Introduction to

Metallurgy
An Interactive Video Teletraining

Course

Developed and Presented by

Terry Khaled
National Resource Specialist
Metallurgy

Federal Aviation Administration

April 30, 1998

Table of Contents

GETTING STARTED
How Do I Use This IVT Guide? . ... ... .... .. ... .. ... ... .. ..... .. ....

I.

AIRFRAME

ENGINEERING

CURRICULUM
What Does the Curriculum Cover? ... ... ... ...*................*...
Two-Week Job Function Course .,.,......*........*.........
Overviews of Technical Subjects . ... .. ... ... ... ... .... .. ....
Core Technical Subjects Courses ,.........................**

II.

IVT COURSE ORIENTATION

6
About This IVT Course ... .. ....*.............*..........................
What Is IVT? . .... ... ... .... ... ... ... .... .. .... ... ... ... ... .. ... ... ... ... .... .. 6
Who Is the Target Audience? .... .. ...._...........--.................. 7
Who Is the Instructor?
. .... ... .... ..*...................................
7
8
What Will You Learn? .**.......*..............*..*......................
How Will This Course Help You On the Job? .. ... ... .... .. 8
What Topics Does the Course Cover? .... ... .. ... ... ... .... ... .. 8
What Are Some Good References? .. ... .... .. ... ... ... ... ... .... .. 10

III.

SELF-ASSESSMENT
& EXERCISES
Pre- & Post-Course Self-Assessment Questions .. .... ... ... 11

APPENDICES
A.
Metallurgy IVT Presentation Visuals
B.
Aircraft Alloys
B-l. Aluminum Alloys
,
B-2. Titanium Alloys
B-3. Carbon, Low Alloy, and Alloy Steels
B-4. Corrosion Resistant (CRES) Steels
B-5. Superallbys
C.
Self-Study Video Course Evaluation Form

Instructional Video Teletraining Course

Federal Aviation Administration

April, 1998

Introduction to Metallurgy
i

Getting Started

How Do I Use
This IVT
Guide?

This IVT guide provides you with the position of this course in
the Airframe Engineering Curriculum, an orientation to the IVT
course, support materials for use during the broadcast, selfassessment and practice exercises, and the course evaluation.
Follow these steps to complete your study.
1. Read Section I, Airframe Engineering Curriculum, to
familiarize yourself with the the overall scope and format of
the curriculum.
2. Review Section II, IVT Course Orientation, before the
broadcast, if possible, to get an overview of the purpose of
the course, the target audience, the instructor, what you will
learn, how this course will help you on the job, the topics
covered in the course, and some good references on the topic.
3. Answer the pre-course self-assessment questions in Section
III, Self-Assessment .
4. Turn to Appendix A, Metallurgy IVT Presentation Visuals,
and refer to it during the broadcast. Appendix A contains the
visual support material used by the instructor during the
broadcast. You can use these visuals to take notes and follow
along with the broadcast presentation.
5. Refer to Appendix B, Aircraft Alloys, for additional
information, including designation systems and chemical
composition listings.
6. Complete the post-course self-assessment in Section III, Self
Assessment.
7. Complete the IVT Course Evaluation Form in Appendix C
and send it to your Directorate/Division Training Manager
(ATM).

Instructional Video Teletraining Course

Federal Aviation Administration

April, 1998

Introduction to Metallurgy
I

Airframe Engineering Curriculum

I.

Airframe

What Does the

Curriculum
Cover?

Engineering Curriculum
,The Airframe Engineering Curriculum fits into the broader AIR
Training Program that is summarized in the following figure.

An Overview
ASE
Job

Airframe
Function

o Z-week
I o Technical
/ 0 Follow-an

Course
Topics-IVTNideo
Cor~n

/
:

1
I

ASI
JabFunction

ASE Systems
Job Function

ME
Propulsion
Job Function

:
)

DACT.OAT

1
Flight
Test
Job Funcdon

First

Year

with

Aircraft

-.--------

*-

Certi~c~n--~z_---

Continuing

Development

Within the context of the AIR Training Program, the Airframe

Engineering Curriculum is designed to effectively meet the
critical safety mission of the FAA by addressing the following
Service goals:
Standardization
l

Promote standardization throughout the organization in task

accomplishment and application of airworthiness
regulations in order to achieve uniform compliance.

Instructional Video Teletraining Course

Federal Aviation Administration

April, 1998

Introduction to Metallurgy
2

Airframe Engineering
,Job Performance

Curriculum

Proficienw

Reduce significantly the time required for newly-hired

engineers to attain full job performance proficiency.

Customer Service

Establish and maintain appropriate, effective, and

responsive communication, collaboration, leadership, and
teamwork with both internal and external customers.

In addition to the Service goals, the Airframe Engineering

Curriculum is designed to provide ASEs with job function
training in three domains:
Tasks and procedures governing the work of engineers in
design approval, technical project management, certificate
management, and designee management.

FAR airworthiness requirements that are the purview of

airframe engineers. Generally they are subparts C and D of
FAR Parts 23,25,27, and 29.
Technical subjects essential for all new engineers to meet
both introductory requirements and, later, minimum
technical proficiency level requirements.

The resulting Airframe Engineering Curriculum structure

consists of three main types of training opportunities 1. Two-Week Job Function Course
2. Overviews of Technical Subjects
3. Follow-on Core Technical Subjects Courses
Two-Week
Function
Course

Job

The Two-Week Job Function Course uses an instructor-led,

classroom-based format with lecture, discussion, and individual
and group activities. Supporting materials used in the course
include print, overhead transparencies, videotapes, job aids,
and documents and sample reports.

Lnstructional Video Teletraining

Federal Aviation Administration

Course

Introduction
April,

1998

to Metallurgy
3

Airframe Engineering Curriculum

The course is divided into the following two major sections:
Week I
Certification Tasks - includes design approval, technical
pr6ject management, certification management, and DER
management.

Week 2
FAR Requirements and Key FAR Sections - includes
training in the subparts of the FAR that apply to airframe
engineers (subparts C and D) at two levels: an overview of
those subparts across FARs 23,25,27, and 29; and in-depth
discussion of significant sections of the FAR that are
important to the Service. The importance of these sections
may stem from problems in interpretation and application of
requirements, technical complexity of a design, high
visibility projects, or safety considerations that are
paramount.

Overviews of
Technical
Subjects

High-level overviews of ten technical subjects are presented by

NRSs or other senior engineers. These overviews are available
in two modes:
l

An initial live three to four hour IVT satellite broadcast with

accompanying course material is received at each
Directorate and other downlink sites.
A Video/Self-Study Training Package adapted from the
initial IVT presentation and accompanying course material
is available through the Directorate Training Manager.

Basic concepts and FAA-specific applications and examples

are provided for each of the following ten technical subjects:
l

Aircraft Loads

Fatigue/Fracture Mechanics/Damage

Tolerance

Composite Materials (Design/Certification

in Composite Aircraft Structure)

Instructional Video Teletraining Course

Federal Aviation Administration

April, 1998

Considerations

Introduction to Metallurgy
4

Airframe Engineering Curriculum

Crashworthiness/Occupant

Protection

Material Properties/Manufacturing
(Introduction to Metallurgy)

Stress Analysis

FluttexYAeroelastic Stability

Structural Test Methods

Design and Construction

Repairs and Modifications

Processes of Metal

Each technical subject overview is designed to not only

provide ASEs with the FAA perspective on the topic, but also
serve as an indicator of what further training may be needed.
Core Technical
Subjects
Courses

As a follow-on to the Overviews of Technical Subjects, the

curriculum will provide more in-depth training on the
following three subject areas:
l

Basic Loads

Stress Analysis and Structural Test Methods,

Repairs and Modifications

These core technical subjects are essential to the technical work

of the airframe engineer in a regulatory environment regardless
of product or technology. Training in each of the core subjects
will be designed to bring airframe engineers to a minimum
level of technical proficiency and to help promote proficiency
in the application of the technical knowledge in an office work
environment.
Additional technical training for engineers beyond these core
subjects will depend largely on AC0 organizational needs
stemming from customer requirements, products certified,
emerging technology, and the number of staff requiring more
specialized training. In short, the more advanced the technical
training required, the more individualized it becomes.
Instructional Video Teletraining Course
Federal Aviation Administration

April, 1998

Introduction to Metallurgy
5

IVT Course Orientation

II.

IVT Course Orientation

About This
IVT Course

Introduction

to Metallurgy

is one in a series of ten Overviews

of Technical Topics in the Airframe Engineering Curriculum
designed to prepare you to effectively meet the critical safety
mission of the FAA. [For more information oy2the Airframe
Curriculum, rejer back to Section I of this guide. J
Through a five-hour Interactive Video Teletraining (IVT)
format, Terry Khaled, the FAAs National Resource Specialist
for Metallurgy, will provide you with the basic concepts of
metallurgy, including information on solidification and
solidification structures and fabrication methods and their
effects, and, woven throughout the course, key points to look
for or be aware of in a certification project, including knowing
when to call in a metal specialist.

What Is IVT?

Interactive Video Teletraining, or IVT, is instruction delivered

using some form of live, interactive television. For the
overview courses, the instructor delivers the course from the
television studio at the FAA Academy in Oklahoma City.
Through the IVT broadcast facility instructors are able to use a
variety of visuals, objects, and media formats to support the
instruction.
Participants are located at various receive sites around the
country and can see the instructor and his/her materials on
television sets in their classrooms. The participants can
communicate with the instructor either through a microphone
and/or the simple-to-use Viewer Response System keypads.
During the live presentation, when a participant has a question
or the instructor asks for specific participant responses to
questions, the participant(s) can signal to the instructor using
their keypad. The collective participant responses or the name

Instructional Video Teletraining Course

Federal Aviation Administration

April, 1998

Introduction to Metallurgy
6

IVT Course Orientation

of a specific participant signalling a question are immediately
visible to the instructor on the console at the broadcast site.
The instructor can then respond as needed. When the instructor
calls on a specific participant to speak from a site, participants
at each of the other sites can simultaneously hear the
participant who is speaking.
Who Is the
Target
Audience?

This course is designed for:

l

Who Is the
Instructor?

Terry

Khaled

New and experienced FAA airframe engineers who are not

proficient or expert in metallurgy but who require enough
knowledge of the subject to be able to review data
submitted by manufacturers.
Inspectors who enforce inspection procedures resulting
from the engineering evaluation required to satisfy FAR
25.571.

Dr. Tarek (Terry) Khaled, has more than 25 years of

experience in metallurgical engineering, mechanical design,
manufacturing, and project management. He has worked at
five aircraft manufacturing companies, coming to the FAA
from Rockwell International, Space Systems Division. His
latest experience in airframe materials was gained through
work on the space shuttle, the F- 18, and the F-l 11. Dr. Khaled
also has experience with the heat resistant alloys that are used
in turbine engines, which was gained by working on fighter
engines and aircraft power systems. Terry enjoys reading
about military history, hardware, tactics, and strategy. He also
loves middle eastern foods.

Instructional Video Teletraining

Federal Aviation Administration

Course

Introduction
April,

1998

to Metallurgy
7

IVT Course Orientation

What Wili You
Learn?

How Will This

Course Help
You On the
Job?

After completing this course you will have a basic

understanding of the concepts and principles of metallurgy,
including:
l

The nature of metals.

Solidification

Deformation and mechanical working.

Strengthening mechanisms.

Effects of fabrication and finishing operations on properties.

After completing this course, you should be able to:

l

What Topics
Does the
Course Cover?

and ingot structures.

Describe how metals and alloys solidify and list the factors
that control ingot structure.
Understand how mill products are produced from ingots by
hot and cold working, and be able to distinguish cold from
hot working.
Describe how metallic materials are hardened by heat
treatment and by other means.
Understand how fabrication and finishing operations affect
the properties of metals and alloys.
Recognize when, for certification purposes, a metallurgist
needs to be part of the FAA team.

The following topic outline is intended to give you an overview

of the course content. In addition to this outline, Appendix A
contains the visual presentation material and supporting text
for each figure used by the instructor during the broadcast.
I.

Introduction

II.

The nature of metals

1.

Atomic and crystal structures

2.

Polymorphism

Instructional Video Teletraining Course

Federal Aviation Administration

April, 1998

Introduction to Metallurgy
8

IVT Course Orientation

III.

IV.

Solidification

structures

1.

Pure metals

2.

Alloys

3.

Phase diagrams

4.

Cast/ingot microstructure control

Fabrication methods - overview

1.

Mill products and mechanical working

2.

Deformation

3.

V.

and solidification

a.

Single crystal

b.

Polycrystalline

C.

Effects of temperature

d.

Cold and hot working

e.

Primary and secondary working

metals

Strengthening in metals
a.

Dispersion hardening

b.

Strain hardening

C.

Grain size

d.

Solid solution strengthening

e.

Second phase hardening

f.

Hardening heat treatments

Effects of fabrication operations

VI. Effects of finishing operations

instructional Video Teletraining Course

Federal Aviation Administration

April, 1998

Introduction to Metallurgy
9

IVT Course Orientation

What Are
Some Good
References?

There are many references related to metallurgy, too numerous

to mention here. However, the following references contain
many other references on these subjects and will, help to guide
you in the right direction.
Avner, Sydney, H. Introduction
McGraw-Hill,
1964.

to Physical Metallurgy.

Guy, A.G. Physical A4etallurgy for Engineers. AddisonWesley Pub. Co., 1963.
Smith, M.C. Principles of Physical Metallurgy.
Brothers Pub., 1956.

Harper &

Burton, M. S. Applied Metallurgy for Engineers. McGrawHill, 1956.

Keyser, C.A. Materials Science and Engineering, 2nd Ed.
Charles E. Merrill Pub. Co., 1974.
Flinn, R.A. & Trojan, PK. Engineering Materials and Their
Applications. Houghton Mifflin Co., 1975.
Doyle, LE. Manufacturing Processes and Materials for
Engineers. Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1985.
United States Steel. The Making, Shaping, and Treating of
Steel, IOth Ed. 1985.
The Metals Handbook Series. American Society for Materials
(20 volumes).

Instructional Video Teletraining Course

Federal Aviation Administration

April, 1998

Introduction to Metallurgy
10

Self-Assessment

IV. Self-Assessment
Pre- & PostCourse SelfAssessment
Questions

The instructor will ask you at the begining and end of the
presentation to respond to the following four questions about
metallurgy as it impacts the certification process.
Rate your confidence level for each of the following
before and after completing the course.

statements

1. Rate your level of understanding about the facotrs that

control ingot structure and properties.
Very
Confident
BEFORE
AFTER

THE COURSE:
THE COURSE:

Moderately
Confident

Not
Confident

III

cl

cl

cl

2. Rate your level of understanding of the effects of

mechanical working on microstructure and properties.
Very
Confident
BEFORE
AFTER

THE COURSE:
THE COURSE:

Moderately
Confident

Not
Confident

Cl

cl

III

I7

cl

3, Rate your understanding of how hardening by heat

treatment impacts microstructure and properties.
Very
Confident
BEFORE
AFTER

THE COURSE:
THE COURSE:

InstructionalVideo TeletrainingCourse
FederalAviation Administration

Moderately
Confident

Not
Confident

cl

El

Cl

April, I998

Introductionto Metallurgy
11

Self-Assessment
4. Rate your understanding of how fabrication and finishing
operations can affect the microstructure and properties.
Moderately
Not
Very
Confident
BEFORE
AFTER

THE COURSE:
THE COURSE:

InstructionalVideo TeletrainingCourse
FederalAviation Administration

Confident

Confident

El

cl

cl

cl

April, 1998

introductionto Metallurgy
I2

Appendix A

Appendix A

Introduction to Metallurgy
IVT Presentation Visuals

Instructional Video Teletraining Course

Federal Aviation Administration

April, 1998

Introduction to Metallurgy
A

INTRODUCTION
TO
METALLURGY

By: Terry Khaled, Ph.D.,

NRS-Metallurgy

Certification
efforts require knowledge
of type design
Type design
+ Form, fit, and function
4 Materials and processes
- Material type and condition/heat
treatment
- Surface finishing (coatings, shot peening)
- Inspection
and test

I. Materials
design

and processes

integral

to type
2

IVT Course
Federal Aviation Authority

Introduction
April, 1998

to Metallurgy
A- I

cc
After completing
this course, you should be able to:
Describe how metals and alloys solidify and list the
factors that control ingot structure.
l

. Understand how mill products are produced from

ingots by hot and cold working, and be able to
distinguish cold from hot working.
. Describe how metallic materials are hardened by heat
treatment and by other means.
. Understand how fabrication and finishing operations
affect the properties of metals and alloys.
. Recognize when, for certification purposes, a
metallurgist needs to be part of the FAA team.
3

. Metals

Organic (polymers/plastics,

Non-metals

Materials

Ceramic (Al,03, SiO,)

wood)

c Inorganic

Non-ceramic (C, B,
water, graphite, CaO)
r Metal-Ceramic
Composite

Note:

Elemental
Compound

IVT Course
Federal Aviation Authority

semiconductors
semiconductors

Organic-Ceramic
+-I
.
LOther (Carbon-Carbon)
(Si, Ge) fall under metals.
fall under inorganic
materials.

Introduction
April, 1998

to Metallurgy
A- 2

Science,of,converting
rocks into
metals and alloys such as those used
on aircraft, autos, & other prqducts.
i Branches
- Extractive
- Ingot
- Powder.
- Physical

IVT Course
Federal Aviation

introduction
Authority

April,

1998

to Metallurgy
A- 3

. Extraction

of metals from ores

+ Mining
+ Ore dressing
- Crushing

Grinding

Concentration

Extraction.
- Heat

(Fe, Ni)

- Leaching
-

(Ti, Co, Cu)

(Al)

Electrochemical

. Production

of metal and alloy ingots

+ From extracted

metals,

scrap, or both

- Refining:

Remove

undesirable

- Alloying:

Obtain desired

elements

alloys

IVT Course
Federal Aviation Authority

Introduction
April, 1998

to Metallurgy
A- 4

. Use of powder
+ Near-net

techniques

to produce

shapes

+ Wrought powder metallurgy

products
(standard shapes for further processing)

Production
or powder
l

of finished
products

Mechanical working:
forging, drawing

parts from ingots

Rolling,

extrudi %I9

Heat treatment
Fabrication:
Casting, welding,
forming, coating, etc.

brazing,

10

1VT Course
Federal Aviation Authority

introduction
April, 1998

to Metallurgy
A- 5

. Focus on three important

metallurgy
+ Solidification
l

Mechanical
Hardening
methods

pillars

of

and ingot structures

working
by heat treatment

and other

11

. The Nature of Metals

. Solidification
l

Fabrication

Mill Products

. Strengthening
l

& Solidification

Structures

Methods
& Mechanical

Working

in Metals

Effects of Fabrication

. Effects of Finishing

Operations
Operations
12

IVT Course
Federal Aviation

Introduction
Authority

April,

1998

to Metallurgy
A- 6

Distinctive

luster

Malleable,

ductile

+ Exceptions:

Na brittle,

Good thermal

& electrical

+ Some non-metals
l

Form positive

Hg liquid, etc.

conductivity

also

ions

0 Crystalline
l

Inorganic

materials

also
13

Abmic

c~stan

smctums

BCC

FCC

@J$gg

Atomic Structure-metallic
bond
+ Positive ions surrounded by electron cloud
0 Crystal Structure
+ 14 basic types (metals or non-metals)
+ Most engineering metals

-Body
centered
- Face centered
-Close-packed

cubic (KC)
cubic (FCC)
hexagonal
(CPH)

+ Other types include (tetragonal, orthorhombic)

14

IVT Course
Federal Aviation Authority

Introduction
April, I998

to Metallurgy
A- 7

. Metal has different

l

Depending

crystal structures

on temperature

. Iron (Fe)
+ BCC at elevated

temperatures

FCC at intermediate

BCC at the lower temperatures

Titanium

temperatures

(Ti)

+ BCC at elevated

temperatures

+ CPH at the lower temperatures

15

. Metals exist in three states

+ Vapor
+ Liquid
+ Solid

. Solidification:

Liquid-

+ Also known
- Liquid:
- Solid:

solid

as crystallization
No crystal

Crystal

structure

structure

16

IVT Course
Federal Aviation Authority

Introduction
April, 1998

to Metallurgy
A- 8

Most metal and alloy tonnage

as ingots
Ingot production

involves

produced

melting

and solidification
l

Casting is a common
production
method
+ Casting production
and solidification

near-net shape
involves

melting

I. It is important to understand solidification

processes for pure metals and alloys
17

Topics

covered:

Pure Metals

Alloys

Phase diagrams

. Cast/ingot

microstructure

control

18

IVT Course
Federal Aviation

Introduction
Authority

April,

1998

to Metallurgy
A- 9

. Slow uniform
Crystallization
temperature
-Arrest
line

cooling
at one

. Crystallization
by
nucleation
and
growth

,98,0F

+ Solid crystals
resemble
trees
-Called
dendrites

. Dendrites
touch-no
l

eventually
more liquid

Each dendrite

called

Fully solidified

o
grain

microstructure

+ Single phase
.- Only one pure metal
l

Polycrystalline
structure
- More than one grain
- Grains separated by
grain boundaries

20

IVT Course
Federal Aviation

Introduction
Authority

April,

1998

to Metallurgy
A- 10

. Alloys

made

+ Unintentionally
- Undesirable
+ Intentionally
-To obtain

impurities
desirable

An alloy consists
component

Component:
compound

properties

of more than one

Metal, non-metal,

+ At least one component

or stable

must be metal
21

. Alloy system
+ All compositions
from components
l

Alloy system
+ Binary
+ Ternary

that can be made

can be

(2 component)
(3 component)

+ Quaternary

system
system

(4 component)

system

+ Higher systems
- No specific names assigned
22

IVT Course
Federal Aviation Authority

Introduction
April, 1998

to Metallurgy
A- I I

. An alloy consists
l

of one or more phases

Phase: Uniform, homogeneous

can be separated mechanically

. At elevated temperatures
+ Liquid phase: Amorphous

substance

(no crystal

structure)

At lower temperatures
+ Solid phase(s):
Crystalline

Number and type of phases present depend

+ Composition,
number of components,
temperature

on

23

Solid solution
l
Interstitial

-Solute
atoms (small)
between solvent atoms

Solvent
atoms

+ Substitutional
-Solute
solvent
l

atoms
sites

Interstitial

in

!zfP
?%a3

Compound:
chemical
formula
l
Metal/Non-metal
(e.g., Fe&)
4 Metal/Metal

(e.g.,

N&AI)

Solute
atoms

be

l
fin

Substitutional

24

IVT Course
Federal Aviation

Introduction
Authority

April,

1998

to Metallurgy
A- 12

. Summary
+ Cdoling
l

sheets

describing

charakteristics

Phases present

Exist for
+ Binary and higher alloy systems
- Binary
n

systems

Basis

m Easier

for higher
to work

systems
with

IVT Course
Federal
Aviation

25

introduction
Authority

April,

1998

to Metallurgy
A- 13

Binary

Phase Diagmms

constructkm
. Pure metal solidification

. From cooling curves

. One curve per composition

Constant temperature
+ Arrest line

Alloy solidification
l

100

80 60 40 20 O+%A

ljf!\!!f\\J

im

i
COOLING

Temperature range
No arrest line

CURVES

Time

ki;@&

Composition

PHASE DIAGRAM
26

Binary Phase Diagmms

cootiinat@s
l

Abscissa:

Composition

(weight or atomic %)
. Ordinate:
Temperature
(OF or OC)
Liquid
+ Solid

Composition

B
27

IVT Course
Federal
Aviation

Introduction
Authority

April,

1998

to Metallurgy
A-14

Determine composition of
phases at any temperature
(T): e.g., 80% A-20% B alloy
l

Construct
tie line mo at T
- m: Composition of solid
- o: Composition of liquid

E!

