, and metastasis of neoplastic cells. mediator of typical programmed death of cancer cells.
In addition, it is one of the leading causes of death globally.
There are multiple options for treating cancer including  p53 tumor suppressor induction:
surgical excision, radiation, immunotherapy, targeted agents, Activation of p53 causes cells to arrest in their cell cycle
and chemotherapeutics; however, most people sometimes to repair rather than die, which is an option for damaged cells.
refer to chemotherapeutics as "pain killers". Chemo agents
can have many adverse reactions, common and serious, and  Bcl-2 family modulation:
occasion disruption of bodily function via non-specific Natural products would typically downregulate an anti-
cytotoxicity because they kill healthy growing cells just like apoptotic Bcl-2, and upregulate the pro-apoptotic Bax, both
malignant cells, even healthy. With all of these facts in mind, of which influence mitochondrial outer membrane
there is renewed interest in using healthy compounds from permeability (MOMP).
plant sources, with an anti-cancer agent with little host
toxicity or specificity. Gly(prof Ace(locice) has been known ROS-mediated mitochondrial pathway. However, if the
for its medicinal properties for hundreds of years, and is a signaling in the humoral arm does promote an excess of
prime candidate for anti-cancer drugs because of the diverse reactive oxygen species (ROS), the events cease being
phytochemistry. humoral, and common downstream events occur such as
mitochondrial dysfunction, cytochrome c release from the
 Phytochemical Information and in Vitro Tests inner membrane space, and the induction of a caspase-
Lichoflavonons, which have been purified from the mediated intrinsic apoptotic response.
leaves of G. glabra, demonstrate significant cytotoxicity
towards breast cancer cell lines MCF-7, MDA-MB-231, and
MCF-10A. The IC₅₀ values were observed as 19.18, 10.97,
and 41.38 µM/mL, suggesting a dose-dependent anticancer
activity (Frattarulo et al., 2024).

IJISRT25JUL242 www.ijisrt.com 756

Volume 10, Issue 7, July – 2025 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165 https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/25jul242

Fig 7 Represents Mechanistic Pathways of Anticancer Activity Induced by Phytochemicals

The figure depicts multiple key molecular pathways in Changes in the family of Bcl-2: inhibition of the anti-
which bioactive constituents, including constituents in apoptotic Bcl-2 protein and induction of pro-apoptotic Bax
Glycyrrhiza glabra, exhibit anticancer activity: proteins changed the Bcl-2 family of proteins and
mitochondrial MOMP potential to support apoptosis.
Apoptosis via caspase activation: Phytochemicals
activated caspase-3, which knife e, made the participants into Intrinsic mediated ROS signaling pathway: increases in
the previously detected functional state used to identify itself reactive oxygen species (ROS) caused mitochondrial
as the effector protease of programmed cell death (apoptosis) dysfunction and release of cytochrome c that led to intrinsic
for cancer cells. mediated apoptosis signaling

Activation of the p53 tumor suppressor: the activation

of p53 ultimately leads to DNA repair, apoptosis, or cell cycle
arrest; all are important contributors to tumor suppression.

IJISRT25JUL242 www.ijisrt.com 757

Volume 10, Issue 7, July – 2025 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165 https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/25jul242
Table 3 Anticancer Activity of G. Glabra Extracts
SRNO PART USED CHEMICAL CELL LINE REFENCE
1. Root Hydro-alcoholic Yousef et al 2024
2. Root and leaves methanol gastric carcinoma (NCI-N87, Karahan et al 2023
ATCC®-CRL-5822), pancreas
adenocarcinoma (BxPC-3, ATCC®-
CRL-1687) prostate carcinoma
(LNCaP clone FGC-Luc2, ATCC®-
CRL-1740-LUC2) cancer cells
3. Root Ethanol BCPAP (human PTC cell line, Manso et al, 2024
RRID: CVCL_0153), K1 (human
PTC cell line, RRID: CVCL_2537)
4. Root water and ethanol liver cancer cell line (HepG2) Park et al, 2024
5. Root Ethanolic human oral cancer KB (Keratin Caroline M et
forming) cell line al,2023
6. Root Hydroalcoholic C6 glioma cancer cells Goel et al 2020
7. Rhizome methanol Colorectal Cancer Saeedifar et al,2020
8.. Roots methanol Human colorectal cancer cells RKO Wang et al 2022
9. Root n-hexan,Methanol Human Keratinocyte, lung Basar et al, 2024
adenocarcinoma, and liver
carcinoma
10. Root Hydroalcohalic MDA-MB 468 Breast cancer Sharma et al,2017
11. Leave Lichoflavonons Breast cancer (MCF-7, MDA-MB Frattarulo et al,2024
231, MCF-10A)
12. Root Ethanol Melanoma cancer Panichakul et al,2020
13. Root ethanol Song et al 2021
14. Root methanolic An et al 2020
15. Root methanol HepG2 cell Wei et al 2024
16. Root hydroalcoholic Breast cancer (TH1 and Treg cell) Yousefi et al 2024
17. Root ethanolic MCF-7, BT-474 breast cancer cell Akhlaghi et al 2022
lines, MCF-10A breast normal cell
line, HFF cell line
18. Root water Essawy et al 2021
19. Root ethanolic Oral Cancer/Oral Carcinoma Ladke et al 2022
20. Root Water Breast cancer (T47D) Shandiz et al 2017

This table summarizes in vitro anticancer studies liver detoxification and hypertension that require monitoring
performed using various G. glabra extracts. It details the (Sarfaraz et al., 2013).
plant part, extract method, cancer cell line targeted, and
reference. VI. MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF ACTION

