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Chapter 13

Wired LANs: Ethernet

Dr. Gihan NAGUIB

Behrouz A. Forouzan Data communication and Networking

1313-1 IEEE STANDARDS

In 1985, the Computer Society of the IEEE started a 1985, project, called Project 802, to set standards to enable 802, intercommunication among equipment from a variety of manufacturers. Project 802 is a way of manufacturers. specifying functions of the physical layer and the data link layer of major LAN protocols. protocols. Topics discussed in this section:
Data Link Layer Physical Layer
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IEEE standard for LANs IEEE divided the Data link layer into two sublayer : upper layer :logical link control (LLC); flow and error control. Lower sublayer : Multiple access (MAC); media access control.
Multiple access (MAC) for resolving access to the shared media. If channel is dedicated ( point to point) we do not need the (MAC); sublayer.

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Behrouz A. Forouzan Data communication and Networking

IEEE standard for LANs

CSMA/CD
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Token passing
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LLC (Logical link control) and MAC (Media Access Control)

In IEEE project 802, flow control , error control, and part of the framing duties are collected into one sublayer called the logical link control (LLC ) LLC provides one single data link control for all IEEE LANs. IEEE project 802 has created a sublayer MAC that defines the specific access method for each LAN. In contrast to the LLC, MAC contains a number of distinct modules: each defines the access method and the framing format specific to the corresponding LAN protocol For example: CSMA/CD as media access method for Ethernet LANs. Token passing method for Token Ring and Token Bus LANs. Framing is handled in both the LLC and MAC sublayer.
Dr. Gihan NAGUIB
Behrouz A. Forouzan Data communication and Networking

Physical layer
Physical layer is dependent on the implementation and type of the physical media used. IEEE define detailed specifications for each LAN implementation. For example, although there is only one MAC sublayer for Standard Ethernet( CSMA/CD), there is a different physical layer specifications for each Ethernet implementations.

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IEEE 802 Series of LAN Standards

Name Description

IEEE 802.3

Ethernet

IEEE 802.4
IEEE 802.5 IEEE 802.11a/b/g/n IEEE 802.15.1
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Token bus
Token Ring Wireless LAN Bluetooth 7

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ETHERNET IEEE 802.3 802.

It is the dominant LAN technology.
Cheap First widely used LAN technology Simpler and cheaper than token LANs Kept up with speed race: 10, 100, 1000 Mbps

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ETHERNET Evolution
The original Ethernet was created in 1976 at Xeroxs Palo Alto Research Center (PARC). Since then, it has (PARC). gone through four generations. generations.

Dr. Gihan NAGUIB

Behrouz A. Forouzan Data communication and Networking

ETHERNET MAC Sublayer

The MAC sublayer governs the operation of the random access method Standard Ethernet uses CSMA/CD with 1-persistent Ethernet dose not provide any mechanism for acknowledging received frames( unreliable medium). Acknowledgments must be implemented at the higher layer. It also frames data received from the upper layer and passes them to the physical layer.
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Ethernet (IEEE 802.3) MAC frame

The Ethernet frame contains seven fields: Preamble:

7bytes (56 bits); Alternating 0s and 1s, used

for synchronizing

Start Frame Delimiter (SFD): 10101011 indicates the start of the frame. Last two bits (11) alerts that the next field is destination address.

preamble and SFD are added at the physical layer and is not formally part of the frame
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Ethernet (IEEE 802.3) MAC frame

DA : Destination address: SA: Source Address: Length/Type: Define the upper-layer protocol using the MAC frame. OR define the number of bytes in the data filed. Data: minumum: 46 and maximum : 1500 bytes CRC: error detection information:CRC-32
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Note

Frame length: Minimum: 64 bytes (512 bits) Maximum: 1518 bytes (12,144 bits)

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Minimum and maximum frame lengths

Minimum frame length restriction (64 bytes) is required for the correct operation of CSMA/CD. Min data length =64 - 18 (6+-6+2+4) = 46 bytes If the upper- layer packet is less than 46 bytes, padding is added to make up the difference. Maximum length restriction; two historical reasons: Memory was very expensive when Ethernet was designed. Prevents one station from monopolizing the shared medium, blocking other stations that have data to sent. Max data length =1518- 18= 1500 bytes.
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Ethernet address in hexadecimal notation

Each station (PC or printer) has a network

interface card (NIC) which provides the station with a 6-byte [48 bits] physical address (MAC adress) It is written in hexadecimal notation, with a

colon between the bytes.