. Determine relative amounts

of phases at T

+ Construct

tie line at T

+ Use lever

rule (next slide)

Predict microstructure

i a

E
8

;*

A 100
0

9b
00
10
20
Composition

I
74 70
26 30 B
28

h
/I\

n
10 units

*
6 unitsA

Fulcrum

/I
\
Wt of solid
phase

Wt of liquid
phase

Amount

of liquid

: Amount

m
ni
a-------------------90%A 10
;
60%A

of a

Liquid

o Ii uid

(%) = E

x 100

a("h)=~oxlOO

74%ii

Liquid

(%) =Lox100=62.5%
,6
a (%)=,i

x 100 = 37.5%
29

IVT Course
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Introduction
Authority

April, 1998

to Metallurgy
A-15

2800

systems

2600

+ Unlimited
solid
solubility
- All alloys exist as
one solid phase

F
d 2400
L

. Example:
Cu-Ni
system (next slide)
l

Slow uniform
cooling:
50% Cu, 50% Ni alloy
- Solidification
by dendrite
nucleation
& growth

g 2200
b
I+ 2000
F
1800
Rm
Temp.

ICUI

% Nick&l

Ni

Nuclei (67%Ni, 33% Cu)

formed in liquid
(about 50% Ni, 50% Cu)
Dendrites (60% Ni,
40% Cu) growing to
liquid (43% Ni, 57Th Cu)

0'

lime

+
31

IVT Course
Federal
Aviation

Introduction
Authority

April,

1998

to Metallurgy
A-16

Fully solidified microstructure

in previous example
+ Single
- Cu-Ni
l

phase
solid

Polycrystalline
-More

than

solution

structure
one grain

-Grains
separated
boundaries

by grain

+ Looks same as pure metal?

. - Not really
32

IVT Course
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Introduction
April, 1998 I

to Metallurgy
A-17

2700 -

Dendrites form over

temperature range

+ Composition
of
solid varies with
temperature
- Richer in Cu
at lower
temperatures
(Compare cq,
a2 and as)
loo0

232937
50
77 71 63 50

75
25

100% cu
0% Ni
33

Dendrites are not chemically

homogeneous
+ True for all alloy systems
+ Distinct
look under
microscope

Inhomogeneity
eliminated
by
+ Homogenization
or mechanical

anneal
working

Dark areas:

Ni-rich

34

IVT Course
Federal Aviation Authority

Introduction
April, 1998

to Metallurgy
A-18

Ai%~ySystems
CompMmon& Pmpem*es

SdidSo~~ooa

Properties

vary with composition

+ True for all alloy systems

l

Alloy properties

Property
+ Reached

maxima

differ from pure metals

or minima

at different

compositions

35

ectrical resisti

IVT Course
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Introduction
April, 1998

to Metallurgy
A-19

a Liquid

phase -2

solid phases

(L-

a +p )

+ At constant temperature
(t&
-Called eutectic temperature (lowest melting temp.)
-Arrest line on cooling curve
0 Metals

A and B: Limited

. Changes

mutual

in slope of cooling

+ At beginning

solid solabilities

curve

2%end of transformations

37

90%A+

60%A+4O%B

lo%19

Time

0 10

20 30

40

50 6070

% metal

8090100

B -w
38

IVT Course
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Introduction
April, 1998

to Metallurgy
A-20

. Properties vary with

composition
+ True for all alloy systems
-e.g., solid solution

alloys

6 Alloy properties different

from pure metals

% component

39

Eutctic mixture

Microstructure
vs Temperature
for Alloys 1,2,3, and 4
[a or p formng

before eutectic referred to as primary

a or Bl
40

IVT Course
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Introductionto
Authority

April,

I998

Metallurgy
A-21

Microstructures
,Interfaces
Grain boundaries

Separate grains of
same phase

Phase boundaries

+ Separate different
phases

Cell boundaries

Separate colonies
(cells)
-e.g., cells of eutectic
mixture

Interfaces
Atomic Structure
. Interfaces
transition
I

provide

+ From one orientation

to other
-Grains of same phas e

Grain -

- Grain boundaries

+ From one crystal

structure to another
-Phase

boundaries

Grain

+ Between colonies of
different orientation
-Cell

boundaries
42

IVT Course
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Introduction
Authority

April,

1998

to Metallurgy
A-22

--.

-_

0 Potential sites for

+ Precipitation
+ Phase transformation
l

Impurity

segregation

+ Cracking

43

Constructed from
cooling curves

. Involves

several

phases
+ 6, a Ferrite (BCC)
+ 6: Austenitk (FCC)
+ Fe&: Cementite
- Orthorhombic
(right
angles, a#b#c)

. Covers steels &

cast iron
+ Steels: C C 2%
l
Cast Irons: C X2%

IVT Course
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Introduction
April, 1998

to Metallurgy
A-23

. Complexity
Diagram

of phase

*Due to 3 Allotropic
forms (phases) of Fe

_____________

Gff?B,c&:

2554 t-7

- 6, Y,a
. Cooling

Aquid

2800

Y Fe F.C.C.
nonmagnetic

curve

+3 arrest

___.

_____-_-----.--.

a Fe B.C.C.

lines

. Nucleation
+6 : from melt
l y : on 6 grain
boundaries
*a : on y grain boundaries

i,
Time 45

Eutectic
at 2065OF
+ Liquid c-g
&++Fe,C

28OC

2:;

Eutectic Mixture

+ Eutectic

Mixture

- Should consist of 1666

alternate y and
Fe& plates
- Usually: rounded y
areas in Fe,C matrix

+ Arrest line on
cooling
curve
l
Same solidification
principles
as before

h ?Eutectoid
925% F

1 f%; ii i i 1

t;i
&I
E
$

I 0.8

#Steels&

IVT Course
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4.3

Cast irons

C%

37

li.87

Introduction
April, 1998

46

to Metallurgy
A-24

Arrest line on
cooling
curve
heat treatment
+ Basis for steel

IVT Course
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a;

Y@25%

:I[

0 0.8
1

f;e3;
2

ii4.3 5i

Introduction
April, 1998

to Metallurgy
A-25

Representation
of crystal growth from uniformly cooled
melt. Crystals begin to form at random locations in melt
and grow uniformly until restricted by neighbors or walls
of container.
a. Crystals beginning to form.
b. Unrestricted
c.

spherical

growth.

Metal completely solid, with shape of each grain determined

interference with other grains and walls of container.

by

48

Nucleation
Multiple random sites
+ Equiaxed grains

. Faster (but uniform) cooling

+ More nucleation sites (thermodynamics)
+ Finer grain structure
- Finer grain and cell sizes
l

Seeding

=b

finer grain structures

Finer grain

structures

mechanical

properties

better
49

IVT Course
Federal Aviation Authority

introduction
April, 1998

to Metallurgy
A-26

Progressive formation of columnar dendrites. Freezing

begins at wall of the crucible. Restriction of sidewise
growth and the temperature gradient from outside to center
of the melt encourage formation of columnar grain shape.
a. Freezing

beginning

b. Freezing

continuing.

c. Freezing complete.
of solid metal.

at container

walls.

Shrinkage

cavity is formed

at center
50

,
l

Nonuniform

temperature

Mold walls cool faster

Nucleation
at mold walls

Growth parallel to gradient

-Columnar
l

cooling

gradients

dendrites

Basis for
+ Directional
solidification
l
Growing single crystals

(DS) :
(SX)

. DS & SX used in jet engines

.,.,..
Columnar Gralns in
a lead casting

51

IVT Course
FederalAviation Authority

April, 1998

Introductionto Metallurgy
A-27

Typical Ingot Structure

Steel
. Three microstructural
+ Fine equiaxed

zones

grains (4)

-Fast uniform cooling at

mold surfaces

+ Columnar

grains (5)

- Growth under temperature

gradient

4 Coarse equiaxed
-Slow
l

Casting
l

uniform

grains (6)
cooling

defects

Pipe (I), cavities

porosity

(Z), &

(3)

Fabrication

Methods

Topics covered:
0 Overview
l

Mill products and mechanical

. Importance

of mechanical

working

working

53

IVT Course
Federal Aviation Authority

Introduction
April,

1998

to Metallurgy
A-28

Metallic

components

fabricated

+ By near net shape methods

-Casting
-Powder

metallurgy

+ From mill products

-Machining,
adhesive

forming,
welding,
bonding,
etc.

brazing,

forging,

Mill products

+ Bars, rods, plate, sheet, tube, wire, billet,

and shapes
54
L

Mill products

produced

+ By mechanical
- Ingots
- Wrought
l

powder

Mechanical

of

products

working

+ Deformation
temperatures
- Rolling,

working

at ambient

extruding,

forging,

or elevated
drawing

55

IVT Course
Federal Aviation Authority

Introduction
April, 1998

to Metallurgy
A-29

. Produces

the useful shapes

. Breaks down coarse

structure
. Enhances
. Closes

chemical

we use

ingot dendritic
uniformity

porosity

. Improves

mechanical

properties

56

Topics
l

covered:

Deformation
l

Single

crystals

Polycrystalline

metals

Effects of temperature
+ Stress

relief

+ Recrystallization
+ Hot vs cold working

. Primary and secondary

IVT Course
Federal Aviation Authority

working

57

Introduction
April, 1998

to Metallurgy
A-30

Study of deformation
understand

+ Production
+ Properties

essential

to

of mill products
of mill products

Study of deformation

+ Two steps
-Single
crystals
- Polycrystalline

Debmation
l

metals

- Singk Crystak

Deformation
+ Elastic
l
Plastic (permanent)
- By slip on slip systems

(4
(4
(4
(b)
Elastic and Permanent
Deformation
of Metal Loaded in
Shear.
(a) Original
crystal, unstressed;
(6) elastic strain
produced
by load below elastic limit; (c) increased
elastic
strain plus permanent
strain by slip, resulting
from load
above elastic limit; (o) load removed;
only permanent
strain
remains.

IVT Course
Federal Aviation Authority

Introduction
April, 1998

59

to Metallurgy
A-3 I

. Slip system
l
Close paced direction + close packed plane
4 Closest atomic spacings
:. Strongest
l
Easier to move along than through

HCP

FCC

60

Stress resolved
slip direction
l

along

Shear component
slip
Normal component
favors fracture

F:applied force, A: cross

sectional area, T: Resolved
shear stress
l z =Area
of slip plane=
+2

=OsinX

IVT Course
Federal Aviation Authority

F
A/COS$~~*

= LA

SinX

CosX
I

Cos k

61

April, 1998

Introduction to Metallurgy
A-32

Slip starts
+ At most favorably
-X,h=45

oriented

system

+ When Tc is reached
- 7,:
l

critical

resolved

shear

stress

No slip when c = 0
+ Slip plane or direction I to tensile axis
(h=90,cosh=0)
l Slip plane parallel
to tensile axis
(2, = 0, sin x. = 0)

IVT Course
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62

Introduction
Authority

April,

1998

to Metallurgy
A-33

. Specimen
l

ends forcibly

Slip planes & directions

-Align

with

. Rotation

principal

=W

. All deformation
l

Involve

.I Rotation
l

restrained

Universal

rotate

strain

axis

preferred

orientation

processes

restrain

& preferred

orientation

phenomena

63

(a) Initial condition

of the crystal. The
location of the
active primary slip
plane is shown.

Direc
of sli

(b) Shear can be

pictured
as occurring
in this manner
on each of the

(c) Since the axis of loading

actually remains vertical, the
angle changes significantly.

IVT Course
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Introduction
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April,

I998

to Metallurgy
A- 34

Range of
plastic deformation

n: coef.

of strain

hardening

Extension

65

Yield strength

. Releasing
load in
plastic range
Some elastic
takes place

recovery

+ Some permanent

set

. Generally,
yield
not well defined
l

.z

ti __./__

2
E

to

remains

i
i

I*
!I
I
II

point

Define 0.2% offset

yield strength

0.2% offse

I+
-Plastic*
(Permanent)
strain

IVT Course
Federal Aviation

I:I:
;;
I:
1a:i::
II ::
III I:
II; !:i

____-

--_*

-. .

\,
.

::
::
:
::
i

IL

Strain, in/in
Elastic

strain
66

Introduction
Authority

April,

1998

to Metallurgy
A- 35

. Each grain behaves as

single crystal
+ Rotation & preferred
orientation
+ Grains become elongated

After

Brittle particle

Brittle particles/
compounds

Before

Do not deform
+ Break & form
broken lines

- Called

stringers

67

Mechanical working of say

Fe specimen at room
temperature
+ Same effects
tensile test

observed

in

- Rotation & preferred

orientation
- Elongated grains & stringers
l

75% prior reduction

of thickness

Each time section is reduced

+ Strength
+ Grains:

* , ductility*
more elongated

- More difficult
l

Stringers:

z
g

50%
No prior reduction

to distinguish

finer and longer

66

IVT Course
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April, 1998

Introduction to Metallurgy
A-36

. Grain Boundaries
+ Obstacles
-Slip
-Force

to deformation

changes

direction

must

be resolved

+ Major source

from

grain

to grain

- gets smaller

of strain hardening

69

Grain

BoQandaties

and

Pmp@mes

. Finer grain sizes

+ Higher

strength

+ lower

ductility

Example:

(usually)

Iron alloys

(see graph)
7

III
0

!
2

I
6,

w,

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!
8

mm

I,

10
70

Introduction
Authority

April,

1998

to Metallurgy
A-37

. Mechanical working
at room temperature
+ Continued

of say Fe specimen

reductions*

fracture

. To avoid fracture
+ Must eliminate

effects

of prior deformation

- By heat treatment

Two heat treatments

0 Stress relief (low temperature)

+ Recrystallization
anneal (higher temperature)
71

. Heating

at fairly low temperatures

Slow process
+ Elimination
of effects

of prior deformation

- Requires
very long times
- Not practical
l

Practical

stress

relief cycles

+ Only eliminate some residual stresses

6 Ineffective
in elimination
of effects of prior
deformation
72

IVT Course
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Introduction
Authority

April,

I998

to Metallurgy
A-38

Heating above recrystallization

temperature
+ New, stress

free grains.appear

-By nucleation

and growth

+ Initial room temperature

restored
- Further mechanical

. Used between
+ Also called:

properties

working

reduction
Intermediate

possible

passes
anneal
73

Stages of recrystallization.
(a) Stress-free

nuclei appear;

(b) Nuclei grow into new

crystals, and some
additional nucleation;

(4

(4

(c) Original crystals disappear,

and recrystallization
is
corn plete.
(4

IVT Course
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74

Introduction
April, 1998

to Metallurgy
A-39

For P ure Metals

l

TYP tally: 0.3 - 0.5 of absolute melting

tern Derature (see plot next slide)

. For alloys
+ Must be experimentally

determined

75

OR
3000

g 1500 IE
5s 1000
..-i
500
z
P
8
u

K = OC + 273
OR=OF+460

1227 2

727

JO00
L

oI*Y~
0
0

4000

2000

2000

1000
Melting

540227
1I-460 1 -273

6000
3000

OR

h
E
i
s
3
w
i
Fz
iii
u

OK

temperature
76

IVT Course
Federal Aviation

Introduction
Authority

April,

1998

to Metallurgy
A-40

. Finer recrystallized

grain sizes

+ Higher strength
+ Lower ductility (usually)
l

Coarse recrystallized
favored by

grain sizes

Less extensive mechanical

working
+ Higher annealing temperatures
l
Long annealing times
l

Stringers

remain (see next slide)

77

Before

Microstructure
(a) and After (b) recrystallization
78

IVT Course
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Introduction
April, I998

to Metallurgy
A-4 I

Cold & Hot WoMing

l

Two

conditions

define hot working

+ Temperature 2 recrystallization
temperature
+ Rate of recrystallization
2 deformation
(strain hardening) rate
l

Hot working microstructures

Recrystallized
grains
+ Stringers remain

Room temperature

working

+ Can be hot working

-For

low melting metals (e.g., Pb)

79

Undeformed

recrystallization
80

IVT Course
Federal Aviation Administration

April, 1998

Introduction to Metallurgy
A- 42

Lower energy inputs

+ Lower Strength at elevated

l Continuous
recrystallization
-Keeps

strength

low

More reductions

possible

+ Higher ductility at elevated

+ Continuous
recrystallization
-Keeps

ductility

temperatures

temperatures

high

81

Better dimensional
control
. Better surface quality

TEMPER ROLL DESIGNATIONS

Copper 8 Its Alloys
Temper
% Cold reduction
114 hard
10.9
20.9
112 hard
29.4
314 hard
full hard
37.1
50.1
extra hard
spring
60.5
68.6
extra spring
75.1
special spring
80.3
super spring

No elevated temperature
oxidation

Suitable
materials

for hot, short

+ e.g., high S steels

- FeS melts at grain
boundaries
- Grains pull apart, not deform
.

Higher strength
4 Proportional to % cold work (see chart)
02

IVT Course
Federal Aviation

Introduction
Administration

April,

1998

to Metallurgy
A- 43

. For production

of standard mill products

+ Bar (round,

square, flat)

hexagonal,

+ Rod, wire
Plate, sheet and foil
+ Shapes (l-beam, channel,
+ Tube and pipe
+ Billets (reforging stock)

angle)

. By rolling, forging, drawing, and extruding-

To convert standard mill products to

+ Near-net shape products
+ More desirable configurations

By ring rolling, upset and closed die

forging, sheet metal forming, ,many
others

a4

IVT Course
Federal Aviation Administration

Introduction
April, 1998

to Metallurgy
A- 44

Strengthening:
resist slip

Resistance
- strength
- ductility

Providing
to slip* :
and hardness
#.(usually)

means to

I
.
05

Dispersion hardening
l Strain
hardening
. Grain size
. Solid solution strengthening
l Second
phase hardening
l Heat treatment
l

66

IVT Course
Federal Aviation Administration

Introduction
April, 1998

to Metallurgy
A- 45

Dispersion
hardening (powder metallurgy)
+ Hard particles blended with matrix, compacted
and sintered
-Hard

particles resist slip

. Strain hardening
+ Cold work strengthens
-Performed
l

metals (discussed

earlier)

by mill (e.g., H tempers in Al-alloys)

Grain size
l
Finer grain sizes strengthen
-Grain size control:
through working

(discussed

earlier)

during solidification

or

. Solid solution strengthening

+ Foreign atoms in matrix
resist slip - always
-Interstitial
l

or substitutional

Second phase hardening

4 Alloying leads to formation
of hard second phase
-Hard second phase resists
slip
-Example:
eutectic systems
% component

IVT Course
Federal Aviation

Introduction
Administration

April,

1998

88

to Metallurgy
A- 46

S&T?
wag
mat Tkwam?nt
Application
properties

of heat to change or restore

+ One or more heating

Hardening

heat treatments

+ Precipitation
+ Quench

cycles

hardening

hardening

. Non-hardening

heat treatments

+ Annealing
(including
+ Normalizing
4 Stress relief

recrystallization

I
anneal)

89

Three

basic

steps

+ High temperature

heating

- Solutibn heat treatment or austenitizing

+ Quenching
- Prolonged

delay: no hardening

+ Low temperature
- Aging/precipitation

. Performed
0 Not all alloys

heating
treatment or tempering

by mill and/or
hardenable

user
by heat treatment
90

IVT Course
Federal Aviation Administration

April, 1998

Introduction to Metallurgy
A- 47

. Age/precipitation
hardening
l Solution
heat treatment + quenching

age/precipitation
treatment
+ Used for
- Nonferrous alloys, (e.g., alloys of Ti, Al, Ni, Co, Cu)
- Some steels, (e.g., precipitation hardening [PHI
and maraging steels)
l

Martensitelquench
l

Austenitizing

hardening
treatment

+ quenching

+ Used for all carbon-hardened

300M, 4340, etc.)

+ tempering

steels, (e.g., 4130,

91

IVT Course
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Introduction
April, 1998

to Metallurgy
A- 48

Consider Al - 4% Cu alloy ingot

+ Ingot hot or cold worked
+ Heated at 520% (968OF) for a few hours
+ Slow
cooled to room temperature

Resulting microstructure

(a + p)

+ p: coarse, mostly on grain boundaries

-Blocks
l

only

few slip planes

(see next slide)

To increase strength
+ Must block more slip planes
92

Single

phase u
j3 phase particles
form on ccgrain
boundaries

more /I formed;
previous /3 grown

Al

2 4 6 8
Copper, wt%
93

IVT Course
Federal Aviation Administration

Introduction
April, 1998

to Metallurgy
A-49

Must have suitable

alloy
+ Single phase at some
temperature
+ Favorable
precipitation
rates
. Example:
AU%Cu
[close to
20241
0 Solution
treatment
at 520C
(968OF) for about 4 hours
+ Water quenching
6 Aging in the ambient
240C (464OF) range

. Purpose:

Temperature
experimenting
+ Affect
+ Avoid

Al

to obtain single

+ Must dissolve second

+ Hardening
proportional
dissolved
l

660.37O

2
4
6
Copper, wt%

8
94

phase (a)

phase (p)
to amount

and time optimized

to

by

adequate dissolution
undesirable
grain growth

- Very high temperatures

- Excessive
times at temperature
95

IVT Course
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Introduction
Administration

April,

1998

to Metallurgy
A-50

+ Quench
l

delays

Little

and/or slow cooling

rates

or no hardening

Alloy soft after quenching

+ Can cold work
-

Straightening

- Added

or forming

strength

(e.g., T8 temper

+ Softer than slow-cooled

-

No second

phase

in Al-alloys)

(annealed)

particles

to block

material
slip

planes
96

. At room temperature
l

Natural aging
- e.g., T, and T, tempers

in Al-alloys

. At higher temperatures
+ Artificial
l

aging

Properties
+ Aging

vary with

temperature

. Time-temperature

& time

dependence

+ Varies from property

to property
97

IVT Course
Federal Aviation

Introduction
Administration

April,

1998

to Metallurgy
A-5 I

. Quenched

microstructure:

Unstable

(super saturated)

- Equilibrium

microstructure:

. Aging super saturated

precipitates
+ Mostly
-

within

a + p

a ==z+fine p

a grains

on grain

boundaries

. Fine p precipitates

within

Not just

c1

Block

more slip planes,

. Sometimes
equilibrium

a grains

increase

transition phases
precipitates

strength

form - not
98

. AW%Cu:
l

At given

hardness
aging

(or strength)

temperature-2

+ Hardness
increases
with aging time
- To peak hardness
l

Hardness

decreases

with

aging time (overaging)

. Maximum
possible
hardness
(H,) vs aging
temperature:
6 H, increases between
300c-110%
l

stages
130
$ 120

H, decreases between
1 30C-240C

g 110

d ,oo
2
6 90
ii

80

7.

