THEME: PHYSIOLOGY OF LIVING THINGS LEARNING AREA: 1.0 TRANSPORT Week 1 Learning Objectives 1.

1 Understanding the importance of having a transport system in some multicellular organisms Suggested Learning Activities Carry out activities to identify the problem that could be faced by multicellular organisms and explain how the problem is overcome in multicellular organisms as compared to unicellular organisms: a) Correlate different sizes of cubes to total surface area / volume (TSA/V) ratio, b) Discuss how the (TSA/V) ratio affects the movement of solutes to the interior of cubes, c) Relate the outcome of a) and b) to the problem faced by multicellular organisms in getting cell requirements to the cells in the interior of the organisms, d) Suggest ways to improve the movement of solutes to the interior of cubes without changing the size of cubes, e) Explain why there is a need for a transport system in some multicellular organisms. Read text materials and view computer simulations on circulatory system and discuss the following: a) what is a circulatory system, b) the three components of the circulatory system, i.e. medium, vessels and pump, c) blood and haemolymph as a medium of transport, d) the composition of human blood, e) the function of blood and haemolymph in transport, f) the structure of human blood vessels: arteries, veins and capillaries, g) the basic structure and function of the human heart, h) the circulation of blood in humans in terms of : i. pumping of the heart, Learning Outcomes A student is able to: identify the problem that could be faced by multicellular organisms in obtaining their cellular requirements and getting rid of their waste products, suggest how the problem is overcome in multicellular organisms. Notes

1.2 Synthesising the concept of circulatory system

A student is able to: state what a circulatory system is, state the three components of circulatory system in humans and animals, state the medium of transport in humans and animals, state the composition of human blood, explain the function of blood and haemolymph in transport, describe the structure of human blood vessels, explain how blood is propelled through the human

contraction of skeletal muscles around veins, i) the regulatory mechanism of blood pressure. Look at the heart of the fish, chicken and/or cow, and note similarities and differences in terms of size, and number of compartments. Use schematic diagrams to compare the circulatory system in the following: humans, fish and amphibians. Visualise and draw concept maps on the circulatory system in humans. 1.3 Understanding the mechanism of blood clotting Show photomicrographs of blood clots. Show samples of clotted blood Discuss the necessity for blood clotting with respect to: a) preventing serious blood loss, b) preventing the entry of microorganisms and foreign particles, c) maintaining blood pressure, d) maintaining circulation of blood in a closed circulatory system. Use a schematic diagram to illustrate the mechanism of blood clotting. Predict the consequences of blood clotting related problems such as haemophilia or thrombosis. 3 1.4 Synthesing the concept of lymphatic system Draw a schematic diagram on the formation of interstitial fluid and lymph, and discuss the following: a) space between cells b) materials from blood capillaries entering these spaces,

ii.

circulatory system, explain briefly how blood pressure is regulated, compare and contrast the circulatory systems in the following: humans, fish and amphibians, conceptualise the circulatory system in humans.

A student is able to: explain the necessity for blood clotting at the site of damaged blood vessels explain the mechanism of blood clotting, predict the consequences of impaired blood clotting mechanism in an individual.

A student is able to: describe the formation of interstitial fluid, state the composition of interstitial fluid, state the importance of interstitial

c) composition of interstitial fluid, d) the importance of interstitial fluid, e) the need for interstitial fluid to return to the circulatory system directly or via the lymphatic system. Discuss the following: a) the structure of the lymphatic system, b) the flow of lymph, c) the role of the lymphatic system in transport. Use a graphic organizer to compare the content of blood, interstitial fluid and lymph. Brainstorm to predict what will happen if interstitial fluid fails to return to the circulatory system. Study diagram or computer simulation on the lymphatic system, and discuss the relationship between the lymphatic system and circulatory system. Discuss the necessity for a body defence mechanism in humans. Gather information and discuss the bodys defence mechanism with reference to: a) first line of defense skin, mucous membrane, b) second line of defense phagocytic red blood cells c) third line of defense lymphocytes. Draw and label the various stages of phagocytosis. Discuss the following:

fluid, describe the fate of interstitial fluid, describe the structure of the lymphatic system, explain how the lymphatic system complements the circulatory system, compare the content of blood interstitial fluid and lymph, predict what will happen if interstitial fluid fails to return to the circulatory system, conceptualise the relationship between the lymphatic system and circulatory system.

