BS 7671 On site Guide Iet install download

https://textbookfull.com/product/bs-7671-on-site-guide-iet/

Download more ebook instantly today - get yours now at textbookfull.com

We believe these products will be a great fit for you. Click
the link to download now, or visit textbookfull.com
to discover even more!

On Site Guide BS 7671 2018 Electrical Regulations The

Institution Of Engineering And Technology

https://textbookfull.com/product/on-site-guide-
bs-7671-2018-electrical-regulations-the-institution-of-
engineering-and-technology/

On Site Guide BS 7671 2018 A2 2022 Electrical

Regulations 8th Edition Institution Of Engineering And
Technology

https://textbookfull.com/product/on-site-guide-
bs-7671-2018-a2-2022-electrical-regulations-8th-edition-
institution-of-engineering-and-technology/

Rapid On site Evaluation ROSE A Practical Guide Guoping

Cai

https://textbookfull.com/product/rapid-on-site-evaluation-rose-a-
practical-guide-guoping-cai/

Logistics site automation and robotics automated and

robotic on site factories 1st Edition Thomas Bock

https://textbookfull.com/product/logistics-site-automation-and-
robotics-automated-and-robotic-on-site-factories-1st-edition-
thomas-bock/
Sketchup for Site Design : A Guide to Modeling Site
Plans, Terrain and Architecture Second Edition Daniel
Tal

https://textbookfull.com/product/sketchup-for-site-design-a-
guide-to-modeling-site-plans-terrain-and-architecture-second-
edition-daniel-tal/

18th edition IET wiring regulations Explained and

illustrated Scaddan

https://textbookfull.com/product/18th-edition-iet-wiring-
regulations-explained-and-illustrated-scaddan/

Creating a Web Site Design and Build Your First Site

1st Edition Greg Rickaby

https://textbookfull.com/product/creating-a-web-site-design-and-
build-your-first-site-1st-edition-greg-rickaby/

From Idea to Site A project guide to creating better

landscapes 1st Edition Claire Thirlwall

https://textbookfull.com/product/from-idea-to-site-a-project-
guide-to-creating-better-landscapes-1st-edition-claire-thirlwall/

From Idea to Site A Project Guide to Creating Better

Landscapes 1st Edition Claire Thirlwall

https://textbookfull.com/product/from-idea-to-site-a-project-
guide-to-creating-better-landscapes-1st-edition-claire-
thirlwall-2/
•
•
I
•

Electrical
Published by the Institution of Engineering and Technology, London, United Kingdom
The Institution of Engineering and Technology is registered as a Charity in England & Wales
(no. 211014) and Scotland (no. SC038698).
The Institution of Engineering and Technology is the institution
formed by the joining together of the lEE (The Institution of
Electrical Engineers) and the liE (The Institution of Incorporated
Engineers).

© 1992, 1995, 1998, 2002, 2004 The Institution of Electrical Engineers

© 2008, 2011, 2015, 2018 The Institution of Engineering and Technology
First published 1992 (0 85296 537 0)
Reprinted (with amendments) May 1993
Reprinted (with amendments to Appendix 9) July 1993
Reprinted (with amendments) 1994
Revised edition (incorporating Amendment No. 1 to BS 7671:1992) 1995
Reprinted (with new cover) 1996
Revised edition (incorporating Amendment No.2 to BS 7671:1992) 1998
Second edition (incorporating Amendment No. 1 to BS 7671:2001) 2002 (0 85296 987 2)
Reprinted (with new cover) 2003
Third edition (incorporating Amendment No.2 to BS 7671:2001) 2004 (0 86341 374 9)
Fourth edition (incorporating BS 7671:2008) 2008 (978-0-86341 -854-9)
Reprinted (with amendments) October 2008
Fifth edition (incorporating Amendment No. 1 to BS 7671 :2008) 2011 (978-1-84919-287-3)
Reprinted 2012
Reprinted (with minor corrections) 2013
Reprinted 2014
Sixth edition (incorporating Amendment No.3 to BS 7671:2008) 2015 (978-1-84919-887-5)
Reprinted (with minor corrections) 2015
Seventh Edition (incorporating 18th Edition to BS 767 1:201 8) 2018 (978-1-78561 -442-2)
This publication is copyright under the Berne Convention and the Universal Copyright Convention. All
rights reserved. Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism
or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988, this publication may be
reproduced, stored or transmitted, in any form or by any means, only with the prior permission in
writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction in accordance with the terms of
licences issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside those
terms should be sent to the publishers at The Institution of Engineering and Technology, Michael
Faraday House, Six Hills Way, Stevenage, SG l 2AY, United Kingdom.
Copies of this publication may be obtained from:
PO Box 96, Stevenage, SGl 2SD, UK
Tel: + 44 (0)1438 767328
Email: [email protected]
www.theiet.org/wiringbooks
While the author, publisher and contributors believe that the information and guidance given in
this work are correct, all parties must rely upon their own skill and judgement when making use of
them. The author, publisher and contributors do not assume any liabifity to anyone for any loss or
damage caused by any error or omission in the work, whether such an error or omission is the result
of negligence or any other cause. Where referen ce is made to legislation it is not to be considered
as legal advice. Any and all such liability is disclaimed.
ISBN 978-1-78561-442-2 (wiro bound)
ISBN 978-1-78561-443-9 (electronic)
Typeset in the UK by the Institution of Engineering and Technology, Stevenage
Printed in the UK by A Mclay and Company Ltd, Longwood Drive, Forest Farm, Cardiff, CF14 7ZB
Published by the Institution of Engineering and Technology, London, United Kingdom
The Institution of Engineering and Technology is registered as a Charity in England & Wales
(no. 211014) and Scotland (no. SC038698).
The Institution of Engineering and Technology is the institution
formed by the joining together of the lEE (The Institution of
Electrical Engineers) and the liE (The Institution of Incorporated
Engineers).

© 1992, 1995, 1998, 2002, 2004 The Institution of Electrical Engineers

© 2008, 2011, 2015, 2018 The Institution of Engineering and Technology
First published 1992 (0 85296 537 0)
Reprinted (with amendments) May 1993
Reprinted (with amendments to Appendix 9) July 1993
Reprinted (with amendments) 1994
Revised edition (incorporating Amendment No. 1 to BS 7671:1992) 1995
Reprinted (with new cover) 1996
Revised edition (incorporating Amendment No.2 to BS 7671:1992) 1998
Second edition (incorporating Amendment No. 1 to BS 7671:2001) 2002 (0 85296 987 2)
Reprinted (with new cover) 2003
Third edition (incorporating Amendment No.2 to BS 7671:2001) 2004 (0 86341 374 9)
Fourth edition (incorporating BS 7671:2008) 2008 (978-0-86341 -854-9)
Reprinted (with amendments) October 2008
Fifth edition (incorporating Amendment No. 1 to BS 7671 :2008) 2011 (978-1-84919-287-3)
Reprinted 2012
Reprinted (with minor corrections) 2013
Reprinted 2014
Sixth edition (incorporating Amendment No.3 to BS 7671:2008) 2015 (978-1-84919-887-5)
Reprinted (with minor corrections) 2015
Seventh Edition (incorporating 18th Edition to BS 767 1:201 8) 2018 (978-1-78561 -442-2)
This publication is copyright under the Berne Convention and the Universal Copyright Convention. All
rights reserved. Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism
or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988, this publication may be
reproduced, stored or transmitted, in any form or by any means, only with the prior permission in
writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction in accordance with the terms of
licences issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside those
terms should be sent to the publishers at The Institution of Engineering and Technology, Michael
Faraday House, Six Hills Way, Stevenage, SG l 2AY, United Kingdom.
Copies of this publication may be obtained from:
PO Box 96, Stevenage, SGl 2SD, UK
Tel: + 44 (0)1438 767328
Email: [email protected]
www.theiet.org/wiringbooks
While the author, publisher and contributors believe that the information and guidance given in
this work are correct, all parties must rely upon their own skill and judgement when making use of
them. The author, publisher and contributors do not assume any liabifity to anyone for any loss or
damage caused by any error or omission in the work, whether such an error or omission is the result
of negligence or any other cause. Where referen ce is made to legislation it is not to be considered
as legal advice. Any and all such liability is disclaimed.
ISBN 978-1-78561-442-2 (wiro bound)
ISBN 978-1-78561-443-9 (electronic)
Typeset in the UK by the Institution of Engineering and Technology, Stevenage
Printed in the UK by A Mclay and Company Ltd, Longwood Drive, Forest Farm, Cardiff, CF14 7ZB
Cooperating organisations 6
Preface 7
Foreword 9
Section 1 Introduction 11
1.1 Scope 11
1.2 Building Regulations 12
1.3 Basic information required 15
1.4 Intended departures from BS 7671 15
Section 2 The electrical supply 17
2.1 General layout of equipment 17
2.2 Function of components 19
2.3 Separation of gas installation pipework from the electrical installation 23
2.4 Portable generators 24
Section 3 Protection 31
3.1 Types of protective device 31
3 .2 Protection against overload current 31
3.3 Protection against short-circuit current and earth fault current 31
3.4 Protection against electric shock 32
3.5 Automatic disconnection 33
3.6 Residual current devices (RCDs) 34
3.7 Surge protective devices (SPDs) 38
3.8 Arc Fault Detection Devices (AFDD) 45
Section 4 Earthing and bonding 47
4.1 Protective earthing 47
4.2 Legal requirements 47
4.3 Main protective bonding 47
4.4 Earthing conductor and main protective bonding conductor
cross-sectional areas 48
4.5 Main protective bonding of plastic services 49
4.6 Supplementary bonding 50
4.7 Additional protection -supplementary equipotential bonding 51
4.8 Supplementary bonding of plastic pipe installations 51
4.9 Earth electrode 51
4.10 Types of earth electrode 51
4.11 Typical earthing arrangements for various types of earthing system 52

On-Site Guide 3
©The Institution of Engineering and Technology
Section 11 Operation of RCDs 117
11.1 General test procedure 118
11.2 General-purpose RCCBs to BS 4293 118
11.3 General-purpose RCCBs to BS EN 61008 or RCBOs to BS EN 61009 and
BS EN 62423 118
11.4 RCD protected socket-outlets to BS 7288 118
11.5 Additional protection 118
11.6 Integral test device 119
11.7 Multipole RCDs 119

Appendix A Maximum demand and diversity 121

Appendix B Maximum permissible measured earth fault loop
impedance 125
Appendix C Selection of types of cable for particular uses and
external influences 133
Appendix D Methods of support for cables, conductors and
wiring systems 139
Appendix E Cable capacities of conduit and trunking 145
Appendix F Current-carrying capacities and voltage drop for copper
conductors 151
Appendix G Cert.ification and reporting 163
Appendix H Standard circuit arrangements for household and similar
installations 187
Appendix I Resistance of copper and aluminium conductors 195
Appendix J Selection of devices for isolation and switching 199
Appendix K Identification of conductors 201
Appendix L Degrees of protection provided by enclosures
(IP code) 207
Index 209

On-Site Guide 5
© The Institution of Engineering and Technology
 The Institution of Engineering and Technology acknowledges the invaluable contribution
made by the following individuals in the preparation of the On-Site Guide:

Institution of Engineering and Technology

J. Bradley BSc CEng FIET FCIBSE Eur lng Leon Markwell MSc, BSc(Hons), CEng,
MIET, MCIBSE, LCGI
S. Devine MIET
G.D. Cranshaw CEng FIET G. Gundry MIET
P.E. Donnachie BSc CEng FIET

Special thanks to:

.,.. A Samad Khan MEng (Hons) CEng MIET, MIEEE PEL 37/1, GEL 81
.,.. John Peckham - Stroma Certification
.,.. Bob Cairney - SELECT

We would like to thank the following organisations for their continued support:

British Cables Association ERA Technology Ltd

British Electrotechnical & Allied Manufacturers Association Ltd Electrica I Safety First
British Gas Health and Safety Executive
British Standards Institution IHEEM
Certsure trading as NICEIC and Elecsa NAPIT
Ministry of Housing, Communities & Local Government The Safety Assessment Federation (SAFed)
ECA UHMA
Electrical Contractors' Association of Scotland t/a SELECT Society for Public Architecture,
Construction, Engineering and Surveying
ENA
NEC Ltd

Revised, compiled and edited

M. Coles BEng(Hons) MIET, The Institution of Engineering and Technology, 2018

6 On-Site Guide
©The Institution of Engineering and Technology
 The Institution of Engineering and Technology acknowledges the invaluable contribution
made by the following individuals in the preparation of the On-Site Guide:

Institution of Engineering and Technology

J. Bradley BSc CEng FIET FCIBSE Eur lng Leon Markwell MSc, BSc(Hons), CEng,
MIET, MCIBSE, LCGI
S. Devine MIET
G.D. Cranshaw CEng FIET G. Gundry MIET
P.E. Donnachie BSc CEng FIET

Special thanks to:

.,.. A Samad Khan MEng (Hons) CEng MIET, MIEEE PEL 37/1, GEL 81
.,.. John Peckham - Stroma Certification
.,.. Bob Cairney - SELECT

We would like to thank the following organisations for their continued support:

British Cables Association ERA Technology Ltd

British Electrotechnical & Allied Manufacturers Association Ltd Electrica I Safety First
British Gas Health and Safety Executive
British Standards Institution IHEEM
Certsure trading as NICEIC and Elecsa NAPIT
Ministry of Housing, Communities & Local Government The Safety Assessment Federation (SAFed)
ECA UHMA
Electrical Contractors' Association of Scotland t/a SELECT Society for Public Architecture,
Construction, Engineering and Surveying
ENA
NEC Ltd

Revised, compiled and edited

M. Coles BEng(Hons) MIET, The Institution of Engineering and Technology, 2018

6 On-Site Guide
©The Institution of Engineering and Technology
 The On-Site Guide is one of a number of publications prepared by the lET to provide
guidance on certain aspects of BS 7671 :2018 Requirements for Electrical Installations,
lET Wiring Regulations, 18th Edition. BS 7671 is a joint publication of the British Standards
Institution and the Institution of Engineering and Technology.

11 0.1 The scope generally follows that of BS 7671 . The Guide includes material not included in
BS 7671, it provides background to the intentions of BS 7671 and gives other sources of
information. However, it does not ensure compliance with BS 7671 . It is a simple guide
to the requirements of BS 7671; electrical installers should always consult BS 7671 to
satisfy themselves of compliance.
It is expected that persons carrying out work in accordance with this guide will be
competent to do so.
HSR25, EWR Electrical installations in the United Kingdom which comply with the lET Wiring
Regulation 16 Regulations, BS 7671, must comply with all relevant statutory regulations, such as the
Electricity at Work Regulations 1989, the Building Regulations and, where relevant, the
Electricity Safety, Quality and Continuity Regulations 2002, as amended.

114.1 It cannot be guaranteed that BS 7671 complies with all relevant statutory regulations.
115.1 It is, therefore, essential to establish which statutory and other appropriate regulations
apply and to install accordingly. For example, an installation in licensed premises may
have requirements which differ from or are additional to those of BS 7671, and these
will take precedence.

On-Site Guide 7
©The Institution of Engineering and Technology
8 On-Site Guide
e The Institution of Engineering and Technology
Part 1 This Guide is concerned with limited application of BS 7671 in accordance with paragraph
1.1: Scope.
BS 7671 and the On-Site Guide are not design guides.

It is essential to prepare a design and/or schedule of the work to be done prior to

commencement or alteration of an electrical installation and to provide all necessary
information and operating instructions of any equipment supplied to the user on
completion.

Any specification should set out the detailed design and provide sufficient information to
enable competent persons to carry out the installation and commissioning.

The specification must provide for all the commissioning procedures that will be required
and for the production of any operation and maintenance manual and building logbook.
The persons or organisations who may be concerned in the preparation of the
specification include the:
Ill> Designer(s)
Ill> lnstaller(s)
Ill> Electricity Distributor
Ill> Installation Owner and/or User
Ill> Architect
Ill> Local Building Control Authority/Standards Division or Approved Inspector
Ill> Fire Prevention Officer
Ill> CDM Coordinator
Ill> BIM Coordinator
Ill> Regulatory Authorities
Ill> Licensing Authority (where necessary)
Ill> Health and Safety Executive.

In producing the specification, advice should be sought from the installation owner and/
or user as to the intended use. Often, such as in a speculative building, the detailed
intended use is unknown. In those circumstances the specification and/or the operation
and maintenance manual and building logbook must set out the basis of use for which
the installation is suitable.

On-Site Guide 9
©The Institution of Engineering and Technology
 Precise details of each item of equipment should be obtained from the manufacturer
and/or supplier and compliance with appropriate standards confirmed.
The operation and maintenance manual must include a description of how the installed
system is to operate and must include all commissioning records. The manual should also
include manufacturers' technical data for all items of switchgear, luminaires, accessories,
etc. and any special instructions that may be needed.
Building Regulations 2010, Part L 2013 (Amended 2016) of England, for example,
requires that building owners or operators are provided with summary information
relating to a new or refurbished building which includes building services information
and the maintenance requirements in a building logbook. Information on how to develop
and assemble a building logbook can be obtained from CIBSE:

Tel.: 020 8675 5211

Website: www.cibse.org

Address: CIBSE
222 Balham High Road
London
SW1 2 985

The Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974 Section 6 and The Construction (Design
and Management) Regulations 2015 are concerned with the provision of information.
Guidance on the preparation of technical manuals is given in BS EN 82079-1 :2012
Preparation of instructions for use. Structuring, content and presentation General
principles and detailed requirements and BS 4940 series (1994) Technical information
on construction products and services. The size and complexity of the installation will
dictate the nature and extent of the manual.

10 On-Site Guide
© The Institution of Engineering and Technology
 1.1 Scope
This Guide is for installers (for simplicity, the term installer has been used for electricians
and electrical installers). It covers the following installations:

(a) domestic and similar installations, including off-peak supplies, supplies to

associated garages, outbuildings and the like; and
(b) small industrial and commercial single- and three-phase installations.
Part 7 Note: Special Installations or Locations (Part 7 of BS 7671) are generally excluded from this Guide.
Advice, however, is given on installations in locations containing a bath or shower and
underfloor heating installations.

This Guide is restricted to installations:

313.1 (a) at a supply frequency of 50 Hz
(b) at a nominal voltage of 230 V AC single-phase or 400/230 V AC three-phase
(c) supplied through a distributor's cut-out having a fuse or fuses rated at 100 A or
less to one of the following standards:
- BS 88-2
- BS 88-3
- BS 88-6
- BS 1361 Type II
Note: BS 1361 was w ithdrawn in March 2010 and replaced by BS 88-3; BS 88-2.2 and BS 88-6 were
withdrawn in March 2010 and replaced by BS 88-2 (BS EN 60269-2) but fuses complying w ith
these w ithdrawn standards w ill be found in existing installations for many years to come.

(d) typical maximum values of earth fault loop impedance, Ze, for TN earthing
arrangements outside the consumer's installation commonly quoted by
distributors are as follows:

ll> TN-C -S arrangement - 0.35 0, see Figure 2.1 (i)

ll> TN-S arrangement - 0.8 0, see Figure 2.1 (ii)

Note: The values of 0.35 0 and 0.8 0 are typical maximum values as quoted by distributors of
electricity upon enquiry which will aid, for example, designs for new-build installations.

Table 4 1. 5 For a TT arrangement, 21 0 is the usual stated maximum resistance of the

542.2.4 distributor's earth electrode at the supply transformer. The resistance of the
consumer's installation earth electrode should be as low as practicable and an

On-Site Guide 11
©The Institution of Engineering and Technology
 1
earth electrode resistance or Ze measurement exceeding 200 0 may not be
stable due to environmental changes, i.e. drying out in summer and freezing in
winter.
Appx E This Guide also contains information which may be required in general installation work,
for example, conduit and trunking capacities, bending radii of cables, etc.
The Guide introduces the use of standard circuits, which are discussed in Section 7.
However, because of simplification, this Guide may not give the most economical result.
This Guide is not a replacement for BS 7671, which should always be consulted.
Defined terms according to Part 2 of BS 7671 are used.
In compliance with the definitions of BS 7671, throughout this Guide the term line
conductor is used instead of phase conductor and live part is used to refer to a conductor
or conductive part intended to be energised in normal use, including a neutral conductor.
The terminals of electrical equipment are identified by the letters L, N and E (or PE).
Further information is available in the series of Guidance Notes published by the lET:
Ill> GN 1 Selection & Erection
Ill> GN 2 Isolation & Switching
Ill> GN 3 Inspection & Testing
Ill> GN 4 Protection Against Fire
Ill> GN 5 Protection Against Electric Shock
Ill> GN 6 Protection Against Overcurrent
Ill> GN 7 Special Locations
Ill> GN 8 Earthing & Bonding
Notes:
For clarification:

.,. the distributor of electricity is deemed to be the organisation owning or operating the electrical
supply equipment, and
.,. the supplier of electricity is the organisation from whom electricity is purchased.

1.2 Building Regulations

Refer to the lET publication Electrician's Guide to the Building Regulations for more in-
depth guidance on electrical installations in dwellings.