I o.om

0.01

0.1 1 10 100 1000 10,000

Time, days

As-quenched

hardness
99

IVT Course
Federal Aviation Administration

Introduction
April, I998

to Metallurgy
A-52

~~@~~~~C~~~~~~~~ff
l-h%m?ent
Micmstructwe
L

Changes

*All p phase particles formed

*Many slip lanes blocked
t P hardness1 t
1

*Strength

I
l p phase

particles forming
Gome slip planes blocked
Gtrength
t hardness t
r
5

..
. l .
.*;
.
. .
-

s
b

.*

.;
,.

-*

. *: . P **. .
..,I
. ..
. -.
,
,..

.:,$
,,

t
I

:~~a~i~~e~r~.~s~~~~~~~~g)

precipitate on larger particles

*Less particles present
aLess slip lanes blocked
Gtrength
P hardness t

s
*As quenched
*Single phase a
*Slip planes free
*Soft

Note: Cooring to room

freezes micro-structure-no

temp. at any time

additional
changes
100

~~C~~~~~~~~~
cti@arf

~~~~~~~#~

Cans~derations

. Ab4%Cu alloy
. To obtain highest possible hardness

(about

123 Vickers)

-AgeatllO-130Cforov

. Very long artificial

aging times
+ Not practical
+ Expensive
(furnace time)

. Typically age at
190% for 24 hr
l

Accept lower
property values
As-quenched
hardness

IVT Course
Federal Aviation Administration

101

Introduction
April,

1998

to Metallurgy
A-53

AgeiPrecipitation

Hardening

Phase Oiagmms & A/lay Development

l

Foundation for development

hardenable alloys
l

Shape of phase diagram

-First

clue to potential

+ Only certain compositions

l

of age

hardenable

Examples
Al-alloys:
AI-Cu (2000 series), Al-Zn (7000
series), AI-Mg & AI-Si (6000 series)
+ Ni-alloy: Ni-AI, Ni-Ti
+ Cu-alloys:
Cu-Be

102

Steel Heat Tmtment

Fabrication

and Heat TWHment

. Steel ingots
+ Mechanicalwork

*mill

(wrought)

- mill productl

products

parts

Castings

. Heat treatment
+ Between and/or
l
l

at conclusion
of fabrication
operations
For cast and wrought alloys
Can be hardening
or non-hardening
- Hardening:
To increase strength
- Non-hardening:
To eliminate
effects or improve qualities
of fabrication,
or improve hardening response
103

1VT Course
Federal Aviation

introduction
Administration

April,

1998

to Metallurgy
A-54

Steel Heat Tmtment

Steel Classitkatiotis
l

Carbon sthels
l
Low, medium,

Hypoeutectoid,
. Alloy steels

&high

carbon

eutectoid, & hypereutectoid

+ Low alloy (S 8 weight O/Oalloy content)

l
High alloy (> 8 weight % alloy content)
Eutectoid
wypoeutectoid
I
I

.0?8
I
~

*Irons

4.2

Or4

I+-+-+*
Low Medium
carbon
carbon

steels
I

Or6

steel
I

4-Hypereutectoid
I
I

4.8

t.0

I,.2

steel----.
I

.....

54 % Caw
... .
. . ..

High-carbon

Carbon Steels

IVT Course
Federal Aviation

104

introduction
Administration

April,

1998

10 Metallurgy
A-55

Steel Heat Thatment

Critical fempepipture Range
l

Heat treatment
l

Apply to carbon and alloy steels

Carbon
l

principles

steels easier to understand

Using Fe-C phase diagram

(see next slide)

- Each steel has different

upper critical
temperature
- All steels have one lower critical temperature
(1333OF)

105

Sfeel Heat Tmfmenf

Critical TemperaWe

800 vo600 Y-

008%C
,

Range, con&

i
,

0.8 1
Steels e

1
4-

Cast Irons

Carbon percent
Logarithmic

IVT Course
Federal
Aviation

106

Introduction
Administration

April,

1998

to Metallurgy
A-56

Non-hardening

Treatments

Effects of Slow Cooling

.IXI....

Development of a normal
hypoeutectoid
structure in a
0.40% C steel slow/y cooled
from above upper critical
a.

Original austenite

.I :,;:

.,,._.:,

. ..-.. :I,

grains

b. Ferrite appears at austenite

grain boundaries
c. Ferrite grains grow
d.

Eutectoid

temperature

is reached

e. All remaining austenite is

transformed
into pearlite
Note: At room temperature
Ferrite + pearlite
Ferrite called proeutectoid

ferrit

Non-hardening

Treatments

Effect
of Carbon Content
I
l

All hypoeutectoid steel (C c 0.8

transform in same manner
as 0.4% C steel
of proeutectoid
asC%*
In eutectoid steel (C = 0.8%)
only pearlite forms
In hypereutectoid steel
(C > 0.8% steel)
+ Cementite forms, then pearlite

Ferrite, a

108

IVT Course
Federal Aviation Administration

April, 1998

Introduction to Metallurgy
A-57

i::

Non-Hanlening
Full Annealing

.,.

:.

..I

1.:; .&,,.1,.

Heat Tmatments
and Normalizing

. Full annealing

and normalizing

+ Heat above upper critical

l Slow-cool
to ambient
- In furnace (annealing)
- In air (normalizing)

~
l

Normalizing
4 Finer structure

& stronger

- Due to faster cooling

l

Overheating
l

rates

=w coarser

Poor mechanical

structures

properties
109

IVT Course
Federal
Aviation

Introduction
Administration

April,

I998

to Metallurgy
A-58

Full Anneal, Normalizing,

Graphkal Repmsentation

and Overheating
.
A: Austinite, y
F: Ferrite, a
P: Pearlite (a + Fe,C)

Overheated Steel ,,.

Full Anneal & Normalizing

Effect of Carbon Content
.%Cff
+ More cementite
-Strength

to block slip

8 hardness

8,
p

z
g
gk
=
80
ft
.8 m
280
240
200
160
120

-..--.--.

ductility

fg
E;i

-Jr
=C
:si
Z
gii
:P
ii$
s

Normalized
Annealed

.8

% Carbon

Composition

111

IVT Course
Federal Aviation

Introduction
Administration

April,

1998

to Metallurgy
A-59

Non-ham/e&g

Heat Tmfmenfs
Cementite,
Anneal

The Subcritical
l

Heating at 1000 - 13OOOF

for several hours
l

l
l

Fe& (Black)
Ferrite (White)

Cooling

rate not critical

Cementite platesespheroids
For cold-worked
steels
+ Subcritical anneals at -1 300F
- Also rectystallize

Spherodized

ferrite

4k

SDheroidized

structure

+ More ductile 8 softer

than pearlite

Heat Treafmenf
Isothetmal
. Essential

of Steel

Transfomations
to understanding
Molten salt bath
1425OF (774OC)
Austenitizing

hardening
. Perform

experiment

on

eutectoid (C=O.8%) steel

(see slide 106)
+ Austenitize

say 4 specimens

- By heating above 1333OF

+ Transfer

to bath at say 13OOOF

- Below 1333OF, :. subcritical

+ Hold for various

- Specimen

Cold water
Quenching

periods of time

1 shortest,

4 longest

+ Quench in water to stop reaction

l
Examine microstructures

Molten salt bath

1300F(704%)
Isothermalheattreatment
113

IVT Course
Federal Aviation

Introduction
Administration

April,

1998

to Metallurgy
A-60

isothermal Transformation
, 0.8% c mm?oid)
$a%!~.
.I .. .
.37 ,, ,. , ,/,.

IVT Course
Federal Aviation Administration

Introduction
April.

1998

to Metallurgy
A-61

Isothemal

Transformations

T7T Diwmms
. Repeat previous experiment
+ At several transformation
down to 1000F
-Obtain

isothermal

reaction curves

+ Use data to construct

- lTT:
l

temperatures

TTT diagram

Time-Temperature-Transformation

At lower temperatures
+ Transformation
+ Transformation

starts sooner
products finer
115

TTT Diagmn
0.8% C (Eutectoid

Steel)
A: Austenite

1700C: Cementite
B

800
0.1

Time, seconds

(Log. scale)
116

IV? Course
Federal Aviation

Introduction
Administration

April,

1998

to Metallurgy
A-62

TTT Diagnims
Other Carbon Steels
l

Similar TTT diagrams

+ For hypoeutectoid
- Ferrite

forms

(C < 0.8%) steels

before. pearlite

+ For hypereutectoid
- Cementite
l

(C > 0.8%) steels

forms

before

pearlite

End result always

l

Austenite

transforms

-Equilibrium

phases

+ Finer & stronger

temperatures

to F + C
on phase

products

diagram

at lower
117

777 Diagrams
of Carbon

Effect

A+F+C
Time
HYPOEUTECTOID
W

I)

I)

I)

EUTECTOID
e

HYPEREUTECTOID

Carbon Content
118

IVT Course
Federal Aviation

Introduction
Administration

April,

I998

to Metallurgy
A-63

77T Diagrams
Tmnsfomation

Below OOWF

. Isothermal transformation
say 400F
+ Transformation

down to

starts sooner

- Down to 1000F

+ Below 1000F
-Transformation
-Finer, stronger

times increase
& more ductile products

0 Critical cooling rate

+ Rate to avoid all F+C transformations
next slide)

(see
119

77T IXagrams
Critical Cooliolg Rate

A: Austenite
F: Ferrite
C: Cementite

10

100

Time, seconds

777 Diagram

IVT Course
Federal Aviation

for a 0.40%

C Steel

Introduction
Administration

April,

1998

to Metallurgy
A-64

that

Ti-eafrnenf of Steels

The Martensite Reaction

0.4% steel austenitized
+ Reach MS (martensite

- Austenite

and cooled at rate >critical

start) temperature

transforms

tomartensite

Reach M,(martensite

- Transformation

finish) temperature
ends

Complete 77T
curve for a
0.40% C steel

z...\,

.<x:

Martensite

____- - - E

M
I

0
Time. seconds

On

1
10

100

?!?O

I?,

Marfensife
tiardoless and Crystal Structure
l

Martensite
l

Hardness

hard & brittle

depends

. Crysta,I structure:

on C%

body-centered

tetragonal

cj/[/--0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

% Carbon
122

NT Course
Federal Aviation Administration

April, 1998

Introduction to Metallurgy
A-65

.I.+-

I.

*..:

,.

.,t.

Heat Tmatment of Steels

Martensite & Retained Austenite
0

Martensite needles form instantaneously

+ No nucleation & growth
T,

T2

. Percent martensite depends

only on temperature
. M, and M, depend on C%
. Steels with C > 0.7%
l
M, below ambient temp.
- Retained austenite
- Between

martensite

- Eliminate
treatment
0

More retained

needles

@C

by subzero

T, >T2 >T3 >T4

austenite as C%*

123

The MartensHe Reaction

Effect of C%. Time. & Temroeratunz

0
F 900

$330
; 200
100
O

Austenite

$700
3
E 500

25%
_--------------------_-----------_____________~~I"O~76%
q
0.1

0.2

0.6

0.6

1.0

1.2

% Carbon.

(unstable)
Martensite

Martensite
1

10

100

lioo

Time, seconds

IVT Course
Federal
Aviation

0.4

Martensite Formation
in a 0.40% C Steel
124

Introduction
Administration

April,

1998

to Metallurgy
A-66

Heat Tmatmeht
Eikt

of AMoying Elements

. TTT diagram
l

of Steel

moves

right (longer times)

With increasing
carbon and/or
(except Al, Ti, Co, Nb, V)

. Longer times;

alloy

i.e., lower critical

content

cooling

rates

+ Milder quenches
required
for hardening
- Less risk of quench cracking/distortion
l

MS, M, pushed

to lower temperatures

+ With increasing
carbon and/or alloy content
(except Al, Co)
l
More retained
austenite
at room temperature
- Adverse effects on some properties
125
L

Heat Treatment

of Steek

HatienabiMy
. Cooling rate at center < at surface
. During

quenching
+ Pearlite
may form
in interior.
- Section will have
low strength

Hardenability:
Ability to harden
thick sections
+ Deep hardening
steels:
Low critical cooling
rates
+ Shallow hardening
steels:

Logarithm

high

critical

of time

cooling

rates
126

IVT Course
Federal Aviation

Introduction
Administration

April,

1998

to Metallurgy
A-67

Heat Tmtment

of Steel

Depth of Hardening
a

Depth to which martensite

Increases
+ Higher
-Alloy

forms

with
hardenability
content

+ More severe quenches

- Quenchant
type, temperature
-Agitation
-Size
of quench tank
l

Smaller

section

sizes
127

Depth of Hadening
EiBct of Allov Content
Steel

Nominal

Total Alloy
%

Max. Hardenable
(Oil Quench)

4130 __msw___-wwm-_2.18 ~~~~~~~~~~-~~~~~----~~-~~

Dia., in

0.50

4140 __~~~~__~~~~~~~
2.55 _____-______---___--___I________
1.00
4340 ______-__- ____-

4.20 ______________________________ccc_
2.50

3()0M -----I-

5.90 --~~~~----~----------I----

5.00

128

IVT Course
Federal
Aviation

Introduction
Administration

April,

1998

to Metallurgy
A-68

Heat Thatmen?
Considerations
. Section

of Steel
in Hardening

size

+ Problem in carbon & low alloy steels

(see next slide)
l

Severe quench
Increase
Increase

l
l

depth of tiardening
risk of cracking/distortion

Use of higher alloy steels

l

Larger section hardenable

with milder
Less risk of cracking/distortion

More

quenches

expensive
129

Depth of Hardening
Effect of Section Size
Effects

of mass

Bar size
In,
1
2
3

Effects
Bar size
in.

1
2
3

(J,
kai
151
107
103

of mass

on typical

CJ~
.
aI
128
83
78
on typical

properties

Elong.

of heat-treated

in

Reduct.
.

18.0
20.0
22.0

55.0
58.0
60.0

properties

CT,
kai

(Jo
kai

Elong.

165
133
125

143
109
95

15.
18
19

in

2 in. %

of heat-treated

4130 steel

Surface
d. HB
307
223
217
4140 steel

Reduct.

Surface

in area %

hard. HB

50
55
55

335
202
293
130

IVT Course
Federal Aviation

Introduction
Administration

April,

I998

to Metallurgy
A-69

Heat Titedatment of Steel

Tempering
. Steels must be tempered
l

after quenching

To reduce brittleness

. In tempering
+ Steel heated to some temperature
- Below

lower

critical

+ Held for some time

-Typically

2 - 4 hrs

+ Cooled at any desired

temperature

rate to room

131

Tempering
E&c? on Prppeties
l

Tempering

accompanied

by

+ Reduction
in hardness & strength
+ Increase in ductility & toughness
+ Changes in other properties
l

Tempering
+ Strength
+ Ductility

temperature
and hardness
and toughness

%
4& (usually)
@(usually)

132

IVT Course
Federal Aviation

Introduction
Administration

April,

1998

to hletallurgj
A-70

Tempering
,Microstructure
l

Changes

In tempering: Martensite =&tempered

martensite
+ Tempered martensite: mixture of cementite & ferrite
+ Tempering

temperatur

- Size of cementite

part

- Strength

and hardnes

- Ductility

and toughnes

Black particles:

with tempering

Cementite

temperature

White background:

Ferrite

.:,.~;:.;;.:.:::,,
~

..:.!
..:j .:i.;.$y..
.:t. c.,
. ,..1

oj)

Tempering
TEM
133

Heat Treatment of Steels

,Temperin_qCurves
290,ooo

270.000
250,000
230,000
210,000
190,ooo
170,000
150,000
130,000
110,000
mm
70,000
50,ooo
400

5w

Normalized

NT Course
Federal Aviation

600

700
900
900 looo
1100
Tempering
Temperature,
OF
at 15GIPF, reheated
to 155oOF, quenched

1200

1300

in agitated

oil

134

Introduction
Administration

April,

1998

to Metallurgy
A-71

hat

Tmatment

of St&s

Case Hatdenim
. To develop hard surface
retaining tough core

layer while

Methods

+ Chemical:
hardening

surface enrichment
elements

with

- Carburizing
- Nitriding
-Others
(carbonitriding,

+ Non-chemical:
-Induction,

boriding)

heating
flame.

laser,

surface

layer only

light
135

Case Wdening

of Steels

Cartwizin~
l

Heat to within
+ In contact

austenite

range

with carburizing

-Solid
(pack carburizing)
-Liquid
(salt bath carburiting)
-Gas (gas carburizing)
- most
l

Soak to achieve

Quench

Temper

desired

agent

widely

used

case depth

136

IVT Course
Federal Aviation

Introduction
Administration

April,

I998

to Metallurgy
A-72

Case Hardening
Nitnwna
l

of Sfeels

Harden and temper as usual

Heat to nitriding temperature
tempering temperature)
l

In contact
-Gas

with nitriding

agent

(gas nitriding)

-Liquid

(salt bath

nitriding)

Soak to achieve

desired

Cool to ambient

temperature

(lower than

Cooling

case depth

rate not critical

137

Case Hardening
Non-Chemical
l

Surface

of Steels

Methods

layer heated to austenite

range

+ By induction, flame or other method

+ Case depth controlled
by

- Heating

time

-Heating

parameters

(e.g., frequency

in induction)

Quench
Surface layer hardens
+ Unheated core: unchanged

Temper
138

IVT Course
Federal Aviation

Introduction
Administration

April,

1998

to Metallurgy
A-73

Fabrication

Opwations

. Can affect microstructure

+ Due to processing

and properties

temperature

-Welding, brazing, adhesive

machining

+ Due to mechanical
-Forming,

abusive

working

forging

+ Due to reactions
-Welding,
l

bonding,

with filler metal

brazing

Must consider

or remedy effects

139

Include
+ Cleaning,

coating,

sealing

and inspection

Can affect

final product
l Acid cleaning,
plating: hydrogen embrittlement
+ Plating on aluminum or titanium: poor adhesion
+ Painting, thermal spray: exposure of base metal
to processing

temperature

+ Pre-penetrant etch: destruction

hydrogen embrittlement
l

Must avoid

or remedy

of surface finish,

effects
140

IVT Course
Federal Aviation

Introduction
Administration

April,

1998

to Metallurgy
A-74

Appendix B

Appendix B

Aircraft

Alloys

In the following appendices, some of the alloys used in the aircraft industry are s
presented. Designation system and chemical composition listings are included.
The listings are by no means exclusive and, as such, they do not include all the