1.5 Understanding the role of the circulatory system in body defence mechanism

A student is able to: state another function of the circulatory system besides transport, identify the three lines of defence mechanism of the body, describe the process of phagocytosis, state the meaning of antigen and antibody, state the meaning of immunity and immunization, relate antigen and antibody to immunity, name and give examples of

a) antigens, antibodies, immunity and immunization b) how antigens and antibodies are related to immunity c) the various types of immunity i. active immunity (natural, artificial) ii. passive immunity (natural, artificial) Carry out small group discussion on the following and present the findings: a) the effects of HIV on the bodys immune system, b) transmission of HIV c) prevention of AIDS. 1.6 Appreciating a healthy cardiovascular system Research and discuss nutrition and lifestyle which can lead to a healthy cardiovascular system. Then select ways that are suitable and practice them.

various types of immunity, state the effects of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) on the bodys defence mechanism, describe the transmission of HIV, suggest ways to prevent the spread of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)

A student is able to: Select and practise suitable ways to maintain a healthy cardiovascular system.

*5 Feb: Hari Keputeraan Nabi Muhammad

1.7 Understanding the transport of substances in plants

Discuss the following: a) the necessity for transport of substances in plants, b) the problem that could be faced by plants in transporting substances and how it is overcome in plants. Carry out the flowing activities: a) to show the presence of xylem as a continuous tube system to transport water and minerals, b) prepare slides and look at the cross section (XS) and longitudinal section (LS) of a dicot stem, c) study prepared slides of XS of stem, root and leaf of a dicot plant, and draw plan diagrams. Relate the following:

A student is able to: state the necessity for transport of substances in plants, identify the vascular tissue in stem, root and leaf, state the role of vascular tissue in the transport of substances, describe the structure of vascular tissue, relate the structure of xylem to transport, relate the structure of phloem to transport, predict the effect of removing a ring of phloem tissue from

*7 Feb: Thaipusam *11 Feb: Sekolah ganti 26 Januari

a) the structure of xylem to the transport of water and minerals, b) the structure of phloem to the transport of organic substances. Carry out bark ringing to show the role of phloem in the continuous transport of organic substances. Discuss the following: a) the transport of organic substances in plants, b) the importance of translocation in plants. Carry out small group discussion on the following and present the findings: a) the process of transpiration b) the importance of transpiration c) the pathway of water from soil to leaves using a schematic diagram, d) the external conditions affecting the rate of transpiration Design and conduct experiments to study factors affecting the rate of transpiration, i.e.: a) air movement, b) temperature, c) light intensity, d) relative humidity. Carry out an activity to show the following: a) root pressure, b) cohesion and adhesion of water. Discuss and draw a concept map of the movement of water in plants in terms of the following: osmosis, transpiration pull, cohesion and adhesion of water, opening and closing of stomata, root pressure.

a plant.

\5

1.8 Synthesising the concept of transport of substances in plants

A student is able to: state what translocation is, explain the importance of translocation in plants, describe the process of transpiration, explain the importance of transpiration, describe the pathway of water from the soil to the leaves, state external conditions affecting transpiration, design experiments to study factors affecting the rate of transpiration, explain the role of root pressure in the movement of water in plants, explain the role of cohesion and adhesion of water in the movement of water in plants, conceptualise the transport mechanism in plants.

THEME : PHYSIOLOGY OF LIVING THINGS LEARNING AREA: 2.0 LOCOMOTION AND SUPPORT Week 6 Learning Objectives 2.1 Undertanding support and locomotion in humans and animals Suggested Learning Activities Carry out small group discussion on the following: a) the necessity for support and locomotion in humans and animals b) the problem that could be faced by humans and animals in support and locomotion c) how the above problem are overcome in humans and animals Learning Outcomes A student is able to: Explain the necessity for support and locomotion in humans and animals Describe problems that could be faced by humans and animals in support and locomotion Explain how problems in support and locomotion are overcome in humans an animals Notes

Study a model of human skeleton to identify the following: a) axial skeleton consisting of the skull, cervical vertebrae,thoracic vertebrae, lumbar vertebrae, sacrum,coccyx, sternum and ribs. Appendicular skeleton consisting of the scapula, clavicle, humerus, ulna, radius, pelvic gridle, femur, tibia and fibula Observe a chicken wing to note the position and nature of muscle,ligaments and tendons. Draw and label a simple diagram of an arm to show the arrangement of bones, skeletal muscles and tendons

Name the bones that make up the axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton of the human body.