1.2.1 England - The Building Regulations 2010

Persons carrying out electrical work in dwellings must comply with the Building
Regulations of England, in particular Part P (Electrical safety - dwellings).
Persons responsible for work within the scope of Part P of the Building Regulations may
also be responsible for ensuring compliance with other Parts of the Building Regulations,
where relevant, particularly if there are no other parties involved with the work. Building
Regulations requirements relevant to installers carrying out electrical work include:

12 On-Site Guide
© The Institution of Engineering and Technology
1
1.2.2 The Building (Scotland) Regulations 2004 (as
amended)
The detailed requirements are given in the Technical Standards for compliance with the
Building (Scotland) Regulations.
Guidance on how to achieve compliance with these Standards is given in two Scottish
Building Standards Technical Handbooks- Domestic and Non-domestic.
These handbooks contain recommendations for electrical installations, including the
following:
- compliance with BS 7671
- minimum number of socket-outlets in dwellings
- minimum number of lighting points in dwellings
- minimum illumination levels in common areas of domestic buildings, for
example, blocks of flats
- a range of mounting heights of switches and socket-outlets, etc.
- separate switching for concealed socket-outlets, for example, behind white
goods in kitchens
- conservation of fuel and power in buildings.
With regard to electrical installations in Scotland, the requirements of the above are
deemed to be satisfied by complying with BS 7671.
Note: The handbooks are available in electronic format only from the Building Standards Division of
the Scottish Government from website: www.scotland.gov.uk/bsd

1.2.3 The Building Regulations of Northern Ireland

The Building Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2000 (as amended) apply.
Note: Information can be obtained from the website: www.buildingcontrol-ni.com

1.2.4 The Building Regulations of Wales

On 31 December 2011 the power to make building regulations for Wales was transferred
to Welsh Ministers. This means Welsh Ministers will make any new building regulations
or publish any new building regulations guidance applicable in Wales from that date.
The Building Regulations 2010 and related guidance for England and Wales, including
approved documents as at that date, will conti nue to apply in Wales until Welsh Ministers
make changes to them. As guidance is reviewed and changes made, Welsh Ministers will
publish separate approved documents.

14 On-Site Guide
©The Institution of Engineering and Technology
 1
313.1 1.3 Basic information required
Before starting work on an installation which requires a new electrical supply, the installer
should establish the following information with the local electricity distributor:
(a) the number of live conductors required by the design
(b) the distributor's requirement for cross-sectional area and maximum* length of
the consumer's tails
(c) the maximum prospective fault current (lpf) at the supply terminals
(d) the typical maximum earth fault loop impedance (Ze) of the earth fault path
outside the consumer's installation
(e) the type and rating of the distributor's fusible cut-out or protective device
544.1 (f) the distributor's requirements regarding the size of main protective bonding
conductors
312 (g) the conductor arrangement and system earthing
(h) the arrangements for the incoming cable and metering.

*Some distributors will specify a maximum permitted length for consumer's tails. The
distributor may also apply pa rticular requirements for isolation or protection.
132.16 For additions and alterations to existing installations, installers should satisfy themselves
as to the suitability of the supply, the distributor's equipment and the earthing and
bonding arrangements.

120.3 1.4 Intended departures from BS 7671

Where the designer decides to depart from the requirements of BS 7671, the resulting
degree of safety must not be less than that obtained by compliance with the Regulations.
The designer is responsible for the safety of the design. Any intended departure from
the requirements of BS 7671, although the designer is confident regarding safety, must
be recorded on the Electrical Installation Certificate. There is a difference between an
intended departure and a non-compliance; points to note:
- an intended departure must be recorded on the Electrical Installation
Certificate
- an intended departure not recorded on the Electrical Installation Certificate
is unacceptable, as it is simply a non-compliance and the certificate would,
therefore, be worthless.

On-Site Guide 15
© The Institution of Engineering and Technology
1

16 On-Site Guide
e The Institution of Engineering and Technology
2.1 General layout of equipment
The general layout of the equipment at the service position is shown in Figures 2.1 (i) to
2.1(iii), including typical protective conductor cross-sectional areas.
The following scenarios are considered:

. ,._ Figure 2.1 (i) TN-C-S (PME) earthing arrangement

. ,._ Figure 2.1 (ii) TN-S earthing arrangement (cable sheath earth)
. ,._ Figure 2.1 (iii) TT earthing arrangement (no distributor's earth provided/used)

T Figure 2.1 (i) TN-C-S (PME) earthing arrangement

circuit protective metal water metal gas

conductors pipe pipe
consumer's tails
LABEL (see Figure 6.5)
•·••••41
kWh
isolator
switch -
/ ~
~ n
- RCBOs

•
main switch

water gas
service service
pipe pipe

Note: An electricity isolator switch may not always be installed by the distributor.

On-Site Guide 17
©The Institution of Engineering and Technology
 2
T Figure 2.1(ii) TN-S earthing arrangement (cable sheath earth)
circuit protective metal water metal gas
conductors pipe pipe
consumer's tails
LABEL (54!e Figure 6.5)

isolator
switch
/
lOmm' lOmm'
RCBOs
.
t• I •
main switch

16mm2

gas meter

water gas
service
pipe

Note: An electricity isolator switch may not always be installed by the distributor.

T Figure 2.1 (iii) n earthing arrangement (no distributor's earth provided/used)

circuit protective metal water metal gas
conductors pipe pipe
consumer's tails
LABEL (see Figure 65)

/
" RCBOs
IOmm'

electricity
isolator main switch
switch

16mm'
IOOA
gas meter

LABEL (see Rgure 6.5)

~
earth water gas
decbode service service
pipe pipe

Note 1: An electricity isolator switch may not always be installed by the distributor.
542.3.1 Note 2: See Table 4.4{ii) for further information regarding the sizing of the earthing conductor for a
TT earthing arrangement.
Note 3: See 2.2.6 for requirements for consumer unit enclosures.

18 On-Site Guide
©The Institution of Engineering and Technology
 2
2.2 Function of components
2.2.1 Distributor's cut-out
This will be sealed to prevent the fuse being withdrawn by unauthorised persons. When
the consumer's tails and consumer unit are installed in accordance with the requirements
of the distributor, the cut-out may be assumed to provide protedion against fault current
up to the consumer's main switch.
As the cut-out is the property of the distributor, installers must not cut seals and withdraw
cut-out fuses without permission. Where removal of the cut-out for isolation is required,
the supplier of electricity should be contacted to arrange disconnection and subsequent
reconnection.
Note: The supplier of electricity may not be the same organisation as the distributor; see 1.1.

2.2.2 Eledricity meter

The terminals will be sealed by the meter owner to prevent interference by unauthorised
persons.

2.2.3 Meter tails

521.10.1 Meter tails fall into two categories, supplier's tails and consumer's tails and there is a
need to differentiate between the two.

T Figure 2.2.3 Meter tails

consumer's tails

RCBOs

• •
supplier's
tai ls electricity
isolator main switch
switch

-
l OOA

On-Site Guide 19
© The Institution of Engineering and Technology
 2
2.2.3.1 Consumer's tails
The cables between the electricity meter and the consumer unit, known as the
consumer's tails, are part of the consumer's installation and should be insulated and non-
metallic sheathed or insulated and enclosed within containment, for example, conduit or
trunking. Consumer's tails are provided by the installer and are the responsibility of the
owner of the electrical installation.
514.3.1 Polarity should be indicated by the colour of the insulation and the minimum cable size
should be 25 mm 2 • The distributor may specify the maximum length of tails between
the meter and the consumer unit in addition to the minimum cross-sectional area
(see 1.3). In some cases, the distributor may require an electricity isolator switch
(see 2.2.4).
434.3(iv) Where the consumer's tails are protected against fault current by the distributor's cut-out,
the method of installation, maximum length and minimum cross-sectional area of the
tails must comply with the requirements of the distributor.

2.2.3.2 Supplier's tails

The cables between the supplier's cut-out and the electricity meter, known as the
supplier's tails, are part of the supplier's equipment.
5226202 Where tails are buried in walls or enclosed within the fabric of the building, further
5526.203 protection is required (see 7.3.2).
It is important that both supplier's and consumer's tails are sufficiently protected from
mechanical damage and disturbance by the use of trunking and/or cable clips; see 2.2.6
of this Guide.

2.2.4 Eledricity isolator switch

Distributors may provide and install an electricity isolator switch between the meter and
the consumer unit, labelled as Electricity isolator switch in Figures 2.1 (i) to 2.1 (iii) and
2.2.3. This double-pole switch permits the supply to the installation to be interrupted
without withdrawing the distributor's cut-out fuse.

2.2.5 Consumer's cont.rolgear

536.4.201 A consumer unit assembly (to BS EN 61439-3:2012) is for use on single-phase
installations up to 100 A and may include the following components:
Jilt- a double-pole isolator
Jilt- fuses, circuit-breakers or RCBOs for protection against overload and fault
currents
Jilt- RCDs for additional protection against electric shock
Jilt- RCDs for fault protection.
Jilt- Arc Fault Detection Devices (AFDD) for additional protection against fire.
Alternatively, a separate main switch and distribution board may be provided.

20 On-Site Guide
© The Institution of Engineering and Technology
 2
All devices and components shall only be those declared suitable accordi ng to the
assembly manufacturer's instructions or literature. The scope of BS EN 61439-3 includes
distribution boards with an incoming rated current not exceeding 250 A and outgoing
circuits not exceeding 125 A. They are intended to be operated by ordinary persons.They
can be used in domestic and commercial single and three-phase installations up to 100
A within the scope of this guide.
See lET Guidance Note 1 -Selection and Erection and BEAMA guide Overload protection
of an RCCB or switch in an LV assembly to BS EN 61439-3 available at http://www.
beama.org.uk/resource-library.html.

2.2.6 Consumer unit assemblies

.
421.1.201 Where a consumer unit assembly is installed in domestic (household) prem1ses,
domestic garages and outbuildings, one of the following applies:
..,. the enclosure is to be manufactured from non-combustible material; or
..,. the consumer unit is enclosed in a cabinet constructed from non-combustible
material.
Ferrous metal, i.e. steel, is deemed to be an example of a non-combustible material.
Plastic enclosures manufactured from 960 degree glow-wire rated material would not be
classified as 'non-combustible' in the context of this regulation.
Where a steel consumer unit is installed in an installation forming part of a n system,
the earth fault loop impedance, 4, is likely to be much higher than the maximum that
is permitted for use of the overcurrent protective device, i.e. cut-out, in order to provide
fault protection. Should the consumer's tails become loose or damaged and make
contact with the metal enclosure, it is likely that the overcurrent device will not operate
within the maximum permitted time of 5 s.
421.1.201 The lET's Wiring Regulations Policy Committee, therefore, advises the following:
(a) A Class I metal consumer unit is installed and each outgoing circuit is protected
by an RCBO
531.3.5.3.2. (b) A split, Class I metal consumer unit is installed, where the double-pole main
201
switch of the consumer unit should incorporate an S type (time delayed)
RCCB, e.g. 100 mA S-type R CCB.
Note: In cases where RCBOs protect each outgoing circuit, the risk of the solid busbar (connecting
the supply side of each RCBO) making contact with the ferrous enclosure is minimal. In
split consumer units, where two or three RCCBs protect multiple circuits through individual
circuit-breakers, the risk of the single-insulated conductors (connecting the load side of the
double-pole main switch to the supply side of the RCCBs) making contact with the ferrous
enclosure due to vibration and/or abrasion or being damaged is far higher. In essence, where
the construction and layout of the consumer unit is such that the risk of live conductors making
contact with the ferrous enclosure is minimal, then the double-pole main switch need not
incorporate an S-type RCCB.

On-Site Guide 21
©The Institution of Engineering and Technology
 2
In all cases:
412.2.4.1 (a) the consumer's tails need to meet the requirements for the protective measure
531.3.5.3. of double or reinforced insulation throughout their length. This can be achieved
2.201
by the use of single-core insulated and non-metallic sheathed cable with the
sheath being kept on the right up to the terminals of the incoming device (main
switch or RCD) of the consumer unit.
522.8.1 (b) the consumer's tails need to be protected to avoid mechanical damage and
disturbance at the incoming terminals in the consumer unit in order to avoid
the line conductor becoming disconnected and making contact with the metal
enclosure. This can be achieved by, for example, clipping or clamping the
consumer's tails, or by installing them in trunking and the use of a suitable
cable-entry gland. In all cable entry arrangements, the enclosure shall not have
sharp edges that could damage cables.