alloys used in the industry.
CONTENTS:
Appendix B I--------------

Aluminum

Appendix B2--------------

Titanium Alloys

Appendix

B3--------

Appendix

B4-------------1

______ Carbon,

Alloys

Low Alloy, and Alloy Steels

Corrosion Resistant (CRES) Steels

Appendix BS-------------- Superalloys

Instructional Video Teletraining

Federal Aviation Administration

Course

Introduction
April,

1998

to Metallurgy
B

Appendix B

Appendix

Aluminum

Instructional Video Teletraining

Federal Aviation Administration

B-l

Alloys

Course

Introduction
April,

1998

to Metallurgy
Bl

DESIGNATION

SYSTEMS

FOR ALUMINUM

ALLOYS;

OVERVIEW
GENERAL

Aluminum alloys are identified by alloy designations,

processing details.

to describe their chemistry. and by temper designations. to describe their

Alloy Desienations
A four digit system is used for wrought alloys whereas a three-digit one is used for cast alloys. In each category. the alloys are
grouped by major alloying element(s). Prefix X signifies an experimental alloy.

Wrought

Cast

Alloys

Aluminum,
r99.m%.
.............................
Aluminum
alloys pxpd
by M
rlkyial
ekmcnt(s):
Copl=r ..........................................
hlAn&u.
..................................
..........................................
Mmsium
.....................................
Msgncsium
and silicon .........................
zinc .............................................
Otbct elements .................................
Unused series .....................................

Ix.Lr

Aluminum,
Aluminum

Alloys

z99.m.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lua
alloys gouprd
by majw dbyin(

ckmmltr):

copper...:
....._..._...................,...,,..
2r.r.l

.:. 3ur
Sux
6ur
7xXx
&;u
9ur

Silicon. with addal copper l ndla

nqnesium
..................................
Silicaa .........................................
Magnesium
....................................
zinc ................
...........................
Tin.. ...........................................
Otbcr eknwnrs
................................
Unused tir
....................................

Irr~
4r.n~
JUJ
7rr.z
krs
PUJ
buJ

XxX.0: CASTtNCS
xXx.1,.2:
INGOTS

Temper Designations
Temper is identified by a letter or a letter plus one or more numerals: e.g., 606 I-F, 606 I -T6. 5052-H3. The basic temper
designations are:
I - F: as-fabricated
2- 0: annealed
3- H: strain hardened by cold \rork ( for lr-rought products only ). Letter H followed by two or more numbers to indicate level
of strain hardening.
4- T: Solution treated and aged. The letter T is followed by a number from I-IO to indicate heat treat specifics.
Notes
Wrought 2xxx, 6xxx. 7xxx (except 7072). some Sxxx, and cast 2xx, 3x,, 7xx and 7xx alloys can be heat treated to high strength
levels.

ALUMINUM ALLOYS
WROUGHT
Composition

;=.
Ia3
IO40
104s
IOSO
IwA
lobs
lum
lml
la35
Ian
Km
lla,
Ill0

uNsk.m
.
APlOY)
A91015
API050
A91060
API@35
A9lOXl
A9lUa
A9l@S
A9lWO
A91 IO0

of wrought

Lsom.

..

..__.__... 0.35
.............
.............
Alw.5..
AlW.6..
.............

undloyd

0.6

0.Y)
0.r)
... .0.25
... .0.x
0.3

03l
z.9
035
03

aluminum

0.M
0.M
0.M
0.05

0.M
0.M

0.03
0.03

0.01

0.03

0.X
Alw.7.. ... .o.xl
AlW.8.. .... 0.13
0.L
.............
0.10
0.1:
.............
0.07
O.lF
.............
0.010
O.aM
0.95 (Si * Fe)
Alw.ocu
...
.... ........ or)
0.8

0.005
0.03-0.30
0.04

0.01
..
0.05
0.01

I.00 (Si + Fe1

0.10
O.rO

0.05
o.m-0.35

0.05
0.01

0.03
0.03
0.02

0.02
0.m

aluminum
--

%4#

Mn

C.

&IO
0.10
0.10
0.0

and wrought

0.M

cr

RI

0.M
0.M
0.0
0.03
0.03
O.Ol
0.01
0.02
0.01

L
OJJ
0.10
0.03
0.05
0.05
0.0
0.01

.
..

om
0.m
0.03

.
.

83
...
...

...

0.m
0.03
0.m

0.015 .........
O.,Q ......
.........

0.01

023

alloys
u-

0.M
0.M

...
...

...

0.0
0.M

0.05
0.M
0.M

...
...
...

0.02
(v

Ian
llrn

A91m
,.

Alw.0 .;....
... .._....,..

12x
A91230
Alw.3.. ....
0.70 1.5i + FCI
II35 A9llls
.............
0.60 ,Si l Fo
If35 A912ls
.............
0.65 ISi + Fen
1w
A91345
.............
0.15
03-030
.............
1145 A91145
035 (S + Fcr
I345 A91W
.............
or)
0.40
144.5
................
OJo(Si + Fcrbl
IIY)
................
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81-2

ALUMINUM
ALLOYS
WROUGHT
---

I
br
-

?I
0.15
0.U
0.15
0-m

. . .
o.mBi.o.&lJ
pb
ml
am
xl36
2037
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3102
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m
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310
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0.12
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(curldad)

61-3

ALUMINUM ALLOYS
WROUGHT
u--

r,------?I
z
3451
5052
5n2
5352
5.552
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0.08
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81-5

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i.

ALUMINUM AiIiYS
WROUGHT

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016

ALUMINUM
ALLOYS
CAST
Composition

of unalloyed

and alkyd

c=*-1

aluminum

castings

(rrr.0)

and ingots

(MN.I

capmm.

or rxr.2)
r(s

I!4 I
IJO I
160. I
170. I
201 .o
m1.2
ml.0
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8201.0
D31.0
201.2
2W.O

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IW

AOIJOI
AOldOl
AOIrnl
A02010
A02012
A12010
Alrnll
h2mto
AOZOIO
A01032
A02040

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ln@M
In@x
S
ln#ol
s
lnpc
s
S

ma.2
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206.2
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m.0
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211.0
213.1
22.0
222. I
224.0
224.2
240.0
240. I
242.0

ho2042
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A02052
AI2E4
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AOZPZ
AOZl3O
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A02240
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:42. I
242.2
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Icontinued)

81-7

ALUMINUM ALLOYS
CAST
w-7
IL
U
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m9.
BlI9.0
8319.1
ID.0
120.1

hr.0
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124.2
11.0
31.1
112.0
Jl2.1
312.2
133.0
113.1
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A33J.I
136.0
11.1
316.2

JB.0
339.1
l41.0
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154.0
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ClJS.0
C3JJ.I
CIJJ.?
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Kolbl

bmm.
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A2llal
A23191
A032m
A03201
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A01241
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AO1m
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A01120
A03321
A01322
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El-10

ALUMINUM ALLOYS
TEMPER DESIGNATIONS
Temper Designation
System for
Aluminum
and Aluminum
Alloys

Temper dcsigttatiot~
for wrought
prod.
UN that are sttcttgthcacd
by straio hrrdcning EonCat of att H follwd
by two or more
digiu. The 6nt di&il
following
the H indi-

The ~entprr Jesignatmn

system used in
the Cmted hater for aluminum and alumtnum alloys is used for all product forms
tboth wrought and cast). with the exception
of ingot. Tk sy~ctn IS based on the Yquences
of mechanical
or thermal treat.
ments. or b&h. used to produce the various
tempers.
The temper dcsignatlon
follows
the alloy dcsignaiion
and is separated from
it by a hyphen. Barx temper designations
consist of irntividual
capital Ic~tcn. Major
subdivisions
of basic tempers.
where rcquircd. arc ittdicated by one or more digits
following
tk letter. These digtcs designate
rpccific
sequcoccs of treatments
that pre
duct spcctfa combmations
of charactcristics in the duct
Variattons
in trtalment
conditions
within major subdivisions
arc
idcntilied
by additional
digrts. The conditions during heat treatment
Isuch as time.
temperature.
and quenching
t-ate) used IO
produce
a given temper in one alloy may
diflcr from those employed
lo produce the
~amc tcmpu in another alloy.

c&r

use

rrnin hardening rcntaining after the product

hu ken panidly
annealed.
HI,
ad Slahilized.
This
@es
IO products that an! StJain-hardened
vd W~OSZ t~~~hanical ptopettiu
arc slabihd by a lowmtempcraturc
lhcrma laxalmcnl
a as a tudt ol heat intraluced
during f&icab.
St&&at&t
uwally imptover ductilsy. T?tis dcsigmtbn
applies only to those
rlbys Ihal. unku
slabdid.
duauY
rgc
adlen at tmm tentpctaturc.
The digit Mow-

Strain-Hardmd

Basic Temper Designations

Designations
for the common tempers.
and descnptiis
of the sequences of opcta.
ttons used to produce
these tempers. arc
given in the following paragraphs.
F. &-t&k&ted.
This h spplitd to pm&
uctsshapcdbyoddwork&botwork+~
ittwhkhoos@alamaol
=WPt3xx thertualomditioruor
stmin turdckug is
emplqd.
For ~IGU&I
produa.
tkrc are
no-p?qxltylitlths.
0, Awdcd
0 applies to wrought pmduaa lhat UC annealed
to obtain Iwststrength
temper and10 U
products
that
arc anncakd
IO improve
ductility
and dinunsiond
stability. llte 0 may be loUwed
by a dir
atut than zeta
n, slnbwwght
Pducb
Otdy).
This indicates
products
that tuvc
been srrcn&eatd
by strain hardening. witi
or urithout
supplementary
thermal treatmm
to ptotlucc
some
rcductimt
in
strength.
Tk H is always folkvcd
by two
or tnore di&s, as discussed
ia the suztion
System
dm Strain-Hardened
this attick

Ptuluc~

W, Sdutpn
Htd-lrcatd
This is an unslablc
tcrnpcr applicable
only to alloys
whose
strcagth naturally
lspontancousty)
changes at room temperature
over a duration Of months or even years after solution
heat trcattmtt.
The dcsignaton
is spe&ic
only when the period of natural l gmg is
indicated
@T example.
W ti h). See &o
the diacussktt
of the L-51. Tk5?. and M
tcmpws
in tbc section System for HcrtTreatable
Alkrys in thir article.
1. b(Utio0
Heat-Treated.
This applies to
alloys whose strength ix stable within a few
weeks Of sdution heat treatment. The T is
always follaed
by one or more dipu. s
discussed
in the Mction Sptcm
lot HcrtTrca~able AlLays in this ankle.

the specific &quc~cc of-basic opcta-

tioas.
Hl, stircOnly. This applies to
ptoduc~
thaw arc strain hardened
to obtain
the desired suet@
without rupplcmcntrty
tltcrtd
matmeat.
The digit following
the
Hl indicates tbe degree of strain hardening.
n2, sltaln-andPUtMy&
mJed.
This pwuina
to ptoduas
IhI arc
rLtti-budcacd
more than the duitcd
fld
amout
and tbcn reduced in strcngrh IO rbe
duired
level by partial annealing.
The digit
lothAng
the H2 indicate4
degree of

ia

When it is desirable
IO identify
a vartatton
of a twodi@I
H temper. a third digit (from I
lo 9) may be assigned. fhc third digit is used
when the degree of control
of temper or the
mechanical
properties
are different
from but
close lo those for the twedigit
H temper
designation
IO which if .is added. or when
some other chatacrcnsttc
is signifKantly
affected.
The mintmum
ultimate
tensile
strength of a thrcedigtt
H temper is at least
as close IO that of the corresponding
twc+
dlgit H temper as it IS IO ctthcr of the
adjacent two-digit H tempers. Products in H
tempers whose mechanical
propcnics
ate
below those of HA tempers are assigned
variations
of HAI. Some threedigit
H remper designations
have already been assigned
for wrought products in all alloys:
Hz/f applies to products that incur sufC
cient sttain hardening
tier fitta~ artrtcaiing
to fail to qualify as 0 temper. but not so
much or so consistent
an &mount of stain
hardenmg to qualify as Hxl temper.
HI/2 petins
to products that may acquirc some strain hardening during working
at elevated tcmprrature
and for which thcrt
are mechanical
propcny
limits.

ing the H3 indkatcs

the dem
of sttain
hardening rmnaini~
alter subilizdi~n.
MdiIiotul
1-r
D+utiau.
For IIlays that age soften at room tempctature.
each Ht temper has [he same tnittimum
ultima~t tensile strength as the H3x temper
with the same second digit. For other alloys. each Hk temper has the same minimum uhimalc tensile sircngth a~ the HIx
with the same second digit. and slightly
higher elongation.
The digit following
the designations
H 1.
Ii!. and H3. which indicates the degree of
strain hardening.
is a nut~~t3l
from 1
through
9. Nurr~tal
8 indicates
1cmpet-s
with ultimate tensile strength equtvaknt
to
that ackved
by aboul 75% cold reduction
ivmpctatum
during reduction
not to exceed
50 T . or I20 R lollowinn
full annealing.
Tcmprn
between 0 (anrtc&d)
and 8 a&
designated
by numerals I thtuugh 7. Mated having an ultimate tcnsilc strength ap
proxtmatcly
midway between that of the 0
tempct and the 8 temper is designated
by
the numeral 4. midway between the 0 and 4
tempers
by the numeral
2. and midway
between the 4 and 8 tempers by the numeral
6 Numeral
9 dcvgnatcs
tempers
whose
minimum ultimate tcnslle strength exceeds
that ol the g temper by IO MPa (2 ksi) ot
more. For twwdigit
H tempers whose secund digits ate odd. the standard lirmts for
clrcngth
are the anthmctic
mean of the
rtandard limits for the adjacent two-d@! H
tempers whose second digits arc even.
For alloy5 that cannof be sufklcntly
cold-reduced
to establtsh an ultimate tensile
qtrcngth applxable
to the 8 temper (75%
cold reduction
after full annealing).
the 4.
lcmpcr tcnsilc rlrcnglh
may k established
by cold reduction
of approximately
S58
following
full annealing.
or the 4.tcmpcr
rens~le strength may tx crtabhrhcd
by cold
reduction
of approximately
35% after full
annealing.

Bl-11

ALUMINUM ALLOYS
TEMPER DESIGNATIONS
System for lieal-Treatable
Alloys
The
temper
Jcsignauon
skrtcm
for
wrought and casl product\
IhaI arc Jtrengthcncd by heal IrcaImenI
employs the W and
T dcsignalions
described
In Ihc section
Basic
Temper DcJignaIIons
In [his ar11.
cle. The W dcsignalion
denotes an unslable
Icmpcr. whereas the T designation
denote,
D Jcable remper ocher Ihan F. 0. or H. The
T Is followed
by a numhcr from I IO IO. eact
numkr
indicaring
a Jpccfic
~qucnce
u1
basic IrcaIments.
11. Coded From UI Elevaled-tcmpralun
sJuPin8
Process and NaIuralh
Aged IO a
sU~*hlly
Stable Cmditim.
lhs
desIgna
IIon applies
lo products
rhar arc no, cold
worked afler an elcvrtcd~rempcr;lIure
rhrping process such as casung or exwu~~~n
and
for which mechanical
propcnies
have been
stabilized
by room-tempcnturr
aging. II
also applies
lo products
arc flattcncd
or
nnightcncd
afIcr cooling from rhc shaping
omccss. for which the effecIs d Lhe cold
wart Imparted by flattening
or straightening
are not accoumed
for in Jpccihcd D~ODCRV
limits.
12. Coded from an Ekvalcd-TemperaIure
Shaping Process, Cold Worked. awl Namrally Apl
to J Subrtrnlially
Stable Condilhm.
This varialion
refers IO producIJ
IhrI arc
cold
worked
Jpecilically
IO Improve
scrcngth aficr cooling
from a hoI+orkmg
process such as rolling or cx~ruJIon and for
which mechanical
propcr11cJ have ken JIabillzcd
by room-Icmprature
agmg. II also
applies
IO products
in which Ihe cff~~~ of
cold
woti.
impaned
by flancmng
or
sIr-aIghIening.
arc accoumcd
for In specified
properly
limirs.
13. blulion
Heal Treated. Cold Worked.
and NMurally
Aged lo a Subrtantiallv
Stable
Condillon.
T3 applies IO producIs
IhaI are
cold
worked
spccilically
IO improw
sIrcngth
afwr solution
heat Ircatmcm and
for which mechanical
prop&es
have been
stabilized
by room-IempcraIure
aging. II
also applies IO products
In which Ihc cffectr
of cold work.
imparted
by llartenmg
or
slnaighterung.
are accounred
for in JpccIfied
property
limirs.
14, sdutial
HCal lrclled
ud wI8rally
Aged ICI a Subrtantlally
Slabk
Corulll.
This Jignilies
products
that are no1 cold
worked lltcr solution heal Ireatmem and for
which mechanical
propenies
have been SObilized
by room-temperature
aging. If Ihc
producls
are llallencd
or siratghicned.
ilie
cffccrs of the cold work Impaned by flancning or sIraIghIcning
are no1 accounted for in
JpcGd
propcny
limirr.
15, Coded From an Ekvatd-TcmpraIurc
Shaping Process and AIMXally
Agd.
TJ
includes
producrs
1haI arc no, cold uorked
after an elevated-IcmpcraIurc