V. ANTI-INFLAMMATION Glycyrrhizin is the most well-studied and commonly

used compound in licorice; glycyrrhizin has been shown to
G. glabra (licorice) has demonstrated decent anti- prevent the upregulation of PI3K/Akt/NF-κB pathway of
inflammatory potential, due to its large amounts of bioactive inflamed tissues, which is required for expression of TNF-α,
compounds, with triterpenoids saponins (notably IL-1β, and IL-6 in inflammation. Glycyrrhizin was shown to
glycyrrhizin), flavonoids (including liquiritigenin, be effective to prevent cartilage degradation and joint
isoliquiritin), and chalcones (including licochalcone A), as inflammation in a model of osteoarthritis study due to
well as glycyrrhizin preventing progression of osteoarthritis inhibition of a proinflammatory response by inhibiting the
by inhibiting the PI3K/AKT/NF-κB signalling pathway; this expression of proinflammaory mediators (Jiang et al., 2022).
could decrease the release of pro-inflammatory cytokine in Flavonoids (including liquiritigenin, and isoliquiritin) also
the lesion (Jiang et al. 2022). Flavonoids such as liquiritin and exhibited antioxidant and antiinflammatory actions through
isoliquiritin have also reduced reactive oxygen species and free radical scavenging, inhibition or downregulation of
shown immune regulation modulatory properties. Multiple iNOS and COX-2, capacities that ultimately decreased a
authors have demonstrated licorice (G. glabra) has the histological measure of oxidative stress (time-dependent,
potential to modulate inflammation in related disease such as cumulative), with chronic inflammation appears to be
rheumatoid arthritis (Al-Harbi, 2014) and inflammatory cumulative. Licochalcone A is another licorice component
bowel disease (Kobayashi et al., 2009). Long term large dose compound, along with flavonoids, as a chalcone that is a
use of licorice can develop some complications primarily MAPK down regulating factor of anti-inflammation, and is

IJISRT25JUL242 www.ijisrt.com 758

Volume 10, Issue 7, July – 2025 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165 https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/25jul242
being assess as an inhibitor of skin inflammation and the reducing nitric oxide (NO) production—a pro-inflammatory
destructive effect of UV. mediator.

Inhibition of NF-κB Signaling: Many phytoconstituents Activation of Nrf2/HO-1 Axis: Some phytochemicals
inhibit the activation of nuclear factor kappa-light-chain- exert anti-inflammatory effects by activating Nrf2, which
enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB), a key transcription upregulates heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), an enzyme with
factor responsible for the expression of pro-inflammatory cytoprotective and anti-inflammatory functions.
cytokines like TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6.
 Preclinical and Clinical Evidence
Suppression of COX and LOX Pathways: Bioactive In a study by Kobayashi et al. (2009), licorice extracts
compounds suppress the expression or activity of significantly reduced synovial inflammation in rheumatoid
cyclooxygenase (COX-1 and COX-2) and lipoxygenase arthritis (RA) animal models by suppressing leukocyte
(LOX) enzymes, thereby reducing the synthesis of infiltration and cytokine production.
inflammatory mediators such as prostaglandins (PGE2) and
leukotrienes. Al-Harbi (2014) demonstrated that licorice mitigated
intestinal inflammation in models of inflammatory bowel
MAPK Pathway Modulation: Certain phytochemicals disease (IBD), attributed to modulation of intestinal epithelial
modulate mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) barrier integrity and downregulation of NF-κB activity.
signaling (including ERK, JNK, and p38), which controls the
production of cytokines and inflammatory enzymes. Additionally, G. glabra has shown efficacy in allergic
Inhibition of iNOS Expression: Many compounds and autoimmune inflammation, indicating its potential as a
downregulate inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), complementary therapeutic agent.

Table 5 Anti-Inflammatory Activities of G. glabra

S.N. Plant part Extract method Reference
1. Leaf (Ethanolic) Frattaruolo et al 2019
2. Root Hydroalcoholic P et al, 2011
3. Root Methanol Eltahir et al, 2024
4. Root Methanol Sri et al, 2023
5. Root Aqueous Chang et al, 2021
6. Root Ethanol Mohammed et al, 2021
7. Root Choline Chloride-Based Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents Kavita J et al, 2021
(Nadess)
8. Root Hydroalcoholic Et al, Zatla 2024

This table compiles studies on anti-inflammatory chemotherapy, nutrition, contaminants, cigarette smoking,
potential, listing plant parts, extraction techniques, and along other similar activities are examples of external
references. It reflects the bioefficacy in treating arthritis, contributors to oxidants. At the other hand, internal sources
inflammatory bowel disease, etc. of oxidants include rigorous physical activity, infection, and
inflammatory disorders, along with the natural process of
 Antioxidant aging (Finkel, 2000). Oxidants are accountable for an
Oxidative stress occurs when there are an excess or extensive range of people's diseases, including stroke,
deficit of oxidants (reactive nitrogen species, reactive oxygen hemochromatosis, cancer, osteoarthritis, neurological
species, and free radicals) and antioxidants (antioxidants). An disorders, and autoimmune disorders, among others.
excess or deficit can harm cells, tissues, and or organs. Free However, even at minimal and moderate levels, oxidants
radicals are extremely reactive moieties because they have contribute to the maturing of the structures of cells and
unpaired electrons (having an uneven number of electrons); improve the body's defenses against infectious organisms
therefore, they react with those other moieties that they (Pham-huy et al. 2008; Chandan et al. 2012). Antioxidants
surround. The sum of those free radicals acts as either an that are derived from plant-based sources are starting to
electron donor or acceptor depending the ownership of free receive the highest interest worldwide because of their
electrons. The predominately identified oxidants are, capacity to eliminate free radicals while simultaneously
according to Sies (1997): superoxide anion, hypochlorite, reducing the amount of risk associated with unwanted effects.
hydrogen peroxides, peroxynitrite, nitric oxide, and singlet
oxygen. Oxidants can alter, transform, and modify the target  Mechanistic Pathways:
a biological entity such as protein, carbohydrate, lipid, or
DNA (Halliwell 2007).  Antioxidant Mechanisms
Nrf2 Pathway Activation: Natural antioxidants activate
They are produced as byproducts of a wide variety of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), which
biological processes that may begin via external or internal translocates to the nucleus, binds to antioxidant response
factors. The radiation exposure (including x-rays, sunlight, elements (AREs), and activates transcription of phase II
ultrasound imaging, and microwaves), treatment such as

