MATHEMATICS

FORMULA BOOKLET - GYAAN SUTRA

INDEX
S.No. Topic Page No.

1. Straight Line 2–3

2. Circle 4
3. Parabola 5
4. Ellips 5 –6
5. Hyperbola 6–7
6. Limit of Function 8–9
7. Method of Differentiation 9 – 11
8. Application of Derivatves 11 – 13
9. Indefinite Intedration 14 – 17
10. Definite Integration 17 – 18
11. Fundamental of Mathematics 19 – 21
12. Quadratic Equation 22 – 24
13. Sequence & Series 24 – 26
14. Binomial Theorem 26 – 27
15. Permutation & Combinnation 28 – 29
16. Probability 29 – 30
17. Complex Number 31 – 32
18. Vectors 32 – 35
19. Dimension 35 – 40
20. Solution of Triangle 41 – 44
21. Inverse Trigonometric Functions 44 – 46
22. Statistics 47 – 49
23. Mathematical Reasoning 49 – 50
24. Sets and Relation 50 – 51

Page # 1
 MATHEMATICS
FORMULA BOOKLET - GYAAN SUTRA
STRAIGHT LINE
1. Distance Formula:

d  (x1 – x2 )2  (y1 – y2 )2 .
2. Section Formula :
mx 2  nx1 my 2  ny1
x= ;y= .
mn mn
3. Centroid, Incentre & Excentre:

 x1  x 2  x 3 y1  y 2  y 3 
Centroid G  , ,
 3 3 

 ax1 bx 2  cx 3 ay1 by 2  cy 3 
Incentre I  , 
 abc a  b c 

  ax1  bx 2  cx 3  ay1  by 2  cy 3 
Excentre I1  , 
 abc abc 
4. Area of a Triangle:
x1 y1 1
1
 ABC = 2 x 2 y2 1
x3 y3 1
5. Slope Formula:
y1  y 2
Line Joining two points (x1 y1) & (x2 y2), m =
x1  x 2
6. Condition of collinearity of three points:
x1 y1 1
x2 y2 1 = 0
x3 y3 1
7. Angle between two straight lines :
m1  m 2
tan  = .
1  m1m 2
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8. Two Lines :
ax + by + c = 0 and ax + b y + c  = 0 two lines

a b c
1. parallel if =  .
a b c

c 1 c 2
2. Distance between two parallel lines = .
a 2 b 2
3 Perpendicular : If aa + bb  = 0.
9. A point and line:

a x1  b y 1  c
1. Distance between point and line = .
a 2  b2
2. Reflection of a point about a line:

xx1 yy1 ax 1  by 1  c
 2
a b a 2 b 2
3. Foot of the perpendicular from a point on the line is
x  x1 y  y1 ax 1by1 c
  
a b a 2 b 2
10. Bisectors of the angles between two lines:
ax  by  c ax  by  c 
=±
2 2
a b a 2  b2
11. Condition of Concurrency :

a1 b1 c1
of three straight lines ai x+ b i y + c i = 0, i = 1,2,3 is a 2 b2 c 2 = 0.
a3 b3 c3
12. A Pair of straight lines through origin:
ax² + 2hxy + by² = 0
If  is the acute angle between the pair of straight lines, then tan 

2 h 2  ab
= .
ab

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 CIRCLE
1. Intercepts made by Circle x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 on the Axes:

(a) 2 g2 c on x -axis (b) 2 f 2 c on y - aixs

2. Parametric Equations of a Circle:

x = h + r cos  ; y = k + r sin 

3. Tangent :

(a) Slope form : y = mx ± a 1  m2

(b) Point form : xx1 + yy1 = a2 or T = o
(c) Parametric form : x cos  + y sin  = a.