Jbaping process such as casting or extrusion
and for
which
mechanical
propcnIes
have been
JubJlanIially
improved
by preeipilalton
heat lrealmcnt.
If the producer
are flalIened or straighlcncd
afIcr cooling from
the shaping process. the effecIs of 1hc cold
work impaned
by llatlening
or straighwning art not accounied
for in JpccIIicd prop
crty limils.
16, Sdulion
Heat lnrled
and ArliIicWIy
A&
This group cncompasxs
prcducts

. . _

Ihal are no, cold worked aflcr solulion

heat
treatment and for uhIch mechanIcal
propxr[ICI or dimensional
JIrbiliry.
or boIh. have
b~cn subsmnlially
Improved
by prccipitauon heat Ircalment.
If Ihc producls
arc
flaIIeocd or stta&tencd.
the clTec~J of the
cold work ImpatIcd by llatlcnmg
or JIraighI.
cmng arc not accounted
for in JpeciIied
propny
limits.
77, nut
Trea1ed and omagmi
or Slaixd.
l7 appltes to wrought
pral1~1s th1 have been precipitation
heat Ireatcd beyond the pomt of maximum Jtrcngch lo
ptwde some rpccml chancteri,tic.
such as
tntunccd
rcsiswuc
IO JtrcJJ-coIroJion
cracking or cxfotia11on
corrosion.
II applies
lo a.51 product.5
char arc arIifmially
aged
lRcr solution
heat treacmcnt
to provide
dinwtsiorml
and SI~CII&I JtabiliIy.
18. Sohim
Heat Treat4
Cold Worked,
ad Artiliciily
A&
This designation
applies to prcducrs
lhat UC cold worked spc
ciF&ally IO Improve
strcngIh after solution
her1 rreaunent
and for which mccbanlcal
properties or dimensional
Jtabili~y. or both,
hyc been JubJunItally
improved
by preckitumll
kal
Lrcalmcnt.
The cffec0
of
cold work. including
any cold work imprrrcd by flattening
01 s~rening.
are ac%uIled
for in Jpccilicd
propcny
limilr.
19, Sdution
Hut
Treated.
Mificially
Aged, ud Cold Worked.
This grouping
is
comprised
of products
1ha1 arc cold
worked
J~ecilically
IO improve
slrcngth
after they hove been Precipitation
heat
treated.
110. Co&d
From an EkvaIed-Temperahut shapiv
PmeJJ.
cdd
WorLcd,
4nd
Mifwially
Agd.
TIO tdcntifies
producrs
that arc cold worked specitically
IO rmprovc
s:rcngIh allcr cooling
from a hot-worling
pmcor
such as rolling or cxltusion
and for
which mechanmal
propcnies
have been
substantially
improved
by prccipttauon
heat
wcauncrn. The effcc~s ofcdd
work. includirg my cold work imparted by flattening or
Juaigl~lcning.
arc accounted
for in Jpccifted
projx?~
limits.
Ad&hod
1 Temper Vaiatiau.
When i1
is desirable
IO Identify a wiation
of one of
he Ien nujor T Iempen
described
above.
additional
d&J.
the firs1 of which cannot
k LCI~. ntay bc ad&d IO Ihc dcJignaImn.
Specific
KCS of additional
di(pIs have
been assigned
lo Jlrcss-relieved
wrough1
pmduc,,:
Sttcn Rtlirvrd
by. Strrrching.
Comprrrrkg. or Combination
of Strrtrhing
and
Comprrrring.
Thus designation
applies
to
Ihe following
products
when stretched
to
Ihe IndIcaIed
an~oun~s aflcr solution
hut
treatment
or atkr waling from an elevatedlcmpmafurc
shapmg process

4 TISI apphec
specIfIcally
:o @ale. lo
rolled or cold-Iinished
rcmj and bar. IO die
or ring forgmgs. and to rolled rings. These
producrs rece1w no funher
Jwal~lenlng
her stretching
l
T1510 apphcs
IO cx~rudcd
rod. bar.
shapes and Iubmg. and IO dnwn tubing.
producrs In this temper rccmvc no fuunhcr
slraIghlcning
aflcr svcIchq
l TIS I I refers IO products
Ih! may receive
minor Jtnighwning
afw
urcIching
IO
comply ;viIh srandard ~olcnt~cs
This variation
compressing.

involves

stress

relief

by

Tr52 applies IO products

thl arc SIICJJ
relieved
by compressing
after solulion
heat lrca1mcnl
or after coding
from a
hot-workmg
process to produce
a permanent se1 of I to 5%

The nex1 desIgnaIIon

is used for produas
tha1 are SWCSJ rclwvcd
by combining
stretching
ud compressing.
l

TIJJ applies
relieved
by
die. llhese
M-may
k

to die forgings that are stress

restriking
cold in ik fmish
same digi,51. 112. and
added IO Use designation
W

IO Indicate unstable soluwn-heat-Ircated

and sIrerr-relieved
Iemprrl
Tcmpcr designalions
have been assigned
10 wrounht
heal treated from the 0
~I
raroduc1J
or Ihc F Icmpcr IO dcmonrwatc
rcrponsc IO
heal Ircatmcnl:
0 TX means solulion
heat uuIcd
from Ihc
0 or the p Iempcr IO ckmonswa~e
rcJponsc to heat IrcaImeaI
and plurally
aged IO a JubsIamia.lly
s&k
condiIion
l T6? means sdution
hca1 ~ratcd from the 0
or rhc F temper IO deCtY5pXlStfO
heal imatmcnt anti anit%aDy
aged
Temper designations
TX and T Q also
may be applied IO wmught
products
heat
Ircarcd from any Icmpcr by the user when
such hca1 treatmen
msult~ in the mechanical properties
applicable
IO lhesc Icmpers.
System for Annealed
Pm&c&
A digit folkwit!g [he 0 &icams
a pralucr in annealcd condition
habq
spcial charac~crisrics. For eurnplc.
la heat-~u~ablc
alloys. 01 indiCaleS a protlducr thal has been
heal ~rctwd a1 approxinwcly
the sarr~ lime
and Iemprruurc
required
fa solu~nm kat
Ircalmenf
and Ihen au cooled to room ternprature:
[his designaumn appirs
IO prcducls
01a1 arc to be machmcd pm to solulico hear
trmmcm
by tk user .Merhanical
property
limits are nc4 applicable.
Designation
of Unregirltrrd
Tmpers
Tk IcIIcr P has ken asrtgratd ~oderu~e H.
T . and 0 temper vatiatons
tk+t M ncgcktcd ktwecn
manufacturrr
and pwchaw.
The
lcrter P follows the temper de5igwion
that
rrms1 rmrl) pcnams. Tk use of lhI5 1ypc of
deJignaIion
includes situaouts
where:
0 The use of the temper is vlffIcienlly
Itm.
iIcd IO prccludc its rcgisrntion
0 The ICSI conditions
arc dilTcrcn1 from
[hose rcquwed for rcg~stntmn
vuh 1hc
Aluminum
Associalion
l The mcchamcal
propn)
limils art noI
established
on Ihe same basis as required
for rcgwraoon
wrh ihe Atuminum
Asso
clarion

El-12

Appendix B

Appendix B-2

Titanium

instructional Video Teletraining

Federal Aviation Administration

Alloys

Course

Introduction
April, 1998

to Metallurgy
B2

DESIGNATION
DESIGNATION

SYSTEMS FOR TITANIUM

ALLOYS

SYSTEM

There is no standard designation system for titanium alloys. Alloys are designated by:
1. Alloy content: e.g., Ti-6Al-4V, . . .
2. Trade names: e.g., Beta C, Transage, . . .
3. Specification: ASTM, AMS, , . ,
The same designation is used whether the alloy is wrought or cast.

CLASSIFICATION
Titanium and its alloys are classified into four groups:
1. Commercially Pure (CP) Titanium
2. Alpha/Near Alpha Alloys
a) Major alloying elements: Al, Sn, Zr
b) Minor alloying elements: V, MO, Nb, Ta, Fe
c) Many alloys can b heat treated to high strength levels: Ti-8AI-I V- I MO,
Ti-6A1-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo
3. Alpha-Beta Alloys
a) Major alloying elements: Al, V, Zr, Cr, Mn, MO
b) Minor alloying elements: Sn, Fe, Cu
c) Many alloys can b heat treated to high strength levels: Ti-6Al-4V,
Ti-6AL2Sn-2Zr
4. Beta/Near Beta Alloys:
a) Major alloying elements: V, Cr, MO, Nb
b) Minor alloying elements: Al, Sn, Zr, Fe
c) Many alloys can b heat treated to high strength levels: Ti-1 SV-3Cr, Beta C,
Ti- 1OV-2Fe-3A1

82-l

WROUGHT TITANIUM ALLOYS

C.P. TITANIUM

Comparison

of various

specifications

for

commercially

pure

titanium

mill

products
,-

mh

JIS Class I..

ASTM ~mdc I IUNS
R500250, _............
0.10
DIN 3.7023 ...........
0.08
COST BTlX$ ..........
0.05
ES l%27Uin.-.
............
JIS Class 2..
ASTM endc : ICNS
RJo46ol ..........
0.10
DIN 1.7035 ...........
0.08
COST ET14
........
0.07
BS 23.35th
JIS Class 3..
ASTM Me
3 ILNS
RI3001
__...........
0.10
ASTM @ride 4 tUNS
R507001
0. IO
DIN 3.7055
0.10
ASTM -de
7 IUNS
R524fm
..__.__.
. ..O.lO
ASTM grade I I ICNS
R5??.W1
0.10
ASTM grade I: tC.SS
RS34001 .._.......
0.10

n
O.Ol.(

cwdd~lkm.~au
3
0
0.15

0.03

0th

Tad OtblJ

0.20

...

...

...
...
...
...

...
0.10 max
...
...

...
...
...

...
...
0.30 mu

0.18
0.10
0. IO

0.03
0.05
0.0,

0.20

0.05

0.3
0.20
0.20

0.03
0.06
0.04

0.30

0.0:

0.30
0.25
0.30
0.20
0.30

ICI

0.35

0.0.

0.30

ICI
0.013

040
0.3

0.05
0.06

0.50
0.30

...
...

ICI

0.3

O.O!

0.30

0.12-0.25

Pd

ICI

0 I8

0.03

0.20

0.I24.23

0.3

0.03

0.30

IC)
0.013
O.OW
0.0125
0.015
IC)
0.013

0.010
0.0125
0.01s

0 01:

,..

0.20
0.20
0.20
0.20
0.25

...
...

leek
u-Mh

t75A-410

40-w

240
295-410
295
285410
343-S IO
;:
190-MO
382-530
480-617

55-77
70-90

440

64

Fe+dkml

rym-@1
MR

16Sfb)

2Ub)

170-310
175

2-5
25.5

195
2IUbJ

28
31(b)

27-10
245

4040
35.5

285
3431b3

-1
.*
27

41
U)(b)

3n-sm

55-75

SW
u&m

a0
67-85

a4
323

70
47

343

30

275410

4040

20

Pd

240

35

170-310

24.5-45

24

0.2-0.4 MO.
O.&O.9 Hi

480

70

380

53

I:

82-2

WROUGHT TITANIUM ALLOYS

ALPHA/NEAR ALPHA ALLOYS
Compositions

of various

alpha and near-alpha

IPIdan rprcilblim

Impurlly

Bars IAECMA
slandards
prEN?J?I
and XII
._ ._...
.___, 0.05
Sheet w strip 1prEN2128)
and
forgings 1prEN2522
and 2531..
.O.O!
fl-SAI-L.SSSa

IUHS daiglurkil

II

titanium
-iiizzY

Fe

,*I

*ooriw yai

.ICIN
MO

Ckk

0.08

001

0.2

0.2

0.4 total others

2.0-J au

0 08

0.01:

0.2

0.2

0.4 total olhers

:.w.au

0.08
0.08

0.02
0.0:

0.5
0.5

0.2
0.2

O.OOSYIb)

0. IO

Impurity limits same as AMS 4910

0.02
0.4
0.2
(bl
0.4
0.3

0.2
0.2

lb)
0. I5Si

4.cG6.00
4 w-6.w

0.0125

0.2s

0.12

0 + Fe = 0.32.
O.o05Y, 0.05
each. 0.3 ronl
0 + Fe = 0.32.
otherrIb,
0. I5Si

4.So-5.75

tUNS da@rutioa

R54521,

sheet. srnp,

.O.Ol!

0.05

.O.O?.(

0.03

0.0125

0.25

0.12

0. IO

0.015

0.30

0.02

VTJI ,U.S.S.R.,

..O.O

2.0-3.0
2.ocr1.00

4.OCt.w
4.00-6.00

0.013
0.015

Tl.JAI-2.SSn.ELI

AMS 4924 [bars. fcqmgsl

4.G6.0
4.5&5.7S

0.10
0.10

AM.5 4909 fplak.

0. I?a.TPd

?.aJ-3.00
:.wml
2.00-3.00

ILNS RMlOl,cl

AECMA.
Ti.PM
_.
AMS 4915. 4916. 4911 lnnllsl.
4955
,wrc,. 4972 (bars. lo&&.
4973
lforgingsl
...................
.o.o.c
ML-R-81588
lnng. wire1 .........
.0.01
TI-6242

mm.orb

Rw2ol

DIN17851 lalloy WL3.7llS)

. ..O.OJ
AM 4910 ,platc. sheet. strip,
.O.O.(
AMS 4926 lbars. rings) and AMS
4966 lforgmgs,
ASTM B 265 lp+.
shcc,. slripl
.O.O!
ASTM B 348 ,brr. bdlct, and
ASTM B 381 ,forgingr).
.O.OJ
3420-TA7 IChincscJ..
.O.OJ

TI-gAl-IV.l.Wo

alloys

Uaia -15 w

Impurity

limlls not available

0.08
O.OI.(

0.01s
O.OOJ

0.30
0.20

0.1:
0. I?

O.lWJY. lb1
0.1 lotal
Id). 0.15.
O.ooSY
0.13s~. 0.1 mar
orhcrr

IV
0.75-1.25
0.7Sl.25

O.?Cl.LcV
0.7>1.1V

,UNS RS462OHcr

.AYS 4919. 4975. 4976

0.0:

O-O?

ul:!

0.2

0 I!

L S govcmmenr

0.04

0.0s

uutc

0.2.

0.15

.O 0:
..O.O!

0.03
0.0s

0.012
0 0125

0.1:
03

0. IO
0. IO

0.4 lOllI

.0.04
.O.CU

0.W
0.04

0.003
0.013

0.12
0.12

0.17
0.1s

lb). O.OOJY

0.012J

0.10

001:

0.20

lmdlnryl

TI-6AI-2.Yb.ITa-0.8
Typlcai..
C.S. govcmmcnr

J J0-6.50

I&?.!

3.M.4

I .b. - -

S.SO4.JO

l.lC.2

3.644

I .bX

MO (CSS R562101
lmilinryl

._.

. .

6
H-&s

0.8
0%I.00

?Nb. ITa
,.cXOKb.
O..GI..cTI

Tl-679 IUNS Rs790)

Typlcal.
AMS 4974 Ibars. lorgingsl
Brmsh TA.18. TA.19. TA 2:. and
TA.26
British

TA.20.

TA.27

Tid?4ZS,cNel..
.._.
Ti-5Al.5%?Zr-?Mdfl
TibAl-2%.l..Zr.IMo..
IMI 685
lMl829
_.. ._..._.._...........
IMI BY

_.
._.
.O O !

.
0.05

00125

II
1o.w I.5

5
4.0-60

I
0.8-1.2

O.?SL ncm
0. I w.17Si

2.025

10.5-l I.3

4.u.o

0%I.2

XL2.3

10.>11.5

4.0-6.0

O.bl.?

0.1-0.s.% 78.M
li m m
&me as TA.:

4
3

3.5
4.5

I.5
!
3
4

I
0.S
0.25
OS

0.4

6
5
6
6
5.5
5s
6

O.CbSi
03Si
0.3JBi. O.lSI
02SSi
INb. O.ISl
0.7hb. 0.4%
O.&C
0.43Si

B2-3

WROUGHT TITANiik
ALLOYS
ALPHA-BETA ALLOYS

TyplCal

41loy Ti-P6J m AECMA

jnndard
prEN25M
for bars.
,411oy Ti-PM m .AECMA
,nndard
prEN25 17 for sheer.
wlp. plate
DIN 17851 Catby WL3.71651,.
,4MS 4905 lplarel
.AMS 4906 fshccr. wip,
.4MS 491 I fplalc. sheet. smp8.
4MS 4920.4928.
4934. and J967
lneg5. forgmgs. wires)
,4MS 4954 Iwlrel
ASTM B 265 iplate. sheer,.
4STM F 467 IIWISI and F 468
IbollSl
lv6.G4V-ELI

IL%

.4YS A979 ibars.

0.3

0.2

0.0,

tbt

0.3

0.2

0.4 local

5.5-6.75

J.5-4.5V

0.05
0.05
0.03
0.05
0.05

0.08
0.08
0.05
0.08
0.08

0.01:
0.01
0.01
o.o,y
0015

0.3
0.3
0.25
0.10
0.30

0.2
0.2
0.12
0.20
0.20

0.4 lOlaI
ICI. O.caJY
0.4 mral
kt.
o.m5y

5.5-6.75
5.56.75
5.6-6.3
5.5d.75
5.5-5.75

3.54.5V
3.Y.5V
3.lw.4v
I.Mu.5V
l.ti.JV

0.05
0.03
0.05

0. IO
0.05
0.10

0.01:.
0.015
0.01.

0.30
0.30
0.40

0.20
0.18
0.20

ICI. O.u)5Y
ICI. 0.005Y
IC)

5.5-fl.75
5.%x75
5.5-6.75

3.Y.5V
3.u.5v
3.J-J.JV.
O.I:-O.?JPd

0.05

$1 IO

oo,:.

0.40

0.20

ICI

5.5-6.75

0.0.
O.&I
0.01

008
0.10
0.08

0.01:5
0013
0.01:.

0.25
0.10
0.25

0.11
O.IM.I9
0.13

ICI. O.W5Y
(dl

5.5-6.75
5.56.75
5.5-5.75

0.05

o.10

o.ol:!

04

0.20

1U.O
?).O

0 01
001:

0.35-1.0
0.35-1.0

0.20
0.20

tc,. O.c!mY

5&o

2
1.5-2.5

0.M

0.0.

0.01

0.3.%l.O

0.20

ICI

5 o-6.0

1.5-2.5

0.0.
O.O!
0 01
0 (u
0 03

l.utl
0 :o
UIU
n.o
u.u.(

O.Ol!
o.n13
0.011!
0.012!
OOI.

0.50
0.30
0.15
0.10
0.25

0.20
0.20
0.15
0.11
0.14

0.0:

0u.c

0.01:

0. IO

0.12

3..u.5v

0.1 max

0.1 max.

0.1 max

5.5-5.75

J.Iu.JV
3.Y.5V
J.Y.JV
3.J-r.JV

IUNS US66201

Trpical
4MS J918. 4936. 4971.4978

(Mn

0. IO
~I.08

Rs64a1,

.aMS J907 and 4930..

,4MS 4996 fbdlell
.4STM F I35 fbar,
_.
.4STY F 467 tnu~rl and F 468
Iboll5l.
Ti-6Al-6V-2%

0.05

0.0.

O.O4
I.. o.cu

forgings,

0.7Ku. ev
0.35-I .sccu.
5.0-6.OV
Same a5 aboe

a-f3 alloy5

LNS iAOl?Otin AYS J908l

css 5670 I, AM.5 J9701..
T&a6 I tiNS R562bOl
T1.17 lscc also Table 5~1..
TI~AI-~S~.?Z~.:C~-~~O..
I.vl-551..
Tt.JAI.Z..(V tin A.MS 49431
IHI 550...
,.
IW 679.. ..................
IMI ml.. ................
Tld.4l.lMo-IVIe
..........

8.OMn
7
6
5.2&s

,:
0.05

UM
0 0:

O.OlC
O.Ol1!lr,

0.30
0.25

0.12
0.1:

0.3 total

4
2.5-1.5
J
2
6
a
M-6.5
6

-3
1
1.7i2.25

4
I .7:2.25

4
2
II
I II-t.2
2

4
6
4
1.75-2.25
4

. ..
4
5
3.ti.r
.

4
I
.
I
IX-?.?
7

r.ocr
O.,W.?ISi.
1.7~2.25cr
O.JSi
?.&J.OV
0.25Si
ICu. O.?Si
IV
OcmSI

WROUGHT TITANIUM ALLOYS

BETA ALLOYS

Compositions

beta

titanium

AMS 4917
AMS 4959 Iwirel
MIL.T-9006.
MIL.R-815.98
MIL.T-9047:
MIL-F-83142
High-loughntrr
grade

0.05
0.05
0.05

0.05
0.05
0.05

0.02s
0.030
0.025

0.35
0.35
O.ls-o.3~

0.05

0.05

0.023

0.35

0.01s

0.01

0.008

MIL.T-9U46.
MIL-T-9017.
and
MIL-F-83142
Beta C (UNS R58MOl. Same as above
Beta Ill..
_.
AMS 4977. 4980
ASTM: B 348. B
26). B 337. and B
338
Ti-IOV.?Fe-3AI..
Forgmg alloy
Tel53 ..,........
Shecl alloy
Ti-17ldl..
Engme com~rcrv~r
4#OY
Tnntage
175
Hiph-clrenglh.
clcbaledlcmpnlre
Tnnsage
134,.
High-strcngrh
allo)
Ttansqc
I29
.:..

0.0s

0.05

0.015

0.05
0.0s

0.05
0.10

0.05
003
0.05

Ti-I3V-I
tUNS

ICr-3AI
580101

Ti-BMc-8V-2Fc.3AI
(UNS R588201..

of various

alloys

0.17
0.17
0.17

(bl
(bl. 0.005Y
0.4 IOUI

0.17

2.L-3.5
2.5-3.5

2,>),)
2.343
2,M.J

12.s14.sv.
I2.5-l4.W.
I2.~14.SV.

0.lItma.a).
O.OBtnom)

IC)

1.6-2.4

0.16

0.4 tocal

2.6-3.4

0.01s
0.020

0.30
0.35

0.12
0.18

0.4 roral
0.4 IOUI

3.M.0

0.0:
0.03
0.0:

0.015
0.015
0.0125

1.C2.J
0.30
0.25

0.13
0.13
0.084
I3

IC)
ICI
IC)

2.>),)
2.5-33
4.M.5

2.s3.5
1.62.4

1.62.4

0.03

oa!l

0.015

0.20

0.1.

IbYe)

:.2-l.:

6.5.7.5

1.5-2.5

O.O?

008

0.01)

0.20

0.15

tbre)

xL3.0
2

1s2.5

ss6.5
II

3.7M.23

3.545
4.w.s

10.&12.Kr
IO&l2.W
IO.&l2.CCr

12%I4.W.

IO.&l?.Kr

12.~14.W.

[email protected]

7.sa.J

7.J-B.JV

3.Y.5
lO.&l3.0

7.5-&5V

3.543

9.2%10.75V
IL16V.
2.5-3.5Cr
3.5433
I?&l4.OV

.
.

I I.&l3.OV
II.W

82-5

CAST TITANIUM

Comparison

of cast

*lbl
. .
.
.
TidAIdV
TidAIdV
ELI(b).
Commercially
pure Iitanium
Igrade 2).
.
TibAl-2Sndt.2Mo

titanium

bladd
mhdWI
d&
8596

ALLOYS

alloys

Nadd

?(

II

1%
6%

0. I8
0.11
0.25

0.015
0.010
0.015

0.04
0.03
0.03

O.W6
O.W6
0.006

6
6

7%

0.10

0.010

0.03

O.W6

AI

,I

umpdkm.
nr
v cr
sr

o,,,
0.10
0.1)

,
4

0.15

. .

0.1s

...

6
3

Cl%

0. IO

0.03

0.006

Ti-MI-L.SSn
....................
Ti-3AI&&rdZrdMo
t&U-C)
Ti-ISV-JAI-3Cr-3Sn
(Ti-13-3). .....
Ti-II00 .........................

C I%
C 1%
Cl%
Cl%

0.16
0.10
0.12
0.07

0.015
0.015
0.015
0.015

0.03
0.03
0.03
0.04

0.006
o.ax
0.006
O.OW

5
3.5
3
6.0

0.2
0.2
0.2
0.02

...
a.5
15
...

M-834

Cl%

0.10

0.01:

0.06

0.006

s.a

0.02

...

T&l

.............

........................
...........................

. . .

.
. . .

WL
. . .

28

..3

.
3

0.010

TibAl-ZSndZr4Mo

.
. . .

Ma

2.5
3
2.75

4
. .
0.4

4.0

0.J

,
.

. .

.
4

0.7

. .
4.0

.
.
. . .
0.45

3.3

0.35

1
w

poprtlr(nn)

Ccned
prposc
Crywcnictarghmss
Comsiofi
