*&*% – skf]/{ 6] ;f];n sG;f]l6{od lj=cy{ dGqfno ;d]t

k|:t't jf/bftdf ;+ul7t ;d"xsf] ?kdf oL k'g/fj]bs ;+nUg eO{ u}8+ f rf]/L lzsf/LnfO{ cfocfh{gsf]
k|ltjfbLx¿ ;+nUg /x]sf] eGg] b]lvPsf] 5 . o;sf dfWodsf] ?kdf canDag ug]{ xb;Ddsf] s;"/
cltl/Qm Psl;+u] u}8+ fsf] vfusf] t:s/L ug]{ / ck/fw u/]sf] b]lvPsf] x'bF f lgh k|ltjfbLx¿ s'df/
;f]af6 k|fKt gubnfO{ k|ltjfbL adaxfb'/ k|hfn] eGg] ods'df/ k'g, ;"oa{ xfb'/ k'g / adaxfb'/
cfkm\gf] hLljsf]kfh{gsf] dfWod agfpg] u/]sf] eGg] k|hfnfO{ /fli6«o lgs'~h tyf jGohGt' ;+/If0f P]g,
klg lghsf] aofgaf6 k'li6 eO/x]sf] / To; k|sf/sf] @)@( sf] bkmf @^-!_ adf]lhd xb};Ddsf] ;hfo
uDeL/ s;"/ ck/fwdf k|ToIf ?kdf ;xefuL ag]sf ubf{ ;f] bkmfåf/f k|bQ d'2f x]g{] clwsf/L Pj+
k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLx¿ ods'df/ k'g / ;"oa{ xfb'/ cbfntsf] Goflos thljhL clwsf/sf] cGoyf k|of]u
k'gsf] s;"/nfO{ ;d]t uDeL/tfk"js { lng'kg]{ b]lvg ePsf] dfGg'kg]{ cj:yf b]lvPg .
cfpF5 . jf/bft 36fO{ vfu sf6L To;nfO{ laqmL !@= ctM k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLx¿nfO{ pQm
u/L k|fKt u/]sf] /sd a/fa/L ?kdf afF8L vfPsf] sfg" g L Joj:yfcg' ¿ k xb} ; Ddsf] hgxL
eGg] tYodf k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLx¿n] cGoyf eGg ?=!,)),))). h/Ljfgf / !% jif{ s}b ug]{ u/]sf]
g;s]sf] l:yltdf lghx¿sf] k|:t't jf/bftdf ;dfg z'? /fli6«o lgs'~h sfof{nosf] lg0f{o ;b/ u/]sf]
k|sl[ tsf] ;+nUgtf /x]sf] dfGg'kg]{ x'G5 . o;sf k'g/fj]bg cbfnt, x]6f}8+ fsf] ldlt @)^^.!.@& sf]
cltl/Qm /fli6«o lgs'~h tyf jGohGt' ;+/If0f P]g, km};nf ldn]sf] b]lvFbf ;b/ x'g] 7x5{ . k|ltjfbLx¿sf]
@)@( sf] bkmf @& sf] k|ltaGwfTds jfSof+zn] k'g/fj]bg lhsL/ k'Ug ;Qm}g . ldl;n lgodfg';f/
u}8+ f, af3, s:t'/L d[u / xfQLl;t ;DalGwt s;"/ u/L a'emfO{ lbg" .
ug]{ JolQm / ;f]sf] dltof/nfO{ ;dfg ;hfo x'g] pQm /fodf d ;xdt 5' .
Joj:yf u/]sf] cj:yf ;d]t x'bF f k|:t't s;"/df Gof=ts{/fh e6[
d'Vo cleo'Qm / cGo cleo'Qmsf] xsdf a]Unfa]Un} Olt ;+jt\ @)^* ;fn kmfu'g # ut] /f]h $ z'ed\
;hfo x'g] cj:yf b]lvFbg} . To;}n] u}8+ f dfg]{ sfo{df Ohnf; clws[tM ljb'/ sf]O/fnf
k|of]u ePsf] aGb"s k|xf/ ug]{ s;"/bf/ / ;f] ÷lø
jf/bftdf ;+nUg cGo s;"/bf/nfO{ x'g] ;hfodf
s;"/sf] dfqfTds leGgtf jf cg'kftsf] cfwf/tkm{ lg0f{o g+= *&*%
yk ljj]rgf ul//xg' kg]{ b]lvFbg} . ctM k'g/fj]bs
k|ltjfbLx¿tkm{af6 ax; ug'{ x'g] ljåfg sfg"g ;jf]R{ r cbfnt, ;+oQ' m Ohnf;
Joj;foLx¿n] ;a} k|ltjfbLnfO{ ;dfg ?kn] ;hfo dfggLo GofofwLz >L tkaxfb'/ du/
ug{ ldNb}g egL ug'{ ePsf] ts{ o; ljjfbdf dfggLo GofofwLz >L e/t/fh pk|t] L
k|f;lËs b]lvPg . ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fnsf] l/6 g+= )%(*
!!= o; k|sf/, k|:t't jf/bft b'ne { Pj+ cfb]z ldltM @)^*.#.!@.!
;+/lIft Psl;+u] u}8+ f df/L To;sf] cd"No vfu ljifo M k/dfb]z .
t:s/L ug]{ p2]Zon] 36fOPsf] b]lvPsf] / ;f] sfo{df lgj]bsM skf{]/]6 ;f];n sG;f]l6{odsf tkm{af6
k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLx¿n] Psfk;df ;+ul7t eO{, clwsf/k|fKt, sf7df8f}+ lhNnf sf7df8f}+
;Nnfx ;xdlt u/L, of]hgf agfO{, /fli6«o lgs'~h dxfgu/kflnsf j8f g+= !& a:g] ;~rfns
If]qleqsf] lgif]lwt If]qdf k|jz
] u/L ;+/lIft Psl;+u] ;b:o d]/fh /f]zg 7s'/L
u}8+ f dfg]{ / To;sf] vfu sf6L nuL laqmL ug]{ / lj?4
/sd afF8L vfg] h:tf] cfk/flws sfo{df k|ToIf ljkIfLM cy{ dGqfno ;d]t
413
 g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)^(, c;f/
@)^(,

§ d'gfkmf/lxt sDkgLsf] ?kdf :yfkgf eO{ ldlt @)^%.)&.)% ut] btf{ g+= !$%÷)^%–)^^
btf{ ePsf] sDkgLnfO{ cfos/ P]g, @)%* df btf{ eO{ ;f] ;DaGwL Joj;fo ub{} cfPsf] 5' .