IJISRT25JUL242 www.ijisrt.com 759

Volume 10, Issue 7, July – 2025 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165 https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/25jul242
detoxifying and antioxidant enzymes, including HO-1,  Metal Chelation:
NQO1, and GCLC. Certain phenolic compounds chelate transition metals
(Fe²⁺, Cu²⁺), inhibiting Fenton and Haber-Weiss reactions that
Free Radical Scavenging: Natural antioxidants directly generate free radicals
neutralize ROS and RNS (e.g., superoxide anions, hydroxyl
radicals) by donating electrons or hydrogen atoms.

Fig 8 This Figure shows the main Antioxidant Pathways that Phytochemicals have done, and the
Protective effects in Oxidative Injury:

Activation of an Nrf2 signalling pathway: Natural  Scavenging of Free Radicals:

antioxidants activate specific transcription factors called Nrf2 Antioxidants neutralize reactive oxygen species (ROS)
which translocates to the nucleus, interacts with antioxidant and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) like superoxide anions
response elements (ARE) and induces the expression of HO- and hydroxyl radicals by donating electrons or hydrogen
1, NQO1, and GCLC genes, resulting in an increase in the atoms, thereby preventing cellular damage.
detoxifying enzymes and antioxidant enzymes.
 Metal Chelation:
Phenolic compounds chelate transition metals such as
Fe²⁺ and Cu²⁺, inhibiting metal-catalyzed free radical
generation via Fenton and Haber-Weiss reactions.

IJISRT25JUL242 www.ijisrt.com 760

Volume 10, Issue 7, July – 2025 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165 https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/25jul242
 Antioxidant Mechanisms of Natural Compounds

Table 5 Antioxidant Potential of G. glabra

S.N. Plant part Extract Method Reference
1. Root - Afsharzadeh et.al 2025
2. Hairy root (methanolic) Assieh Behdad and Ali Ganjeali, 2024
3. Leaf (aqueous) Juan Du et al
4. Root (alcoholic) Vijapur et al 2025
5. Root (ethanolic) Parast et al 2025
6. Leaf (ethanolic) Frattaruolo et al 2019
7. Root (methanolic) Semenescu et al 2024
8. Leaf (hydro-alcoholic) Docimo et al 2024
9. Root (hydro alcoholic) Fozi et al 2024
10 Leaf (ethanolic) Choi et al 2024
11. Root (alcoholic and aqueous) S et al 2024
12. Root (ethanolic) Petrosyan et al 2024
13. Stem (ethanolic) Almuharib et al 2025
14. Root and leaf (methanolic) Karhan et al 2024
15. Root (methanolic) Zaou et al 2019
16. Root (methanolic) Zaou and wink,2018
17. Root (ethanolic) Ghica et al 2023
18. Root (methanol, ethanol, hydroalcoholic, chloroform) Esmaeili et al 2019
19. Root (Water and ethanol) Mutaillifu et al 2019
20. Root (hydro-alcoholic) Yang et al 2020

Covers studies assessing antioxidant capacity, reflecting oxidative stress reduction through extracts derived from various parts
and solvents.

VII. ANTIMICROBIAL

Fig 9 Mechanisms of Phytochemical Antimicrobial Activity

IJISRT25JUL242 www.ijisrt.com 761

Volume 10, Issue 7, July – 2025 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165 https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/25jul242
This figure illustrates the multifaceted antimicrobial oxidatively modify microbial proteins, lipids and nucleic
mechanisms exhibited by plant-derived phytochemicals: acids.

Cell Membrane Disruption: Essential oils, alkaloids, Disruption of Cell Membrane: As mentioned
and saponins interact with microbial lipid bilayers, increasing previously, many phytochemicals, especially essential oils,
membrane permeability, causing leakage of intracellular alkaloids and saponins attack the permeability of microbial
contents, and resulting in cell lysis. lipid bilayer membranes disrupting membrane permeability
leading to leaking of cellular contents and eventually lysis.
Inhibition of Nucleic Acid Synthesis: Flavonoids and
polyphenols bind to microbial DNA or inhibit DNA Inhibition of Nucleic Acid Synthesis: Some plant
gyrase/topoisomerase enzymes, effectively blocking polyphenols and flavonoids have a high affinity for microbial
replication and transcription processes. DNA gyrase/topoisomerase binding or activity and prevent
the replication and transcription of DNA.
Protein Synthesis Inhibition: Bioactive compounds
affect microbial protein synthesis by targeting the ribosome Inhibition of Protein Synthesis: bioactives can inhibit
(30S or 50S) subunits specifically and inhibiting their ability microbial ribosomes (30S or 50S) because they inhibit
to 'translate' and function. microbial ribosomal subunits thereby disrupting translational
activity and preventing protein synthesis.
Enzyme System Inhibition: Some phytocompounds
inhibit microbial enzyme systems by inhibiting dihydrofolate Inhibition of Enzyme Systems: Certain
reductase, ATPase or β-lactamase inhibiting needed pathways phytocompounds, such as dihydrofolate reductase, ATPase,
and/or their resistance to antibiotics. or β-lactamase, inhibit microbial enzymes, disrupting
metabolic processes or conferring resistance to β-lactam
Quorum Sensing Interference: Phytochemicals also antibiotics.
interfere with a bacteria's communication pathways,
inhibiting quorum sensing and biofilm formation and live by Quorum Sensing Interference: Compounds derived
inhibiting the intended expression of virulence factors. from plants have been reported to interfere with quorum
sensing signals, hindering bacterial communication, biofilm
Metal Ion Chelation: Many polyphenols chemate formation, and expression of virulence factors.
essential metal ions like Fe²⁺, Zn²⁺, Mg²⁺ preventing bacteria
from utilizing these essential metal ions, which are cofactors Metal Ion Chelation: Some polyphenols chelate Fe²⁺,
for the function of microbe’s enzyme and ability to replicate. Zn²⁺, and Mg²⁺, which are important cofactors for enzymatic
action of bacteria. ROS Generation: Some phytochemicals
ROS production: An increased level of oxidative stress can exert oxidative stress on microbes by promoting the
on microbes can be induced by some compounds by formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which can
producing reactive oxygen species (ROS), which can damage proteins, lipids, and DNA.