=rismC
Elcvawd-rcmpmurc
C=P
Elevated-rcmperuure
rIren8Ih
Cryogenic
toughness
RT strength
Rfr~n#h
Elevated-tcmpcruurc
propenies
Elevated-kmpcmrurc
properties

IOOQ

826

Appendix B

Appendix B-3

Carbon, Low Alloy, and Alloy Steels

Instructional Video Teletraining Course

Federal Aviation Administration

April, I998

Introduction to Metallurgy
B3

Steels
Classification
Steels can be classified
in more than one \\;ay:
l- By composition:
Three classes are identified
a) Carbon
Steels- No intentional
alloying
elements
added.
b) Low Alloy
Steels- Total alloying
element
content I 8%
c) Alloy
Steels- Total
alloying
element
content
> 8%; stainless
steels excluded,
2- By end product
Spring
Steels, Tool Steels, Bearing
Steels. Gun Steels,...
3- By properties
High Strength
Low Alloy
Steels (HSLA).
Ultrahigh
Strength
Steels, Electrical
4- By processing
Carburizing
Steels,

Nitriding

see appendix

Steels,..

Steels

Designation Systems
Classification

by composition

is the most

Carbon
and Low Allov
Steels
The AISVSAE
designation
system
cast or wrought.

N-AA

fypaOf#&dd

dwu

8ofAiMl

CarlmE

23xX
25Xx

mad

and rephoaphw

St&a
. . . .Ni 3.50
. .Ni 5.00
Steela

. . . .Ni
.Ni
. . . .Ni
. . . ..?Ji

1.25:
1.75;
3.50:
3.00;

Cr
Cr
Cr
Cr

0.65 and 0.80

1.07
1.50 and 1.57
0.77

steels.

The same

AUO~

content

Sted~

. .N;.&82;

Cr 0.50 and 0.80; MO

UBVXX

.Ni 1.82;
0.25; V
. . .Ni 1.05;
0.35
. . Ni 0.30;
. . . Hi 0.55;
. .Ni 0.55;
. .Ni 0.55;
.Ni 3.25;
. .Ni 0.45;
. Ni 0.55;
. .hi 1.00;

Cr 0.30: .Ho 0.12 and

0.03 min
Cr 0.45; MO 0.20 and

47XX
.
.
.

Cr
Cr
Cr
Cr
Cr
Cr
Cr
Cr

0.400;
0.50;
0.50;
0.50;
1.20;
0.40:
0.20;
0.80:

MO
MO
Ho
MO
MO
MO
MO
Ho

50xX..
51xX

designation

systems

is used whether

are as follows.

the steel is

TypOOflrerlAd

nomid

Chromium

rlloy

woteot

SteelA

WXXX
SlXXX
52XxX

.Cr 0.50
.Cr 1.02
.Cr 1.45

c 1.00 mill

Chromium-Vanndium

61Xx

0.12
0.20
0.25
0.35
0.12
0.12
0.20
0.25

Steela

.Cr 0.60,0.80
and 0.95; V 0.10
And 0.15 min

Tungsten-Chromium
Steel
72XX
. . .W 1.75; Cr 0.75
Silicon-Mangfmere
92XX

9xX

Steele

.Si 1.40 and 2.00; Mn 0.55.0.82

and 0.85; Cr 0.00 and 0.65

High-Strength

Low-Alloy
.VAriOuA

hmtl

. . . .Ni 3.50; MO 0.25

Chromium

designation

NuQltrAh
end didtr

PypcOf~lAd
nomhl

433xX

48xX

SteeL

t%WUhEl*MO~ybdCllUl

The corresponding

Nickel4folybdcnum
Steela
16XX....N;&85and1.82;Mo0.2Oand

.Mo 0.20 and 0.25

. . ..MoO.40
and 0.52

41xX

and low alloy

dldta

81XX
86xX
87Xx
88Xx
93xX.
94Xx
971xX
98Xx

Steel,

Molybdenum
40XX
44xX

(Mn 1.00%

.hIn 1.75

Nickel-Chromium
31XX
32XX
33xx
34Xx

for steels.

NlckelCbrodum-Molybienum

carbon (max Mn range1.00 to 1.659)

13xX..

for carbon

A&

.PlAin

Mangaacme
Nickel

eontent

Steeb

..

used system

NumerAla

Auoy

lOXX(a)
. Plain carbon
11xX..
* .ReAulhuircd
12XX . . . .Fk.Jiui
15xx

is used

widely

sti

Steelr
@AdAA

!h?dA

XXBXX

B denotea

bomn

fuel

leaded

steel

.%dA

.Cr 0.27.0.40.0.50
and 0.65
. . .cr3fp7.
0.92. 0.95. 1.00

Lmeded
XXLXX

Sccclr
.L denotee

SkdA

. .Cr 0.50.0.80
and 0.95; MO 0.12.
0.20. 0.25 and 0.30

Occasionally,
industry;
e.g.,

a steel
D6-a,

will have no AISUSXE

HY 80 and 3OOM.

designation

. In such

cases, the steel

is identified

by the trade

name

assigned

by

Alloy Steels
Alloy

steels

are strictly

identified

by trade

names

assigned

by industry;

e.g., HP-9-4-30

and Marage

300.

83-l

CARBON STEELS
composltioa
roqos and limits (or
AlSl4A.M motuboa+
quality rwois

c-poswoa
SA1 standard

mogos
and
msulharlxod

AISI-SAE

UNS

dcrilnatioa

,O.lO

0.25-0.60

0.04

0.05

Ml010
Ml012
Ml015
Ml017

.O.Oi-0.14
.0.09-0.16
.0.12-0.19
.0.14-0.21

0.25-0.60
0.25-0.60
0.25-0.60
0.25-0.60

0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04

0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05

Ml020

.O.l?-0.24
.0.19-0.27

0.25-0.60
0 25.0.60

0.04
0.04

0.05
0.05

-0.20.0.30
.0.26-0.36
.0.40-0.50

0.25-0.60
0.25~0.60
0.25-0.60

0.04
0.04
0.04

0.05
0.05

Ml023
Ml025
Ml031
Ml044

max

GlllOO

1117
Ill.9

....

1137

. . .

1139

..

1140
1141
1144
1146

. .
. .
. .
. .

. .
. .
. .
..

..
. . . . . .
. .
. .
. .
..

0.08-O. 13

0.30-0.60

0.14-0.20
0.14-0.20

Cl1370

0.32-0.39
0.35-0.43

1.00-1.30
1.30-1.60
1.35-1.65

ran~ea
and iimlk
fee AISI.SAI
earboa
Hooh
with a maximum
manganow
l xsoodiag l.lo%-aoatlfinisbad
proawes for forging
roliod
aad cold flaisbod
bmrr,
win
rod and seamlosr

1513

1522
1524

1525(b)
1526
1527
1536(b)
1541
1547(b)
1548
1551

. .

. . . .

.
.

1552
1561
1566

hot

rubimg

AISI-SAE
designation

smu

F0mr
Am-SAE
dcrl#tuUon

0.10-0.16
0.15-0.21

1.10-1.40

0.040

0.050

1.10-1.40

0.040

. .

Cl5220

0.18-0.24

1.10-1.40

0.040

0.050
0.050

Cl5240

0.19-0.25
0.23-0.29

1.35-1.65
0.80-1.10

0.040
0.040

0.050
0.050

1024

Cl5256
G15270
Cl5360
Cl5410
G15470
Cl5480
G15510
G15520
Cl5610

0.22-0.29
0.22-0.29
0.30-0.37
0.36-0.44
0.43-0.51
0.44-0.52
0.45-0.56
0.47-0.55
0.55-0.65
0.60-0.71
0.65-0.76

1.10-1.40
1.20-1.50
1.20-1.50
1.35-1.65
1.35-1.65
1.10-1.40
0.85-1.15
1.20-1.50
0.75-1.05

0.040
0.040

Cl5720

CorrporHion
rosalhwisod

Pmu

Cl5130
G15180

Cl5660

1572(b)

Ma

Cl5250

mm
and
UNS
dcrignatioa

0.08-0.13
0.13-0.20

CODHO*

HeatzgF;;uqw

1518(b)

.65

0.37-0.44
0.70-1.00
0.08-0.13
0.37.0.45
1.35-1.65
0.08-0.13
0.40.0.48
1.35-1.65
0.24-0.33
0.42-0.49
0.70.1.00
0.08-0.13
1151 . . . . . . . . . Cl1510
0.48-0.55
0.70.1.00
0.08-0.13
'aJLimitonpho~phonueonrent1~~~eninTable1~chccrpiulvaluci~O.D(W
maximum
phwphoma.
BcuuroTtheadvcrsee~~tol~ilieo~on
machinability
~teel~liadinthti
~bl~~~gcnerallyno~dco~idi~cdilh
rilicon.Steelli~vdin
thirub<;canbcpmdu&u
!+d
~~ll.t~ic~llycon~lning0.15
toO.JS'i lerdand
identified byinwningrheletvr
L in the designation-llL17.

0.05

UNS
dwignarlon

1.35-l

0.08-O. 13
0.08-0.13
o.oe-0.13

. Cl1400
. Cl1410
. Cl1440
. Cl1460

hmposhiom
standard

AISI.SAE
dcalgnacioa

umit.,~.,
S

Cl1170
Cl1180
Cl1390

. . .
.. .
. . .
. . .

AISI.
st00h

Hc~ceo~~~o&ionrange.u,d
C
Mn

dtQnation

1110
Ml008

ilmlts
for
carbon

0.85-1.15
1.00-1.30

ad
limha
ropbosph&xod

for

0.040
0.040
0.040
0.040
0.040
0.040
0.040
0.040
0.040

. 4

..

0.050
0.050
0.050
0.050
0.050
0.050
0.050
0.050
0.050
0.050
0.050

1027
1036

1041
1047
1048
1051
1052
1061
1066
1072

AiSl.SAl
stmndad
tarboa
stools

Hc~mpolition-er~ndUml~~*I
MI3
c m.*

0 60-0.90
0.07-0.12
0.10.0.15
0:13
1211
c12110
O.iO-1.00
0.07-0.12
0.16-0.23
0.13
121?
,::
Cl2120
0.70-1.00
O.Oi-0.12
0.24.0.33
0.13
1213
Cl2130
0.15
0.65-1.15
0.04-0.09
0.26-0.35
12Ll+b,
Cl2144
0 75-1.05
0.04-0.09
0.26-O 35
Cl2150
0.09
1215
'11 &cauuoFthc
ad\cru
ck~ofc~l~conon
machinsb~lity.srcelsltr~ed
in thlrtablc
are
generally not deondxred wrh rilicon ~b'Cont~ns0
15 10 0 35i lead. other steels ItsId III
th,, able can be produced wth the same lead content.

83-2

CARBON STEELS
Hrrt
AISI.SAE
drmrion

comporidon
rrrqcs
and limu. %.l
C
.Wn

CM
drumanon

1005
loo6
IO@..
1010
IOllfb,

C1OOsO
c1w6o
CIWW
GlOloo
GlOllO

006mar

0 08 mar
010m.a
00.9-0.13
0.08-0.13

OJ5max
0 25.0 40
030.050
030.0.w
360.09o

1035
103;
1036..
1039
1040

1012
1013bl
1015
1016
1017.

Cl0120
G10130
Cl0150
Cl0160
Cl0170

0 10.0.15
0.11.0.16
0 13-0.16
0.13-0.16
0 15-0.20

o 3o.o.M)
0.50-0.80
o 50.0.6o
0 60.0 90
0 30.0.60

GlOleO
Cl0190
GlO2oO
Cl0210
Gl0-220

0.15-0.20
0.15-0.20
0.18-0.23
0.18-0.23
0.16-0.23
0.200.25
0.22.0.28
0 22.o28
0.2.5-0.31
0 26-034

:.

1OlS
1019
1020
1021
IO-22
1023
1025
1026
1029
1030

.::

Cl0230
GlO25o
c1026o
Cl0290
1 G10300

loo6
1008
1009
1010
1012
1015
1016
101;
1016
1019
1020
1021
1022
1023
1025
1026
lo30
lo33
lo35
lo37

Glow3
C10080
GlW9O
GlOlOO
c10120
GlOl50
GlOI6o
Cl0170
GlOl6o
Cl0190
Cl0200
Cl0210
Gl0220
Cl0230
Cl0250
G 10260
G103W
G 10330
G10350
Cl0370

Hea1 compowi(Ion
nngt.
wbd IimiU. WnI
C
Mm

AISI.SAE
UN9
dr~i#nntionderi~tion

0.32-O 36
032.038
0.35042
0.37.o.44
0374.44

0 6o.0.90
0.7O-1.00
0.60490
0.i0.1.00
0.6o.o.90

10741bl
10751bl
1076..
1080
lo64..

Cl0740
Cl0750
Cl0760
Gla6Qo
Glow

0.7O-OSO 0.5O.O.Bo
0.70030
0.40-0.70
0.72.o.S5
0.30-0.60
0.750.88
0.6o.O.90
0.8o4.93
0.6o.o.w

lo42..
1043..
1044
lo45,.
lo46,.

Cl0120
Glo430
Cl0440
G~om
Clo46o

0.4o-0.47
o.UM.47
g30.5o
o.43-0.50
0.434.5a

0.604.90
0.7o-1.00
0.30-0.6o
0.60-0.90
0.7o.1.m

108Ybl..
Lo66..
low.,
1095..

Cl0850
Cl0860
Cl0900
G10950

0.6O-093
0.800.93
0.850.96
O.wl.l.o3

060.0.90
0.70-1.00
0.300 60
0.60-0.90
0 TO-1.00

lo49..
LOW
1053
1055
1059lCl

Cl0490
GlOSOO
Cl0530
Clan
GlOS9o

0.46-0.53
o.cBo.55
0.4M.55
O.~.&lJ
0.55.0.65

0.6&0.&l
0.600.90
0.70.1.60
I)~~.~
0.50-0.80

03o.o.60
0.30-0.60
o.6o.o.w
0.60.0.9o
0.6~0.90

1060
106(,
1065.
106Stb~
1070

G lo6@)
elm
C106.50

0 550.65
o.60-0.70
O.W.70

O.@J~.~
o.~~.~
060-0.90

G1p6w
GlO7oo

045-0.75o.404.70

0.08 msx
0 10 max
O.lSmax
0.0.9-0.13
+10.0.15
0 12-0.16
o 12.0.11
0 14-0.20
~1.14.0 20
0 14.0.2U
0 lY.O.23
o 17-O 23
O.li-0.23
0 19-O 25
0 22-0.29
0 22.0.2.5
0 27-0.34
0.29-0.36
o 31-0.38
o 31-0.X

_.
.

0.25-0.45
0.250.50
06Omu
0 30-0.60
0.30-0.60
0.30-O&o
0.60-0.90
0.30.0.60
0.60.0 90
0 TO-1.00
0.30-0.60
0 60-0.90
0.70-1.00
0 3O-0.60
0.30.0.60
0.60-0.90
0.60-0.90
0.X. 1.00
O&O-0.W
O.:O-1.00

0x5-075

G1036o
Cl0390
ClOIoo
G1042o
G10430
GlO450
G IO460
G104U)
GlO5OO
GlO550
GlO6W
GlO640
GlW
c1o:M)
ClOTI
cIo:&l
Cl080
Glo640
Cl0650
GlO.wl

0.6o-o.w

0.34.oo.42
0.360.44
0.36-0.44
0.39-0.4:
0.39-0.4:
0.42.0.50
0.420.5O
0.45.0.53
0.47-0.55
0.52-0.60
0.550.66
0 594.70
0.59-O 70
0X54.76
0.69-0.80
0.72.0.66
0.140.88
0.80-0.94
0.80.0.94
0.80-O 94

0.70.1.00
0.30-050
0.60.0.90
0.30-0.30

4.1 Lmiu on phe

ld &
mntenY al?
rwain%M*
I;wPA~~J~~O~-.
mum PhVPhO~
ad o.wQ -mum
fur
when allcan rrngc3 01 IiilU m m mlumd. h
values in Table I qp. St+ lised In tha Ubl*
un k pdd
-I
ddiuonr d kad or bmn
Lradrd MII onially
mnum O.lS u) OJs-* leti
~~+ntifidbfl-ryIhkur
L lnths
dargNuon-IlLI
: berm meeLcul be expecwd
ro~nu~n0.0005rO.OMbprmudrrsIdrnuId by tnrnm
the IeturT
mtkdew
Ition15B41.
abl S~.#sad.,d+dy
ICI &I sun.
dwd #Tw&only.

0.60490
0.7o-1.00
0.60-0.90
0.64-0.90
o.io-1.00
0.60&90
0.7O-1.00
0.6o-a9a
0.6a-o.90
0.60-0.90
0 6O-C.90
o.5o-mo
0.6a.490
0.60-0.90
0.5O-C.60
0 3O-MO
060-0.90
0.6a-a.90
0.7Ol.W
0.3w.w

1090
lo95..
15241bl
15271 bl
15361 bl
1541(b)
15481 b,
15521 b,

Cl0900
Cl0950
Cl5240
Cl5270
G15360
Gl%lO
G15W
Cl5510

o&-c.98
[email protected]
O.lbo.25
0.22.0.29
0.30.0.38
O.W45
0.~3452
0.46x.55

0.60.0.90
0.30-0.50
1.30-l 65
No-1 55
1 m-1 55
1.30-l 65
1.051.40
120-1.55

mm&?derkr~
H.sl~,PO&&~

UNS
wrroo

Hem mmpo~ition
asrr
and limiu. ?I*)
C
Mn

LX9
dc,l~tba

G10350
Cl0370
G10380
GlWso
Glo4oo

I.

compoMa~adulck~A9uIEIu
ALSLSAE
detioo

AlSI.SAE
de,i#wtion

AISI.SAE
Mm

0.5o-1.00
lO36H.
H1038O
0.34x.43
0.42.o.51
o.s-1.00
1OISH..
HIM50
1.00-1.50
1522H
H15220
0 17-O 25
0.18-(3.26
1.25.1.75
1524H
H15240
l.oo.1.50
0.21-O 30
1526H
HlJ26O
1.25.1.7s
0.35-O 45
154lH
:
Hl5410
We I tab*
,, , h,,,,,, On pkoqhorus .,,d ,ulhr aonunl w
only
rq..ad
ID corirun 0 ooO5 *a O.OK 4 mm. c APSI de

91
0.15-0.34
0.15-O 30
0 15-0.30
0.15.0.3(
0.15.0.30
0.15-o.30
I: tm,u~ hnw

de-don

lSB21Hlbl
lSB35Hlbh
lSB37Hlbn
1584lHb.cJ
15646Hlb.c,
15Es62H~br
WV o MW

UN9
dedirioa
H15211
H1535L
H15371
HI5411
Hl5481
Hi5621
muimum

pbwhoma

Haleompaiboa
dumiwWLI
Lb

u.17.0.24
0.31.0.3s
030.0 39
0.35-0.45
0.43-0.53
0.54.0.6;
l nd 0 m

rams

o.Io-1.10
0.70.1.20
l.w.1.50
1x.1.75
1.Wl.M
l.o&I.50
W.=II=U= ~fw.

Si
0.15430
0.150.30
0.15-0.30
0.15.0.30
0.15-0.30
0.4o-o.60
b, Can bc

83-3

_--.

LOW ALLOY STEELS

1330
1335
1340
1345
4012

..........

4023
4024
4027
4028
4032

.........
..........
.........

..:.
.: :::
..........
..........

Cl3300
Cl3350
Cl3400
Cl3450
G40120

0.28-0.33
0.33-0.38
0.38-0.43
0.43-0.48
0.09-0.14

1.60-1.90
1.60-1.90
1.60-1.90
1.60-1.90
0.75-1.00

0.035
0.035
0.035
0.035
0.035

0.040
0.040
0.040
0.040
0.040

.
0.15-0.25

G40230
G40240
G40270
G40280
GUI320

0.20-0.2s
0.20-0.25
0.25-0.30
0.25.0.30
0.30.0.35

0.70-0.90
0.70-0.90
0.70-0.90
0.70-0.90
0.70-0.90

0.035
0.035
0.035
0.035
0.035

4037 ..........
4042(c)
........
4047 ..........
4118 ..........
4130 , .........

c40370
G40420
G40470
G41180
c41300

0.35-0.40
0.40-0.4s
0.45-0.50
0.150.23
0.28-0.33

0.70-0.90
0.70-0.90
0.70-0.90
0.70-0.90
0.40-0.60

0.035
0.035
0.035
0.035
0.035

0.040
0.040
0.040
0.040
0.040

0.15-0.30
0.15-0.30
0.15-0.30
0.150.30
0.15-0.30

0.40-0.60
0.80-1.10

4135tc1
4137
4140
4142
4145

........
..........
..........
..........
.........

G41350
G41370
G41400
G41420
G41450

0.33-0.38
0.35-0.40
0.38-0.43
0.40-0.45
0.43-0.48

0.70-0.90
0.70-0.90
0.75-1.00
0.75-1.00
0.75-1.00

0.035
0.035
0.035
0.035
0.035

0.040
0.040
0.040
0.040
0.040

0.15-0.30
0.15-0.30
0.15-0.30
0.X1-0.30
0.15-0.30

0.30-1.10
0.80-1.10
0.80-1.10
0.80.1.10
0.80-1.10

4147
4150
4161
4320
4340

.........
........
.........
..........
..........

G41470
G41500
G41610
G43200
G43400

0.45-0.50
0.48-0.53
0.56-0.64
0.17-0.22
0.38-0.43

0.75-1.00
0.75-1.00
0.75-1.00
0.45-0.65
0.60-0.80

0.035
0.035
0.035
0.035
0.035

0.040
0.040
0.040
0.040
0.040

0.15-0.30
0.15-0.30
0.15-0.30
0.15-0.30
0.15-0.30

0.80-1.10
0.80-1.10
0.70-0.90
0.40-0.60
0.70-0.90

E4340tdJ
.......
441%~)
.......
4422(c)
........
4427lct
.......
4615
.......
4617(c)
4620 ..........
46211~1
4626 .. .:I.:::
47181~)
........

G43406
G44190
G44220
G44270
G46150
G46170
G46200
G46210
G46260
G47180

0.38.0.43
0.18-0.23
0.20-0.2s
0.24-0.29
0.13-0.1s
0.15-0.20
0.17-0.22
0.18-0.23
0.24-0.29
0.16-0.21

0.65-0.85
0.45-0.65
0.70-0.90
0.70-0.90
0.45-0.65
0.45.0.65
0.45-0.65
0.70-0.90
0.45-0.65
0.70-0.90

0.025
0.035
0.035
0.035
0.035
0.035
0.035
0.035
0.035

0.025
0.040
0.040
0.040
0.040
0.040
0.040
0.040
034

0. s-O.30
0.15-0.30
0.15-0.30
0.15-0.30
0.15-0.30
0.15-0.30
0.15-0.30
0.15-0.30
0.150.30

0.70-0.90

4720
4815
481i
4820
50151e1

G-47200
G48150
G48170
G48200
G50150

0.17-0.22
0.13-0.18
0.15-0.20
0.18-0.23
0.12-0.17

0.50-0.70
0.40-0.60
0.40-0.60
0.50-0.70
0.30-0.50

0.035
0.035
0.035
0.035
0.035

0.040
0.040
0.040
0.040
0.040

0.15-0.30
0.15-0.30
0.150.30
0.15-0.30
0.160.30

0.35-0.55

50B40(c.e1
...
..
50B44ie)
...
50461~1 .......
50B46e1
.......
5OBSOjet .__._.,

G50401
G50441
G5wjo
G50461
G50501

0.38-0.43
0.43-0.48
0.43.0.48
0.44-0.49
0.48-0.53

0.75-1.00
0.75-1.00
0.75100
0.75-1.00
0.75-1.00

0.035
0.035
0.035
0.035
0.035

0.040
.O.MO
0.040
0.040
0.040

0.150.30
0.15-0.30
0.15-0.30
0.15.0.30
0.15-0.30

0.40-0.60
0 404.60
0.20.0.35
0.2OKk35
0.40-0.60

5060~1
.......
SOB60er
.........
5115tc1
........
Sllirfl
........
5120 .........

G506~

0.56-0.64
0.56-0.64
0.13-0.18
0.15-0.20
0.17-0.22

0.75-1.00
0.75-1.00
0.70-0.90
0.70-0.90
0.70-0.90

0.035
0.035
0.035
0.035
0.035
kontinued)

0.040
0.040
0.040
0.040
0.040

0.150.30
0.15-0.30
0.15-0.30
0.15-0.30
0.15-0.30

0.40-0.60
0.40-0.60
0.70-0.90
0.70-0.90
0.70-0.90

..........

..........

.........
.........
.........
..........
........

G51150
G51170
GSl200

0.040
0.035.O.O50db,
0.040
0.035.O.O50(b,
0.040

0.15-0.30
0.15-0.30
0.15-0.30
0.150.30
0.15-0.30
0.15-0.30
0.150.30
0.15-0.30
0.15-0.30
0.15-0.30

.
. .

0.35-0.5s

0.30-0.50

0.20-0.30
0.20-0.30
0.20-0.30
0.20-0.30
0.20430
0.20-0.30
0.20-0.30
0.2CbO.30
0.08-0.15
0.15-0.25
0.15*0.25
0.15-0.25
0.15-0.25
0.15-0.25
0. n-0.25

.
1.65-2.00
1X5-2.00
1.65200
.

0.15-0.25
0.15-0.2s
0.25-0.35
0.20-0.30
0.20-0.30

.
1.65-2.00
1.65-2.00
1.652.00
1.65-2.00
0.70- 1.00
0.90-1.20

0.20-0.30
0.45-0.60
0.35-0.45
0.35-0.45
0.20X1.30
0.20-0.30
0.20-0.30
0.20-0.30
0.15-0.25
0.30-0.40

0.90-1.20
3.25-3.75
3.25-3.75
3253.75

0.15-0.25
0.20-0.30
0.20-0.30
0.20-0.30

LOW ALLOY STEELS

. -..
-mdYIIkADSO-SAJB
d8T
ewb--
buboo.
-4*1-l
03341
03M).u
043445

om-090
010.090
070.090

0035
0035
o-335

046.05,
01M).sJ
05,455
056obl
o.sl-ob4

070.095
0104m
om4Ym
0.15.l.a)
O.l5.,ca

0.035
oal5
003,
0035
0035

099.1.10
096110
09bl.10
0 154.1,
0.4b.o.s3

0150,5
0w.u
owu
0.50410
oma.9o

om.5
0025
oom
0055
owl5

o.,ao,5
ou.md
Olaol8
0 L5.020
O.lMI.zl

070490
0.7CIoo
om.090
0 7m.90
07oom

oaY5
0035
o&a5
0.0%
0035

02oa28
ozY4.m
OWJO
omou
0lso.a

0100.90
070490
0104.90
o.m.am
0.75*.m

0035