Label the bones, the skeletal muscles and tendons in a diagram of the arm

Draw and label a simple diagram of an arm to show the arrangement of bones, skeletal muscles and tendons

Explain how movement is brought about in a limb

Briefly discuss: a) how the bones, skeletal muscles,tendons and joints bring out movement in the arm or leg, b) the necessity of nerve impulses in skeletal muscle contraction c) the antagonistic action of skeletal muscles d) all muscle has two primary proteins e) source og energy is from ATP produced in adjacent mitochondria f) the function of cartilage and synovial fluid at joints. Observe and discuss the mechanism of locomotion in a earthworm, grasshopper, fish and bird. Discuss and present findings on muscle cramp,osteoporosis,muscular dystrophy and arthritis

State the function of cartilage and synovial fluids at joints Describe briefly the mechanism of locomotion in an animal. State some consequences of impaired musculoskeletal system on support and locomotion.

TEST 1

*3 Mac: Sekolah ganti 27 Januari 2012

10

11
12

SCHOOL HOLIDAY
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13

2.2 Appreciating a healthy musculoskeletal system

Discuss and share ways of caring for the musculoskeletal system such as: a) following a balanced diet, b) having a good posture c) using a proper attire for daily activities

A student is able to: practice ways to care for the musculoskeletal system.

*28 Mac: Hari Temu Mesra 1

2.3 Understanding support in plants

d) taking appropriate precautions during vigorous activities e) practising correct and safe exercise techniques Discuss the following: a) the necessity for support in plants b) what could be the support related problems faced by: i) aquatic plants ii) terrestrial plant c) how is support achieved in aquatic and terrestrial plants

and healthy living

A student is able to: Explain the necessity for support in plants

Explain how support is achieved in aquatic plants

carry out the following activities : a) study the adaptions for support (aerenchyma and air sacs) in floating aquatic plants, e.g. :water hyacinth. b) Study prepared slides of cross sections of old stems to identify tissue that helps in support. Investigate ow support in herbaceous plants,e.g.spinach and balsam,is achieved without woody tissue.

Explain how support in terrestrial plants are achieved through tissue modifications

THEME : PHYSIOLOGY OF LIVING THINGS LEARNING AREA : 3.0 COORDINATION AND RESPONE Week 14 Learning Suggested Learning Activities Objectives 3.1 Carry out small group discussion on the Understanding following and present the findings : response and a) external stimuli, e.g. coordination light,sound,smell,taste, temperature,pressure and touch. b) Internal stimuli e.g sugar level in the blood and osmotic pressure of blood c) The necessity for living organisms to respond to stimuli, Carry out activities to study: a) Human and animal responses to external and internal environment, b) Plant responses to external environment View computer simulations on the pathways in detecting and responding to external and internal stimuli in humans and animals and draw schematic diagrams involving the main components. Learning Outcomes A student be able to: List the changes in external and internal environment faced by an organism

State why organisms have to be sensitive to changes in internal and external environment Clarify through examples the meaning of stimulus and response State the main components and pathways involved in detecting and responding to changes in external environment State the main components and pathways involved in detecting and regulating changes in internal environment Clarify through examples the meaning of coordination

Discuss what is meant by coordination 15 3.2 Analysing the role of human nervous system

involved. A student is able to : *14 April: State the role of nervous system Draw and label a diagram to show Sekolah ganti bagi 25 Oktober 2012 the organization of the nervous system Name the main parts of the brain and state their functions

Discuss the role of nervous system. Draw a diagram to show the organization of the nervous system.

View graphics of the brain and label the main parts of the brain, and state their respective function(s). Draw and label a diagram of a cross section of the spinal cord State the main functions of the spinal cord

Draw and label diagram of a cross section of the spinal cord.

Discuss the main functions of the spinal cord

Label the structure of an efferent neurone

Draw and label the structure of the efferent neurone (nucleus , cell body , cytoplasm , dendrites , axon , synaptic dendrites , myelin sheath)

Identify the type of the neurone from diagrams given State the function of each type of neurone

Identify and discuss the function of the three types of neurone.