Table 6 Antimicrobial Activity

Sr NO Plant Extract type/Compound Bacterial strain Reference
parts
1 Root Chloroform, Acetone and Ether Staphylococcus aureus Nitalikar et al,
Bascilus subtilis 2010
E. coli Psudomonas aerugenosa
2. Leaf Methanoll Pseudomonas aeruginosa G et al, 2024
3. Hairy Methanoll Agrobacterium rhizogenes Behdad et al,2024
roots Rhizobium leguminosarum
Pseudomonas putida
4. Root Hydroalcoholic Enterococcus faecalis Santos et al 2023
Enterococcus faecium
5. Root Aqueous Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus Kazlauskaite et al,
epidermidis 2023
Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli,
Klebsiella pneumonia, Pseudomonas
aeruginosa
Proteus vulgaris
Bacillus cereus
6. roots Aqueous Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Din et al,2024
Klebsiella pneumoniae
7. leaves and Aqueous, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Soulef et al,2024
root Methanol Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Salmonella typhimurium

IJISRT25JUL242 www.ijisrt.com 762

Volume 10, Issue 7, July – 2025 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165 https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/25jul242
8. Root Methanolic Streptococcus pneumoniae, Semenescu et al,
Streptococcus pyogenes, 2024
and Staphylococcus aureus
9. Root Aqueous, Ethanolic Porphyromonas gingivalis, S et al, 2024
Agregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans
Tannerella forsythia
Treponema denticola
Prevotella intermedia
Fusobacterium nucleatum.
10. Root Methanol, Deionised Water, Staphylococcus aureus Maas et al,2018
Chloroform, Hexane or Ethyl Helicobacter pylori
Acetate Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis
Staphylococcus aureus
11. Root Methanol Bacillus cereus, Khattak et al,2010
Bacillus subtilis,
Enterococcus faecalis,
Escherichia coli,
Klebsiella pneumoniae,
Micrococcus luteus,
Mycobacterium smegmatis,
Proteus mirabilis,
Proteus vulgaris,
Pseudomonas aeruginosa,
Salmonella typhimurium,
Shigella boydii,
Shigella sonnei,
Staphylococcus aureus,
Vibrio cholerae,
Aspergillus flavus,
Aspergillus niger,
Candida albicans,
Epidermophyton floccose
Trichoderma viride
12. Root Aqueous And Cold Ethanolic Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia Awandkar et al,
coli, 2012
13. Root Acinetobacter bohemicus, Zhou et al,2019
Methanol Kocuria kristinae, Micrococcus luteus,
Staphylococcus auricularis, Bacillus
megaterium
14. Root Streptococcus mutans Soleimanpour et
Ethanol Streptococcus sanguis al,2015
Actinomyces viscosus
Enterococcus faecalis
Staphylococcus aureus
15. Root Staphylococcus aureus Iqbal et al, 2017
Ethanol, Ethyl Escherichia coli.

Acetate,
Tetrahydrofuran,
Toluene And N-
Hexane
16. Root Aqueous Staphylococcus aureus Escherichia coli Kim et al,2023

17. Root Alcohol Streptococcus pneumoniae Alwan et al, 2015

Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Klebsiella aerogense

IJISRT25JUL242 www.ijisrt.com 763

Volume 10, Issue 7, July – 2025 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165 https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/25jul242
Proteus
Escherichia.coli:
Bacilli

18 Root Aqueous Streptococcus mutans Azmoudeh et al,

Candida albicans 2017
19. Root Ethanol, Chloroform, Methanol Bacillus subtilis, Enterococcus faecalis, Bhusal et al, 2020
Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia,
Proteus vulgaris, Pseudomonas
aeruginosa, Salmonella typhi, Shigella
dysenteriae, and Staphylococcus aureus
20. Root Ethanol Staphylococcus aureus Suwannakulet al,
Helicobacter pylori 2017
coli,
B. subtilis,
E. aerogenes,
C. K. pneumoniae
D. S. aureus
Salmonella typhi, S. paratyphi B,
Shigella sonnei,
S. flexneri
E. coli
21. Root Ethanol, Methanol And Ethyl Staphylococcus sp and Escherichia col Kumari et al, 2020
Acetate
22. Root Ethanol Staphylococcus aureus, Escherishia coli, G et al, 2022
Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Candida
albicans
23. Root Aqueous acillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, and Alam et al, 2024
Klebsiella pneumoniae

Details the antimicrobial spectrum of G. glabra extracts Enhancement of Insulin Sensitivity: Certain bioactives
against a range of bacterial and fungal pathogens, including activate PI3K/Akt signaling, promoting GLUT4 translocation
Staphylococcus aureus, E. coli, and Candida albicans. and glucose uptake in peripheral tissues.

VIII. ANTI- DIABETIC AMPK Activation: Some plant-derived compounds

stimulate AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), increasing
 Antidiabetic Mechanisms glucose uptake and fatty acid oxidation while reducing
Inhibition of Digestive Enzymes: Phytochemicals such gluconeogenesis
as flavonoids and alkaloids inhibit α-glucosidase and α-
amylase, reducing postprandial glucose levels by slowing
carbohydrate digestion and absorption.