T Figure 2.2.6a Example of clipping tails to arrest movement

Cables clipped at relevant positions circuit protective metal water metal gas
to arrest movement ~sumer's tails conductors pipe pipe

LABEL (see Figure 6.5)

electricity
isolator
switch
/
- RCBOs

•
main switch

supplier's tails

16mm2
lOOA ~----------==================?

water gas
service service
pipe pipe

(c) The cable installation entry method shall, so far as is reasonably practicable,
maintain the fire containment of the enclosure. It is essential that account be
taken of the manufacturer's instructions, if any.
This can generally xbe achieved by the installer ensuring that cable access
holes they make in the enclosure do not to leave gaps greater than:
• 1.0 mm for the horizontal top surface and
• 2.5 mm for all other surfaces of the enclosure that are accessible after
installation.
22 On-Site Guide
© The Institution of Engineering and Technology
 2
The installer could for example, select as they deem appropriate; trunking,
conduit, cable gland or cable entry accessories to minimise the opening around
the cables.

522.8.1 (d) the consumer's tails also need to be protected to avoid any foreseeable damage
521.5.1 and, where entering a ferrous enclosure, do so through the same entry point.
A non-combustible enclosure includes base, cover, door and any components, e.g.
hinges, covers, screws and catches necessary to maintain fire containment. Devices and
blanks are contained within the non-combustible enclosure and, therefore do not have
to be manufactured from a non-combustible material, e.g. steel. However, the use of
non-combustible blanks is not precluded.
Note: Information on consumer units kindly provided by BEAMA. This and more can be found here:
http://www.beama.org.uk/en/publications/technical-bulletins.cfm

Where the consumer unit is to be located in an external non-habitable building, e.g. a

garage or shed, which is not in close proximity to a dwelling, consideration could still be
given to installing a consumer unit of non-ferrous construction. The term "not in close
proximity" is always a moot point and the decision to install a non-ferrous enclosure
must be supported by a documented risk assessment, which must be appended to the
Electrical Installation Certificate.

2.3 Separation of gas installation pipework

from the electrical installation
Where gas installation pipework is not separated from electrical equipment or cables
by an insulating enclosure, dividing barrier, trunking, or conduit, the following separation
distances shall be followed:
(a) at least 150 mm away from electricity supply equipment, such as metering
equipment, main service cut-outs or supplier (main) isolation switches and
distribution boards or consumer units;
(b) at least 25 mm away from electrical switches, sockets and electricity supply
and distribution cables.
The installation pipework shall not be positioned in a manner that prevents the operation
of any electrical accessory, i.e. a switch or socket-outlet.
Note: Where these spacing requirements are impracticable the pipework should either be sheathed
with an electric insulating material rated at 230 V or more, or a panel of electrical insulating
material should be interposed.

The cited distances are quoted within BS 6891:2015 Specification for the installation
and maintenance of low pressure gas installation pipework of up to 35 mm (R 1114) on
premises, clause 8.4.2.

On-Site Guide 23
© The Institution of Engineering and Technology
 2
T Figure 2.3 Separation from the gas installation

-
'
I
'~...-
I

I I
Separation of at least 25 mm from switches,
socket-outlets and supply or distribution cables

- Supply cable or
distribution cable

Minimum
- distance
150mm

Separation of at least 1SO mm from electricity supply equipment,

e.g. metering equipment, main service cut outs or supplier (main)
isolation switches and distribution boards or consumer units

2.4 Portable generators

551.4.4 It is recognised that generators will be used occasionally as a temporary or short-term
means of supplying electricity for use; for example:
ll> on a construction site
.,.. on sta lls at a street market
ll> at an externa l gathering or function attended by the general public, such as a
country show.
Temporary generators can be divided into two classes, i.e. portable and mobile:
ll> portable generators with an electrical output rating of up to 10 kVA are used for
small-scale work for short-term use, i.e. less than one day, and
.,.. mobile generators are those used for longer periods and can be in excess of
10 kVA output.

This Guide considers three scenarios relating to the use of portable generators; see 2.4.1
to 2.4.3.

24 On-Site Guide
© The Institution of Engineering and Technology
 2
551 For information relating to the permanent use of generators see lET Guidance Notes 5
and 7 and Section 551 of BS 7671 :2018.
Where generators are used to supply concession vehicles, such as burger vans, see
Section 717 Mobile and Transportable Units of BS 7671 :2018 and lET Guidance Note 7.

1.4.1 Portable generator isolated from earth

551.4.4 Portable generators ranging in output from 0.2 kVA to 10 kVA single-phase are often
isolated from Earth, i.e. there is no connection between the chassis and/or earth
connection of socket-outlet(s) of the unit and the neutral of the generator winding and
Earth. The ends of the generator winding are brought out to one or more three-pin
socket-outlets which should conform to BS EN 60309-2. The earth socket-tube of the
socket-outlet(s) is usually connected internally to the frame of the generator only; see
Figure 2.4.1.
413 This arrangement is a form of electrical separation, where basic protection is provided
418.3 by basic insulation of live parts or by barriers and enclosures, and fault protection is
provided by simple separation of the separated circuit from other circuits and from Earth.
The requirements for electrical separation can be found in Section 413 of BS 7671
where one item of equipment is supplied and Regulation 418.3 where more than one
item of equipment is supplied by the separated circuit. However, the requirements of
Regulation 418.3 could prove difficult or impracticable to meet in a typical application of
a portable generator.
It is extremely important to note that a portable generator isolated from earth should
only be used to supply equipment in the following permutations:
..,. one or more items of Class II equipment
..,. one item of Class I equipment
..,. one or more items of Class II and one item of Class I equipment.
The supply of only Class II equipment, however, is preferable.
No more than one item of Class I equipment should be supplied at any time as faults can
be presented as voltages and operatives can provide a path for current flowing between
exposed-conductive-parts of faulty electrical equipment.

On-Site Guide 25
© The Institution of Engineering and Technology
 2
T Figure 2.4.1 Portable generator used with a floating earth

~------~-~~--~ Load
Current-using
equipment
~------~-~-*--~
Socket-outlet
with overcurrent
protection

Generator

2.4.2 Portable generator used without reference to the

condudive mass of the Earth (floating)
551.4.4 Where more than one item of Class I equipment is to be supplied by a single-phase
portable generator, it is important to ensure that the earth connections of the socket-
outlets at the generator are connected to the neutral of the generator winding in addition
to the chassis or frame of the generator. See Figure 2.4.2.
Such a configuration will provide a return path for any fault current caused by contact
between live parts and exposed-conductive-parts of the connected equipment. Note
that neither of the live conductors of the generator are connected to the conductive
mass of the Earth. If this method of supply is used, extreme care should be taken
to ensure that there is no intended or casual interconnection with any other electrical
system, such as extraneous-conductive-parts or exposed-conductive-parts from other
electrical systems.
RCDs providing additional protection at 30 rnA are required for all circuits supplied in
this manner.

26 On-Site Guide
© The Institution of Engineering and Technology
 2
T Figure 2.4.2 Generator supplying more than one item of equipment

Socket-outlets
with overcurrent
Generator protection and RCD
protection at 30 mA

1.4.3 Portable generator referenced to the condudive

mass of the Earth
BS 7430: Where there are extraneous-conductive-parts or exposed-conductive-parts of other
2011+A1:
electrical systems present, generator reference earthing, by means of an earth electrode
2015
to the conductive mass of the Earth, should be installed. See Figure 2.4.3(i).
Note that this does not create a n system; the system will be TN-S from the generator,
the neutral or star point being referenced to the conductive mass of the Earth.
Where an earth electrode is supplied it will need to be tested by the standard method
using a proprietary earth electrode resistance tester; see 10.3.5.2.
Note that an earth fault loop impedance tester cannot be used for this test as the
earth electrode is not used as a means of earthing, it is used to reference the portable
generator to the conductive mass of the Earth and does not form part of the earth loop.
As the earth electrode is used for referencing and not as a means of earthing, its
resistance should, ideally, be less than 200 0.
Table If buried, generator reference earthing and/or bonding conductors should be sized
54.1 in accordance with Table 54.1 and suitably protected in accordance with Regulation
543.3.1 2
543.3.1 . For example, a 16 mm conductor would generally be adequate for short-term
use where no mechanical protection is provided.

On-Site Guide 27
©The Institution of Engineering and Technology
 2
T Figure 2.4.3(i) Generator reference earthing - using earth electrode

I
I

Socket-outlets
with overcurrent
Generator protection and RCD
protection at 30 rnA

Earth electrode

Where restrictions, such as concreted/paved areas or the portable generator is being

used some distance above ground level, make it impossible to install an earth electrode,
simultaneously accessible metal parts, i.e. accessible extraneous-conductive-parts and/
or exposed-conductive-parts from other electrical systems, may be bonded to the main
earthing terminal of the generator. See Figure 2.4.3(ii).
544.1.1 Where separate accessible extraneous-conductive-parts and/or exposed-conductive-
parts from other electrical systems are connected together, protective conductors ca n
be sized in accordance with Regulation 544.1.1. For example, a l6mm 2 cond uctor would
generally be adequate for short-term use where no mechanical protection is provided.