sf] bkmf @-w_-!_ tyf bkmf !) sf] p2]Zo o;} ;Gbe{df sDkgL P]gsf] bkmf !^^-!_ o; P]gdf
tyf k|of]hgsf] nflu d'gfkmf cfh{g gug{] cGoq h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] ePtfklg s'g} k]zf jf
;fdflhs, k/f]ksf/L tyf sNof0fsf/L Joj;fosf] ljsf; tyf k|j4{g ug{ jf s'g} vf;
;+:yfs} ?kdf lng'kg{] . k]zf jf Joj;fodf nfu]sf JolQmx¿sf] ;fd"lxs
-k|s/0f g+=(_ xs lxtsf] ;+/If0f ug{ jf s'g} z}lIfs, k|fl1s,
§ ;+:yf btf{ P]g, @)#$ / sDkgL P]g, @)^# ;fdflhs k/f]ksf/L jf ;fj{hlgs pkof]lutf jf
sf] bkmf #-#_ tyf bkmf !^^ df ul/Psf] sNof0fsf/L p2]Zo k|flKtsf] nflu nfef+z afF8L
sfg"gL Joj:yfsf] p2]Zo tyf k|of]hg ;d]t lng gkfpg] zt{df s'g} pBd ug{ sDkgL ;+:yfkgf
;dfg /x]sfn] sDkgL P]gsf] bkmf #-#_ ug{ ;lsg] Joj:yf ePadf]lhd skf{/] 6] ;f];n
tyf bkmf !^^ cg';f/ d'gfkmf gsdfpg] sG;f]l6{od ;+:yf Pr=cfO{=eL=÷P8\; hg:jf:Yosf]
sDkgLsf] ?kdf btf{ ePsf sDkgLn] pQm If]qdf g]kfndf Pr=cfO{=eL=÷P8\; / cGo
P]gsf] bkmf @-w_-!_ cg';f/ s/ 5"6 kfpg] hg:jf:Yosf k|dv ' d'2f÷;jfnx¿df k|efjsf/Ltf
;+:yfsf] dfGotf jf k|df0fkq gkfpg] eGg] Nofpg ljleGg ;/f]sf/jfnf lgsfo, ;/sf/L If]q,
lg0f{o cfkm}d
+ f lje]bsf/L eO{ ;+ljwfgsf] /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf, lghL
wf/f !# sf] ljk/Lt x'g] . If]q tyf Pr=cfO{=eL= P8\; k|efljt ;d'bfosf]
-k|s/0f g+=!)_ aLr ;fem]bf/L ;dGjo tyf ;xsfo{sf] efjgf
clej[l4 ug{], Joj;fosf] ;+:yfut ;fdflhs
lgj]bs tkm{af6M ljåfg clwjQmf eljZj/ u'?Ë pQ/bfloTjsf] Ps cËsf] ?kdf
ljkIfL tkm{af6M ljåfg ;xGofoflwjQmf s[i0fk|;fb Pr=cfO{=eL=÷P8\;af6 k|efljt÷;+qmldt ;d'bfosf
kf}8n
] nflu cfjZos k|fljlws tyf ljQLo ;xof]u ug{,]
cjnlDat ghL/M Pr=cfO{=eL=÷P8\; / cGo hg:jf:Yosf ;jfndf
;Da4 sfg"gM ;fIf/tf sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug{] / k/fdz{ ;]jf
§ cfos/ P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf @-w_ k|bfg ug{,] Pr=cfO{=eL=÷ P8\;af6 k|efljt÷;+qmldt
§ sDkgL P]g, @)^# sf] bkmf #-#_, $, !^^-!_ ;d'bfosf nflu hLljsf]kfh{gd"ns tflnd tyf
§ ;+:yf btf{ P]g, @)#$ sf] bkmf @-s_ Jofj;flos 1fg k|bfg ug{] tyf lghx¿nfO{
/f]huf/Lsf] Joj:yf ldnfpg cfjZos kxn ug's { f
cfb]z ;fy} Pr=cfO{=eL=÷P8\;af6 k|efljt÷;+qmldt
Gof=e/t/fh pk|]tLM g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;d'bfosf nflu :jf:Yo k/LIf0f tyf pkrf/sf]
;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f #@ tyf !)&-@_ adf]lhd nflu ;xof]u ug{] ;xof]u h'6fpg], To;}u/L lzIffsf]
bfo/ x'gcfPsf] k|:t't ljifosf] ;+lIfKt tYo Pj+ If]qdf, jftfj/0f ;+/If0fsf] If]qdf klg b]zsf] ljsf;
cfb]z o; k|sf/ 5M– ug{] h:tf ;fdflhs k/f]ksf/L / sNof0fsf/L sfo{
d lgj]bs skf{]/]6 ;f];n sG;f]l6{od ug{ egL ;f] p2]Zo /fv]/ sDkgL /lhi6«f/sf]
d'gfkmf ljt/0f gug{] sDkgL, sDkgL P]g, @)^# sf] sfof{noaf6 btf{ ePsf] xf] .
bkmf !^^-s_ adf]lhd ;fdflhs k/f]ksf/L tyf o;} ;Gbe{df ;+:yf btf{ P]g, @)#$ sf]
sNof0fsf/L;DaGwL Joj;fo sf/f]jf/ ug{ egL k|:tfjgfn] ;fdflhs, wfld{s, ;flxlTos, ;fF:s[lts,
414
 *&*% – skf]/{ 6] ;f];n sG;f]l6{od lj=cy{ dGqfno ;d]t

j}1flgs, z}lIfs, jf}l4s, zf/Ll/s, cfly{s, 5"6 k|df0f kq lbg gldNg] egL ul/Psf] lg0f{o
Jofj;flos tyf k/f]ksf/L ;+:yfx¿sf] :yfkgf sfg"gs} k|lts"n ePsf]n] g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg,
btf{ ug{ egL pQm P]gsf] bkmf @-s_ n] ;+:yf @)^# sf] bkmf #@ tyf !)&-@_ adf]lhd tyf
eGgfn] ;fdflhs, wfld{s, ;flxlTos ;fF:s[lts, cfos/ P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf @ kl/efiffsf] -w_-!_
j}1flgs, z}lIfs, jf}l4s, zf/Ll/s, cfly{s, adf]lhd plNnlvt ljkIfLx¿n] skf{/] 6] ;f];n
Jofj;flos tyf k/f]ksf/L sfo{x¿sf] ljsf; Pj+ sG;f]l6{od -d'gfkmf ljt/0f gug{] sDkgL_ nfO{
lj:tf/ ug{] p2]Zon] :yfkgf ePsf] ;+3 ;+:yfnfO{ ldlt @)^%.%.@ df u/]sf] lg0f{onfO{ ab/ u/L s/
;Demg' kb{5 eGg] kl/efiff u/L ;fdflhs sfo{ 5"6 k|df0fkq lbg' eGg] ljkIfLx¿sf gfddf
ug{sf nflu ;+3 ;+:yfx¿ ljlwjt\ ?kdf g]kfndf k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z hf/L ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t
btf{ eO{ ;fdflhs k/f]ksf/L tyf sNof0fsf/L Joxf]/fsf] lgj]bg kq .
sfo{x¿ eO/x]sf] 5 . o;df s] s;f] ePsf] xf] < lgj]bssf] dfu
o;/L plNnlvt d'gfkmf ljt/0f gug{] adf]lhdsf] cfb]z lsg hf/L x'g' gkg{] xf] < of]
sDkgLsf] ?kdf btf{ eO{ ;+:yf btf{ P]g, @)#$ sf] cfb]zk|fKt ePsf ldltn] af6fsf Dofb afx]s !%
efjgfadf]lhd sDkgL P]g, @)^# sf] bkmf !^^-!_ lbgleq lnlvt hjfkm k7fpg' egL ljkIfLx¿nfO{
klg ;f]xL ;+:yf btf{ P]g, @)#$ sf] efjgf / ;"rgf k7fO{ lnlvt hjfkm cfPkl5 jf cjlw
cfbz{af6 ;~rfng x'g ug{sf nflu th'd{ f ul/Psf] gf3]kl5 lgodadf]lhd k]z ug'{ eGg] Joxf]/fsf]
xf] . o;/L ;f]xL adf]lhdsf] Jojxf/ ub{} cfPsf] ldlt @)^^.!).$ sf] o; cbfntsf] cfb]z .