Table 7 Antidiabetic Activity

SrNo Plant parts Extract type/Compound Invitro / invivo Reference
Model
Root Aqueous glucose uptake Ahmad et al., 2023
α-amylase activity
Root Glabridin Rat Hasanein et a., 2011
Root Glycyrrhizin Rats Rani et al., 2017

Root Aqueous And Methanol α-amylase, Tiwari et al.,2020

Root Metformin, Glycyrrhizin Rat Rani et al.,2017

Root Glabridin Rat Ghffaret al.,2016

Root 18β-Glycyrrhetinic Acid Rat Kalaiarasi et al., 2009
Root Glycyrrhizin Rat Sen et al., 2021
Root Caffeic Acid And 18β- Rat Mohammed et al., 2015
Glycyrrhetinic Acid

IJISRT25JUL242 www.ijisrt.com 764

Volume 10, Issue 7, July – 2025 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165 https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/25jul242
Root Prenylated Flavonoids HepG2 cell line of Li et al., 2024
Humans
Root Ethanol Male Syrian golden Maurya et al.,2009
hamster
Root Ethanol Rat Gupta et al., 2011
Root Chloroform, Methanol, α-amylase Shaul et al.,2017
Aqueous
Rhizomes Acetone, N-Hexane, Ethyl Swiss albino male Gaur et al., 2014
Acetate mice
Root Ethanol, Aqueous mice Mustafa et al., 2019
Root Ethanol alpha- amylase DANABOINA et al.,
enzyme 2023
Root Methanolic,Ethanol, N- alpha amylase Hussain et al., 2019
Butanol, N-Hexane,
Chloroform, Ethyl Acetate And
Aqueous
18. Root Alcoholic Rat Malik et al.,2011

Summarizes studies showing the anti-diabetic efficacy However, the therapeutic utilization of licorice must be
of compounds like glabridin, glycyrrhizin, and 18β- approached with caution due to its potential side effects,
glycyrrhetinic acid, in both in vitro and in vivo models (rat, particularly in cases of excessive or prolonged consumption,
mice, HepG2 cells). which may result in hypertension, hypokalemia, or hormonal
imbalances. This calls for more targeted clinical studies,
IX. CONCLUSION precise standardization of extract dosages, and robust safety
profiling.
Glycyrrhiza glabra, or licorice or mulethi, represents the
relationship of historical traditional medicine and In essence, Glycyrrhiza glabra is not merely a relic of
pharmacology knowledge. Investigating the pharmacognostic ancient pharmacopoeias but a dynamic, evolving resource in
properties, phytochemistry, and therapeutic efficacy of G. the field of natural product drug discovery. Future
glabra resulted in it being a multipurpose natural product for interdisciplinary research integrating molecular biology,
biomedical uses. The relationship of G. glabra as an active phytochemistry, clinical pharmacology, and bioinformatics is
pharmaceutical product and its potential obtained more essential to unlock its full pharmacological spectrum and
decades of awareness of a product of G. glabra and unique ensure its safe, sustainable, and efficacious integration into
applications of the plant in formulations for Ayurvedic and modern medicine.
Traditional Chinese Medicine and it potentially became a
viable active pharmaceutical novel drug development; a BIBLIOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF GLYCYRRHIZA
historical link has paved unique relationship as a treatment of GLABRA LITERATURE
many similar conditions.
 Interpretation:
The plant’s phytoconstituent richness—encompassing The consistently growing citation trend and robust H-
flavonoids, isoflavones, chalcones, glycosides, and index value underscore the scientific relevance and
triterpenoid saponins—underlies its broad-spectrum pharmacological significance of G. glabra. The
pharmacological efficacy. Notably, compounds such as predominance of original research articles (83%) highlights
glycyrrhizin, glabridin, licochalcone A, and isoliquiritigenin active experimental investigations into its therapeutic
exhibit potent anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, properties, while the increasing number of reviews and early
antimicrobial, and antidiabetic properties through well- access articles signals sustained scholarly interest and
elucidated mechanisms including modulation of emerging discoveries.
PI3K/Akt/NF-κB signaling, apoptosis induction, ROS
scavenging, enzyme inhibition, and enhanced glucose uptake. This bibliometric profile solidifies Glycyrrhiza glabra
as a prominent herbal candidate in modern biomedical
In vitro and in vivo studies confirm the therapeutic research, encouraging future exploration in drug discovery,
potential of different extracts from licorice root, leaf, and bioactive isolation, and clinical evaluation.
rhizome: aqueous, methanolic, ethanolic, and hydro-
alcoholic. Clinical relevance is circumscribed by bibliometric Total Publications (1989–2025): 535
figures which demonstrate an increasing level of global
interest into G. glabra as phytopharmecuetical.Reliance on Total Citations: 4,807
past ethnomedicinal experience, combined with modern
experimental studies, demonstrates promise in G. glabra as a Without Self-Citations: 4,353
possible candidate for integrative therapeutic approaches,
particularly as a potential agent to manage complex chronic Average Citations per Item: 8.99
ailments such as cancer, diabetes, and autoimmune diseases.