28 On-Site Guide
©The Institution of Engineering and Technology
 2
Figure 2.4.3(ii) Generator reference earthing - connection of extraneous-
and/or exposed-conductive-parts where the installation of an
earth electrode is not possible

.... ~~
:;:;'
~
,,
~:
....~,- '-._,

:;
:; .. <- p
0
"'/ -
.. ~ ,,
'·
... ·?~
...
Socket-outlets
with overcurrent
Generator
protection and RCD

rlll
protection at 30 mA
l~
lJ '

On-Site Guide 29
© The Institution of Engineering and Technology
Other documents randomly have
different content
with his mother. He went first to school at Chelsea and then to Eton,
distinguishing himself at neither as regards learning, but gaining
some renown at the latter by lighting ' Bobus ' Smith, brother of the
witty Canon Sydney Smith of St Paul's. From Eton he went to a
French military school at Angers for about a year, was 'not very
attentive to liis studies,' and rather weak in health, but acquired a
useful knowledge of the language. On 7th ]\Lircli 1787 he received
his first commission as ensign in the 73d Foot. His eldest brother
Richard, Earl of Mornington since his father's death in 1781, watched
over him and gave him the benefit of his great political and social
inlluence, so that he soon became lieuten.int in the 76th Foot, tiien
in the 41st Foot, and then in the 12th Light Dragoons. From captain
in the 58th Foot, lie went in 1792 to the IStii Light Dragoons. Tiien,
being promoted into the 33d Foot as major, he purchased the
lieutenant-colonelcy of tliat regiment in September 1793, with
money jnovided by his brother. In the meantime he liad served as
aide-de-camp to two viceroys of Ireland, Lords AVestnioreland and
Camden, and entereil parliament as member for Trim. In 1796 he
became engaged to tlie Hon. Catherine Pakenliam, third daughter of
Edward Michael, second Lord Longford ; but they were not allowed
to marry until lOtli April 1806, when lie returned from India a major-
general and victor in several great battles. Up to 1793, Avhen he
assumed command of the 33d Regiment, he had been considered
dull, idle, and perhaps frivolous, but he soon showed very different
traits, and worked so earnestly and wisely that his regiment was in a
few months officially declared to be the best drilled and most
efficient in the Irish command. In 1794 a force untler Lord Moira
Avas despatched to succour the Duke of Yoik, avIio, beaten at
Oudenarde, was retiring on Antwerp. Here the 33d joined the army,
and its commander, who had resigned his seat in parliament in order
to lead it, commenced his A\ar service by taking part in a retreat, for
the French had cut the allies in two, the Austrians retiring by
IMaestricht, the British towards Holland. The first engagement in
Avhicli Arthur Wesley, as he then signed himself, took part was
during the retreat of General Abercrombie's brigade from Boxtel,
which place they had tried to retake, but without success. The 33d
were in support, and by their steady fire, added to the skilful Avay in
Avliich they Avere handled, Aveie able to beat off the enemy at a
very critical moment. Wesley's coolness and promptitude on this
occasion Avere noticed by his superiors, and he Avas selected to
command the rear-guard, and faithfully fulfilled this arduous task.
The retreat Avas made in Avinter Aveather of unusual severity, and
great privations Avere endured. The superior officers,- too, of this
unfortunate expedition were criminally careless and indolent, so that
the final escape of the army to its ships in the spring seemed to
Wesley almost miraculous. So great Avas his disgust at the Avay this
affair had been mismanaged that, on reaching his home at Trim, he
applied for civil employment, indicating the Revenue or Treasury
Board as his prefeience. But his request Avas not complied Avith,
and soon after he Avas ordered Avith his regiment to the West
Indies. They embarked, but after striving in vain for six Aveeks to
get out of the Channel, returned to Spithead. He then led the 33d to
Poole, and there became so seriously ill that he could not embark
Avlien, in January 1796, the regiment started for the East Indies.
However, by taking passage on l)oard a sAvift man-of-war, he
overtook it at the Cape, and landed with it at Calcutta in February
1797. AVithin two months he Avas nominated to command an
exjiedition against Manilla ; but the troops Avere recalled Avhen tliey
had but reached Penang. He occupied himself in compiling
regimental orders for troops on board ship, and Avrote papers on
Pulo-Penang and on Bengal, Avhicli showed great talent as a
financier. He also Avrote on the necessity of expelling tlie French
from Mauritius, and on many other subjects connected Avith the
government of India. At the same time he energetically protected
the interests of his men Avhenever threatened. In the Avinter of
1797 he visited Lord Hobart at Madras, and his military memoranda
of that date slioAV how customary it Avas Avith him to study the
topography of any country he might be in, a habit Avhich led him,
three years beforehand, to select the field of AVaterloo as the spot
on Avhich a battle for the defence of Brussels against an invasion
from the south ought to be fought. On 17th May 1798 his l)rother.
Lord Mornington, landed at Calcutta as governor-general. A letter
Avritten on this occasion A\as the iirst signed 'Arthur Wellesley,' a
spelling Avliich, foUoAving the usage of his family, he lienceforAvard
adopted. Lord Mornington found the British settlements, then a mere
fringe on the edges of India, in considerjible danger. Bonaparte Avas
in Egypt, threatening to attack India, and Tippoo, sultan of Mysore,
Avas coquetting Avith the governor of Mauritius, by Avliose aid he
hoped to drive the British out of the country. After some months of
vexatious delay, utilised, hoAvever, in prepara 
 WELLINGTON 603 tions and much diplomatic fencing, an
exj)edition against Tippoo was set on foot. Wellesley and the 33d
were despatched from Calcutta to Madras. The transport ran on the
Sagar reef in the Hooghly, but soon got oil' undamaged. It took six
weeks to perform the voyage, and all on board suifered from
dysentery, iifteen men dying owing to the bad water. On 29th
January 1799 General Harris took command, and General Stuart,
with 6000 men, prepared to co-operate with him from Bombay in an
attack upon Seringapatam, but was himself assailed without success,
on 6tli March, by Tippoo. Three weeks later General Harris' army,
after capturing many fortified ])osts, met the sultan near Malvalli, on
tlie right bank of the Maddoor. Wellesley, in command of the left
brigade, moved in echelon, tlie 33d leading, again.st Tippoo's right,
and his vigorous onset, combined with the charge of General Floyd's
cavalry brigade, routed the enemy in less tiian two hours. His loss
was but a few score in killed and wounded, the enemy's nearly
2000. General Harris then outmanu?uvred Tippoo and invested him
in Seringapatam. A niglit attack in two columns, on 5th Ajnil, against
the outposts was only partially successful. The column led by
Wellesley failed to find the post and got into confusion. Next day,
however, the same troops carried the post with ease and little loss.
Wellesley, who had been slightly wounded in the knee, was much
mortified at Ids first failure. At tlie final assault, when Tippoo was
slain, he led the reserve column, and took command of the place
after its capture. By vigour and justice he put a stop to tlie great
disorder which ensued, and restored confidence amongst the
people. During three months as governor of Seringapatam he found
himself engaged in numberless ways, as soldier, engineer,
statesman, traffic-manager, and even sanitary authority. He had to
bury Tippoo with due pomp, see to the removal and pensioning of
his sons and wives, restore the old Hindu dynasty, and control the
distribution of over a million sterling of prize money. In administering
the afiairs of the place he showed great capacity, and his opinion
was sought in settling the future of the conquered province. On 24th
August 1799 he was appointed to command the troops in Mysore in
General Harris' place, and engaged in the onerous work of
establishing tranquillity there. The principal cause of trouble was a
Mahratta fieebooter, Dhundia Wagh, who had collected some 5000
men and six guns, and executed numerous successful raids. After
hunting him from 15th June to 10th September, Wellesley, at the
head of four regiments of cavalry, aiul without waiting for his
infantry, dashed ujjon him, killed him, and dispersed his following. In
the camp his little son was found, of whom Wellesley took charge
and was mindful in after years. When he quitted India he left some
hundreds of pounds to be expended ui)on the boy, who died in 1S22
of cholera. Prevented by illness from joining Baird's expedition from
Kosseir to the Nile, Wellesley remained two years longer in Mysore,
and on 29th April 1802 was promoted major-general. The treaty of
Bassein (Decemlier31, 1802), which made an ally of the Pesliwa,
consolidated British power in India, but soon necessitated military
operations against the rival Mahratta chiefs, Sindhia and Holkar, by
whom he had been de))osed. At the request of Lord Clive, General
Wellesley was given the command of a mixed force some iO,000
strong, with which he covered 600 miles in fortytwo days, and entei-
ed Poona, the Mahratta capital, on 20th April 1803. In the last march
he rode with the cavalry alone 60 miles in thirty-two hours, and by
his sudden appearance saved the city from being burned by Holkar's
lieutenant Amrut Kao. Behind him he left posts, and arranged for the
construction of basket-boats, so as to be able to continue his
operations during the rainy season. For some time he occupied an
isolated and dangerous position, threatened by the disafi'ected
chiefs from the north and separated from a second division coming
from the west under Colonel Stevenson. At length having received
full political powers, he called ui)on Sindhia to withdraw north of the
Nerbndda, and on his failing to do so declared war against him on
6th August 1803. General Wellesley moved at once, captured
Ahmadnagar on the 11th, crossed the Godavari on the 21st, and on
the 23d found himself confronted by the combined forces of Sindhia
and tlie rajah of Berar at Assaye. Their numbers have been
estimated at from 40,000 to 50,000, with a hundred guns. Judging
tliat bold action was the safest, though the enemy's position was
strong, he attacked at once, and after a much more serious battle
than any which had hitherto been fought in India gained a complete
victory, cai)turing all the ISIahratta guns. His loss was 2500 out of a
force little exceeding 7000 men. Stevenson's division having efi'ected
a junction with him pursued the enemy, and Wellesley finished the
campaign by the victory of Argaum and the storming of Ga^^ilghar
in December. The treaties with Sindhia and the rajah of Berar were
signed bj' him, and the Mahratta power was completely broken. His
despatches concerning these matters and Indian policy generally
show him to have been one of the ablest of administrators. Now Sir
Arthur Wellesley, K. C.B. , he returned home early in 1805, and
accompanied the abortive expedition to Hanover. The follo^\■ing
year he entered parliament again as member for Rye, and in 1807
was appointed Irish Secretary, but after a few months was sent to
Copenhagen, where he commanded the troops which drove the
Danes out of Zealand. He then returned to the Irish Office, but in
July embarked with some 10,000 men for the relief of Portugal. His
army landed at Mondego Bay in August 1808, and on the 17tli he
defeated the French under Junot at Iloli(;a. On the 21st he inflicted
a second defeat upon them at Vimiera, but was superseded during
the battle by Sir Harry Burrard. He, contrary to Wellesley's advice,
concluded the convention of Cintra, which ensured the evacuation of
Portugal indeed, but saved the French from capitulation — the
inevitable result if his plans had been adhered to. Recalled to
England to give evidence before the court of inquiry into the
circumstances connected with the convention, by Aviiich he was fully
exonerated, he took up his Iiish duties again during the winter of
1808-9, while Sir John Moore's campaign was going on. But after its