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Unicast and multicast addresses

Source address is always a unicast address the frames comes from only one station. Destination address can be: unicast: defines only one recipient; one to one multicast: a group of addresses; one to many Broadcast: the recipients are all the stations on the LAN
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Note
The least significant bit of the first byte

defines the type of address. If the bit is 0, the address is unicast; otherwise, it is multicast. The broadcast destination address is a special case of the multicast address in which all bits are 1s.
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Example 1
Define the type of the following destination addresses: a. 4A:30:10:21:10:1A b. 47:20:1B:2E:08:EE c. FF:FF:FF:FF:FF:FF Solution
To find the type of the address, we need to look at the second hexadecimal digit from the left. If it is even, the address is unicast. If it is odd, the address is multicast. If all digits are Fs, the address is broadcast. Therefore, we have the following: a. This is a unicast address because A in binary is 1010. b. This is a multicast address because 7 in binary is 0111. c. This is a broadcast address because all digits are Fs.
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Example 2
Show how the address 47:20:1B:2E:08:EE is sent out on line. Solution The address is sent left-to-right, byte by byte; for each byte, it is sent right-to-left( LSB first), bit by bit, as shown below: left-to-right :47201B2E08 EE 47 is 0100 0111 right -to-left 1110 0010

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Slot Time
Slot time defined in bits: It is the time required for a station to send 512 bits (min frame size).

Slot Time = round trip time + time required to send the jam sequence
It depends on the data rate, for traditional 10-Mbps Ethernet it is 51.2 microseconds (512/10Mbps) The choice of 512-bit Slot Time to allow the proper function of CSMA/CD.

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Slot Time
If the sender sends a frame larger than the minimum size ( 512 to 1518 bits)
If the station has sent out the first 512 bits and has not
heard a collision, it is guaranteed that the collision will never occur during the transmission of the frame. The reason is that all stations sensed the existence of the signal and refrained from sending . Collisions can only occur during the first half of the slot time (slot time/2), and if it dose, it can be sensed by the sender during the slot time.
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Slot Time and Maximum network length Slot time = 2 x Tp ( neglecting time required to send jam signal) = 2 x Max Length/propagation speed Max.Length = propagation speed x (SlotTime/2) Let propagation speed = 2x108 m/s Max.Length = (2 x 108) x (51.2 x10-6/2) = 5120 m Consider the delay times in repeaters and interfaces, and the time required to send the jam sequence. Max.Length = 2500 m ( = 48 % of the theoretical)
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Categories of Standard Ethernet

The Standard Ethernet defines several physical layer implementation, four of the most common:

Limitation of 10Base5 and 10Base2 is that communication is half-duplex.

Why half deplux??

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Encoding in a Standard Ethernet implementation

All standard implementations use digital signaling( baseband) at 10 Mbps. At the sender, data are converted to a digital signal using the Manchester scheme. At the receiver, the received signal is interpreted as Manchester and decoded into data.

Uses CSMA/CD with 1-persistent

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10Base5:Thick Ethernet (Thicknet)

Uses coaxial cable and Bus topology With an external transceiver( transmitter/receiver) connected via a tap. Transceiver is responsible for: transmitting, receiving and detecting collisions. The length of each segment cannot exceed 500 m If cable > 500 m ,degradation in the signal, using repeaters to connect multiple segments of cable. No two stations can be separated by more than 2500m( max length of the bus) and 4 repeaters.
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10Base2:Thin Ethernet (Cheapernet)

Uses Bus topology with thinner and more flexible cables. Transceiver part of a NIC card The implementation is more cost effective than 10Base5 because: Thin coaxial cable is less expensive than the thick tee connections are cheaper than taps Installation is simpler because thin coaxial cable is very flexible. The length of each segment under 200 (cannot exceed 185 m) due to the high level of attenuation Repeaters are used to connect multiple segments
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10 Base-T: Twisted-Pair Ethernet

Physical star topology Stations are connected to a hub via two pairs of twisted cable( one for sending and one for receiving|). Any collisions happens in the hub Compared to others, the hub replaces the coaxial cable as far as a collision is concerned. Max length = 100 m to minimize attenuation.
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10Base-F: Fiber Ethernet

Uses star topology to connect stations to a hub Stations is connected to the hub by using two pairs of fiber-optic cables.
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Summary of Standard Ethernet implementations

10Base 5 Media Maximum length Topology Data rate Line coding Thick coaxial cable 500 m Bus 10Mbps Manchester 10Base2 Thin coaxial cable 185 m Bus 10Mbps Manchester 10Base-T Two UTP 100 m Star 10Mbps Manchester 10Base-F 2 Fiber 2000 m star 10Mbps Manchester

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1313-3 CHANGES IN THE STANDARD

The 10-Mbps Standard Ethernet has gone through 10several changes before moving to the higher data rates. rates. These changes actually opened the road to the evolution of the Ethernet to become compatible with other high-data-rate LANs. high-dataLANs. Topics discussed in this section:
Bridged Ethernet Switched Ethernet Full-Duplex Ethernet
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Bridged Ethernet Have two effects on an Ethernet LAN: 1. They rise the bandwidth 2. They separate collision domains.
Without bridges, all the stations share the bandwidth of the network.

