IS 3323 Interaksi Manusia Komputer

3rd Session

FAU

Human Capabilities

-Senses -Memory -Motor Systems

Human Capabilities
Why do we care? better design! Want to improve user performance
Time and effort expended to complete tasks

Knowing the user informs the design

I. Senses
Sight, hearing, touch important for current HCI
smell, taste ???

Abilities and limitations affect design

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Vision
Visual System
Eye Retina

Neural pathway
~ 80% of brains operation
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Visual Abilities
Sensitivity
Luminance: 10-6~107 mL Absolute threshold: 10-6 mL Comfortable reading: 1~100 mL Colorless vision 10-6 ~ 10-1 mL Color vision 1 ~ 107 mL

Acuity
detection, alignment, recognition (visual angle) Ability to sense the details

Foveal vision
retinal position: fovea has best acuity

Peripheral vision
Senses the area surrounding the location we looking at

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Visual Abilities
Movement
tracking, reading, vibrations

Note: Vision decreases with age

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Visual Ability
Cobalah untuk membaca tulisan berikut ini lalu bandingkan dengan teks yang akan muncul berikutnya.
Adakah yang bisa membaca teks yang muncul berikut ini, berikan pendapatmu mengenai hal ini dan kaitannya dengan mata kuliah imk.

Kalau modelnya begini bagaimana ? Apakah masih seperti yang sebelumnya.

Ponzo Illusion
Manakah yang lebih panjang ?

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Hearing
Capabilities (best-case scenario)
pitch - frequency (20 - 20,000 Hz) loudness - amplitude (30 - 100dB) location (5 source & stream separation) timbre - type of sound (lots of instruments)

Often take for granted how good it is (disk whirring) Implications (??)
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Touch
Three main sensations handled by different types of receptors:
Pressure (normal) Intense pressure (heat/pain) Temperature (hot/cold)

Sensitivity, Dexterity, Flexibility, Speed Where important?

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II. Memory

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Information Processing
Three major systems of human information processing:
Perceptual (read-scan) Cognitive (think) Motor system (respond)

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1. Perceptual
is our awareness and understanding of the elements and environment through the physical sensation of our various sense Memory structures
Sensory buffer - Holds fixed image of outside world long enough for some analysis

Our sensing mechanism are bombarded by many stimuli

Processes - Info goes to brain for more processing

Could be different with others try these:

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2. Cognitive
Cognitive model

How does it work?

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Memory
Four types

Chess

Perceptual buffers (sensory storage)

Short-term memory Conscious thought, calculations Intermediate Storing intermediate results, future plans Long-term Permanent, remember everything ever happened to us
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Short-term memory
Use chunks: 4-5 units (Koyani et al. Piece of information 2004)
Previous research by Miller (1956), human can handle 72 units of chunks gradually lowered

Display format should match memory system used to perform task New info can interfere with old info

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Short-term memory
Format depends on peoples characteristics V-K-A-D
Visual: sensing as an image Kinematic: sensing through touch Auditory: sensing through audio/voice Digital auditory: imaginary conversation
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Long-term Memory
Seemingly permanent & unlimited
File system full

Access is harder, slower

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LT Memory Structure
Episodic memory
Events & experiences in serial form
Helps us recall what occurred

Semantic memory
Structured record of facts, concepts & skills
One theory says its like a network Another uses frames & scripts (like record structs)

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Memory Characteristics
Things move from STM to LTM by rehearsal & practice and by use in context
Unclear if we ever really forget something Lack of use

We forget things due to decay and interference

Exercise

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Exercise
Put a number 1000 into your memory Well do a simple math operation: add Speak out loud every result youve count Get ready

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Do it quick!!!
1000 40 + 1000 + 30 + 1000 + 20 + 1000 + 10 + ???
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Processes
Four main processes of cognitive system:
Selective Attention Learning Problem Solving Language

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Selective Attention
We can focus on one particular thing
Cocktail party chit-chat

Salient visual cues can facilitate s.a.

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Learning
Two types:
Procedural How to do something Declarative Facts about something

Involves
Understanding concepts & rules Memorization Acquiring motor skills Automotization Tennis

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Learning
Facilitated
By analogy By structure & organization If presented in incremental units Repetition

Use users previous knowledge in interface

Observations
Users focus on getting job done, not learning to effectively use system Users apply analogy even when it doesnt apply

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Problem Solving
Storage in LTM, then application Reasoning
DeductiveInductiveAbductive22/03/2011

If A, then B
Generalizing from previous cases to learn about new ones Reasons from a fact to the action or state that caused it
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Observations
People are more heuristic than algorithmic
Try a few quick shots rather than plan
Resources simply not available

People often choose suboptimal strategies for low priority problems People learn better strategies with practice
Implications??
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Implications
Allow flexible shortcuts
Forcing plans will bore user

Have active rather than passive help

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III. Motor System

Often cause of errors

Principles
Feedback is important Minimize eye movement

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People
Good
Infinite capacity LTM LTM duration & complexity High-learning capability Powerful attention mechanism Powerful pattern recognition
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Bad
Limited capacity STM Limited duration STM Unreliable access to LTM Error-prone processing Slow processing

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Any Question ?

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