failuie he was given the chief command in the Peninsula, and landed
at Lisbon on 22d April 1809. Then began that marvellous disjjlay of
generalship, foresight, and tenacity of purpose wliicli, ending in the
expulsion of the French from Spain and the capture of Toulouse on
12th April 1814, is known by the name of the Peninsular War (q.v.).
The honours conferred upon him were numerous. He became
Lieutenant-general on 26th April 1808 and G.C.B. ; Baron Douro of
Wellesley, county Somerset, and Viscount Wellington of Talavera and
Wellington in the same county on 4th Septemlier 1809: Earl of
Wellington on ■28tli February 1812, and Marquis on 3d Octoljer ;
Field-marshal on 3d July 1813; Marquis Douro and Duke of
Wellington on ilth May 1814, and Knight of the Garter. He was also
made Duke of Ciudad Rodrigo, Magnate of Portugal, and Grandee of
the first class in Spain; Duke of Vittoria, Marquis of Torres Vedras,
and Count Vimiera in Portugal ; and received all the
 604 WELLINGTON most distinguished foreign orders,
including the Golden Fleece. It is remarkable that he took the place
amongst the knights of the Bath rendered vacant hy the death of
Lord Nelson. The duke reached Paris early in May, and after a short
visit to Madrid, where he gave good Itut unheeded advice to King
Ferdinand VII., returned to England after an unbroken period of five
years' active service. He was heartily welcomed home. From
Westminster Bridge, on 23d June 1814, the crowd dragged his
carriage to the duchess's house in Hamilton Place. On the 24th he
joined the Ptegent and his royal guests at Portsmouth, and then took
his seat in the House of Peers. A committee of fifteen from the
House of Commons presented tlie thanks and congratulations of that
assembly, and on 1st July from a place inside the bar he thanked
them for the grant of £400,000 voted on 12th May. A week later lie
carried the sword of state at the solemn thanksgiving service in St
Paul's, and was entertained soon after by the city at the Guildhall.
Very soon afterwards he was sent as ambassador to Paris, where he
was naturally ill received. Realising this. Lord Liverpool offered him
the American command, but he declined to quit Europe, and
remained at his post until the early part of 1815, when he took Lord
Castlereagh's place at the Vienna congress. On 7th March of that
year he heard by courier from Florence that Napoleon had quitted
Elba. The allies at once directed their forces against France.
Wellington took command of the army in the Netherlands, arriving in
Brussels on 4th April. It was a hard task to form this army, but by
the end of May he had under him 150,000 men — British,
Hanoverians, Brunswickers, Nassauers, and Dutch-Belgians. The last
were favourably inclined towards the French, and only about one-
third of the whole was available for fieldservice. Bliicher Avith
116,000 Prussians was, however, ready to act and in communication
with him. Failing to induce the allies to negotiate, Napoleon quitted
Paris on 12th June and threw himself upon Bliicher and Wellington.
On the 16th he defeated the former at Ligny, Mhilst Ney pressed
hard upon the latter at Quatre Bras. But designing to fight in
conjunction on the chosen position of Mont St Jean, the allies retired
so as to effect this object, with the result that the French army was
totally routed on the 18th June in the famous battle of Waterloo ( q.
V. ). Paris capitulated on 3d July, and Napoleon surrendered to the
captain of H.M.S. Bellerophon at Rochefort. Wellington was created
Prince of Waterloo in the Netherlands, the estate of Strathfieldsaye,
in Hampshire, purchased from Lord Rivers for £263,000, was
presented to him by the nation, and his career of active service
ended. Except Frederick the Great and Bonaparte in Italy, no general
of modern times had done so much with such scanty and uncertain
resources. But owing to the fact that tlie emperors of Austria and
Russia were still at Nancy, Wellington in Paris held a most important
position. In order to meet the hostility of the latter sovereign to
Louis XVIII. hy conciliating the French troops and populace, he
found it ex]iedient to appoint the powerful but infamous Fouche
minister to the king, and in the subsequent treaty withstood the
demand of Prussia for the cession of Alsace and Lorraine. He had
already saved the Bridge of Jena from the destruction with which it
was threatened by Prussian patriotism. Appointed comnuinder-in-
chief of the joint army of occupation, he exercised a very salutary
influence in the royal counsels, besides reconstructing the military
trontier of the Netherlands, and performing the other duties of the
post. He had many enemies in Paris. An attempt to set fire to his
house on the night of the 25th June 1816 nearly .succeeded, but
fortunately he was giving a ball, and his servants at once detected
the smell of fire before it reached the barrels of oil and bottles of
gunpowder which had been maliciously placed in the cellar. On the
night of the 11th February 1818 a jolt of his carriage saved him from
the bullet of the assassin Cantillon, which passed through both
windows. In this year when the French had, by the help of Messrs
Baring, paid all the indemnities, the congress of Aix-la-Chapelle,
acting on his advice, terminated the occupation originally fixed for
five years. Returning to England he joined Lord Liverpool's cabinet
as Master-general of the Ordnance. In 1826 he was made Constaljle
of the Tower, and the following year C!ommander-in-chief. He
represented Great Britain at the congress of Verona on the death of
Lord Castlereagh, and was able to ])revent any joint interference
with the affairs of Spain. As a member of Lord Liverpool's
administration, he agreed to the St Petersburg protocol of 4th April
1827, designed to urge upon Turkey the Greek claim to autonomy,
but without threats of intervention. On Canning's becoming
primeminister and going beyond this he withdrew from the cabinet,
resigning the offices of Master-general of Ordnance and
Commander-in-chief. Canning then concluded the treaty of London
on 27th July, binding France, England, and Russia to enforce the
protocol. This, as Wellington had foreseen, brought about the battle
of Navarino. On the death of Canning in August 1827, and the fall of
Lord Goderich's cabinet in January following, the duke became
prime-minister — only, however, at the king's earnest desire. He
disappointed tlie Tories by advising the Lords not to oppose the Test
and Corporation Acts which had been passed in the Lower House,
and by a quarrel with Huskisson lost his support and that of all the
Liberal members of his cabinet. Becoming, with Peel, convinced that
Catholic emancipation was necessary, he brought in a bill to grant it
in 1829. As he had always hitherto opposed such a measure, he
incurred thereby much odium ; and the Earl of Winchilsea publislied
a letter accusing him of a design to introduce Popery. The duke
thereupon called him out, and a duel Avith pistols was fought in
Battersea Fields — his first and only duel. The duke intentionally
fired wide and the earl fired into the air, so that no harm ensued,
and the calumnies ceased ( see Vol. IV. p. 108 ). Desiring to work for
the good of the country alone, and not as a partj^ man, he could
not Avork harmoniously Avith his colleagues. By AvithdraAving, after
Navarino, from intervention in the East, he lost the poAver of
moderating Russian influence there. In Portugal he Avas favourable
to Dom Miguel and the absolutists, and generally showed little
sympathy Avith national causes. Failing to recognise the earnestness
of the demand for parliamentary reform in 1830, he declared against
it, and thus brought about the fall of his government, becoming so
unpopular that he Avas hooted by the mob on the anniversary of
Waterloo, and the Avindows of Apsley House broken, so that he had
them protected Avitli iron shutters. On the occasion of a \isit he paid
to Lincoln's Inn the mob Avere so threatening that he had to be
escorted home by the lawyers. Again called upon by King William IV.
in 1834 to form a cabinet, he recommended Peel as primeminister,
reserving for himself the post of Foreign Secretary. Sir Robert Avas in
Italy, but the duke Avas SAVorn in as First Lord and Secretary of
State for the Home Dei)artment, so as to enable him to act in all the
other ottices until Peel's return in three Aveeks' time. This brief
dictatorship greatly raised his reputation as a statesman. In January
1834, too, he had been chosen Chancellor of the
 WELLINGTON COLLEGE WELLS 605 university of Oxford. Sir
Robert Peel resigned in April 1835, but returned to power in 1841.
Wellington joined his cabinet, but with no office except that of
Commander-in-chief, and supported iiis Corn-law legislation. On his
defeat in 184(3 the duke retired from public life. He had been made
Lord High Constable of England and again Master-general of
Ordnance in 1838, and in 1842 Commander-in-chief by patent for
life. In 1848 he organised the military in London against the
Chartists in such a way that, without showing a soldier or a gun, the
city was fully protected. As age crept over him he became irritable
about trifles and rather deaf, but retained his patience in grave
matters and his keen eyesight. His last important service was a letter
upon the defenceless state of the south coast, addressed to Sir John
Burgoyne, which had great results. On 1st May 1850, his birthday, a
prince was born to whom he stood sponsor and gave liis name. At
the opening of tlie Exhibition of 1851 he walked in the procession,
but on 14tli September the following year faded peacefully away in
his armchair at AY aimer. After Ijang in state at Chelsea Hospital, lie
was buried with great pomp in St Paul's. All European nations,
except Austria, were represented at the funeral, and it was felt by all
that a great captain and a supremely dutiful, honest man had passed
away. Tlie monument to his memory, by Alfred Stevens (q.v. ), is an
imposing trilnite to his worth. As regards his personal appearance
and charactei' : before age had bowed his figure, his height was 5
feet 9 inches, his build sligiit, but with square shoulders and a good
chest. His eyes M'ere violet-gray, clear, ajid penetrating ; his nose,
Roman ; hair, brown ; and his whole countenance, which has been
compared to Ca>sar's, expressive of great power and resolution.
Though accused of want of feeling, there are many instances of the '
Iron Duke ' being much affected by the loss of friends, and his
charity, though unostentatious, was profuse. Mr Gleig asserts that he
gave away £4000 in one year. He was a man of the strictest integrity
and devotion to duty. In everything he looked upon himself as the
servant of the sovereign, and never allowed personal considerations
to sway his opinions or actions. Besides the many honours already
mentioned, he was colonel of the Grenadier Guards, colonel-incliief
of tiie Rifle Brigade, Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports, Commissioner
of the Royal Military College and Military Asylum, lord-lieutenant of
Hants, chief ranger and keeper of Hyde and St James's parks. His
duchess had died on '25th April 1831, leaving three sons and three
daughters. To one of the latter Her Majesty Queen Victoria stood
sponsor in person. His eldest son was Arthur Richard, second Duke
of Wellington, K.G., &c., born 3d February 1807. He died without
issue 13th August 1884, and was succeeded by his nephew Henry
(1846-1900), second son of Majorgeneral Lord Charles Wellesley. A
good account of his life and campaigns by Rev. C. N. Wright
appeared in 1841. Other biographies are by Rev. G. R. Gleig (a
personal friend). General Brialmont, Yonge, G. L. Browne, Hooper,
Earl Roberts (1895), and Sir H. Maxwell (2 vols. 1890). His
desijatches, edited by Colonel Gurwood, are in themselves a military
autobiograpliy, supplemented as tliey have been by others edited by
his son, who also published his speeches. Wellington College, in
Berkshire, 4 miles SSE. of Wokingham, a pul)lic school founded in
1853, in memory of the Duke of Wellington, from funds raised by
public subscription. The foundationstone was laid by Queen Victoria
in 1856, and it Avas opened by her in 1859. It has ninety
scholarships for the sons of deceased army officers, twelve
exhibitions, seven open scholarships, and over 400 boys, the