State the mode of transmission of information along the neurone

Describe briefly the pathway of

View computer animations on the transmission of information in the form of electrical signals. Discuss the mode of transmission of information along the neurone Draw a schematic diagram to show the pathway of transmission of information, and discuss the following: a) Reception of stimuli by receptors b) From receptors to the central nervous system c) Integration and interpretation by the central nervous system d) From the central nervous system to the effectors e) Response by the effectors 16 3.2 Analyzing the role of human nervous system(cont) Draw and label a simple diagram of a synapse Conduct small group discussion on the following: a) Transmission of information across the synapse

transmission of information from receptors to effectors

Draw and label a simple diagram of a synapse

Describe the transmission of information across synapses State the role of the synapse in transmission Give examples of voluntary action Give examples of involuntary action Outline the transmission of information in voluntary action Outline the transmission of information in involuntary action

b) The role of the synapse in transmission Discuss voluntary action and involuntary action with examples.

Discuss the following: a) Voluntary action e.g. raising

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3.3 Analysing the role of hormones in humans Carry out small group discussion on the following and present the findings : A student is able : State what a hormone is State what the endocrine system is State why the endocrine system is necessary State physiological processes not directly regulated by the nervous system Describe how the endocrine system complements the nervous system

a. what a hormone is b. what the endocrine system is c. why the endocrine system is necessary, despite having the nervous system d. the physiological processes which are not directly regulated by the nervous system e.g. menstrual cycle, development of secondary sex characteristics, growth, etc. e. how the endocrine system complements the nervous system

Carry out group activity to label the main glands of the endocrine system. Name the main hormones produced by each endocrine gland.

Match the hormones with their functions in the following physiological processes:

Name the main hormones produced by each endocrine gland State the functions of the hormones involved in some physiological processes Describe briefly how secretion of hormone is regulated Describe briefly coordination involving both the nervous system and endocrine system State the effects of hormonal imbalance State the use of hormone in medicine

(a) reproduction (b) growth (c) homeostasis Discuss the involvement of both the nervous system and the endocrine system in a fight or flight situation ( involving adrenaline ) Carry out small group discussion on the following and present the findings on : a) the effects of imbalance of thyroxine, growth hormone, antidiuretic hormone and insulin b) the use of hormone in the treatment of diabetes mellitus and dwarfism

18

3.4 Synthesising the concept of homeostasis in humans

Discuss the following : a) physical factors body temperature and blood pressure b) chemical factors in the blood partial pressure of oxygen and of carbon dioxide, osmotic pressure, and sugar level c) the necessity to maintain an optimal physical and chemical condition in the internal environment d) the meaning of homeostasis Design an experiment to show the effect of different quantities of water intake on urine output.

A student is able to : Explain the necessity to maintain an optimal physical and chemical condition in the internal environment State the meaning of homeostasis Design an experiment to study the effect of *1 Mei: Hari Buruh *5 Mei: Hari Wesak

Discuss the following : a) the relationship between the regulation of osmotic pressure and the formation of urine b) the formation of urine c) the relationship between urine formation and excretion Draw and label the following structures : a) kidney b) nephron View computer simulations and draw a schematic diagram on the process of urine formation and discuss the following processe : a) ultrafiltration b) reabsorption c) secretion Draw a schematic diagram on the action of antidiuretic hormone ( ADH ) and discuss the following : a) the process of osmoregulation by the kidneys, b) negative feedback control in osmoregulation. Gather information and discuss the following : a) haemodialysis b) kidney donation and kidney transplant

different quantities of water intake on urine output Relate changes in blood osmotic pressure to urine output Describe the formation of urine Relate the formation of urine to excretion

Describe briefly the mechanism of osmoregulation

Predict the consequences of impaired kidney function

Recall, discuss and draw a concept map on various mechanisms that together keep the physical and chemical condition inside the organisms constant in term of : a) blood sugar level b) body temperature c) partial pressure of oxygen and of carbon dioxide d ) blood pressure 19 3.5 Practicing a healthy lifestyle

Describe the regulation of blood sugar level Describe the regulation of body temperature Conceptualise homeostasis

Show pictures of drug addicts and alcoholics, then discuss drug and alcohol abuse Research and report on : a) effects of drug and alcohol abuse such as on the nervous system b) social factor that can lead to drug and alcohol abuse

A student is able to : Describe effects of drug and alcohol abuse on humans

Explain the factors that can lead to drug and alcohol abuse. Practice a healthy lifestyle

Attends talks on drug and alcohol abuse Participate in anti-drug abuse and antialcohol abuse campaigns.