IJISRT25JUL242 www.ijisrt.com 765

Volume 10, Issue 7, July – 2025 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165 https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/25jul242
H-index: 31 [9]. Li, D., Fan, J., Du, L., & Ren, G. (2024). Prenylated
flavonoid fractions from Glycyrrhiza glabra alleviate
Article Types: insulin resistance in HepG2 cells by regulating the
ERK/IRS-1 and PI3K/Akt signaling
Original Research Articles: 443 pathways. Archives of Pharmacal Research, 47(2),
127-145.
Review Articles: 92 [10]. Maurya, S.K., Raj, K. and Srivastava, A.K., 2009.
Antidyslipidaemic activity of Glycyrrhiza glabra in
Early Access: 22 high fructose diet induced dsyslipidaemic Syrian
golden hamsters. Indian Journal of Clinical
Correction: 2 Biochemistry, 24, pp.404-409.
[11]. Gupta, N., Belemkar, S., Gupta, P.K. and Jain, A.,
Meeting Abstract: 2 2011. Study of Glycyrrhiza glabra on glucose uptake
mechanism in rats. Int J Drug Discov Herb Res, 110,
Retracted Publication: 2 pp.257-60.
[12]. Shaul, A. R., Bhatt, P. R., Modi, C. M., Chauhan, V. B.,
Retraction Notices: 1 Pandya, K. B., Patel, U. D., & Patel, H. B. (2017). In-
vitro anti-diabetic activity of different proportions of
REFRENCES various extracts from Glycyrrhiza glabra and
Tinospora cordifolia. The Pharma Innovation, 6(3,
[1]. Ahmad, R.; Alqathama, A.; Aldholmi, M.; Riaz, M.; Part A), 37.
Mukhtar, M.H.; Aljishi, F.; Althomali, E.; Alamer, [13]. Gaur, Rashmi, Kuldeep Singh Yadav, Ram Kishor
M.A.; Alsulaiman, M.; Ayashy, A.; et al. Biological Verma, Narayan Prasad Yadav, and Rajendra Singh
Screening of Glycyrrhiza glabra L. from Different Bhakuni. "In vivo anti-diabetic activity of derivatives
Origins for Antidiabetic and Anticancer of isoliquiritigenin and liquiritigenin." Phytom
Activity. Pharmaceuticals 2023, 16, 7. https://doi.org edicine 21, no. 4 (2014): 415-422.
/10.3390/ph16010007 [14]. Mustafa, Sodah Bint, Muhammad Akram, Hafiz
[2]. Hasanein P. Glabridin as a major active isoflavan from Muhammad Asif, Imran Qayyum, Asif Mehmood
Glycyrrhiza glabra (licorice) reverses learning and Hashmi, Naveed Munir, Fahad Said Khan,
memory deficits in diabetic rats. Acta Physiol Hung. Muhammad Riaz, and Saeed Ahmad.
2011 Jun;98(2):221-30. doi: 10.1556/APhysio "Antihyperglycemic activity of hydroalcoholic
l.98.2011.2.14. PMID: 21616781. extracts of selective medicinal plants Curcuma longa,
[3]. Tiwari, Kavita, and Hina Alim. "Determination of anti- Lavandula stoechas, Aegle marmelos, and Glycyrrhiza
diabetic and anti-oxidant activity of Glycyrrhiza glabra glabra and their polyherbal preparation in alloxan-
root extracts and its phytochemical screening." Int J induced diabetic mice." Dose-Response 17, no. 2
Appl Chem Biol Sci 1, no. 1 (2020): 38-45. (2019): 1559325819852503.
[4]. Rani, Ruma, Shakti Dahiya, Dinesh Dhingra, Neeraj [15]. DANABOINA, Gnanabhaskar, Smita MISHRA,
Dilbaghi, Ki-Hyun Kim, and Sandeep Kumar. Deepanshi SHARMA, Amit KUMAR, Varsha
"Evaluation of anti-diabetic activity of glycyrrhizin- MEHRA, Robin KUMAR, Meenakshi DAHIYA et al.
loaded nanoparticles in nicotinamide-streptozotocin- "Targeted enrichment of Glycyrrhiza glabra root
induced diabetic rats." European Journal of extract and bioactive compound (s) quantification—A
Pharmaceutical Sciences 106 (2017): 220-230. potential scaffold for phytopharmaceutical ingredient
[5]. Abd El-Ghffar, E. A. (2016). Ameliorative effect of development." Chinese Journal of Analytical
glabridin, a main component of Glycyrrhiza glabra L. Chemistry 51, no. 5 (2023): 100247.
roots in streptozotocin induced Type 1 diabetes in male [16]. Hussain, Fatma, and Irum Iqbal. "Nutritional and
albino rats. therapeutic potential of Glycyrrhiza glabra L.
[6]. Kalaiarasi, P., & Pugalendi, K. V. (2009). roots." Asian Journal of Medical and Biological
Antihyperglycemic effect of 18β-glycyrrhetinic acid, Research 5, no. 4 (2019): 265-270.
aglycone of glycyrrhizin, on streptozotocin-diabetic [17]. Malik, Zafar Ahmad, and Pyare Lal Sharma. "An
rats. European journal of pharmacology, 606(1-3), ethanolic extract from licorice (glycyrrhiza glabra)
269-273. exhibits anti-obesity effects by decreasing dietary fat
[7]. Sen, S., & Singh, R. (2021). Glycyrrhiza glabra absorption in a high fat diet-induced obesity rat
alcoholic root extract ameliorates hyperglycemia, model." International Journal of Pharmaceutical
hyperlipidemia, and glycation‐induced free iron‐ Sciences and Research 2, no. 11 (2011): 3010.
mediated oxidative reactions. Journal of food [18]. Goorani, Samaneh, Mohsen Zhaleh, Akram Zangeneh,
biochemistry, 45(12), e13970. Mohammad Kazem Koohi, Khodabakhsh Rashidi,
[8]. Mohammed, F. Z., & El-Shehabi, M. (2015). Rohallah Moradi, and Mohammad Mahdi Zangeneh.
Antidiabetic activity of caffeic acid and 18β- "The aqueous extract of Glycyrrhiza glabra effectively
glycyrrhetinic acid and its relationship with the prevents induced gastroduodenal ulcers: Experimental
antioxidant property. Asian J. Pharm. Clin. Res, 8(5), study on Wistar rats." Comparative Clinical
255-260. Pathology 28 (2019): 339-347.