foundationers being boarded and educated for £10 per annum and
non-foundationers for £110. Wellingtonia. See Sequoia. Wells,
streams, and lakes among primitive peoples are usually regarded as
infested by local nature-spirits, kind or cruel, to which offerings may
be made. The savage invests everything with personality and life,
and what is poetry to us is pliilosophy to him. Tiie Ganges is still a
sacred stream even to the civilised Hindu, and we need not be
surprised to find the Xanthos or Scamander among the Homeric
Greeks provided Avith its priest and appeased Avith sacrifices.
Melusine (q.v. ) ; the water-kelpie, for which it came out before tiie
Crofters Commission in 1888 that a loch in the Gairloch district had
been trawled and quicklimed in vain not twenty-five years before ;
and the seaserpent seen every now and then on our shores show
the malignant side of this nature-superstition, just as its more
beneficent aspects are seen in our healing-wells and wishing-wells,
in the 'well-wakes' that lingered in corners of Shropshire into the
19tli century, and the floral-offerings — ' well-dressings ' of
Derbyshire (notably at Tissington), Staffordsiiire, Westmorland, and
north Lancashire, to which Milton alludes in Comits. Christianity only
substituted a saint's name for the indigenous nature-deity, and
water-worship held its place — in Brittany, in Ireland, in St Chad's
baptismal well at Lichfield, St Milburga's at Much Wenlock, and
hundreds of other places. The worship of fountains is condemned in
the canons of St Anselni ( 1102), Init continued for centuries
afterwards. In St Bede's well, near Jarrow, weakly children are
dipped and crooked pins offered ; at St Helen's well in Yorkshire
pieces of cloth are offered ; Fergan well near the Scotch Avon Avas
good for skin diseases and running sores ; St Dwynwen's well in
Anglesea was good against love-sickness, St Cynhafal's in
Denbighshire against warts ; at Sefton in Lancashire there is a Avell
into Avhicli maidens throw pins in order to divine the date of
marriage and test the fidelity of their lovers. Ailing children were
carried to St Anthony's well at Maybole on the first Sunday of May ;
the well at Trinity Gask in Perthsliire was sought on the first Sunday
of June. The well of St Keyne (q.A". ) in Cornwall had peculiar
propeities of special interest to husbands and wives. The most
famous of all in England is that at Holywell which sprang up of itself
at the place within St Beuno's Church to Avhicli rolled the head of St
Winifred when struck off by Caradog ab Alan. The flow of Avater has
never since ceased, and in 1876 the well Avas leased to the
corporation of Holywell by the Duke of Westminster for a thousand
years at a sovereign a year. There is but one story against its virtue
told by Lilly of Sir George Peckham, avIio died in the Avell in 1635, '
having continued so long mumbling his pater nosters and "Sancta
Winifred a, ora pro me," that the cold struck into his body, and after
his coming forth of that well he never spoke more.' At St Tecla's
Avell in Denbighshire a man could transfer his epilepsy to a cock
after bathing in the Avell. Richard Baxter Avhen a schoolboy heard a
Avell at Oundle in Northamptonshire emit a noise like a drum about
the time the Scots came into England, and Avas told the same Avell
drummed again Avhen Charles II. died. St Elian's in Denbighshire is
the chief of the ' cursing- Avells ' of Wales, and it is possible to make
an enemy pine by casting into it a pin and a pebble inscribed Avith
his name. See books by Brand, Henderson, Burne, Gregor, Wirt
Sikes, Black, Hope (1893), and Mackinlay (1894). Wells, the city of
Somerset, pleasantly situated at the foot of the Mendip Hills, 20
miles SW. of
 606 WELLS "WENDS Bath and 20 (30 by rail) S. of Bristol.
Here, near St Andrew's Well, from which and other springs the place
took its name, King Ina in 704 establislied a house of secular canons
; hut the see was first founded in 909 by Edward the Elder, and the
city has grown up round the cathedral. The see was translated to
Bath during the first half of the 12tii century, and still is styled Bath
and Wells, tliough Bath's connection lias been purely titular since the
Reformation. Among its seventy Ijishops have been Jocelin (1206-
42), the 'second founder' of the catliedral. Fox, Wolsey, Barlow,
Laud, and Ken. Tliat catliedral, thougli one of tlie smallest yet
perhaps the most beautiful of English cathedrals, is mainly Early
English in style, and is 371 feet long, by 123 across the transept,
while the height of the central tower is 160 feet, of the two western
towers 130. Its principal glory is the west front, Avitii its matchless
sculptures (600 figures in all, of which 151 are life-size or colossal) ;
but other features are the north poi-ch, the inverted tower arclies,
the east Jesse window with its splendid old glass, the exquisite lady
chapel, and the octagonal chapter-iiouse witii its windows and
central column in the perfect style of 1300. Other buildings, all of
extienie interest, are the moated episcopal palace, with an
undercrypt of about 1220 ; the deanery, rebuilt by Dean Gunthorpe
in the reign of Edward IV. ; the archtleaconry, now remodelled as a
theological college ; the gateways ; and St Cuthbert's Cluirch, with a
noble west tow6r. Chartered by King John in 1202, Wells lost one of
its raeml)ers in 1867, and the second in 1868. Pop. (1851) 4736;
(1891) 4822. See works by Britton (1821), Parker (18G0), Freeman (
1870 ), Reynolds ( 1881 ), Jewers ( 1892 ), and Church ( 1894 ).
Wells, Charles Jeremiah, an English poet, who has been till lately
strangely neglected by his countrymen, was liorn in London in 1800.
He was a school companion of K. H. Home and Keats 's Ijrother at
Enfield, and at the age of hfteen sent Keats a present of flowers,
which the poet acknowledged in the sonnet beginning ' As late I
rambled in the happy lields.' A few years afterwards he f[uarrelled
witli Keats, and his Stories after Nature, fantastic and sometimes
graceful tales in poetic prose, showing strangely the influence of
Leigh Hunt, were written, it is said, to show Keats that he 'could do
something.' The book, which was published in 1822, fell still-born,
and was folloAved in 1824 l>y the noble bililical drama, Joseph and
his Brethren. The poem attracted no attention, and remained
practically unknown until attention was directed to its consummate
beauties by Mr Swinburne in an article in the Fortnigldlij Review of
1875 ; his attention had been called to it by Rossetti. On the failure
of his verses to attract notice. Wells abandoned literature. He
adopted law as his profession, went to Brittany in 1840, and finally
settled at Marseilles, where he died on February 17, 1879. Joseph
and his Brethren is one of the finest dramatic poems in the
language. The verse is fiery with passion and rich even to
overrichness in graceful and glowing imagery. In one character, the
heroine, Phraxanor, the writer sho\vs a truly wonderful strength and
subtlety of dramatic insight. Only once before, says Mr SM'inburne,
has such a character been given with supreme success — viz. in
Shakespeare's Cleopatra. It may be, he adds, that only the dullness
of fashion has kept out of sight ' a poet who was meant to take his
place among the highest.' Besides Mr Swinburne's article, see two
articles by Theodore Watts in The Athcnceum (1876, 1879); The
Acadenvi for March and April 1879; Mr Buxton Forman in Miles's
Eiu/lUh Poets of the Centuri/ ; and Linton's preface to a new edition
of Stories after Nature (1891). Wellsville, a town of Ohio, on the
Ohio River, 48 miles Ijy rail WNW. of Pittsburgh, manufactures steel,
terra- cotta, tS:c. Pop. 5247. Welsbacli Light. See Gas-lighting ( p.
103 ). Welsh, or Welch, John (c. 1568-1622), Presbyterian divine,
was minister of Ayr from 1.590 till his imprisonment by James YI. in
1605 for defying the king in defence of the church's independence,
and then preached to Huguenot congregations at various towns in
France till 1622, wiien he passed over to London. From him and his
wife, a daughter of Knox, Mrs Carlyle claimed descent. See Young's
Life of him. edited by Anderson (1866). Welsh Language. See Wales.
Welsh Onion, or Cibol {Allium fistidosum), a perennial plant, a native
of Siberia, with fistular leaves and no bull), and a flavour resembling
garlic. It is cultivated in various parts of Europe, including England.
'Welsh' here only means, as it used to do, 'foreign' (like the German
IVdlseh). W^elshpool, a town of ]\Iontgomeryshire, North Wales,
near the left bank of the Severn, 20 miles W. by S. of Shrewsbury. It
has a parish church (restored by Street), a town-hall and market (
1873) with a clock-tower 90 feet high, and the Powysland jNIuseum
(1874) ; whilst 1 mile south is Powis Castle, dating from the 12th
century, with a fine picture-gallery and park — the seat from
Elizabeth's time of the Herberts, as now of tiieir and Clive's
descendant, the Earl of Powis. The flannel manufacture has migrated
to Newtown. Incorporated by James I. in 1615, Welshpool is one of
the six Montgomeryshire (q. V. ) boroughs. Pop. (1851) 6564;
(1891)" 6489. Welwitsohia (named after Friedrich Welwitscli,
Austrian traveller, 1806-72), a genus of African Gymnosperms (q.v. )
belonging to the Gnetacepe (see Sea-grape), and containing only
one species ( ]V. mirabilis ). The stem of this remarkable plant may
when mature be little over a foot high but several feet across. It
bears but two leaves, the cotyledons, wliich sometimes grow to be 5
or 6 feet long and 2 or 3 wide, ultimately splitting into strips. The
plant is said to live over 100 years. The flower consists of a panicle
of brilliant overlapping scarlet scales. Weni, a market-town of
Shropshire, on the Ellesmere Canal, 11 miles N. by E. of Shrewsbury.
Pop. 2600. Wemyss, Francis Wemyss Charteris Douglas, Earl of, a
father of the volunteer movement, was born 4th August 1818 and
educated at Eton and Christ Church, Oxford. He sat in parliament for
a division of Gloucestershire in 1841-46, followed Sir Robert Peel on
the repeal of the Corn Laws, and sat for Haddingtonshire as a Liberal
Conservative from 1847 till in 1883 he succeeded his father as ninth
earl. As Lord Elcho he was a Lord of the Treasury in the Aberdeen
Ministry from 1852 till 1855. He took a very prominent part in the
volunteer movement, fre(|uently presided over the rifle meetings at
Wimbledon, and wrote Letters on Miiitanj Organisation (1871).
W^en-cllOW ( Wan-eJiau), a Chinese treaty port in tlie province of
Cheh-kiang, at the head of a bay or estuary. Pop. 80,000. Wendover,
a village and parish of Bucks, under the Chiltern Hills, 5 miles SE. of
Aylesbury ; pop. 2000. It sent members to parliament till 1832. For
Roger of Wendover, a monk of St Albans, who died 1236, see Paris
(Matthew). Wends, the name given l>y the Germans to a branch of
the Slavs (q.v.) which, as early as the 6th century, occupied the
north and east of Germany from the Elbe along the coast of the
Baltic
 WENDT WEREGILD 607 to the Vistula, and as far south as
Bohemia. They were divided into several tril.es, winch -ere
successivelv subdue.l bv the Germans, and either extiipated or
gradually Germanised and absorbed moie Lr less perfectly. In a
narrower ^ense the name of Wends is given to those remnants of
the blayc popnlation^f Lusatia (q.v.) who ^ till speak tlie Wendish
tongue, and preserve their peculiai manners and customs Of these
L"«-t;f .)^ ^^^^^ or ^ol•l)s Upper and Lower, there were m 1889
ill Snj'So, in Prussia 101^000 Ou^le Lusatia there were 3400 m
Saxony, 1000 in Piussia, 3000 in foreign parts. Of the language there
are grammars by Seller (1S30) .Tordan (1841), F. Schneider
(18n3)Fiuhl (18^0, a,^ Liebsch (1884); dictionaries by K. Bose
(1840), Zwa ir (1847) Schm^ler's VolksUeder der Wemen (2 yoh.
1843 'is nSre trustworthy than Veckenstedt's ireHc/^.<7,e SarjcL
Marchcn, &c. (1879) See also L C.-seteecht Wendische Gcschichten
aus den -^"/I'-^'^.'f "ff ^ ,^,X; 1841^43); R. Andree, Bas
^P^'H^'^'^f^fl' ^ \^9?. WcndenllSTS); Schulenberg, TFe,u?.
VoIksfum(^^2) ; and Mucke, Statistik der Lausitzer Wenden ( 1886
). IVoikU Hans Hinrich, German theologian, wn>, born in Hamburg,
18th June 1853, studied at Leipzio- Gottingen, and Tiibingen,
became 2™itdoLf\n theology at Gottingen (1877), and professor