5 . cfos/ P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf @ kl/efiffsf] -w_ cfos/ P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf @ sf] v08
-!_ adf]lhd æ5"6 kfpg] ;+:yfÆ eGgfn] gfkmf -w_-!_ df s/ 5"6 kfpg] ;+:yfsf] ?kdf ljefudf
gsdfpg] p2]Zon] :yfkgf ePsf ;fj{hlgs k|sl[ tsf btf{ ePsf gfkmf gsdfpg] p2]Zon] :yfkgf ePsf
;fdflhs, wfld{s, z}lIfs jf k/f]ksf/L ;+:yf ;Demg' ;fj{hlgs k|sl[ tsf ;fdflhs, wfld{s, z}lIfs jf
kb{5 eGg] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 . k/f]ksf/L ;+:yf, ;fdflhs jf v]ns'b;DaGwL ;'ljwf
o;/L plNnlvt sfg"gL Joj:yf ePsf] k|j4{g ug{] p2]Zon] ;f] ;:yf jf To;sf ;b:ox¿n]
x'gfn] plNnlvt ;+:yfn] cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{no nfe glng] u/L u7g ePsf] cJoj;foL v]ns'b
;fg]kf, nlntk'/df sDkgLn] s/ 5"6 k|df0fkq ;+:yfx¿nfO{ ;Demg'k5{ egL kl/efiff u/]adf]lhd
kfpgsf nflu lgj]bg k]z u/]sf]df cfGtl/s /fh:j ljkIfLsf] ;+:yf pQm kl/efiffleq gkg{] u/L cfGtl/s
ljefu nflhDkf6n] s/ 5"6 k|df0f kq lbg gldNg] /fh:j ljefun] u/]sf] sfo{ cfos/ P]g, @)%*
u/L lg0f{o ePsf] egL ldlt @)^%.%.@ ut] lg0f{o adf]lhd g} u/]sf] b]lvFbf ljkIfLsf] lgj]bg lhsL/
u/L k=;+= )^^÷^& r=g+= ^* ldlt @)^^÷)^.@@ ab/ ul/kfpFm eGg] g]kfn ;/sf/ cy{ dGqfnosf]
ut] hfgsf/L k|fKt ePsf] lyof] . tkm{af6 ;lrj /fd]Zj/ vgfnsf] lnlvt hjfkm .
ctM dfly plNnlvt k|s/0fx¿df n]lvP l/6 lgj]bgsf] ljleGg k|sf/0fdf p7fO{Psf
adf]lhd sDkgL P]g, @)^# sf] bkmf !^^-!_ tyf lhsL/x¿sf ;DaGwdf l/6 lgj]bssf] ;+:yf
cfos/ P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf @ kl/efiffsf] -w_-!_ sDkgL /lhi6«f/sf] sfof{nodf sDkgL P]g, @)^#
adf]lhd æ5"6 kfpg] ;+:yfÆ eGgfn] gfkmf gsdfpg] adf]lhd btf{ ePsf] lgj]bs :jo+n] :jLsf/ ug'{
p2]Zon] :yfkgf ePsf ;Demg' kb{5 eGg] sfg"gL ePsf] g} 5 . lgj]bsn] bfjL ug'{ ePsf] sDkgL
kl/efiff ;d]t ePsf] Joj:yfnfO{ a]jf:tf u/L P]g, @)^# sf] bkmf !^^ df d'gfkmf ljt/0f gug{]
sfg"gn] k|Tofe"t u/]sf clwsf/sf] xgg ub{} s/ u/L sDkgL :yfkgf ug{ ;lsg] dfq pNn]v ePsf]
415
 g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)^(, c;f/
@)^(,

5 . pQm bkmf !^^ df To;/L :yfkgf ePsf ePsf] lg0f{o u}/sfg"gL gx'bF f l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h
sDkgLn] nfef+z afF8L lng gkfpg] zt{ dfq ul/kfpFm egL ug'{ ePsf] jx; ;d]t ;'lgof] .
pNn]v ePsf] 5 . sDkgL P]g, @)^# adf]lhd cj lgj]bg dfu adf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L
btf{ ePs} sf/0f cfos/ P]g, @)%* adf]lhd x'g;S5 ;Sb}g eGg] ;DaGwd} lg0f{o lbg'kg{] eO{
cfo ljj/0f k]z ug'{kg{] / cfkm"n] k]z u/]sf] cfo To;tkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ lgj]bs ;+:yf skf{/] 6] ;f];n
ljj/0fadf]lhd cfo s/ ltg'{kg{] bfloTjaf6 sG;f]l6{od d'gfkmf ljt/0f gug{] sDkgLsf] ?kdf
pGd'lQm kfpg] cj:yf sDkgL P]g, @)^# df gePsf] ldlt @)^%.&.% df sDkgL P]g, @)^# sf] bkmf %
k|i6 g} 5 . hxfF;Dd cfos/ P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf sf] pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd btf{ ePsf] b]lvG5 .
@-w_-!_ sf] bfjL 5, pQm bkmfdf s/ 5"6 kfpg] plNnlvt sDkgLsf] p2]Zodf Pr=cfO{=le=÷P8\;
;+:yfsf] ?kdf ljefudf btf{ ePsf ;+:yfsf] tyf hg:jf:Yosf] If]qdf ;fIf/tf, k/fdz{nufotsf]
kl/efiff ul/Psf] 5 . h;cg';f/ lgj]bssf] ;+:yfn] ;]jf k|bfg ug{] u/L d'gfkmf ljt/0f ug{ gkfpg]
s/ 5"6 kfpgsf nflu o; ljefudf btf{ x'g'kg{] ;+:yfsf] ?kdf /x]sf] eGg] sDkgLsf] k|jGwkqaf6
b]lvb}g . ;fy} u}x| d'gfkmfsf/L ;+:yfsf] ?kdf b]lvg cfO{ ;f]xLadf]lhd sDkgL ;~rfngsf]
sfd ug{sf nflu ;+:yf P]g, @)#$ adf]lhd btf{ k|df0fkq k|fKt u/L :yfoL n]vf g+= -PAN_ btf{
x'g'kg{]df sDkgL P]g, @)^# adf]lhd btf{ e} s/ k|df0fkq ;d]t k|fKt u/]sf] b]lvg cfpF5 . plNnlvt
5"6sf] k|df0fkq dfu ug{ sfg"gtM gldNg] x'Fbf ;+:yfn] cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{no, nlntk'/df s/
l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] Jox]f/fsf] cfGtl/s 5"6 k|df0fkq kfpg lgj]bg u/]sf]df cfGtl/s /fh:j
/fh:j ljefu nflhDkf6sf] tkm{af6 P]= sf ljefu, nflhDkf6n] s/ 5"6 k|df0fkq lbg gldNg]
dxflgb{]zs /fhg vgfnsf] lnlvt hjfkm . egL ldlt @)^%.%.@ df lg0f{o u/L ldlt @)^^.^.@@
lgodadf]lhd k]zL ;"rLdf r9L lg0f{ofy{ r=g+= ^* sf] kqåf/f sDkgLnfO{ hfgsf/L u/fP
o; Ohnf;;dIf k]z x'gcfPsf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg kZrft\ sDkgLn] s/ 5"6 k|df0fkq kfpg' kg{] lhsL/
;lxtsf ldl;n ;+nUg sfuhftx¿ cWoog u/L lnb} plNnlvt lg0f{onfO{ r'gf}tL lbO{ k|:t't lgj]bg
lgj]bs tkm{af6 pkl:yt x'g' ePsf ljåfg clwjQmf kg{ cfPsf] b]lvG5 .