IJISRT25JUL242 www.ijisrt.com 766

Volume 10, Issue 7, July – 2025 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165 https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/25jul242
[19]. Wahab, Shadma, Irfan Ahmad, Safia Irfan, Ayesha Glycyrrhetinic Acid on Papillary Thyroid Cancer Cell
Siddiqui, Shazia Usmani, and Md P. Ahmad. Cultures." International Journal of Molecular
"Pharmacological Efficacy and Safety of Glycyrrhiza Sciences 25, no. 19 (2024): 10800.
glabra in treating respiratory tract infections." Mini [29]. Park, Yong-Sung, Sang-Mo Kang, Yeon-Ji Kim, and
Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry 22, no. 11 (2022): In-Jung Lee. "Exploring the dietary and therapeutic
1476-1494. potential of licorice (Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch.)
[20]. Wei, Lei, Sijie Ou, Youshi Meng, Lanfeng Sun, Lin sprouts." Journal of Ethnopharmacology 328 (2024):
Zhang, Yuling Lu, and Yuan Wu. "Glycyrrhizin as a 118101.
potential disease-modifying therapy for epilepsy: [30]. Caroline M L, Muthukumar R S, A H HP, N.
insights into targeting pyroptosis to exert Anticancer Effect of Plectranthus Ambiances and
neuroprotective and anticonvulsant effects." Frontiers Glycyrrhiza Glabra on Oral Cancer Cell Line: An
in Pharmacology 15 (2025): 1530735. Invitro Experimental Study. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev.
[21]. Prescott, Hayley, and Ikhlas Khan. "Medicinal 2023 Mar 1;24(3):881-887. doi:
plants/herbal supplements as female aphrodisiacs: 10.31557/APJCP.2023.24.3.881. PMID: 36974541;
Does any evidence exist to support their inclusion or PMCID: PMC10334075.
potential in the treatment of FSD." Journal of [31]. Goel, Bharat, Anuradha Sharma, Nancy Tripathi,
ethnopharmacology 251 (2020): 112464. Nivedita Bhardwaj, Bharat Sahu, Gurcharan Kaur,
[22]. Shintani, Shuzo, Hiroshi Murase, Hiroshi Tsukagoshi, Bikarma Singh, and Shreyans K. Jain. "In-vitro
and Tatsuo Shiigai. "Glycyrrhizin (licorice)-induced antitumor activity of compounds from Glycyrrhiza
hypokalemic myopathy: report of 2 cases and review glabra against C6 glioma cancer cells: identification of
of the literature." European neurology 32, no. 1 natural lead for further evaluation." Natural Product
(1992): 44-51. Research 35, no. 23 (2021): 5489-5492.
[23]. Zhai, Ke-feng, Hong Duan, Cai-yue Cui, Yu-yao Cao, [32]. Wang, Shanshan, Jameel Hizam Alafifi, Qin Chen,
Jia-li Si, Hui-jiao Yang, Yong-chao Wang, Wen-gen Xue Shen, Chunmei Bi, Yangyang Wu, Yihan Jiang et
Cao, Gui-zhen Gao, and Zhao-Jun Wei. "Liquiritin al. "Three New Compounds, Licopyranol A–C,
from Glycyrrhiza uralensis attenuating rheumatoid Together with Eighteen Known Compounds Isolated
arthritis via reducing inflammation, suppressing from Glycyrrhiza glabra L. and Their Antitumor
angiogenesis, and inhibiting MAPK signaling Activities." Metabolites 12, no. 10 (2022): 896.
pathway." Journal of agricultural and food [33]. Akhlaghi, Milad, Mohammad Taebpour, Mahboubeh
chemistry 67, no. 10 (2019): 2856-2864. Sharafaldini, Omid Javani, Bibi Fatemeh
[24]. Khorshidian, Ayeh, Niloufar Sharifi, Fatemeh Haghiralsadat, Fatemeh Oroojalian, Shiva Shadani,
Choupani Kheirabadi, Farnoushsadat Rezaei, Seyed and Davood Tofighi. "Fabrication, characterization
Alireza Sheikholeslami, Ayda Ariyannejad, Javad and evaluation of anti-cancer and antibacterial
Esmaeili, Hojat Basati, and Aboulfazl Barati. "In vitro properties of nanosystems containing Hedera Helix
release of Glycyrrhiza glabra extract by a gel-based aqueous extracts." Nanomed J 9, no. 1 (2022): 43-56.
microneedle patch for psoriasis treatment." Gels 10, [34]. Dutt R, Sharma AK, Keservani RK, Garg V, editors.
no. 2 (2024): 87. Promising Drug Molecules of Natural Origin. CRC
[25]. Zamansoltani, Farzaneh, Marjan Nassiri‐Asl, Press; 2020 Nov 4.
Mohammad‐Reza Sarookhani, Hassan Jahani‐ [35]. Zia-Ul-Haq M, AL-Huqail AA, Riaz M, Gohar UF,
Hashemi, and Amir‐Abdollah Zangivand. editors. Essentials of Medicinal and Aromatic Crops.
"Antiandrogenic activities of Glycyrrhiza glabra in Springer Nature; 2023 Oct 9.
male rats." International journal of andrology 32, no. 4 [36]. Zhou J, Xie G, Yan X, Zhou J, Xie G, Yan X. Volume
(2009): 417-422. 5 Isolated Compounds (TZ) References TCM Plants
[26]. Rashidzadeh, Hamid, Fereshteh Sadat Mosavi, and Congeners. Springer Berlin Heidelberg; 2011.
Tahereh Shafiee, Seyed Masih Adyani, Ghasem [37]. Singh A, editor. Herbalism, phytochemistry and
Eghlima, Mohsen Sanikhani, Azizollah Kheiry, Mahdi ethnopharmacology. CRC Press; 2011 Apr 11.
Amiri, Mahdi Tavakolizadeh, and Ali Ramazani. [38]. Preedy VR, Patel VB, editors. Cancer: oxidative stress
"Anti-plasmodial effects of different ecotypes of and dietary antioxidants. Academic Press; 2021 Jan
Glycyrrhiza glabra traditionally used for malaria in 14.Lesjak, Marija. "Biopotencijal i hemijska
Iran." Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia 33, no. 2 karakterizacija ekstrakata i eta...
(2023): 310-315. [39]. Preedy VR. Apoptosis: modern insights into disease
[27]. Batiha, Gaber El-Saber, Amany Magdy Beshbishy, from molecules to man. CRC Press; 2010 Jul 19.
Amany El-Mleeh, Mohamed M. Abdel-Daim, and [40]. Watson RR, Preedy VR, editors. Bioactive foods and
Hari Prasad Devkota. "Traditional uses, bioactive extracts: Cancer treatment and prevention. CRC Press;
chemical constituents, and pharmacological and 2010 Nov 11.
toxicological activities of Glycyrrhiza glabra [41]. Lesjak M. Biopotencijal i hemijska karakterizacija
L.(Fabaceae)." Biomolecules 10, no. 3 (2020): 352. ekstrakata i etarskih ulja vrsta roda Juniperus
[28]. Manso, Jacopo, Simona Censi, Maria Chiara Pedron, L.(Cupressaceae) (Doctoral dissertation, University of
Loris Bertazza, Alberto Mondin, Edoardo Ruggeri, Novi Sad (Serbia)).
Susi Barollo et al. "Anti-Proliferative and Anti-
Migratory Activity of Licorice Extract and