extra-ordinary (1881), and was called to a chair at Kiel in 1883, at
Heidelberg m 188o. His books include Die Bcjjrlffe FletscJiioul Getst
^m blblischen Sprachgehrauch (1878), Die ChnMe Lehre von der
mcnschllchcn I olUommenlieit {\Ji82), and Die Lehre Jesic (2 vols.
1886-90; Eng trans. 1892— a book of unique importance), as well as
the .5th to 7th editions of Meyer's Commentary on the Acts (1880-
89). Wener, Lake ( Veticr), the largest lake in the Scandinavian
peninsula, and after the lakes Ladoga a.ul Onega in Russia the
largest in Europe is situated in the south-west of Sweden and
separated by a comparatively narrow strip of and (nearly 20 miles
wide) from the fiords of the Cattegat. It is nearly 100 miles in
length, 50 miles m cn-eatest breadth, and 300 feet in greates^t
depth, and lies 150 feet above sea-level ; area, 2408 sq. ni. From
the north shore a peninsula extends southward into the middle of
the lake ; and from the southern shore a peninsula extends
northward to Nvithin about 15 miles of tjie point of the northern
peninsula; the portion of the lake lying to the west of these
peninsulas receives the name of Dal bo Lake Of tlie numerous rivers
that feed the lake the chief is the Klar, from the north, and its
surplus waters are discharged into the Cattegat by the river Gota It
is connected by a canal with Lake NN etter, by means of which and
the Gota Canal, Lake Koxen, &c. inland communication is established
between the Cattegat and the Baltic bea. ihe lake is rich in fish ; it is
often visited by sudden gusts of wind, and is in many places too
shallow for navigation. There are many islands. Wenhain Lake. See
Ice. Weillock, a municipal borough of Shropshire, extending over
more than 50 sq. m., and comprising Much AVenlock, Broseley (q.v.),
Coalport, Madeley, ironbridge, and Coalbrookdale (q.v.). It was
incorporated by Edward IV. in 1448, and tm 188o returned two
meniljers to parliament. Much VV enlock, under the north-east end
of Wenlock Edge, 12 miles SE. of Shrewsbury, has a quaint guildhall
(restored 1848), a market-hall (1879), a corn exchange (1852), a
museum, and interesting remains of a Cluniac abbey, originally
founded as a nunnery about 680 Ijy Penda's granddaughter, St
Milburga, and refounded in 1080 by Roger de Montgomery, Earl of
Shrewsbury. Pop. of borough (1861) 19,699; (1891) 15,703—2180 in
Much Wenlock ref'istration district. For the Wenlock group in
geology, see Silurian System. Wens, or Sebaceous Cysts, are much
more common on the scalp than in any other situation, though
occasionally observed on the face, shoulders, cK:_c , and consist of
obstructed sebaceous glands, which enlaro-e by the internal
pressure of their accumulated'secretions. They are never of very
large size ; but several or many often occur in the same patient. The
closed orifice may often l)e noticed in the form of a small dark
depressed point, and in that case the duct mav sometimes be
gradually enlarged by the o-entle introduction of a probe or director,
and its contents pressed out. By this treatment wens may at all
events be kept from beingunsightly, and will sometimes shrivel up
and disappear. It it tail, and the patient finds the tumour so
annoying that he insists upon its removal, it must be exterminated
with caustic or the knife. For the smaller cysts caustics may be
employed. The most prominent part of the wen must be thoroughly
canterisei with nitric acid or caustic potash, which will lead to the
formation and separation of a s ough ; the tumour is thus laid open,
and may either be lett to empty itself and wither or may be emptieil
by pressure', and cauterised within. The larger cysts are readily
removed by the knife ; and under antiseptic precautions the
operation is not dangerous. Weiisleydale Peerage. In 1856 Sir James
Parke (1782-1868), a judge of the Court of Exchequer, was created a
life-peer, in accordance with an ancient but, it was maintained,
wholly obsolete usao-e The resolution of the House of Lords, led by
Lord Lyndhurst, not to receive the new baron led to his being given
a peerage of the usual kind ( it died with him ). There are,
however,_a number ot official life-peers— the Lords of Appeal in
Ordinary. Wentletrap (.SVo/«r/«), a genus of Gasteropods related to
the Turritellid*. The elegant she 1 is spiral, with many whorls, the
whorls deeply divuled, and not always close together, crosse
 608 WEREGILD WEREWOLF ccorl or peasant to that of the
king. In AngloSaxon times the value of tlie king was 7200 shillings;
an ealdorman, 2400; a king's thegn, 1200; an ordinary territorial
tJiegn, 600; a ceorl, 200. In the time of Tacitns the weregild for
homicide among the C4ermans was due to the relatives of the
deceased ; that for other crimes one-half to the injured party and
one-half to the state. The sum paid to the relatives in case of
homicide, also known as the man-ivyrth, seems to have been looked
on as the equivalent of the dead man's value. As the power of the
community or king increased, the exaction of retribution for the
death of its members was considered to be the duty of the state as
well as of the relatives, and the principle of division was applied to
homicide as well as minor crimes ; each payment being a separate
full equivalent for the value of the deceased, the one to appease the
feud, the other to make atonement to the state. This double
weregild is recognised in the compensation for the death of a king
by the laws of the Mercians and Northumbrians. In the days of
Edward the Elder the weregild had become a much more
complicated penalty, the composition for homicide consisting of four
different payments, two of which, the Jir/ht-ivite, or penalty for a
breach of the peace, and the weregild, went to the king as head of
the state ; while a sum called the halsfung was paid to the kindred
to stay the hand of the avenger of blood, and the manbote was
given to the overlord to compensate him for the loss of a vassal. The
graduated scales of weregild in use among the different Teutonic
nations throw much light on the gradations of society at the period.
It does not appear that among the nations who recognised the
principle of weregild the relatives were bound to accept a
compensation for their kinsman's .slaughter, in place of appeasing
the death-feud by blood ; tlie latter practice Avas often resorted to
instead. It was only through the exertions of Archbishop Theodore
that Egfred, the Cliristian king of the Angles of Northumbria, adopted
the alternative of accepting a weregild for his brother slain in battle
by the Mercians, in place of demanding the blood of the slayer. See
Vendetta. Werewolf (A.S. were-wulf^iver, 'a man,' vxdf, 'a wolf.' The
modern Ger. Wdhrwolf is the Middle High German Werwolf, Latinised
as garulphus or gerulphns, whence the Old Fr. guroid, the modern
name being pleonastically loiip-garou). Halliwell quotes from a
Bodleian MS. {Diet. Archaic and Provincial Words, s.v. 'a-charmed') a
characteristic example of 'Folketymology : ' ' Ther ben somme that
eten cliyldren and men, and eteth noon other flesh fro that tyme
that thei be a-charmed with mannys flesh, for ratlier thei wolde be
deed ; and thei be clcped wcrewolfes for tncn shnlde be war of hem.
' The following passages from Gervase of Tilbury's Otia Imperiaiia
and Richard Verstegan's Restitution of Decayed Intelligence (1605)
give a summary of belief about the werewolf, one of the most
uncanny of the creatures of human imagination. 'Vidimus enim
fiequenter in Anglia per lunationes homines in lupos mutari, quoil
hominum genus gerulphos Galli nominant, Angli vero were-vidf
ilicunt.' 'The were-wolves are certain sorcerers, who having anointed
their bodies with an ointment which they make by tlie instinct of the
devil, and putting on a certain enchanted girdle, do not only unto
the view of others seem as wolves, but to their own thinking have
both the shape and nature of wolves, so long as they wear the said
girdle ; and they do dispose themselves as very wolves, in worrying
and killing, and most of liuman creatures.' This superstition Avas
widely spread in ancient and mediaeval times, and is still a living fact
amongst many savage races, and even in corners of France, not to
speak of Russia and Bulgaria. Wlislocki, writing in 1891 (Journal
Gypsy Soc), tells us of a gypsy flddler's wife at Toresz in north
Hungary, about ten years before, who kept the family in mutton and
enabled her husband to start a thriving inn by her nocturnal ravages
as a ruvamisli. The parson cured the woman by sprinkling her and
the house with holy water ; the peasants murdered the husband,
and two of his slayers were then living in the village. Indeed we may
say it is a commonplace of folklore that certain men by natuial gift,
or magic art, can turn for a time into ravening beasts, which Dr Tylor
calls ' substantially a temporary metempsychosis or metamorphosis. '
And Thomas Aquinas lends the weight of his grave authority to a
sound theological explanation : ' All angels, good and bad, have by
natural virtue the power of transmuting our bodies.' In various forms
of mental disease there is a belief in a similar transformation, but
this no doubt presupposes an antecedent sane belief in the
possibility of such metamorphoses into animals. These insane
delusions have been widely prevalent at various times in the history
of human society, and have given rise to the name of Lycantliropy.
The wolf is of course not the only animal, although the most
common in western Europe. But in England he has long l)een
unknown, and the cat has had to be largely employed in witch
transformations. Herodotus tells ns the Neuri turned to wolves for a
few days every year. The Khonds of Orissa think some men have the
art of 'mleepa,' and by the help of a god Ijecome nileepa tigers to
kill their enemies, one of the ]nan's four souls going out to animate
the beast. The tiibe of Budas again in Abyssinia, ironworkers and
potters, have also the evil eye and the power of turning into
hyajnas, Avhence they are very properly denied the Christian
sacrament. In Virgil's 8th Eclogue we read how Moeris makes
himself a wolf by means of poisonous herbs, and how he witches
away the crops and calls up dead folk from their graves. Petronius
Arbiter has a story of the transformation of a versi'pellis or turnskin,
and here also we And the note so familiar in European stories of
werewolves and witches, of how when the wolf is wounded the man
who woie his shape is found to bear exactly the same wound. We
And werewolf warriors of peculiar ferocity in Scandinavian sagas,
and to this day in Denmark a man wlio is a weieAvolf is recognised
by his eyebrows meeting as if his soul were ready to take flight like a
butterfly. The change of shape is often effected by taking off the
clothes, putting on a girdle, or rubbing with magic salve. 'Wolf-
girdles' are still spoken of at least in Germany, and in December, as
Tylor notes, one must not ' talk of the wolf ' by name lest the
werewolves rend you. During the 16th century France was much
infested with werewolves, the trial of Gilles Garnier at Dole in 1573
being the most famous historical instance ; and Glaus Magnus in the
same period tells of specially accursed werewolves who were
ferocious against the orthodox. But on the other hand we meet a
more kindly view in the Bisclaveret of Marie de France's lai, and in
the romance of William and the Werewolfmore in keeping with tlie
Welcome to our website – the ideal destination for book lovers and
knowledge seekers. With a mission to inspire endlessly, we offer a
vast collection of books, ranging from classic literary works to
specialized publications, self-development books, and children's
literature. Each book is a new journey of discovery, expanding
knowledge and enriching the soul of the reade

Our website is not just a platform for buying books, but a bridge
connecting readers to the timeless values of culture and wisdom. With
an elegant, user-friendly interface and an intelligent search system,
we are committed to providing a quick and convenient shopping
experience. Additionally, our special promotions and home delivery
services ensure that you save time and fully enjoy the joy of reading.

Let us accompany you on the journey of exploring knowledge and

personal growth!

textbookfull.com