>L eljZj/ u'?Ën] sDkgLsf] Joj;fo, sf/f]jf/ plNnlvt tYox¿sf] cfwf/df k|:t't
;dfh sNof0f k/f]ksf/L ePsf]n] cfos/;DaGwL ljifodf d"ne"t ?kdf lgDg tLg k|Zgx¿sf]
sfg"gnfO{ ;+zf]wg / PsLs/0f ug{ ag]sf] cfos/ lg/fs/0f u/L lg0f{o lbg'kg{] b]lvof] .
P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf @-w_-!_ n] gfkmf gsdfpg] -!_ cfos/ P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf @-w_ sf]
p2]Zon] :yfkgf ePsf ;fj{hlgs k|s[ltsf p2]Zo / dg;fo s] xf] <
;fdflhs, wfld{s z}lIfs jf k/f]ksf/L ;+:yfnfO{ -@_ lgj]bs ;+:yf cfos/ P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf
s/ 5"6 kfpg] ;+:yf egL kl/efiff u/]sf]df cfGtl/s @-w_-!_ sf] p2]Zo / bfo/fleq kg{] d'gfkmf
/fh:j ljefun] s/ 5"6 k|df0fkq ;+:yfsf] ?kdf cfh{g gug{] ;fdflhs, k/f]ksf/L tyf
btf{ ug{ gldNg] egL u/]sf] lg0f{o ab/ ug{ l/6 sNof0fsf/L ;+:yf xf] jf xf]Og <
hf/L x'gk' b{5 egL tyf ljkIfL sfof{nox¿sf] -#_ lgj]bg lhsL/adf]lhd lgj]bs ;+:yfn] s/
tkm{af6 pkl:yt x'g' ePsf ljåfg ;xGofoflwjQmf 5"6 k|df0fkq kfpg' kg{] xf] jf xf]Og <
>L s[i0fk|;fb kf}8n
] n] ljefuaf6 cfos/ P]g, @)%* ca klxnf] k|Zgsf] ;DaGwdf ljrf/ ubf{
sf] kl/lwleq /x]/ sDkgL P]g, @)^# adf]lhd btf{ l/6 lgj]bssf] dfu;Fu ;DalGwt sDkgL P]g, @)^#
ePsf ;+:yfnfO{ s/ 5"6 k|df0fkq lbg gldNg] u/L sf] bkmf #-#_, bkmf $ tyf bkmf !^^-!_ / ;+:yf
416
 *&*% – skf]/{ 6] ;f];n sG;f]l6{od lj=cy{ dGqfno ;d]t

btf{ P]g, @)#$ sf] bkmf @-s_ df ul/Psf] Joj:yf s'g} k/f]ksf/L, sNof0fsf/L p2]Zo ePsf] ;+:yf
/ pQm P]gsf] p2]Zo s] xf] egL ljj]rgf ug'k{ g{] btf{ ug{k' /]df ;+:yf btf{ P]g, @)#$ cg';f/ dfq
b]lvof] . o:tf] ;+:yf btf{ ug{ ;lsg] Joj:yf lyof] eg]
@= pk/f]Qm P]gx¿dWo] ;+:yf btf{ P]g, sDkgL P]g, @)^# sf] bkmf #-#_, bkmf $ tyf bkmf
@)#$ sf] k|:tfjgfn] ;fdflhs, wfld{s, ;flxlTos, !^^-!_ df ul/Psf] Joj:yfcg';f/ o:tf] k/f]ksf/L
;fF:s[lts, j}1flgs, z}lIfs, af}l4s, zf/Ll/s, cfly{s, sfd ug{] / z}lIfs, wfld{s, sNof0fsf/L p2]Zo
Jofj;flos tyf k/f]ksf/L ;+:yfsf] :yfkgf tyf ePsf d'gfkmf p2]Zo gePdf jf d'gfkmf afF8L lng
btf{ ug{] ;DaGwdf Joj:yf ug'{ g} pQm P]gsf] d"n gkfpg] zt{df ;+:yf btf{ ug{ rfxg]n] sDkgL
p2]Zo /x]sf] 5 eGg] s'/f :ki6 x'G5 . pQm P]gsf] /lhi6«f/sf] sfof{nodf lgj]bg lbO{ d'gfkmf ljt/0f
bkmf @-s_ n] ;+:yfsf] kl/efiff ubf{ u/]sf] 5 / gug{] ;fdflhs k/f]ksf/L jf sNof0fsf/L p2]Zo
;fdflhs, wfld{s, ;flxlTos, ;fF:s[lts, j}1flgs, k|flKtsf] nflu sDkgL btf{ ug{ ;lsg] j}slNks
z}lIfs, af}l4s, zf/Ll/s, cfly{s, Jofj;flos tyf Joj:yf ul/Psf] dfq xf] . oL b'O{ P]gx¿ dWo]
k/f]ksf/L sfo{x¿sf] ljsf; Pj+ lj:tf/ ug{ :yfkgf k|To]ssf] p2]Zo ;+ul7t ;:yf btf{ ug{] tyf oL
ePsf] ;+3 ;+:yfnfO{ hgfpg] eGg] pNn]v ePsf] ;+:yfsf] cg'udg ug{] dfq /x]sf] / oL s'g} klg
b]lvG5 . pQm P]g nfu" ePkl5 d'gfkmfsf] p2]Zo ;+:yfx¿n] kfpg] 5"6 jf ;'ljwfsf] af/]df af]ns ] f
glnO{ ;fdflhs wfld{s, z}lIfs tyf sNof0fsf/L 5}gg eGg] s'/fdf ljjfb 5}g .