4. Pair of Tangents from a Point: SS 1 = T².

5. Length of a Tangent : Length of tangent is S1

6. Director Circle: x2 + y2 = 2a2 for x2 + y2 = a2

7. Chord of Contact: T = 0
2 LR
1. Length of chord of contact =
R 2  L2
2. Area of the triangle formed by the pair of the tangents & its chord of

R L3
contact =
R 2  L2
3. Tangent of the angle between the pair of tangents from (x1, y1)

 2R L 
=  2

2 
 L  R 
4. Equation of the circle circumscribing the triangle PT 1 T 2 is :
(x  x1) (x + g) + (y  y1) (y + f) = 0.

8. Condition of orthogonality of Two Circles: 2 g 1 g 2 + 2 f1 f2 = c 1 + c 2.

9. Radical Axis : S 1  S 2 = 0 i.e. 2 (g 1  g 2) x + 2 (f1  f2) y + (c 1  c 2) = 0.

10. Family of Circles: S 1 + K S 2 = 0, S + KL = 0.

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 PARABOLA
1. Equation of standard parabola :
y2 = 4ax, Vertex is (0, 0), focus is (a, 0), Directrix is x + a = 0 and Axis is
y = 0. Length of the latus rectum = 4a, ends of the latus rectum are L(a, 2a)
& L’ (a,  2a).

2. Parametric Representation: x = at² & y = 2at

3. Tangents to the Parabola y² = 4ax:
a
1. Slope form y = mx + (m  0) 2. Parametric form ty = x + at2
m
3. Point form T = 0

4. Normals to the parabola y² = 4ax :

y1
y  y1 =  (x  x1) at (x1, y1) ; y = mx  2am  am 3 at (am 2 2am) ;
2a
y + tx = 2at + at3 at (at2, 2at).

ELLIPSE
x2 y2
1. Standard Equation :  = 1, where a > b & b² = a² (1  e²).
a2 b2

b2 a
Eccentricity: e = 1  , (0 < e < 1), Directrices : x = ± .
2 e
a
Focii : S  (± a e, 0). Length of, major axes = 2a and minor axes = 2b
Vertices : A ( a, 0) & A  (a, 0) .

2b 2
Latus Rectum : =
a

 2a 1 e 2 
2. Auxiliary Circle : x² + y² = a²

3. Parametric Representation : x = a cos  & y = b sin 

4. Position of a Point w.r.t. an Ellipse:
The point P(x1, y1) lies outside, inside or on the ellipse according as;

x12 y12
  1 > < or = 0.
a2 b2

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5. Line and an Ellipse:
2
The line y = mx + c meets the ellipse x2  y = 1 in two points real,
a 2 b 2

coincident or imaginary according as c² is < = or > a²m² + b².

6. Tangents:
x x1 yy 1
Slope form: y = mx ± a 2m 2  b 2 , Point form : 2
 1,
a b2

xcos ysin
Parametric form:  1
a b
7. Normals:

a2 x b2 y
 = a²  b², ax. sec   by. cosec  = (a²  b²), y = mx 
a2  b2 m .

x1 y1
a 2  b 2m 2
8. Director Circle: x² + y² = a² + b²

HYPERBOLA
1. Standard Equation:

x2 y2
Standard equation of the hyperbola is   1 , where b 2 = a2 (e2  1).
a2 b2

a
Focii : S  (± ae, 0) Directrices : x = ±
e
Vertices : A (± a, 0)

2b2
Latus Rectum (  ) : =
= 2a (e2  1).
a
2. Conjugate Hyperbola :

x2 y2 x2 y2
 1 &   1 are conjugate hyperbolas of each.
a2 b 2 a 2 b2

3. Auxiliary Circle : x2 + y2 = a2.

4. Parametric Representation : x = a sec & y = b tan 

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5. Position of A Point 'P' w.r.t. A Hyperbola :
2 2
x1 y1
S 1    1 >, = or < 0 according as the point (x1, y1) lies inside, on
a2 b2
or outside the curve.
6. Tangents :
(i) Slope Form : y = m x  a 2m 2 b 2

xx 1 yy 1
(ii) Point Form : at the point (x1, y1) is
2
  1.
a b2
x sec  y tan
(iii) Parametric Form :  1 .
a b
7. Normals :
a2 x b2 y
(a) at the point P (x1, y1) is  = a2 + b 2 = a2 e2 .
x1 y1
ax by
(b) at the point P (a sec , b tan ) is  = a2 + b 2 = a2 e2 .
sec  tan
(c) Equation of normals in terms of its slope 'm' are y

= mx 
a 2
 b2 m .
a  b m2
2 2

x y x y
8. Asymptotes :  0 and  0 .
a b a b
x2 y2
Pair of asymptotes :  0 .
a2 b2
9. Rectangular Or Equilateral Hyperbola : xy = c2, eccentricity is 2 .
Vertices : (± c , ±c) ; Focii :   
2c, 2 c . Directrices : x + y =  2 c

Latus Rectum (l ) :  = 2 2 c = T.A. = C.A.