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Bridged Ethernet: Raising the Bandwidth

Bridges divide the network into two. Each network is independent. With bridges, 10 Mbps network is shared only by 6 [actually 7 as bridge acts as one station] stations.
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Bridged Ethernet: Separate Collision domains

Using bridges:
Collision domain becomes much smaller and the probability of collision is reduced Raising the B-W
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Switched Ethernet

A layer 2 switch is an N-port bridge with additional sophistication that allows faster handling of the packets.
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Full-duplex switched Ethernet

In full duplex switch there are two links, one for sending and one for receiving, we dont need CSMA/CD here|(

no collision). Increases the capacity of each domain from 10 to 20 Mbps.

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FAST ETHERNET
Fast Ethernet was designed to compete with LAN protocols such as FDDI or Fiber Channel. IEEE Channel. created Fast Ethernet under the name 802.3u. Fast 802. Ethernet is backward-compatible with Standard backwardEthernet, but it can transmit data 10 times faster at a rate of 100 Mbps. Mbps.

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MAC Sublayer
Main consideration in the evolution of Ethernet from 10 to 100 Mbps was to keep the MAC sublayer untouched. Drop bus topologies and keep only the star topology.

Why??
Star topology have two choices : Half-duplex approach: The stations are connected via a hub. The access method is CSMA/CD Full-duplex approach.(Fast ) The connection is made via a switch with buffers at each port. No need for CSMA/CD
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Fast Ethernet topology

Topology: Two stations: point-to-point Three or more stations: star topology with a switch at the center

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The goals of Fast Ethernet :

1. 2. 3. 4. Upgrade the data rate to 100 Mbps Make it compatible with Standard Ethernet Keep the same frame format Keep the same minimum and maximum frame length

Autonegotiation: Allows two devices to negotiate the mode (half duplex or full duplex) or data rate of operation. Ex: Allow incompatible devices to connect to one another. A
device with a maximum capacity of 10 Mbps can communicate with device with a 100 Mbps capacity (but can work at a lower rate)
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Fast Ethernet implementations

Can be categorized as

Two wire:
Category 5 UTP (100Base-TX) Fiber-optic cable(100Base-FX)

four wire:
Category 3 or higher UTP( 100Base-T4)
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Fast Ethernet implementations

Encoding:
Manchester encoding needs a 200- Mbaud bandwidth for a data rate of 100 Mbps.(unsuitable for a medium such as Twisted Pair cable).

In Fast Ethernet , three different encoding schemes were chosen depending on the implementation: 100 Base-TX 100Base-FX 100BAse-T4

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100Base-TX
Uses two pairs of twisted-pair cable (either category 5 UTP or STP). Provide data rate of 100 Mbps MLT-3 scheme was selected since it has good bandwidth performance. (not selfsynchronization line coding) So 4B/5B block coding is used to provide bit synchronization.

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100Base-FX
Uses two pairs of fiber-optic

cables. Uses NRZ-I encoding scheme ( bit synchronization problem.) To overcome this problem, 4B/5B block coding is used.

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100Base-T4
Uses four pairs of

category 3 or higher UTP.(not cost efficient compared to Category 5) Transmit 100 Mbps. Uses 8B/6T encoding

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Summary of Fast Ethernet implementations

100Base -TX 10Base-FX 10Base-T4

Media Number of wires Maximum length Topology Data rate Block encoding Line encoding

Cat 5 UTP or STP 2 100 m Star 100 Mbps 4B/5B MLT-3

Fiber 2 400 m: half duplex 2000m: full duplex Star 100 Mbps 4B/5B NRZ-I

Cat 3 UTP or higher 4 100 m Star 100 Mbps 8B/6T

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1313-5 GIGABIT ETHERNET

The need for an even higher data rate resulted in the design of the Gigabit Ethernet protocol (1000 Mbps). Mbps). The IEEE committee calls the standard 802.3z. 802.

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