k/f]ksf/L sfo{ ug{] p2]Zon] s'g} ;+:yf btf{ ug{ $= pk/f]Qm b'O{ P]gx¿sf] p2]Zo ;dfg
k/]df ;f]xL P]gsf] bkmf $ cg';f/ k|dv ' lhNnf 5 . sDkgL P]gsf] gofF Joj:yfcg';f/ s'g} z}lIfs,
clwsf/L;dIf lgj]bg lbg'kg{] / ;f]xL lgsfon] g} k|fl1s, ;fdflhs, k/f]ksf/L jf ;fj{hlgs
o:tf] ;+:yf btf{ ug{] / o:tf ;+:yfx¿sf] lgodg pkof]lutf jf sNof0fsf/L p2]Zo k|fKt ug{sf] nflu
pQm P]gsf] bkmf ( b]lv bkmf !@ ;Dddf ul/Psf] ;+:yf btf{ ug{ rfxg] JolQmx¿sf] ;d"xn] ;+:yf
Joj:yfaf6 :ki6 x'G5 . d'gfkmf gsdfpg] p2]Zo btf{ P]g, @)#$ cg';f/ k|dv ' lhNnf clwsf/L;dIf
ePsf o:tf ;fj{hlgs ;]jf jf k/f]ksf/L sfo{ ug{] lgj]bg lbg] xf] jf sDkgL P]g, @)^# sf] bkmf #-#_,
p2]Zon] ;+:yf btf{ ug{ / o:tf] ;+:yfx¿sf] ;~rfng bkmf $ tyf !^^-!_ df ul/Psf] Joj:yfcg';f/
tyf lgodgsf] ;DaGwdf a}slNks Joj:yfsf] ?kdf sDkgL /lhi6«f/sf] sfof{nodf lgj]bg lbg] af/]df
sDkgL /lhi6«f/sf] sfof{non] sDkgL P]g, @)^# 5gf}6 ug{] eGg] j}slNks Joj:yf ;+:yfksx¿nfO{
sf] bkmf #-#_, bkmf $ tyf bkmf !^^-!_ n] s'g} k]zf k|fKt ePsf] 5 . oL b'j} P]gcGtu{t eP ul/Psf
jf Joj;fosf] ljsf; tyf k|j4{g ug{ jf s'g} vf; sfg"gL k|fjwfgsf] p2]Zo Pp6} ePsf], oL b'j}
k]zf jf Joj;fodf nfu]sf JolQmx¿sf] ;fd"lxs P]gcGtu{t btf{ ePsf ;+:yfx¿ ;+ul7t ;+:yf dflgg]
xs lxtsf] ;+/If0f ug{ jf s'g} z}lIfs, k|fl1s, / oL b'j} P]gcGtu{t ;+:yf btf{ ug{] lgsfox¿
;fdflhs, k/f]ksf/L jf ;fj{hlgs pkof]lutf jf sfg"gåf/f clwsf/k|fKt ;/sf/L lgsfo g} ePsf
sNof0fsf/L p2]Zo k|flKtsf] nflu nfef+z afF8L sf/0fn] oL b'O{ P]g dWo] s'g} klg Ps P]gcGtu{t
lng gkfpg] zt{df s'g} pBd ug{ sDkgL btf{ u/L btf{ ePsf ;+:yfx¿sf] sfg"gL dfGotf / k|of]hg
lbg ;Sg] Joj:yf u/]sf] b]lvG5 . ;d]t ;dfg 5g\ . oL b'j} P]gcGtu{t btf{ ePsf]
#= ;+:yf btf{ P]g, @)#$ tyf sDkgL P]g, ;+:yf lj36g ePsf] cj:yfdf o:tf ;+:yfsf] ;DklQ
@)^# sf] pk/f]Qm Joj:yf x]bf{ oL b'j} P]gsf] p2]Zo g]kfn ;/sf/df hfg] eGg] s'/f ;+:yf btf{ P]g,
;dfg /x]sf] b]lvG5 . sDkgL P]g, @)^# nfu" x'g' k' j" { @)#$ sf] bkmf *, sDkgL P]g, @)^# sf] bkmf !^&
417
 g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)^(, c;f/
@)^(,

-!_-em_ df ul/Psf] Joj:yfaf6 :ki6 x'G5 . pk/f]Qm ?kdf dfGotf lbg ldNg] / o:tf] dfGotf lbO{
k|s/0fx¿df pNn]v ul/Pcg';f/ ;dfg p2]Zo / cfPsf] s'/f :ki6 x'G5 . o;/L pQm lnlvt hjfkmsf]
k|of]hgsf nflu :yfkgf ePsf ;+:yfdWo] ;+:yf Joxf]/faf6 oL b'O{ P]gcGtu{t ;dfg p2]Zo lnO{
btf{ P]g, @)#$ cGtu{t btf{ ePsf ;+:yfn] s/ btf{ ePsf] ;+:yf dWo] ;+:yf btf{ P]g, @)#$ cGtu{t
5"6 ;'ljwfsf] ;x'lnot kfpg] t/ sDkgL P]g, @)^# btf{ ePsf ;+:yfnfO{ cfos/ 5"6 kfpg] ;+:yfsf]
sf] bkmf #-#_ bkmf $ tyf bkmf !^^-!_ cg';f/ btf{ ?kdf dfGotf lbg] t/ ;dfg p2]Zo lnO{ sDkgL
ePsf ;fdflhs, k/f]ksf/L tyf sNof0fsf/L P]g, @)^# cGtu{t btf{ ePsf] ;+:yfnfO{ ljkIfL
p2]Zon] d'gfkmf afF8L lng gkfpg] zt{df :yflkt cfGtl/s /fhZj ljefusf] lg0f{ocg';f/ o:tf]
sDkgLx¿n] pQm ;'ljwf gkfpg] eGg] af/]df :ki6 dfGotf glbPsf] b]lvof] .
sfg"gL Joj:yf geP gul/Psf] cj:yfdf oL b'O{ ^= pk/f]Qmadf]lhd ljkIfL ljefun] cfodf
P]gcGtu{t btf{ ePsf ;dfg p2]Zosf] ;+:yfdWo] 5"6sf ;DaGwdf u/]sf] lje]bsf/L lg0f{osf] sfg"gL
;+:yf btf{ P]g, @)#$ cGtu{t btf{ ePsf] ;+:yfn] dfGotf tyf ;+jw} flgtfsf] k/LIf0f ug{sf] nflu
kfPsf] ;'ljwf sDkgL P]g, @)^# cGtu{t btf{ ePsf] cfos/ P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf @-w_-!_ tyf bkmf !)
;+:yfn] gkfpg] eGg] jf lje]b ug{] sfo{ cfkm}d + f -5_ sf] Joj:yfnfO{ klg x]gk{' g{] x'G5 .
;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !# cGtu{t ;dfg ;+/If0f / &= pQm cfos/ P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf @-w_
;dfgtf;DaGwL Joj:yfsf] ljk/Lt x'g] eO{ df 5"6 kfpg] ;+:yfsf] pNn]v eO{ pQm bkmf @-w_
lje]bsf/L tyf u}/;+jw} flgs x'g] s'/fdf ljjfb x'g ! sf] -s_ df s/ 5"6 kfpg] ;+:yfdf ægfkmf gsdfpg]
;Sb}g . p2]Zon] :yfkgf ePsf ;fj{hlgs k|s[ltsf
%= k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf] dfu / ljjfbsf] ;fdflhs, wfld{s, z}lIfs jf k/f]ksf/L ;+:yfÆ
ljifoj:t' sDkgL P]g, @)^# sf] bkmf #-#_, bkmf $ pNn]v ePsf] b]lvG5 / pQm P]gsf] bkmf !) df
tyf !^^-!_ cg';f/ ;fdflhs, sNof0fsf/L jf 5"6 x'g] /sdx¿sf] Joj:yf eO{ pQm bkmf !)-5_
k/f]ksf/L p2]Zosf] nflu d'gfkmf afF8L lng gkfpg] df 5"6 kfpg] ;+:yfn] b]xfoafkt k|fKt u/]sf] /sd
/ d'gfkmf/lxt sDkgLsf] ?kdf btf{ ePsf] ;+ul7t egL P]gsf] -@_ df bkmf @ sf] v08 -w_ adf]lhdsf]
;+:yfnfO{ cfos/ P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf @-w_-!_ 5"6 kfpg] ;+:yfnfO{ k|ltkmn k|fKt ug{] jf k|ltkmnsf]
cg';f/ cfos/ 5"6 kfpg] ;+:yfsf] dfGotf lbg cfz gu/L To:tf] ;+:yfsf] sfo{;uF k|ToIf ?kn]
ldNg] xf] jf xf]Og eGg] /x]sf] 5 . sDkgL P]g, ;DalGwt cGo of]ubfgx¿ eGg] pNn]v ePsf] 5 .