0033
0035
0035
0.m

oabou
ow.45
0.~045
ou9.a
044.053

0.151.00
075100
076lm
0.7s.I
00
01.5.1.00

oca5
OatI
om.5
0.035
om5

0514.59
ow.064
019.023
0.3M).u
omY.5
051.059
05,059
owe4

076,ca
016100
070090
0 70.,.m
0.76,rn
0.6&050
0.70495
0.15.,00

oLu5
00s
0035
0.035
0035
0035
0.055
oal5

OoM).IJ
0 13-O 15
0,542o
o.2bou

040.a65
0 16,.00
0.751.m
015100

0025
0.035
0035
ool5

LOW ALLOY STEELS

Heat

css
deaprution

AlSl.SAE
denignacion

compoairion

Mll

ran#cn

and

Si

limiu.

% 1.1

Cr

Si

Yo

1330H
1335H
1340H
1345H
4027H

HI3300
HI3350
H134W
HI3450
H40270

0.27.0.33
0.32-0.36
0.37-0.44
0 42-0.49
0.24-0.30

1.45.2.05
1.45-2.05
1.45-2.05
1.45-2.05
0.60-1.00

0.15.0.30
0.15-0.30
0.15-0.30
0.15-0.30
0.15-0.30

0.20-0.30

4028Hlbl
4032H
4037H
4042H
4047H

H40280
H40320
H40370
H40120
H404fO

0 24-0.30
0.29-0.35
0.34-0.41
0.39-0.46
0.44-0:51

0.60.1.00
0.60-1.00
0.60-1.00
0.60.1.00
0.60-1.00

0.15.0.30
0.15-0.30
0.15.0 30
0.15-0.30
0.15-0.30

0.20-0.30
0.20-0.30
0.20.0.30
0 20-0.30
0 20-0.30

4118H
4130H
4135H
4137H
4140H

H41180
H413W
H41350
H41370
H414W

0.17-0.23
0.27.0.33
0.32-0.38
0.34-0.41
0.37-0.44

0.60.1.00
0.30-0.70
0.60.1.00
0.60.1.00
0.65-1.10

0.15-0.30
0.15-0.30
0.15-0.30
0.15-0.30
0.15-0.30

0.30-0.70
0.75.1.20
0.75-1.20
0.75-1.20
0.75-1.20

0.08-0.15
0.15-0.25
0.15-0.25
0 15-0.25
0.1 j-0.25

4142H
4145H
4147H
4150H
416lH

H41420
H41450
H41470
H415W
H41610

0.39-0.46
0.42-0.49
0.44-0.51
0.47-0.54
0.55-0.65

0.65-1.10
0X5-1.10
0.65-1.10
0.65-1.10
0.65-1.10

0.15-0.30
0.15.0.30
0.15-0.30
0.15-0.30
0.15.0.30

0.75.1.20
0.75-1.x)
0.75-1.20
0.75-1.20
0.65-0.95

0.15-0.25
0.15-0.25
0.15-0.25
0.15-0.25
0.25-0.35

4320H
4340H
E4340HI
4419Hlcl
4620H

H43200

O.li-0.23

0.15-0.30
0.15-0.30
0.15-0.30
0.15-0.30
0.15-0.30

0.35-0.65
0.65495
0.65-0.95

H434W
H43406
H44190
H46200

0.3i-0.44

0 37-0.44
0.17-0.23
0 li-0.23

0.40-0.70
0.55-0.90
0.60-0.95
0.35-0.75
0.35-0.75

462lHlcl
4626Hldl
4718H1cl
4720H
4815H

H46210
H46260
H47180
H4:2W
H48150

0.17-0.23
0.23-0.29
0.15-0.21
0.17-0.23
0.12-0.18

0x0-1.00
0.40-0.70
0.60-0.95
0.45-0.75
0.30-0.70

0.15-0.30
0.15-0.30
0.15-0.30
0.15-0.30
0.15-0.30

4617H
4820H
50B4OHtel
50B44Htel
5046H

H48170
H462W
H50401
H5044l
H50460

3.14-0.20
0 17-0.23
0.33-0.44
0.42-0.49
0.43-0.50

0.30-0.70
0.40-0.80
0.65-1.10
0.65-1.10
0.65-1.10

0.15-0.30
0.15-0.30
0.15-0.30
0.15-0.30
0.15-0.30

0.30-0.70
0.30-0.70
0.13-0.43

50B46H1e1
50B5OHtet

H50461
H50501
H50601
H51200
H513W

0.43-0.50
0.47.0.54
0.55-0.65
0.17-0.23
0.27-0.33

0.65-1.10
0.65-1.10
0.65-1.10
0.60.1.00
0.60-1.10

0.15-0.30
0.15-0.30
0.15-0.30
0.15-0.30
0.15-0.30

0.13-0.43
0.30-0.70
0.30-0.70
0.60.1.00
0.75-1.20

5140H
5145Hlc1
5147H,c*

H51320
H5 1350
H514W
H51450
H514;O

0.29-0.35
0.32.0.38
0.37.0.44
0 42-0.49
0.45.0.52

0.50-0.90
0.50-0.90
0.60-1.00
O&O-1.00
0.60-1.05

0.15-0.30
0.15-0.30
0.15-0.30
0.15-0.30
0.15-0.30

0.65-1.10
0.70-1.15
0.60-1.00
0.60-1.00
0.80-1.25

5150H
5155H
516OH
5186OHtej
6118HIF

H515W
H51550
H51600
H51601
H61180

O.li-0.54
0.50.0.60
0 55-0.65
0.55-0.65
0.15-0.21

0.60.1.00
0.60-1.00
0.65-1.10
0.65.1.10
0.40-0.80

0.15-0.30
0.15-0.30
0.15-0.30
0.15-0.30
0.15-0.30

0.60-1.00
0.60.1.00
0.60-1.00
0.60-1.00
0.40-0.80

6150Htgr
8lB45Hael

H61500
Ha1451

0.47-0.54
0.42-0.49

0.60-1.00
0.70-1.05

0.15-0.30
0.15-0.30

0.75-1.20
0.30-0.60

bl

50B6OHle1

5120H
5130H
5132H

5135H

II) Typical
limna
on phosphonu
grade
only.
(d) AISI
nandmd
mmimum
vanadtum

and
grade

sulfur
only.

contenu
lee Can

M
h

0.035%
expected

0.30.0.60
0.30-0.60

kmntinued)

mu~mum
10 contain

phwphowand
0.040%
O.CW5
to 0.003%
boron.

1.55-2.00
1.55-2.00
1.55-2.00

maximum
It7 Cantainr

sulfur.

Electric

lb)
0.10

0.158

1.55-2.00

0.20-0.30
0.20-0.30
0.20-0.30
0.45-0.60
0.20-0.30

1.55-2.00
0.65-1.05
0.85.1.25
0 85-1.25
3 20-3.80

0.20-0.30
0.15-0.25
0.30-0.40
0.15-0.25
0.20-0.30

3.20-3 80
3.20.3.80

0.20.0.30
0.20-0.30

0.15-0.45

0.06-0.15

furnace
vanadium.

steel.
tgl

lel SAE
Conrslru

standard
0.15%

83-6

LOW ALLOY STEELS

AISI.SAE

Heat

CSS
dcsignwion

designation

Yn

compwition
Si

range@ and limits.

Cr

9 101
Ni

wo

Hd6200
Ha6220
Ha6250
Hd6270
H86300
H66301
Ha6370

0.14-0.20
0.17-0.23
0.19-0.25
0.22-0.28
0.24-0.30
0.27-0.33
0.27.0.33
0.34-0.41

0.60-0.95
0.60-0.95
0.60.0.95
0.60-0.95
0.60-0.95
0.60-0.95
0.60-0.95
0.70-1.05

0.15-0.30
0.15-0.30
0. IS-O.30
0.15.0.30
0.15-0.30
0.15-0.30
0.15-0.30
0.15.0.30

0.35-0.65
0.35-0.65
0.35-0.65
0.35-0.65
0.35-0.65
0.35-0.65
0.35-0.65
0.35-0.65

0.X-0.75
0.35-0.x
0.35-0.75
0.35-0.75
0.35-0.7s
0.35-0.75
0.3so.75
0.35-0.75

0.15-0.25
0.15-0.25
0.15.0.25
0.15-0.25
0.15-0.25
0.15-0.25
0.15-0.25
0.15.0.25

8640H
8642H
8645H
86845Hlem
8650H

H86400
Ha6420
H86-450
HB6451
HE6500

0.37-0.44
0.39.0.46
0.42449
0.42-0.49
0.47-0.54

0.70-1.05
0.70-1.05

0.15-0.30
0.15-0.30
0.15-0.30
0.15-0.30
0.15-0.30

0.35-0.65
0.35-0.65
0.35-0.65
0.35.0.65
0.35-0.65

0.35-0.7s
0.35-0.7s
0.35-0.75
0.35-0.75
0.35-0.70

0.15-0.25
0.15-0.25
0.15-0.25
0.15.0.25
0.15-0.2s

M55H
866OH
8720H
.974OH
8822H

H86550
H86600
HE7200
H.Si400
HE8220

0.50.0.60
0.55-0.65
O.li-0.23
0:37-0.44
0.19-0.25

0.70-1.05

0.15-0.30
0.15-0.30
0.15-0.30
0.15-0.30
0.15-0.30

0.35-0.65
0.35-0.65
0.35-0.65
0.35-0.65
0.35-0.65

0.35-0.75
0.35-0.75
0.35-0.75
0.35-0.75
0.35-0.75

0.15-0.25
0.15-0.25
0.20-0.30
0.20-0.30
0.30-0.40

9260H
9310Hlbl
94BlSHlet
94B17Hlea
94B30Hle.

H92600
H93100
H94151
H94171
H94301

0.55-0.65
0.07-0.13
0.12-0.18
0.14-0.20
0.27-0.33

0.65.1.10
0.40.0.70
0.70-1.05
0.70-1.05
0.70-1.05

1.70-2.20
0.15.0.30
0.15-0.30
0.15.0.30
0.15.0.30

1.00.1.45
0.25-0.55
0.25-0.5s
0.25.0.55

2.95-3.55
0.25-0.65
0.25-0.65
0.25-0.65

861iH
8620H
8622H
R625H
____..
8627H
8630H
86B30Hte
663iH

H861iO

:::

0.70-1.05
0.70-1.05
0.70-1.05
0.70-1.05
0.70-1.05
0.60-0.95
0.70-1.05

0.08-0.15
0.08-0.15
O.O&O.i5
0.08-0.15

la) Typical limirs on phosphow and sultur contenu M 0.035% maximum phosphorus ud 0.040% maximum wlfur. (bl Electric fvrna~ Noel. ICI Sti, srandud
grade only. cd8 MS1 WNMJ& mdc only IC) Can be expcvd u) contain 0.0005 u) 0.0039 bomn. IO Containa 0.10 v) 0.15% vuud~~m. W Contam 0.15s
minimum vanadium

Heat

SAE
design&on(b)

cmax

comporltion
lhnk
9(a)
Mnmu

942x
945A

. 0.21
0.15

1.35
1.00

945c

0.23

1.40

, 0.22
0.15

1.35

945x
950A

. .

HelMCOiCO~(~~
PMX
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04

0.22

1.30
1.30

0.04

950B
950C

0.25

1.60

0.04

0.04

SAE
deriunation(b)
950D
950x
955x
960X
965x
970x
980X

C mm

..
..
.

0.15
0.23
0.25
0.26
0.26
0.26
0.26

Mamax

1.00
1.35
1.35
1.45
1.45
1.65
1.65

PIMX

0.15
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04

CaJ Maximum
conrcnuofrulhrrandsillcon
forall
grader:
0.050% S.O.9oQ
Si:tb)Secondand
thirddi
Uof
deoqnation
lndxate
minimum
eld strength
in ksi. Suffix Xindicatee
that the steel contains
nio E hum.
vanadium.
nitrogen
or other al r oymg elemenrs.
A second rtix
K indicates
that the steel is produced
fully
killed
using fine grain
practice;
otherwise.
the steel is produced
scmikilled.

High Strength Low Alky

MISCELLANEOUS
ULTRA

iiL&Y

STEELS

HIGH STRENGTH

STEELS

Compsilion.
rmigMlkm

or

trade

Medlumcsrbon

AFl4lOtbl.
HP )-I-MC).

air-hardening

toughness

\la

o.xul.33
0.X-0.43
0.3wJ.43
0.314.38
O.J&O.J6
0.424.48
0.48-0.53
0.38-0.43

..........
..........
..........
..........

_.

Si

Cr

rtlmb
Xi

MO

co

rle&

..........
..........

HI 1 mod..
.
HI3 . . . . . . . . . . . . .
High fncture

low-alby

Jl30 ........
4140 ........
4340 ........
AMS 6434 ...
3OOM .......
D-6a ........
6150........
8640
Medium-alloy

O.JO4.60
0.7-1.00
0.6bO.80
0.6&0.80
0.6.4).90
O.W.90
0.7&0.90
O.i.~l.oo

o.x-O.3s
0.1Oa3.35
0.:0-0.3s
0.20-0.35
l.J5-1.80
0.l.co.30
0.1u.35
0.1&0.35

0.8&1.10
0.80-1.10
0.7&O.w
0.65-0.90
0.7Oa.95
0.9cLl.20
0.8&1.10
0.40-0.60

0.x4.JO
0.3&0.50

0.80-I.00
0.80-1.20

4.75-5.25
4.75-5.50

0. IO max
0.10-0.35

0.10 man
0.20 max

I .8&2.?0
0.90-1.10

._
I .65-2.00
I .6.5-2.00
I .65-2.00
0.40470

0. I~cg.25
0. Is-o.25
0.x-O.30
0.30-0.40
0.3Oa.45
0.~1.10

0.40-0.70

O.lSO.25

0.17423
0.05 min
0.05-o. IO
0.I5-0.25

steels

. . .

0.37-0.43
. . 0.32-0.45

1.?&1.40
1.10-1.75

0.40-0.60
0.8&-1.20

SIC&
_.

0.13-0.17
0.2W.34

MARAGING

lSNit200)
.
__ __ _. _.
ISNi(250)
. .
_. .__ _.
lSNi(300)
. . _.
._.
lSNi(350)
.. .
. . . ._.
ISNiEast).
.
_.
... .
12-S-3( 18OMc).
. .
Cobah.free

sod brsobah

Cobalt-free
Cobalt-free
Lowtobalt
Cobalt-free

lSNitC0j..
ISNIIYO).
lShi(Z50).
lSNio(X)).

Ia) All pdcr

Cr

comain

_. _.
. 18
_.
..
18
__.
.
18
__ _.
. . I8
_.
. I7
.
I?

bearing
. _.
.
.

0.90-I.
0.90-I.

IO
IO

o.w-0.

I?

IS%-II..%3
4.2.u.:5

STEELS

3.3
5.0
5.0
4.?(b)
4.6
3

8.J
8.5
9.0
I2.J
10.0
.

0.2
0.4
0.7
I.6
0.3
0.2

0. I
0. I
0. I
0. I
0.1
0.3

3.0
3.0
2.6
4.0

. . .

0.7
I.4
I.2
I .85

0.
0.
0.
0.

gmda

_.

.
.
.

9.50-10.50
7.0-8.0

.
.

18.5
18.5
IS.5
18.5

no more than 0.03% C. (b) Same produccn

ux a comb&lion

2.0
.
014.8%

Mu and 1.4% Ti. nominal.

I
I
I
I

0.1
.
(cl Comams S%

83-8

Appendix B

Appendix B-4

Corrosion

Instructional
Video Teletraining
Federal
Aviation
Administration

Resistant (CRIB)

Course

Steels

Introduction
April,

1998

to Metallurgy
EM

CORROSION

RESISTANT (CRES) /STAINLESS

STEELS

TYPES
There are five types of Wrought
of stainless
steels; viz., austenitic,
ferritic,
martensitic,
duplex
(ferrite-austenitic)
and
precipitation
hardening(PH).
The same types exist for cast alloys; some cast alloys can not be classified
as steels. The
martensitic
and PH steels/alloys
can be heat treated to high strength
levels. Most of the steels/alloys
described
here can be used
for applications
involving
elevated
temperatures
and/or those requiring
ambient
temperature
corrosion
resistance.
Some
compositions,
however,
were specifically
designed
for best performance
in only one type of application.

WROUGHT
Wrought

alloys

are classified

into two

groups,

standard

ALLOYS

and nonstandard

grades

Standard Grades
Standard
standard

stainless
steel grades are of the austenitic,
ferritic,
martensitic
and PH types; there are no standard
duplex
grades have been assigned
the following
designations:
I- 2xx . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cr-Ni-Mn;
Austenitic
2- 3xx ... ...... ..... ..... ...... ........ ........ ..... ....... ...Cr-Ni; Austenitic
3- 4xx .... ...... .... ..... ...... ......... ....... ...... ...... .. Cr; Martensitic
4- PH . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Precipitation
Hardening*
l Only
four standard
grades exist; viz., PH 13-S MO, 15-5 PH, 17-4 PH and 17-7 PH. The first two digits indicate
the third digit the Ni%.

Nonstandard

grades.

The

the C&J

and

Grades

Nonstandard
grades cover all types of stainless
steels; austenitic,
ferritic,
martensitic,
duplex
and PH. There is no standard
designation
system
for these grades.
Instead,
the grades are identified
in one of three ways:
a- By trade names assigned by industry;
e.g., Custom
455 and E-Brite.
b- By composition;
e.g., 2 I-6-9 and PH 15-7 MO.
c- By parent standard
grade designation
followed
by the particular
modification;
e.g., 3 16 Cb meaning
the standard
3 16 plus
Cb additions.

CAST ALLOYS
Designation System
A special designation
system has been assigned
by the Alloy
Casting
Institute
(ACI).
The designation
followed
by one or two numerals
and one or more letters, as follows:
First Letter
Either C or H
C: Steels for liquid
corrosion
service;
include
Cr, Cr-Ni
and Ni-Cr
steels.
H: Heat resistant
alloys;
include
Fe-Cr,
Fe-Cr-Ni
and Fe-Ni-Cr
alloys. Note that many of these alloys
as steels but are listed as such for convenience
only.
Second
Letter
A letter, A through
Y, to indicate
nominal
Cr and Ni contents
per the graph shown.
U)
I
d
1
The Numeral(s)
; .?a -o.Ei--,-\
To indicate
the maximum
carbon%
x I00
z
=
,r
8
The Last Letter(s)
E 2o 0
1
To indicate
the presence
of alloying
elements
other than Ni and Cr.
.?
E
?lO-

corrosion

service;

F: 19%

Cr-9%

Ni; 8: 0.08%

carbon;

M: MO

1
I

not

I
!
; p!

IT-

10

20

be classified

1 N

letters

wxy

I
0

for liquid

of two

should

i
:

Example
CF-8M
C: Steel

consists

lo
Nulckel

40

COntent. %

50

60

10

WROUGHT

STANDARD
ml

........

10:
ms
........
:
JO1 ......
lo?
...........
302B
..........
303
..........
301sc
.......
JM
JMH
.........
JfuL
...........
JMLN
.........
mzcu
..........
.......
305
3x
...........
lw
............
309s
...........
310
..........
)Io.s
..........
II4
...........
316
............
JlbF
...........
316H
...........
J&L
...........
Jl6LN
.........
........
Jl6N..
317
..........
317L
..........
321
............
...........
330
..........
347
...........
347H
.........
Mn
...........
J48H
..........
Ia
............

JMN
............

J?IH

Fewilk

............
...........
...
.....
...........
.......
.....
..........

419
44:
444..

.........
......
.....

at...

:.::.

003
0.08
0.1:
0.1:
0.12
n.1:
0 I:
0.12

i.m
l.m
1.m
1.m
I.25
I.25
lo)
tm

l.m
1.m
l.m
I .m
l.m
1.00
1.00
1.00

Il.>l4.5
10.5-I
1.75
I4 O-16.0
l6.o-18.0
16.0-l&0
16.kl8.0
16.0-18.0
16.0-18.0

0.0
0 :o
0 0:s

i.m
100
im

I.00
i.m
1.m

Il.&l9
l8.&23.0
17.Sl9.5

o.:o

l.5O

1.m

:3.0-27.0

SJ?Qu

020

I.00

0.7s

2J.CL28.0

s40,m
YlcccJ
s4lJm
sl16OO
S416:J
YxoI
YXVO

0.1
0 I
0 is
0.1.
0.15
0.1
rn,
n 15 ml
0.m-o
:5
0.x
0.W.
0 TW.95
0.9.Li
.:n

1.00
I.00
l.m
I.23
I.2
1.00
1.25
I.00
i.m
I.00
i.m
l.m

0. .Yl
i.m
1-m
I.00
l.m
l.OO
l.m
0.75
im
l.m
1.m
i.m

11%13.0
11%Il.5
II.S-13.5
l2.crl4.0
I2&I4.0
I2.LI4.0
lx-14.0
II LIJ.5
I5 o-17.0
l6.o-18.0
16.0-18.0
lb&l8.0

0.05
0.07
0.07
0.w

020
I.00
i.m
I.00

0.10
100
i.m
1-m

YJO!
SAC00
.:s4.u00

.........

Dupk~

s&ulm

tkritk-ticakl
............

Muauilk
403
410
414
416
4lb.k
42o
42OF
422
431
4lo.4
4400
UK

y0.m
Ys409ca
Yxm
YJam
Y.u).x
SIJO:!
Sam
s.mm

IO

IO

IO

IO

I4.n-I!
:m
2.00
2m
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.m
2.m
200
2.00
:.m
2.00
:.a,
2.m
2.m
2.m
2.00
2.m
2.00
2.m
2.00
2.m
2.m
2.m
2.00
2.m
:.m
:.m
200
:.a,
2.00
2.m
00
i.00

1.m
i.m
1.m
1.m
im
Z.&IO
i.m
1.00
1.00
lm
I.00
I.00
i.m
i.m
I.00
l.m
I.00
too
IX
I JO
I.LJ.O
i.m
1.00
i.m
i.m
i.m
I.00
I.00
l.m
i.m
1.m
0.7.&I
.c
i.m
i.m
i.m
I.00
l.m

IO.&18.0
17.n-I9
16.~l8.0
I6.C18.0
17.kl9.0
l7.o-19.0
I7.o-I9
17.0-19.0
l.S.O-20.0
18.0-m.0
18.&20.0

i8.h20.0
17.w19.0
1.9.&?0.0
17.e19.0
19.0-2
I .o
22.0-24.0
22.lW4.0
24.0-26.0
24.C26.0
23.0-26.0
16.0-18.0
16.0-18.0
lb.&l&O
16.Gl8.0
l6.0-18.0
16.&18.0
18.wo.O
I&o-20.0
17.&19.0
17.0-19.0

i7.cm.o
17.&19.0
17.&19.0
17.o-19.0
17.0-19
15.0-17.0

I.!-J.5

0.0

u4.0
I o-l.75
6.04.0
R.&IO.0
8.0-10.0
8.o..IO.0
8.o-IO.0
8.O-I0.J
8.&lO.J
8.a-12.0
.9.&12.0
8.0-10.0
11.kIO.5
IO.%-13.0
lO.o-12.0
I2.&IJ.O
I:&15.0
19.w2.0
19.&22.0
19.~22.0
lO.&l4.0
IO&14.0
10.0-14.0
lO.&l4.0
10.0-14.0
lO.&l4.0
ll.LIJ.0
Il.o-IJU
9 &I?.0
P.bl2.0
34.617.0
9.&lJ.O
9.0-I)
0
9&lJ.O
9.0-Il.0
17.0-19.0

OWJ
0.06
0.045
O.MJ
0.0111
0.20
0.20
O.MJ
O.MJ
0.04s
O.MJ
OSUJ
0.015
O.MJ
O.MJ
0.015
0.045
O.MJ
0.045
O.MJ
0.045
0.20
0.01s
O.MJ
0.015
0.045
0.045

OLN
02 N
0.X4 40 N

0.045
O.MJ
0.M
0.015
O.MJ
0.015
O.MJ
O&J

0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.01
0.15 In,
0.M
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.01
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0. IO min
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.01
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.01
0.03
0.03

0.01
0.045
0.M
0.01
0.06
O&
OM
0.01

0.03
O.MJ
0.03
0.03
0.1s min
0.0
0.03
0.03

0.M
0.01
0.01

0.01
0 03
0.03

0.M

0.03

0.3

0.040

0.030

I .ur2.m

O.MJ

0.6 Mdb)
O.l! mm se

0 10-0
3.040
O.lm

lb N
cu
I6 N

?.&I.0
MO
1.7K.J
MO
2.0-3.0
MO
2.e3.0
MO
2.GJ.O
Ho:O.IW.l6
X-3.0
MO: 0.1~).16
J.U.0
MO
3 (Y.0
MO
J I W
min Ti
5 x SC min Ti

N
N

IO I SC mm Nb
IIr%Cmm-l.OmuNb
0.2 Co: IO * Lit min Nb:
0.2Co:8~%Cmm-l1.0muNb:O.IOTa

0.10

Ta

l~p

40s
u9
429
430
4JOF
4JOFSc
434
rltd

329

n.tq
n I!
n 12n.z.c
0.1:
0 I!
&I!
0.15
O.l!
0.08
0 ou).
0.01
n.03
0.W
0.m
0.12
0.08
0.X
OOR
0.2.
0.08
0.25
0.08
009
o.wo
0.03
0 03
0.08
O(*I
0.03
0.W
0.M-n
04%
0.08