20 & 21 22 & 23

MID-TERM TEST SCHOOL HOLIDAY

24

3.6 Understanding plant hormones

Research and report on : a) the meaning of plant hormone

A student is able to : State what plant hormones are Give some examples of plant hormones Infer the effects of auxins on growth responses Explain the role of auxins in tropism State the use of hormones in agriculture

b) plants hormones e.g. auxins, ethylene, c) effects of auxins based on scientific findings on phototropism,

d) role of auxins in phototropism and geotropism e) the use of hormones in agriculture.

THEME : PHYSIOLOGY OF LIVING THINGS LEARNING AREA : 4.0 REPRODUCTION AND GROWTH
Week 25 Learning Objectives 4.1 Analyzing gamete formation Suggested Learning Activities Discuss the following about reproduction: a) the necessity to reproduce, b) the two types of reproduction c) the necessity for formation of gametes Study the diagrams of stages in the formation of a sperm and an ovum Compare the formation of a sperm with that of an ovum Learning Outcomes A student is able to : explain the necessity for organisms to reproduce state types of reproduction explain the necessity for formation of gametes describe formation of sperm in humans describe formation of ovum in humans compare the formation of sperm with that of ovum Notes

26

4.2 Analyzing the role of hormones in the menstrual cycle

Discuss the following: a) what menstruation is b) the relation between menstruation and menstrual cycle c) the importance of the menstrual cycle c) hormones involved in the menstrual cycle.

A student is able to: state what menstruation is relate menstruation to menstrual cycle state the importance of the menstrual cycle state the hormones involved in the menstrual cycle

*27 Jun: Hari Temu Mesra 2

Study and interpret graphs on hormonal relate hormonal levels to the levels on the following: development of follicles, the process of a) follicle development ovulation and the b) ovulation formation of corpus a) formation of corpus luteum luteum b) thickness of the endometrium relate hormonal levels to the changes in the Discuss the following : thickness of the endometrium a) premenstrual syndrome explain the role of b) menopause hormones in regulating the menstrual cycle state what premenstrual syndromes(PMS) is state what menopause is 27 4.3 Understanding the early development of a zygote in humans Use diagram and computer simulations to discuss the following: a) the formation of zygote, b) the early development of a zygote as the formation of a ball of cells which becomes implanted in the wall of the uterus, c) identify morula and blastocyst A student is able to : describe what fertilisation is, describe in simple terms the early development of a zygote, *7 Julai: Hari Anugerah Cemerlang

from the diagrams given, d) formation of identical twins and Siamese twins.

name the two main stages in the development of a zygote in preparation for implantation, describe the formation of twins

Illustrate how identical and fraternal twins are formed and give some differences between them. Research and report on: a) functions of the placenta in foetal development, b) the advantages of fetus having a separate circulatory system from that of the mother.

compare identical twins with fraternal twins, state the functions of the placenta in feotal development, explain the advantages of fetus having a separate circulatory system from that of the mother.

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4.4 Appreciating the contribution of science and technology to human reproduction

Research and report on : a) family planning, b) sperm bank, c) artificial insemination, d) in vitro fertilization, e) surrogate mother f) sexually transmitted diseases.

A student is able to : explain the contribution of science and technology to human reproduction, explain some moral issues related to the application of science and technology to human reproduction, what sexually transmitted

*14 Julai: Sekolah ganti

diseases are, give examples of sexually transmitted diseases.

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4.5 Synthesizing the concept of sexual reproduction in flowering plants

Examine a flower to identify: a) various flower parts, b) the structures which produce male and female reproductive cells. Draw diagrams to show the stages in the formation of: a) pollen grains from pollen mother cell, b) embryo sac from embryo sac mother Describe briefly what happens at each stage in both a.) and b.). Conduct an activity to observe the germination of pollen grains in sugar solution. Discuss the following: a) the formation of two male nuclei from the generative nucleus b) the formation of a zygote, c) the formation of triploid nucleus Discuss and draw a concept map of double fertilization in flowering plants.

A student is able to : identify male and female structures in a flower

describe the formation of pollen and grain describe the formation of embryo sac in the ovule

describe the formation of pollen tube describe the formation of zygote

describe the formation of triploid nucleus conceptualize double fertilization

Examine the structure of fruits, e.g. mango, long beans, and relate them to the flower parts: a) seed from the ovule b) seed coat from the integument fruit from the ovary Discuss the importance of double fertilization for the survival of flowering plants

relate the structure of a fruit to the flower parts

Explain the importance of double fertilization for the survival of flowering plants.