@)^# cg';f/ d'gfkmf/lxt sDkgLsf] ?kdf ePsf *= cfos/ 5"6 kfpg] ;+:yf / cfos/ 5'6"
sDkgLnfO{ cfos/ P]g, @)%* sf] pQm bkmf @ x'g] /sdsf] ;DaGwdf cfos/ P]g, @)%* sf]
-w_-!_ cGtu{t s/ 5"6 kfpg] ;+:yfsf] dfGotf lbg pk/f]Qm Joj:yfsf] cWoogaf6 s'g} ;+:yfnfO{
gldNg] egL cfGtl/s /fh:j ljefun] ldlt cfos/ 5"6 kfpg] ;+:yfsf] dfGotf lbgsf] nflu
@)^%.%.@ df lg0f{o u/]sf] b]lvG5 . pQm lg0f{odf o:tf] ;+:yfsf] p2]Zo / k|of]hg g} d"n ?kdf x]gk'{ g{]
;+:yf btf{ P]g @)#$ cGtu{t btf{ ePsf ;+:yfn] t/ o:tf] ;+:yf s'g} P]gcGtu{t s'g ;/sf/L lgsfodf
eg] pQm bkmf @-w_-!_ cg';f/ cfos/ 5"6 kfpg] btf{ ePsf] 5 eGg] s'/f ;fGble{s gx'g] s'/f pQm
;+:yfsf] dfGotf kfpg] gkfpg] pNn]v gu/] klg P]gsf] bkmf @-w_-!_ df ul/Psf] Joj:yfaf6 :ki6
pQm ljefun] o; cbfntdf k]z u/]sf] lnlvt x'G5 . pQm P]gsf] bkmf @-w_-!_ sf] k|ltjGwfTds
hjfkmsf] Joxf]/faf6 ;+:yf btf{ P]g, @)#$ cg';f/ afSof+z tyf bkmf !)-5_ df ul/Psf] Joj:yfcg';f/
btf{ ePsf] ;+:yfnfO{ eg] cfos/ 5"6 kfpg] ;+:yfsf] gfkmf sdfpg] p2]Zon] :yfkgf ePsf] ;+:yfn] s/
418
 *&*% – skf]/{ 6] ;f];n sG;f]l6{od lj=cy{ dGqfno ;d]t

5"6 kfpg] ;+:yfsf] dfGotf kfpg] x'bF f o:tf ;+:yfn] ;+:yfkgf eO{ sDkgL /lhi6«f/sf] sfof{nodf btf{
cfkm\gf] p2]Zocg'¿k sfo{ ug{sf] nflu s'g} JolQm ePsf] sDkgLsf] oxL k|jGwkqsf] cfwf/df pQm
jf ;+:yfaf6 k|fKt rGbf, pkxf/ jf k|ltkmn k|fKt sDkgLn] sDkgL btf{sf] k|df0fkq ;d]t k|fKt u/L
ug{] jf o:tf] k|ltkmnsf] cfzf gu/L o:tf d'gfkmf sDkgL ;~rfngdf /x]sf] b]lvG5 . ;+:yf btf{ P]g,
gsdfpg] ;fdflhs, ;dfh sNof0fsf/L jf @)#$ sf] k|:tfjgfdf æ;fdflhs, wfld{s, ;flxlTos,
k/f]ksf/L ;+:yfnfO{ ;+:yfsf] sfo{;uF k|ToIf ?kn] ;fF:s[lts, j}1flgs, z}lIfs af}l4s, zf/Ll/s, cfly{s,
;DalGwt sfdsf] nflu k|fKt of]ubfg rGbf jf Jofj;flos tyf k/f]ksf/L ;+:yfx¿sf] :yfkgf
pkxf/sf] /sddf cfos/ gnfUg] Joj:yf ePsf] tyf btf{ ug{ jf~5gLo ePsf]nÆ] eGg] pNn]v
b]lvG5 . cfos/ 5"6sf] dfGotf kfpg] ;+:yfsf] ePsf] b]lvG5 . pQm P]gsf] bkmf @-s_ df æ;+:yf
osLg ug{] / o:tf ;+:yfn] k|fKt u/]sf] cg'bfg, eGgfn] ;fdflhs, wfld{s, ;flxlTos, ;fF:s[lts,
rGbf jf pkxf/sf] /sddf cfos/ nfUg] jf gnfUg] j}1flgs, z}lIfs, jf}l4s, ;+jw} flgs, zf/Ll/s,
eGg] s'/fsf] clGtd Joj:yf ug{] sfg"g cfos/ cfly{s, Jofj;foL tyf k/f]ksf/L sfo{x¿sf] ljsf;
P]g, @)%* ePsf] / pQm P]gdf ul/Psf] Joj:yfn] Pj+ lj:tf/ ug{] p2]Zon] :yfkgf ePsf] ;+3;+:yf,
o:tf] 5"6 lbg] k|of]hgsf] nflu ;+:yfsf] p2]ZonfO{ Snj, d08n, kl/ifb\, cWoog s]Gb| cflb ;Demg'
k|dv' 7fg]sf] / o:tf] ;+:yf s'g P]gcGtu{t btf{ kb{5Æ eGg] kl/efiff u/L pQm bkmfadf]lhd
ePsf] 5 eGg] s'/fnfO{ cfwf/ gdfg]sf] / btf{sf] ;fdflhs, k/f]ksf/L sfo{ ug{sf nflu ljleGg
cfwf/df e]befj u/]sf] klg gb]lvPsf] x'gfn] ;+:yf ;+3;+:yfx¿ ljlwjt ?kdf btf{ eO{ ljleGg
btf{ P]g, @)#$ cGtu{t btf{ ePsf] ;+:yfnfO{ cfos/ ;fdflhs, k/f]ksf/L sfo{x¿ eO/x]sf] b]lvG5 .