Parametric equation x = ct, y = c/t, t  R – {0}

x y x
Equation of the tangent at P (x1, y1) is  = 2 & at P (t) is + t y = 2 c.
x1 y 1 t
Equation of the normal at P (t) is x t3  y t = c (t4  1).
Chord with a given middle point as (h, k) is kx + hy = 2hk.

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 LIMIT OF FUNCTION
1. Limit of a function f(x) is said to exist as x  a when,
Limit f (a  h) = Limit f (a + h) = some finite value M.
h 0 h0

(Left hand limit) (Right hand limit)

2. Indeterminant Forms:
0, , 0 , º, 0º,and 1 .
0 
3. Standard Limits:
1
Limit
sin x Limit tanx Limit tan x
x = x 0 x = x 0
x 0 x
x
Limit sin 1x Limit e  1 Limit n(1  x )
= x 0 = x 0
x x = x 0 x =1

x
1 x
Limit (1 + x)1/x = Limit 1   = e, Limit a  1 = log a, a > 0,
x 0 x   x x 0
x e

n n
Limit x  a = nan – 1.
x a
x a

4. Limits Using Expansion

x ln a x 2 ln2 a x 3 ln3 a
(i) a x 1    .........a  0
1! 2! 3!

x x2 x3
(ii) ex  1     ......
1 ! 2! 3!

x2 x3 x4
(iii) ln (1+x) = x     .........for  1  x  1
2 3 4

x3 x5 x7
(iv) sin x x     .....
3! 5! 7!

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 x2 x4 x6
(v) cosx 1     .....
2! 4! 6!

x 3 2x 5
(vi) tan x = x    ......
3 15
(vii) for |x| < 1, n  R (1 + x)n

n(n  1) 2 n(n  1)(n  2) 3

= 1 + nx + x + x + ............
1. 2 1. 2 . 3

5. Limits of form 1 , 00, 0

Also for (1) type of problems we can use following rules.

lim (1 + x)1/x = e, lim [f(x)]g(x) ,

x 0 x a

lim [ f ( x )1] g( x )
where f(x)  1 ; g(x) as x  a = e x  a

6. Sandwich Theorem or Squeeze Play Theorem:

If f(x)  g(x)  h(x)  x & Limit f(x) =  = Limit h(x) then Limit g(x) =  .
x a x a x a

METHOD OF DIFFERENTIATION
1. Differentiation of some elementary functions

d n d x
1. (x ) = nxn – 1 2. (a ) = ax n a
dx dx
d 1 d 1
3. (n |x|) = 4. (log ax) =
dx x dx x na

d d
5. (sin x) = cos x 6. (cos x) = – sin x
dx dx
d d
7. (sec x) = sec x tan x 8. (cosec x) = – cosec x cot x
dx dx
d d
9. (tan x) = sec 2 x 10. (cot x) = – cosec 2 x
dx dx

Page # 9
2. Basic Theorems
d d d
1. (f ± g) = f(x) ± g(x) 2. (k f(x)) = k f(x)
dx dx dx

d
3. (f(x) . g(x)) = f(x) g(x) + g(x) f(x)
dx

d  f (x)  g( x ) f ( x )  f ( x ) g( x ) d
4.   = 5. (f(g(x))) = f(g(x)) g(x)
dx  g( x )  g2 ( x ) dx

Derivative Of Inverse Trigonometric Functions.

d sin –1 x 1 d cos –1 x 1
= , =– , for – 1 < x < 1.
dx 1 x 2 dx 1 x2

d tan –1 x 1 d cot –1 x 1
= 2 , =– (x  R)
dx 1 x dx 1 x2

d sec –1 x 1 d cos ec –1x

= ,
dx | x | x2  1 dx

1
=– , for x  (– , – 1)  (1, )
| x | x2  1

3. Differentiation using substitution

Following substitutions are normally used to simplify these expression.

 
(i) x 2  a 2 by substituting x = a tan , where –
2
< 
2

 
(ii) a 2  x 2 by substituting x = a sin , where –
2
 
2


(iii) x 2  a 2 by substituting x = a sec , where [0, ], 
2

xa
(iv) by substituting x = a cos , where (0, ].
ax

Page # 10