IJISRT25JUL242 www.ijisrt.com 767

Volume 10, Issue 7, July – 2025 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165 https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/25jul242
[42]. Lesjak M. Biopotencijal i hemijska karakterizacija [56]. Baguma M, Younan N, London F, Ossemann M,
ekstrakata i etarskih ulja vrsta roda Juniperus Vandermeeren Y. The final publication is available at
L.(Cupressaceae)/Biopotential and Chemical link. springer. com: https://link. springer.
Characterization of Extracts and Essential Oils of com/article/10.1007% 2Fs13760-016-0696-0.
Species from Juniperus L. Genus (Cupressaceae). [57]. Mahmoud N, Nicolau SA, Keshk A, Ahmad MA, Soler
[43]. Ruidas B, Michaud WA, Lindner SR, Osho AA, L, Marescaux J. The original version of this paper can
Tessier SN, Rabi SA. Improving Cardiac Resilience to be found on the following Springer-Verlag link
Ischemia/Reperfusion: The Role of Butyrate in http://link. springer. com/chapter/10.1007% 2F978-3-
Mitochondrial and Metabolic Recovery. bioRxiv. 642-31567-1_17.
2025:2025-06. [58]. Estrin Y, Lemiale V, O’Donnell R, Toth L. The final
[44]. Lin J, Zhang P, Liu W, Liu G, Zhang J, Yan M, Duan publication is available at link. springer. com
Y, Yang N. A positive feedback loop between ZEB2 http://link. springer. com/article/10.1007% 2Fs11661-
and ACSL4 regulates lipid metabolism to promote 010-0536-4.
breast cancer metastasis. Elife. 2023 Dec [59]. Erfanmanesh M, Noorhidawati A, Abrizah A. What
11;12:RP87510. can Bookmetrix tell us about the impact of Springer
[45]. Sahebkar A, Sathyapalan T, editors. Natural products Nature’s books. Scientometrics. 2019 Oct;121:521-36.
and human diseases: pharmacology, molecular targets, [60]. Erfanmanesh M, Noorhidawati A, Abrizah A. What
and therapeutic benefits. Springer; 2021. can Bookmetrix tell us about the impact of Springer
[46]. Chen E, Deb A, Ferrara E. # Election2020: the first Nature’s books. Scientometrics. 2019 Oct;121:521-36.
public Twitter dataset on the 2020 US Presidential
election. Journal of Computational Social Science.
2022 May:1-8
[47]. Shehzad A, editor. Cell Signaling: Interplay,
Mechanisms, and Therapeutic Implications. CRC
Press; 2025 Apr 17.
[48]. Armas Díaz Y, Ferreiro Cotorruelo MS, Battino M.
The role of dietary polyphenols in the control of
chronic noncommunicable diseases. Food Safety and
Health. 2023 Jul;1(1):13-
[49]. Rudrapal M, editor. Polyphenols: Food, Nutraceutical,
and Nanotherapeutic Applications. John Wiley &
Sons; 2023 Nov 14.
[50]. Salvio G, Ciarloni A, Gianfelice C, Lacche F, Sabatelli
S, Giacchetti G, Balercia G. The effects of polyphenols
on bone metabolism in postmenopausal women:
Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized
control trials. Antioxidants. 2023 Oct 5;12(10):1830.
[51]. Qin J, Guo N, Yang J, Chen Y. Recent advances of
metal–polyphenol coordination polymers for
biomedical applications. Biosensors. 2023 Jul
31;13(8):776.
[52]. Wahab S, Annadurai S, Abullais SS, Das G, Ahmad W,
Ahmad MF, Kandasamy G, Vasudevan R, Ali MS,
Amir M. Glycyrrhiza glabra (Licorice): A
comprehensive review on its phytochemistry,
biological activities, clinical evidence and toxicology.
Plants. 2021 Dec;10(12):2751.
[53]. Purewal SS, Singh PA, editors. Liquorice: Properties,
Processing, and Health Benefits. CRC Press; 2025 Jun
19.
[54]. Gopi S, Balakrishnan P, editors. Handbook of
nutraceuticals and natural products. John Wiley &
Sons, Incorporated; 2022 Jun 29.
[55]. Reis-Dennis S. Review of Rethinking Health Care
Ethics by Stephen Scher and Kasia Kozlowska:
Palgrave Macmillan, available open access:
https://link. springer. com/content/pdf/10.1007/978-
981-13-0830-7. pdf.

IJISRT25JUL242 www.ijisrt.com 768