0ola10
0.W
0.0.
0.W

..

..........

5.5-T !
7.ClO.11

s:nlm
sm2m
: smsm
sJolm
: s302m
sJn?l!
s303m
SJOJ23
SJoa-ll
SJWJ9
SJn4aJ
SJN!J
s3tun
SJt-ht!I
sJnxa
SJRJm
SJWno
SOWS
SJlca
SJlKc3
SJIM
s316m
SJ1620
SJl@B
SJl603
SJl6!J
SJIL.cl
s317m
SJIIOJ
s32lm
SJZIW
NOW330
sJ47m
534709
SYSM
SJuIW
SJLYM

CRES STEELS

0.50

0 JO
1.00

0. IW.30
Al
mm - 0.75 mu

6 I SC

0.6 Udbl
0.1: min Se
o.:%I.Y
MO
Mo: 5 x X-C min

0.7LI.25
Nb
O.IJ

Al:

1.7>2.%
RN1

II

* %C min

- 0.70

mu

- l.iOTi

MO:

0.03

N: 0.2

min

0.S

Ti

li

* 4 l%C
l
Nb)

vp
:.5cu.m

MO

t,pa
...........
............
............
............
.......
............
..........
............

.......
...........
...........
...........

w-m
wim
sum:
yuu?
suca

Prdpllalka~iIq
PH IJ-EYo
....
........
15-J PH
I74
PH
........
.......
17.7 PH

l.?J-2.50

0 h-1.0
I zs-2%

0.04
0.01
0.M
0.06
0.06
0.M
0.M
0.M
001
0.04
001
OM

0.03
0.03
0.03
0.15 min
0.0
0.01
0.15 min
0.01
0.0)
0.01
0.03
0.01

0.01
0.M
0.M
0.M

O.OC0
0.03
0.03
0.M

0.6 Hdbl
0.13 mm se
06

Udbl

O.:Ll.2sMo:O.-~I.U

w:0.15-0.3v
o.:s
0,:s
0,:s

MO
MO
sio

type
S138m
SIJ.XXI
S17401
Sl77m

12.:~13.:!
I4.&lJ.5
IJ.L17.J
16.618.0

7.1uI.J
3.SJ.J
J.&!.O

6.5-7

75

2.C.J

MO: 0.~l.33
Al:
2.Y.5
Ca: O.l~.4J
Y.&J.OCu:O.lti.45
0.75-1.5
Al

0.01
Nb
Nb

84-2

NON STANDARD
-.I

WROUGHT CRES.STEELS

.- I,__,-,,,,,
-I., 8--._-I..-.._
. I .

ID

B4-3

CAST CRES STEELS

Compositions

CA.15.
CA.lJM.
CA40
CA&IF
CB.30

.,

and

tvical

microstructure

of ACI corrosion-resistant

cast

steel5

1,

II j-l40
Il.!-IJU
I I J-14 II
I, !-I40
IR.OZ.0
26 O-30.0

..:
KU
..:

?A~NM
CA.l.aMWV

A,,.

u:

10.5-l:.!
ll.L14.0
Il.&l:.5

_.

CE7CW2
CWMCu
CE.JO .............
CF.&cl
............
CF.JM,cl.
.........
CF.lMN
............
CFUel..
..........
CFdC
............
..........
CF.10
..............
CF.IOM..
............
CF.IOhlC.
........
CF.IOSMnN
.........
CF-1%.
.......

CFdM

CF.16F..
CF.20..
CCdMMN

0.08
0.03
0.03
o.ouJ

IO

0.044

IO

I.50
I.50
3.5043l
:.a)

I.50

:.al

303

0.16

?02

o.:o
0.06

CH-IO
...............
CH-20.
..........
CK.JMCuN
.......

CK.20..

J,O

Lt.&I
.4.0-12.0
W-12.0
9.Wl3.0
s&l
9.0-12.0
9.0-12.0
8.0-I
9.&12.0
I3.C16.0
8.&9
9.CI2.0

JO4
347
116

!I7

_.
,.

26.&lO.O
17.cIl.0
17.&21.0
l7.cGl.O
18.CGl.O
II.CL2I.O
l&o-21.0
18.0-21.0
11.~21
.o
IJ.O-18.0
16.&1.9.0
I8.C?l.O

2.m
2.00

0.20

0.01
0.07
0.07
O.OW.15

...

Compositions
-

.cIHA ....................
HC. ................
...............
HD.,
HE ..............
HF ...............
HH ..............
HI ................
/410,:::
:::

of ACI heat-resislanl

:::.::

HK40 ..................
HL ................
HS..
...............
HP ...................
...........
HP..Y)wZlc,.
H- .................
HTIO
................
HL
..............
HW .................
HX..
......
........

::

I,=

192605
JPJCO5
JPJ403
I92603
JPl.WJ
J94003
Jplzf4

JW
I94213

JMWS

A 217
A.W.A608
A297.Aea
A291.Ata
A.P.AbOB
A137..4608.AU
A297.A!-47.A2 g.
A 3Sl.
A 151
A 297.
A 297.
A297
A -37.
A 351
A 297.
A 297.
A-37.

7
A 608

A 6011
A ml

151.

A 567.

A613

A boo
A ta
A6cd

m,
am Ik UlRI n MI JNlllc.n,.
,b, Rlrn Fe I *I
I.8 ,sTII
&ml
I rti WLflu
,Cl,uHC.I.!SE ,~D.ml.?lorlkolh1110,1.
U mLl,mYm
I, ,.DntdI,
ak4vnl
r 1 HA. .blch h, O.pDl
I.%T?
N #ma,,
ICI USOOCDOUIN
8 ,tta
Iv. 0 I to 1.m zr. l ndO.ON%
s lma.8

2.00

18.0-21.0
I8.C!l.O
20.~II.5

B.O-II.0
I I.5-II.5

I.50
2.m
1.x)
2.m

9.0-Il.0
IO&11.0
12.e15.0
12.615
I?&I5
17..Cl9.5

2.00
I.03

l8.&21.0
Lot-3.0
22.W6.0
X.&26.0
22.W6.0
I9 5-20.5

z.00

2.00

:3.e:7.0

19.0-3.0

1.m
l.M
J.mw
0.5&1.1x)

zO.O-22.0
19.~22.:.0
IS.O-20.0
IP.&:I

23.0-27.0
27.~2QS
22.0-25.0
Jl.O-34.0

.,.I

0.20 mu
0.50 rm .
0.50 mu
0.20-0.x!
0 ma.40
0.20-O ..W
0.~
..m
;-s,$
0.15-o0.45
O.ZWMO
0.:&O
..W
0x-0.7!
0.4.W.~
5
0.Js0.7
0.2Y).Y
O.J.5-0.
O.JU-o.75
0.JU.75
<unautm,.
cmtmt~oOlCi
ror other .O,I
.%I Slmrll

Cr
&IO
2&Y)
X-Y)
26M
I%23
x-28
s30
?C28
21 e27.0
23.0-27.0
s-1:
1%II
:c:a
:A-28
l&17
I? c-l7.U
17-:I
l&14
ISI9

...
4max
c7
S-II
%I2
II-14
ICI8
IS-2
19crE,o
l9.k2.0
lb22
23-Z?
!J-J7
II-37
JJ-?7
53.0-57.0
3741
554:
64-69

0.cl.OM.3
0.~l.25Mo:
O.tl.?JW:
O.&o.~V
Z.LJ.?Cu.
O.mM.55Nb:
0.05N
ma
?.Sl.?Cu:
0 .B-O.lJ
0 05N INI
,.75-2.25Mo:
2.7M.LICu
1.0
?.&J.OMo
2.C-J.OMo:

St-;

i.m
2.m
:.a,
2.00
2.m
2.00
2.M
;:$
I .75
2.m
200

2.m
2.50
2.50
1.50
2 ..m
:.JO
2.50

Y.w*Y
cumcn,:
0.1% 10 UbY-5 lu HA.
IM.lIV
Jl0.A
P.WYZ.
Yl,bkrl
I, Y, .I a)51 uo HH aI* LUII.,,
0 -3

0.104.2ON

1.0
Nbcfl
?.&-J.OMo
1.0

9.e12.0

Zoo
I.W

alloys

A 547.

I.54
2.00
2.00
2.m

1.50
I.50
I50
I.50
I.50
I.20

2.m
I..%
I.33
0.15-133

casting

ASTM grHolbl.b

2.00

I 50
rawal

0.03
0.1:
0.08
0.04-0.I0
0.20
0.0:s

_.
.._....

4.7Jd.0

I.50
I.50
I.50
I.50
I.50
I .JO
I.50
I.SO
I.50
I.50
7.Ork9
al
I.50

CHd ..............

CN-JM..
CN-7M
CN-7MS
Cr.I5c

25.G26.5

0.10
0.03
0.01

116

..I..
.

4.5-5.5

JI:
JO4L
IIbL

._...

CGdM
CG-I2

5.6-4.6

I4.0-15.5

I.M

0. IO

..........

15.5-17.7

l.Ul
I.00

0 JOMtndl
0. I c I .coM.J
0.5MuldI

6.040
13U.J
0.5&l.O0

I.00

0.04

0.0)

1.0
I I,
1.0
I
0
Lo

2 &3.OMo
I.75--:.?.cMo
O.llS4.18N
?.O-3.OMO
I.U)MO
max:
0.2o-o.JJSc
Ix-3.ooMo.
0. IO&Y)Nb:
0. IO-IOV:
3.04.OMO

O.X-4ON

0
0
6.&7.OV:
0.50-l.cuu

0 I.3-0.24N:
. .

4.5-5.5Mo
?.o-l.OM.3:
2.5-J.OMo:
O.S,.JV

l.~.Ku
I.>:.oCu

Nb:

Appendix B

Appendix

B-5

Superalloys

Instructional
Video Teletraining
Federal
Aviation
Administration

Course

Introduction
April.

I998

to Metallurgy
B5

GENERAL
is a collective trade name assigned to a group of Fe, Ni, and Co-based alloys that are
characterized by excellent thermal performance up to 80-85% of their melting points, making
them suitable for jet engine components and other high temperature applications.
Many
superalloys are heat treatable to high strength levels. In the alloy listings, presented in the
following pages, some of these heat-treatable superalloys will be identified by asterisks.

Superalloys

DESIGNATION

SYSTEM

There is no standard designation system for superalloys. Alloys are identified by trade names,
usually assigned by the original inventor. These trade names have become sort of an industry
norm that is recognized internationally.

FORMS
Superalloys

are available

Wrought Alloys
Three types of alloys are
1. Fe-base (e.g., A-286,
2. N&base (e.g., Inconel
3. Co-base (e.g., Stellite

as wrought, cast, and powder metallurgy

products.

available:
Incoloy 903, and Pyromet CTX)
7 18, Nimonic 80, Udimet 700, and Pyromet
6B, Elgiloy, Haynes 188, and MP 35N)

600)

Cast Alloys
There are three major categories of cast alloys:
1. Polycrystalline
Cast Alloys. These are Ni or Co-base alloys.
a) Ni-base: Some of these have the same compositions as, and bear similar trade names to,
their wrought counterparts (e.g., IN 718, IN 625, Rene 41, and Nimocast).
Others are
strictly cast compositions (e.g., MAR-M 246 and Inconel 713).
b) Co-base: Strictly cast compositions (e.g., HS 21, MAR-M 302, and WI 52).
2. Directionally
Solidified@S)
Alloys. Ni-base alloys specially developed for directional
solidification
(e.g., MAR-M 247 and Rene 80H). These alloys are mainly used for vane and
blade applications.
3. Single Crystal (SC) Alloys. Ni-base alloys with adjusted compositions to suite single crystal
growth (e.g., PWA 1480 and Rene N-4). These alloys are mainly used for vane and blade
applications.
Powder Metallurgy
(PM) Alloys.
Some compositions, intended originally as cast alloys, were selected for PM applications. The
main use of this technology is for the production of components made of Stellites, a group of
wear-resistant alloys. Another application that is gaining commercial acceptance involves the
production of dispersion-hardened
alloys. Superalloy PM involves the production of ingots by
conventional ingot metallurgy, followed by powder production, from the ingot, by techniques
such as atomizing.

El-1

WROUGHT
Nominal

compitionr

of urouphf

nickel-Iwe

SUPERALLOYS

rllovr

0,

aw
I*
I4 I)
:o

:.!

:*.0

IJ

t:..c

?O

90
PO

.J
0.:
1.1
.Y
:.s
:h
I
:.a
:s
I.!
1.:
:.I
!.I
2.3
1.:
: 0
!
1,
:.s
: r
!.Y
I

I.0
10.

so
SP

4.0
1"
b"

! !
0!
10

DJ

composilionr

!7
3s
il
.?
Ub

0.3
0.J
0.30
01
01
0

J.U
:.I
IO

of wrought
C,

1
0.:
.?o
I
I,. I
I,

100

iron-base

alloy5

t.

0003

0.0s

0.012

0 OJ

002

IA

0.0:

44

OCOJ
0.00,
0.003
O.rnJ
0.160
Ou)I
0.010
0.03
00x
0.010
0.010
0.001
0010
OK@
Omb
OCOJ

o.oY)
0.020
0031
O.OlJ
0.036

0.m
~.~
0.04
0.02
0:

0 01
0.10

I s Ta

.
c-.

*h

0.:

u:
0.2
0.:
0.q
I, s
O.?
I, J
1
0.1

I.!
(0

17.0
IS.0
14.1
10.0
Il.?

Nominal

.
03

0.0,
OI
0 OJ
0 7
00s
001
004
OW
.I!
11.10
0.00
0 0
II
.lJ
0.m
0 0)
O.OJ
!
0.0
O.J
up
.I!
Oob
OOU
.OJ
O.OJ
003
0 07
0 01
ow
a3

.I

.
n

*.

S4.0
.!AI,
.!L.O
.u
,h
44s
&a

:!

(*k

O.,J
n.mJ
001

I..!, cu. 0 01 s

l.N

1.0
13

2s
:.J

1
1.0

!
O!V
2.0 C
O.O! L.l

10
0.1

Heat treatable

0 IJ
so

alloy

OS07

I.0 cu
1,s cu

CAST SUPERiLL&
Nominal

compositiom

*Br
IN-718 .._...........,

Y..

and

Tc

C,

0.04

I8.J
19.0
2I.S
12,s
12.0
12.0
10.0
16.0
16.0
12.7
22.4
8.0
8.0
10.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0

Rcrd
MO
................r... 0.03
INIT5 ......................
0.06
IN-713C ....................
0.12
IN-713LC
...................
0.05
IN-713 HI (MM Ooo .........
OOS
IN-100 ......................
0.18
IN-736C ...................
0.17
IN-7ILC
..................
0.11
IN.792 ....................
0.21
IN-939.: ....................
0.1s
B-19W.. ....................
0.10
B-1900 HI IMM 037, .........
0. IO
B-1910 ......................
0.10
MMllUZ
....................
0.1s
MAR-M 200 ................
ITIS
MAR.M 200 HI (MM 009, ....
0.14
MAR-M 246.. ...............
0.111
MAR-M 246 Hf (MM 0061 ....
0.1s
MAR-M 247 (MM 0011) ......
0.16
CM 247LC .................
0.07
RcnC41..
.............
p ... 0.08
Rcn4 77.. ...................
0.08
Rcn.680.. ...................
0.17
RcnC8OHf..
...............
0.111
RcnC 100 ....................
0 IS
Rent l2J HI IMM 00s) ......
U.10
Nimocasl 7s.. .............
0.12
Nimocasl 60 ..........
4.
0.0s
.............
..+.
;.;
Nimocat
9S
......
.....
Nimocasl lo0
0.20
Ldlmel m ............
..............
:
n.lM
l!dimel 700 ..........
0.08
Udinw 710 ......
.....
0.13
31
c I30 ..................
C 242. ...............
t.:
C 263 ...................
0.06
c 1023 .............
0 IS
Has~clby X ..........
: : 0.08
Haalloy
S ...............
0.01

0.06
OW
O.On
U I!

0 IS

0.07
0.02
Ill!
0.18
U I4
U.lS
0.W
0.14
0.W

compositions
iC

Hs-?I IMOD Vlrallium~

HS-31 1X-u)).
HS-2S 1L.60Sr
ML.1700 ._..__
.._
WI.S?
MAR.M 30:.
.._
MAR-M 322
.._...
.
MAR.t.4 So) .___.
AiRcsirl
I3
_.
AiRcrisl
?IS
._.
__.
F 7S
FSX4I4..
._
x4

II 2i
U !I,
Il. IO
0:
I, 42
U.J<
I U
U60
U.4S
U.3S
U.:S
0.2s
0.3

II 0
1u.s
14.1
IUU
:1.s
X.0
:o.u
IS !
!I.U
lb.0

10.0
Ih ..
14.
I! U
..
IO.0
-33 0
10.0
I ..

IY.0

I2.J
..
26.0
4h
4h
Vh
!.I)
IJ.5
!.ll
IOU
0.:
20.0
..
1Il.U
20.0

of sekled
MO

12.0
...
...
...
...
IS.0
8.5
8.S
9.0
IY.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
9.3
I0.S
l.3.S
9,s
9,s
IS.0
I0.U
.....
.....
I;:;

l.c.0
8.0
I! 0
s.0
hl
Y.9
I!.0
I I.0
Ih.0
(-....
vs
1s.n
I! !
20.0
:o .(
20.0

CMSX-hul.

Nominal

co

:.;
8.1
19.0
IS.0
14.0
14.0
9.S
YU
20.0
)P ..c
I;:;

Nimocasl
90.

waspdoy
.......
..... +
NX IBB ....................
SEL .....................
CMSX.?lal
.........
......
GMR-23:
..............
CLISX-Jlal
...........
cwsx-&I.
......
............
...
CMRZJS
....
......
SEL.1.r..
..........
....
.
UDM Y ...............
M-22 ..................
IN-731.. ..................
MAR-M 421.. .............
MAR-M 432 ..............
MC.102..
.................
Nimocart 242. .......
.....
tiimocxst
263 ...............
1.1 Sin* cfyul

densities

JO
I.2
8.S
4.2
4.3
4.s
1.0
I 7S
1.7s
2.0
..
6.0
6.0
1.0
..
..
...
2.S
2.S
U.6S
0,s
9.s
S.?
4.0
4.0
3.0
1.0

2.6
2.6
3.9
2.0

I2.S
I2.S
10.0
10.0
10.0
9,s

IIlllIa\
.
10.0

0.S
1.0 ma,
I0.S
IO.5

0.Y
0.9
1.0

I.8
1.0
.

I.S
1,s
3.0
3.0

1.0

7.0

3.8

superalloys
A

US
0,s
0.2
6.1
!.Y
S.V
s.s
I.4
3.4
3.2
1.9
6.0
h.0
h.0
S.S
s.0
s.0
s.s
S.S
S.6
S.6
1.7
4.2)
3.0
3.0
5s
alI

0.9
I.0
0.2
0.8
06
0.h
4.7
I.4
3.4
1.2
3.7
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.S
2.0
2.0
1,s
1.S
1.0
0.7
3.2
3,s
s.0
4.7
4.2
2.6
0,s

HI-

SU
JO
&!I
2,s
0.8
0. I
U.IS
4.2

I..(
?.I,
3,s
s.0
6
0.2
?.I!
3.6

0.40

I.2
x.0
a.4
..b
3.8
.h
!h
alI
?.S
54
4s
6.3
S.!
4.3
2.8

3.0

4.6
I.8
4.3

0.:
0.5

0.3
1
_._

I.5

0.6

3.8

i8.n
4.S
0b
4n
II.6
06
30
4.8
h.S
I.5
0
I:.(
2.0
..
6.0
IUS
!8

81)

h.0

8.0
h.J

h.0
h .
1.0

I.5
6.0
I I.0

3.8
JO
2.s

9 .<
1.0
I!.0
II.0
1U.U
Y.0
7.0
11.0
4.5

0.5

?.O
0
ib

0
;:o

:.r
1.0
20
IO
IU
4.7
2.5
2.5
2.0

72

3,

b,

.
I.3
..

1.S

1.S
2.0

I.4
1.4
I.4

.
0.8
I.6

.,.
! u
3.
d.3
10
1ll.U
IO.1
S.9
U.0
9.0
15.0

? II
1U.U
I,, U

I .7s
1.7s
3.9
1.4
4.3
4.3
7.0
23

4.0

cast cobalt-base

I- 11
:. u
1U.!l
:..u
LI u
21.
21.5
24.U
2I.U
IY.0
28.0
29,s
2s.s

s.1
S.I
4.0
2.0
2.0
2.0

I.1

,..

-.-

.i

nickel-base

--CcSpd(b.
1.
Hb

oi selected
(.I

cast

0.10
0.10
0.10
O.Oh
0.10
O.&i
0. IO
0. IO
0.08
0.08
0. IO
0.0s
0.0s
0.0s
0.0s
0.04
0.01
0.01
0.03
0.01
0.06

0.0s

U.02
u.03

.
.

u
0.012
bal
0.01
t.al
0.01
bal
0.014
bal
0.01
bal
0.01
w
0.02
bal
o.ocw
bal
0.01s
bal
0.01s
b-al
0.0111
bal
0.01s
bal
0.01s
tral
0.01s
bal
0.01s
bal
o.Ql.y-1 w
0.01s. _ bal
0.01s
b-al
0.m
bal
0.01s
M
0.01s
bal
0.015
bal
0.01s
hl
0.01s
bal
b)
I
bal
O.UlS
bal

0.015
0.006

0.02
o.on

O.OlS
..

0.0

0.001
ocn6

000s

bal
bal
bat

0.01s

.
0.10
0. IO
0.0.
U.U?
u.6u
U.uh
0.05
0.0s

0.01
0.070

0.Ol.c
0.015
O.OlC

U.01

0:iL-i

rJ-M.d-=
8.22

S Fe
8.2s
8.00
I.0 v

7.7s
8.11
8.2s
8.2
Es
8.S)
8.44
8.S3
7.91
8. I6

IOV

7.7s

1.S Fe
I 5 Fe

8.U
8.17
Y.IR
U.02
ll.08

l8.S Fe. O.! Mn. 0.3 Si

? 0 Fe. 0.02 b. 0.6s
si. o.ss Mn

n.45 ,un

i-Q1

bal
bal
bal
brl
b,l
bal
bal
bal
bal
bill
bal
bill
b&l
bal

0.0

u.os

Fe

bd

brl
bal
bal
bal
bal
hl
bal
brl
bat

0.009
0.0 I

0th
Ill3

0.3 .wn. 0.4 si. Il.0 Fe

3 0 Rc

0.2s Si. 0.30 Mn

I 0 Fe. 0.3 Mn. 0.3 SI
0.S Fe. 0.S Mn

8.h
R.0
8.h
8.
.98
8.04
8.1
8.2
P.63
7.?S
8.08
8.16
8.40
8.36

superalloys
Ia

.b

~mlpBu*l*.. , -uo
ri

II

LI

F.

co

II I-

1.1)
I..(

brl
brl
bal
bal
brl
bl
bal
bal
bal
brl
bl
bal
bal

! 0
Il.4
..
Y.0
4.:
7.S

..I,

,.
U.1
II.?!
0.2

2.1)

7.5

IJ.uu.

O.I?

. 5

7.0
7.0

0.011
O.OlU

* Heat

treatable

-i_.-.

alloy

U
I.! m,x
0.3
1.0
2,s ma1
.,
2.0 In-ax
2.0 maI

olbn

ckmu,.
D&-m

u.4 St

3.4 Al. 0.1 Y

4.3 Al. 0.1 Y

8.88
9.21
8.91
8.8s
8.43
8.47
8.3

CAST SUPERALLOYS

First-generation

single-crystal

Mb!

tr

CO

PWA IJXO
RcnC N-4 _.
_.
SRR99
,...__..._..........
RR ~XIO ,_........_........
AMI .,....................
CMSX-?
_.
_.
CMSX-3
_.
CMSX-6.
_.
_. _.

IO
9
8
IO
?
R
u
In

5
I
5
I.
R
5

First-generation

superalloys
410

T1

4
6
IO

I?

5
a
8

8
6
h

3
.
ib
0.6
3

DS superalloys

with

V-

extensive

turbine

Yb

0.5

.,.
I

engine

airfoil

MAR-M

200 Hf..

_. _.

RenC8OH
MAR-M
MAR-M

._...__......___...
002
247..

_.

Second-generation

Cr

CO

O.I?
0.16
0.13
0.1.

8
I4
8
8

V
9
Ill
IO

Ho

Nb

4
.
0.6

I2
4
IO
IO

5.0
1.7
5.5
5.5
5.0
5.b
5.6
4.8

I.5
4.2
j:;
I.8
I.0
I.0
4.7

llr

Yi

0. I
0. I

bal
bal
bal
bal
bal
bal
bal
bal

8.70
8.56
8.36
7.87
8.59
8..cb
8.56
7.98

compceilion.
Ta

-1%
Al

Ti

?.b
3.0

5.0
3.0
5.5
5.5

I.9
4.7
1.5
I .o

Zr

0.Ol.c
0.015
0.015
0.015

0.03
0.01
0.03
0.03

Hf

3.i

b.8
I.5
1.5

bal
bd
bal
bd

DS and SX superalloys
Somind

AlbJ

Ti

applications

,Xominal
Alby

Al

Cr

CO

.uo

Tn

n.n;

.I

0.5

IO

3.2

5
h

IO
9

6.6

6
6

9
7

comporilion.
-1%
Rc
.\I

Ti

zr

5.6

0.7

0.015

0.010

3.6
5.6

1.

Denw1r.
I.cm!

lir

.Yi

I .1

bid

a.54

0. I
0. I

bal
bal

8.95
8.70

DS alloy
CM 37

LC..

sx alloys
PWA 148.4 tRcf 8).
CMSXJ
tRcf IO).

_.

_. _.

3
3

85-4

Appendix C

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Federal
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Introduction
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I998

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Appendix C

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