5"6 kfpg] ;+:yfsf] ?kdf dfGotf lbg] t/ ;dfg d'gfkmf/lxt sDkgLsf] ?kdf k|rlnt sfg"gcg';f/
p2]Zosf] nflu d'gfkmf gsdfpg] sDkgL jf ;+:yfsf] btf{ ePsf] lgj]bs ;+:yf klg ljlwjt\ btf{ eO{
?kdf sDkgL P]gcGtu{t btf{ ePsf] sDkgL jf sDkgL btf{ k|df0fkq ;d]t k|fKt u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
;+:yfnfO{ cfos/ 5"6 kfpg] ;+:yfsf] ?kdf dfGotf lgj]bs ;+:yfn] sDkgLsf] k|jGwkq adf]lhd sDkgL
lbg gldNg] eGg] p2]Zo pQm P]gsf] /x]sf] eGg] btf{ k|df0fkq k|bfg ul/Fbf pQm k|df0fkqdf g}
b]lvPg . d'gfkmf ljt/0f gug{] sDkgLsf] ?kdf :jLsf/ u/L
(= bf];f| ] k|Zgtkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ lgj]bs sDkgL /lhi6«f/sf] sfof{noaf6 sDkgL P]g, @)^#
sDkgLn] ug{] Joj;fo jf sf/f]jf/sf] k|sl[ tdf sf] bkmf % sf] pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd k|df0fkq k|fKt
;fdflhs, k/f]ksf/L tyf sNof0fsf/L sfo{ ug]{ u/]sf] b]lvG5 . sDkgL P]g, @)^# sf] bkmf #-#_
k| s [ l tsf] b] l vG5 . sDkgLsf] p2] Z odf tyf bkmf !^^ df d'gfkmf ljt/0f gug{] sDkgL
Pr=cfO{=le=÷P8\; tyf hg:jf:Yosf] If]qdf :yfkgf ug{ ;lsg] sfg"gL Joj:yf ;d]t /x]sf]
;fe]mbf/L, ;dGjo tyf ;xsfo{sf] efjgf clej[l4 b]lvG5 . plNnlvt bkmf !^^ sf] pkbkmf -!_ df g}
u/L Pr=cfO{=le= ;+qmldt ;d'bfosf] nflu k|fljlws æs'g} z}lIfs, k|fl1s, ;fdflhs, k/f]ksf/L jf
tyf ljQLo ;xof]u tyf ;fIf/tf / k/fdz{ ;]jf ;fj{hlgs pkof]lutf jf sNof0fsf/L p2]Zo k|flKtsf]
k|bfg ug{] tyf d'gfkmf ljt/0f ug{ gkfpg] ;+:yfsf] nflu nfef+; afF8L lng gkfpg] zt{df s'g} pBd
?kdf sfd ug{] eGg] s'/f sDkgLsf] k|jGwkq tyf ug{ sDkgL ;+:yfkgf ug{ ;lsg]5Æ eGg] Joj:yf
ldl;n ;+nUg k|df0f sfuhaf6 b]lvg cfpF5 . /xL ;f]xL k|fjwfgadf]lhd g} ;fdflhs, k/f]ksf/L
sDkgL P]g, @)^# sf] bkmf #-#_, bkmf $-!_ tyf tyf sNof0fsf/L sfo{ ug{] tyf d'gfkmf ljt/0f ug{
bkmf !^^ df ul/Psf] sfg"gL Joj:yfsf] cfwf/df gkfpg] eGg] ;d]tsf k|fjwfgx¿ sDkgLsf]
419
 g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)^(, c;f/
@)^(,

k|jGwkqdf pNn]v eO{ btf{ ePsf]n] lgj]bs sDkgLn] sDkgLsf] ?kdf btf{ ePsf] sf/0fn] dfq s/ 5"6
cfkm\gf] p2]Zodf km]/jbn u/L cfkm\gf] sfo{ ;~rfng kfpg] ;+:yfsf] ?kdf dfGotf kfpg] xf] jf xf]Og eGg]
ug{] xf] ls egL z+sf ug{k' g{] cj:yf klg b]lvb}g . ;DaGwdf x]bf{ cfos/ P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf @
lsgeg] pQm P]gsf] bkmf !^& sf] pkbkmf -!_ sf] kl/efiffsf] -w_ df s/ 5"6 kfpg] Joj:yf /xL pQm
-ª_ df æsDkgLn] cfkm\gf] p2]Zodf kl/jt{g ubf{ P]gsf] bkmf @-w_-!_ df gfkmf gsdfpg] p2]Zon]
sfof{nosf] k"j{ :jLs[lt lng'kb{5Æ eGg] Joj:yfn] :yfkgf ePsf ;fj{hlgs k|sl[ tsf ;fdflhs, wfld{s,
klg of] sDkgLn] sDkgL /lhi6«f/sf] sfof{nosf] z}lIfs jf k/f]ksf/L ;+:yf ;Demg' kb{5 eGg] pNn]v
:jLs[lt ljgf cfkm\gf] p2]Zo kl/jt{g ug{ ;Sg] ePsf] kfOG5 . cfos/ P]g, @)%* sf] plNnlvt
b]lvb}g . o;} u/L bkmf !^&-!_ sf] -em_ df sDkgL Joj:yfn] klg ;+:yf btf{ P]g, @)#$ sf] bkmf @-s_
lj36g ePdf jf btf{ vf/]hLdf k/]df sDkgLsf] tyf sDkgL P]g, @)^# sf] bkmf !^^ / !^& ;Fu
C0f tyf bfloTj km5\of{6} u/L afFsL /x]sf] hfoh]yf tfbfDotf /fv]sf] b]lvg cfpFb5 . o; l:yltdf
sDkgLsf] lgodfjnLdf s'g} Joj:yf ul/Psf] eP ;fdflhs, k/f]ksf/L tyf sNof0fsf/L ;+:yfsf] ?kdf
;f]xLadf]lhd / Joj:yf gePsf] g]kfn ;/sf/df sfd ug{ d'gfkmf ljt/0f gug{] sDkgLsf] ?kdf
;g{5] . t/ To:tf] hfoh]yf s'g} klg lsl;dn] To:tf] sfg"gadf]lhd btf{ ePsf] lgj]bs sDkgLn] btf{
sDkgLsf] ;+:yfks jf ;b:o jf lghsf] glhssf] k|df0fkq kfO{ ;~rfngdf /xL cfkm\gf] k|jGwkqsf]
gft]bf/ jf lghsf] glhssf] gft]bf/ ;+:yfks jf p2]Zocg'¿ksf] sfo{ ub{} cfO/x]sf] b]lvPsf]n] sDkgL
;b:o ePsf] ;+:yf jf sDkgLdf ;g]{ 5}g eGg] P]g, @)^# sf] bkmf #-#_, bkmf $ tyf bkmf !^^
pNn]v ePsf] b]lvG5 . d'gfkmf ljt/0f gug{] adf]lhd sDkgLsf] ?kdf btf{ ePtf klg ;fdflhs,
ljleGg ;fdflhs, k/f]ksf/L tyf sNof0fsf/L k/f]ksf/L tyf sNof0fsf/L sfo{ ug{] tyf d'gfkmf
;+:yfx¿ klg d'gfkmf gsdfpg] / d'gfkmf ljt/0f ljt/0f gug{] p2]Zosf cfwf/df btf{ k|df0fkq lbPsf]
ug{ gkfpg] sDkgLsf] ?kdf btf{ eO{ ;+:yf btf{ / ;+:yf btf{ P]g, @)#$ sf] bkmf @-s_, sDkgL P]g,
P]g, @)#$ sf] efjgfadf]lhd ;~rfng x'g ;s'g\ @)^# sf] bkmf #-#_ tyf bkmf !^^ tyf cfos/ P]g,
egL sDkgL P]g, @)^# sf] bkmf !^^-s_ df klg @)%* sf] bkmf @-w_! df ul/Psf] sfg"gL Joj:yfsf]
o:tf ;fdflhs k/f]ksf/L ;+:yf :yfkgf ug{ ;lsg] p2]Zo / k|of]hg ;dfg /x]sf] b]lvg cfof] . pk/f]Qm
Joj:yf /xL tL ;+:yfx¿ ;+:yf btf{ P]g, @)#$ sf/0f / cfwf/ cg';f/ lgj]bs sDkgLn] s/ 5"6