30

4.6 Understanding growth in multicellular organisms

Discuss the necessity for growth. Carry out small group discussion on growth in terms of: a.) growth being an irreversible process b.) increase in the number of cells c.) increase in cell size d.) cell differentiation Study diagrams or prepared slides to identify the growth zones at root tip and shoot tip.

A student is able to: explain briefly the necessity for growth in organisms explain what growth is

4.7 Understanding the growth curve

Generate ideas on the appropriate parameters used in the measurement of growth. Conduct an activity to study the growth of a plant, e.g. onion, maize, or balsam. Study and interpret the data on growth in humans and discuss the following : a) the shape of growth curve

A student is able to : Identify the parameter used in the measurement of growth, describe the sigmoid growth curve of an organism,

b) phases of growth, c) the relationship between the phases of growth and the growth curve.

relate the shape of the growth curve to the growth phases of an organism, explain the shape of the growth curve of an insect

Study and interpret a growth curve of an insect and relate the shape of the curve to its growth. 31 4.8 Understanding primary and secondary growth in plants Discuss the types of growth in plants. Conduct a field study to identify plant that undergo primary and secondary growth. Examine prepare slides or diagrams of a cross section of a young stem, matured stem, young root, matured root, in dicots to identify the primary and secondary tissues. Research and report on the following: a) relate primary growth to height, support and transport of substances, b) relate secondary growth to additional support and transport, c) state the importance of vascular cambium and cork cambium to secondary growth, d) compare plants that undergo secondary growth with those that do not, e) the economic importance of plants that undergo secondary growth.

A student is able to: state the types of growth in plants, state what primary and secondary growth are, name the tissues involved in primary and secondary growth, state the location of the tissues involved in primary and secondary growth, explain the importance of primary growth, explain the importance of secondary growth, compare and contrast plants that undergo secondary growth with plants that do not undergo secondary growth,

 state the economic importance of plants that undergo secondary growth

THEME : VARIATION AND INHERITANCE LEARNING AREA : 5.0 INHERITANCE

WEEK LEARNING OBJECTIVES 32 1.1 Synthesising the concept of inheritance based on Mendels experiment. SUGGESTED LEARNING ACTIVITIES Discuss the following base on examples: a) inheritance, b) characters and traits. LEARNING OUTCOMES A student is able to : state what is meant by inheritance, differentiate traits from characters, identify characters and traits in Mendels experiments, state that there is a hereditary factor that determines a particular character, identify dominant and recessive traits, explain genes and alleles, explain dominant alleles and recessive alleles, state the meaning of phenotype, NOTES
*6 Ogos: Nuzul Quran

Study diagrams showing the results of Mendels monohybrid cross experiment, then discuss the following: a) characters and traits in Mendels experiments, b) there is a hereditary factor that determines a particular character, c) dominant traits and recessive traits, d) genes and alleles, e) dominant alleles and recessive alleles,

f) phenotype and genotype,

WEEK LEARNING OBJECTIVES

SUGGESTED LEARNING ACTIVITIES

LEARNING OUTCOMES state the meaning of genotype, relate allele combination to genotype, relate phenotype to genotype, state the meaning of homozygote and heterozygote,

NOTES

g) homozygote and heterozygote,

h) phenotypic ratio and genotypic ratio in the first and second filial generation,

determine the phenotypic ratio of the first filial generation and second filial generation, determine the genotypic ratio of the first filial generation and second filial generation,

i) the importance of meiosis I in the segregation of alleles, j) meaning of monohybrid inheritance.

state the meaning of monohybrid inheritance,

Conduct an activity using coloured buttons/beans to illustrate Mendels First Law. Discuss Mendels First Law as The Law of Segregation. Study diagrams showing the results of Mendels dihybrid cross experiment, then

conceptualise Mendels First Law,

WEEK LEARNING OBJECTIVES

SUGGESTED LEARNING ACTIVITIES discuss the following: a) meaning of dihybrid inheritance, b) the importance of meiosis in terms of independent assortment of chromosomes. Discuss Mendels Second Law as The Law of Independent Assortment.

LEARNING OUTCOMES

NOTES

state the meaning of dihybrid inheritance,

conceptualise Mendels Second Law.