sf] efjgfcg';f/ g} ;~rfng xf];\ eGg] ljwflosL k|df0fkq kfpg' kg{] cj:yf ljBdfg x'bF fx'bF } d'gfkmf
dg;fo /xL sfg"gL Joj:yf ePsf]n] sDkgL P]gsf] gsdfpg] ;dfh sNofsf/L ;+:yfsf] ?kdf sDkgL
plNnlvt Joj:yfcg';f/ d'gfkmf/lxt sDkgLsf] P]g, @)^# sf] bkmf #-#_ tyf !^^ cg';f/ ;+:yfkgf
?kdf :yfkgf eO{ btf{ ePsf] lgj]bs ;+:yf ePsf] lgj]bs sDkgLnfO{ s/ 5"6 kfpg] ;+:yfsf]
-sDkgL_ nfO{ klg cfos/ P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf ?kdf btf{ ug{ gldNg] u/L u/]sf] cfGtl/s /fh:j
@-w_-!_ tyf bkmf !) sf] p2]Zo tyf k|of]hgsf] ljefu nflhDkf6sf] ldlt @)^%.%.@ sf] lg0f{o
nflu d'gfkmf cfh{g gug{] ;fdflhs, k/f]ksf/L sfg"g;Ddt\ gx'bF f pTk|i] f0fsf] cfb]zåf/f ab/ x'g]
tyf sNof0fsf/L ;+:yfs} ?kdf lng'kg{] cj:yf 7x5{ . ;f] 7x/]sf]n] ;+:yf btf{ P]g, @)#$ cg';f/
b]lvg cfof] . ;fj{hlgs k|sl[ tsf ;fdflhs, wfld{s, z}lIfs jf
!)= cj t];f| ] k|Zgtkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ ;fdflhs, k/f]ksf/L p2]Zo k|flKtsf] nflu btf{ ePsf] jf :yfkgf
k/f]ksf/L tyf sNof0fsf/L sfo{ ug{] / d'gfkmf ljt/0f ePsf ;+:yfn] dfq cfos/ P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf @
gug{] p2]Zon] ;+:yfkgf ePsf] lgj]bs ;+:yfn] s]jn -w_!-s_ cg';f/ s/ 5"6 kfpg] ;+:yfsf] dfGotf jf
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 *&*^ ––;Gtf]if j:g]t ;d]t lj=dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no ;d]t

k|df0fkq kfpg] t/ o:t} p2]Zo k|flKtsf nflu g} cGo

k|rlnt sfg"g h:tf] sDkgL P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf #- lg0f{o g+= *&*^
#_, bkmf $-!_ tyf !^^ cg';f/ btf{ ePsf ;fdflhs,
wfld{s, z}lIfs k/f]ksf/L jf ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfsf]
?kdf :yfkgf jf btf{ ePsf ;+:yfn] cfos/ P]gsf] ;jf]R{ r cbfnt, ;+oQ ' m Ohnf;
pQm bkmfdf ul/Psf] Joj:yfcg';f/ s/ 5"6 kfpg] dfggLo GofofwLz >L bfdf]b/k|;fb zdf{
;+:yfsf] dfGotf jf k|df0fkq gkfpg] eGg] sfg"gL dfggLo GofofwLz >L j}Bgfy pkfWofo
Joj:yf gePsf] / ;+:yf P]g, @)#$ / sDkgL P]g, @)^%–WO–)*$!
@)^# sf] bkmf #-#_ tyf bkmf !^^ df ul/Psf] cfb]z ldltM @)^*.$.@%.$
sfg"gL Joj:yfsf] p2]Zo tyf k|of]hg ;d]t ;dfg ljifo M– k/dfb]z ;d]t .
/x]sf] x'bF f ;+:yf btf{ P]g, @)#$ cg';f/ btf{ ePsf lgj]bsM clwjQmf ;Gtf]if a:g]t ;d]t
;+:yfn] dfq cfos/ P]gsf] bkmf @-w_ -!_ cg';f/ lj¿4
s/ 5"6 kfpg] ;+:yfsf] dfGotf jf k|df0fkq kfpg] ljkIfLM k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no ;d]t
t/ ;dfg p2]Zosf] nflu sDkgL P]gsf] bkmf #-#_
tyf bkmf !^^ cg';f/ d'gfkmf gsdfpg] sDkgLsf] § cfkm\gf] b]zsf] ;Ldf ljifodf hfGg'kg{]
?kdf btf{ ePsf sDkgLn] pQm P]gsf] bkmf @-w_-!_ rf;f], ;Ldf ;'/Iff, cv08tf / b]zjf;Lsf]
cg';f/ s/ 5"6 kfpg] ;+:yfsf] dfGotf jf k|df0fkq ;'/Iff / Joj:yfkg ljifo To; b]zsf]
gkfpg] eGg] lg0f{o cfkm}d+ f lje]bsf/L eO{ ;+ljwfgsf] k|To]s ljj]szLn lhDd]jf/ gful/ssf]
wf/f !# sf] ljk/Lt b]lvPsf]n] ljkIfLx¿sf] ldlt ;fy{s ;DaGw / tflTjs ;/f]sf/sf] ljifo
@)^%.%.@ sf] lg0f{o ab/ ul/Psf] 5 . dfq xf]Og, cj:yf x]/L o;sf] k|ToIf jf
!!= t;y{ lgj]bs sDkgLnfO{ s/ 5"6 kfpg] k/f]If c;/ gful/snfO{ kg{] ePsf]n] of]
;+:yfsf] ?kdf btf{ u/L cfjZos k|df0fkq lbg' / p;sf] ;/f]sf/sf] ljifoleq kg]{ .
o:t} k|sl[ tsf cGo ;+:yfn] klg lgj]bg u/]df s/ -k|s/0f g+=#_
5"6 kfpg] ;+:yfsf] ?kdf btf{ k|df0fkq lbg' egL § b]zsf] ;Ldf ;'/Iff ljifodf ;/sf/ a]jf:tf
ljkIfLx¿sf gfpFdf k/dfb]z ;d]t hf/L x'g] 7x5{ . u5{ ;+jb] gzLn 5}g egL cg'dfg ug'{
of] cfb]zsf] hfgsf/L cGo /fh:j sfof{nonfO{ x'Fb}g . ;Ldf ;'/Iff ;z:q k|x/L an
;d]t lbg] k|efjsf/L Joj:yf ldnfpg egL ljkIfL kl/rfng u/]sf] cj:yfdf cGo b]zsf]
cfGtl/s /fh:j ljefusf] gfddf lgb{z ] gfTds ;'/Iffansf] ;dfg'kflts ?kdf x'gk' g{] egL
cfb] z hf/L x' G 5 . of] cfb] z sf] hfgsf/L eGg' eGbf klg cfkm\gf] cfjZostf / ;fwg
dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{nodfkm{t\ ljkIfLx¿nfO{ ;|ft] sf] cfwf/af6 /fHon] to ug{] ljifo
lbO{ bfo/Lsf] nut s§f u/L ldl;n lgodfg';f/ xf] . ;Ldf ljifodf p7]sf ljjfbx¿df
u/L a'emfO{ lbg" . s'6gLlts tj/af6 a]nf a]nfdf 5nkmn
pQm /fodf ;xdt 5' . u/L k|of;/t\ ;/sf/ /lx/x]sf] cj:yf 5,
Gof=tkaxfb'/ du/ To; ljifodf s'g} sdL–sdhf]/L eP
Olt ;+jt\ @)^* ;fn c;f/ !@ ut] /f]h ! z'ed\ ;fj{ef}d;Qf ;DkGg hgtfsf] k|ltlglw
Ohnf; clws[tM bLks v/]n ;+;baf6 To;sf] ;'wf/ x'g] .
-k|s/0f g+=&_
øl÷
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