33

1.2 Understanding inheritance

Discuss the following base on examples : a ) blood groups and Rhesus factor (Rh factor) b ) inheritance of ABO blood group in humans

A student is able to : State the blood groups in the ABO system and Rhesus factor in humans, Explain the inheritance of ABO blood group in humans,

Examine a drawing of a micrograph of human chromosomes and: a ) determine the number of chromosomes b ) arrange the homologous pairs based on the location of the centromere and size of chromosomes. c ) identify autusomes and sex chromosomes. Compare the karyotypes of a normal human being with that of a person with Downs syndrome. Draw a schematic diagram to show the following : a ) sex determination in off-springs, b ) sex-linked and inheritance of haemophillia and colour blindness.

Differentiate autosomes from sex chromosomes,

Identify the different humans karyotypes,

Explain sex determination in off-springs, Explain sex-linked inheritance using

WEEK LEARNING OBJECTIVES

SUGGESTED LEARNING ACTIVITIES Gather information and discuss: a ) hereditary disease such as thalassaemia,

LEARNING OUTCOMES examples. Describe hereditary disease,

NOTES CD Roms News paper cutting

1.3 Understanding genes and chromosomes

Research and report on : a ) unit of inheritance b ) the location of genes Construct a model of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and discuss : a ) the structure of nucleotides b ) the structure of polynucleotides c ) double helix structure of DNA Draw a schematic diagram and relate how a trait is manifested from the basic unit of heritance in terms of : a ) chromosomes to DNA b ) DNA to gene c ) gene to protein d ) protein to the trait of an organism Research and report on the following : a ) DNA fingerprinting b ) the human genome project c ) potential of stem cell research d ) genetic engineering i . gene therapy ii. genetically modified organisms iii. genetically modified food iv. medicine (production of insulin) Discuss the implications of the above to mankind. Conduct a forum or debate on ethical and moral issues in the application of knowledge

A student is able to : State the unit of inheritance, State the location of genes, Describe the structure of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA),

TSTS Attributing Grouping and classifying Synthesizing Visualizing. Noble Values Appreciating the contribution of science and technology Having an interest and curiosity towards the environment appreciating the balance of nature Teaching aids text book transparency news paper cutting LCD Projector internet

Describe in simple terms the manifestation of a trait of an organism from the basic unit of inheritance,

Explain briefly the importance of genetics to mankind, Describe the application and abuse of knowledge in genetics,

Argue on the need for ethics and moral in the

WEEK LEARNING OBJECTIVES

SUGGESTED LEARNING ACTIVITIES in genetics. Visit research centres that conduct research in genetic engineering.

LEARNING OUTCOMES application of genetics

NOTES

THEME: VARIATION AND INHERITANCE LEARNING AREA: 2.0 VARIATION Week 27 Learning Objectives 2.1 Understanding variation in organisms Suggested Learning Activities Discuss the importance of variation in organisms. Conduct an activity to investigate variation in humans and present the data graphically. Discuss continuous and discontinuous variation based on the graph. Compare continuous variation with discontinuous variation. 28 2.2 understanding the causes of variation Discuss the causes of variation in terms of: a) genetic factors, b) environmental factors. Discuss the effects of genetic factor on variation. Conduct an activity, such as role- playing or model-building, Learning Outcomes A students is able to: state the importance of variation in organisms, give examples of variation in humans, state the types of variation, compare continuous variation with discontinuous variation A students is able to: state the factors causing variation, explain the effects of genetic factors on variation, Notes Thinking skills: Observing Classifying Comparing & contrasting Sc. Attitude/Noble Value Being honest and accurate Being thankful to God Being cooperative Being respectful Thinking skills: Attributing Relating Sc. Attitude/ Noble Value Love and respect each other Being kind-

to show the process of genetic recombination.

hearted and caring Being thankful to God Learning Outcomes A students is able to: explain the effects of environmental factors on variation. explain the effects of the interaction between genetic factors and environmental factors on variation, explain mutation, explain the importance of variation in the survival of species. Notes Predicting Making hypothesis

Week

Learning Objectives

Suggested Learning Activities Conduct an activity to study the effects of different environmental factors on the variation of plants. Discuss the following: a) chromosomemal mutation, b) gene mutation Discuss examples of mutation and mutagens. Discuss the importance of variation in the survival of a species.

Sc. Attitude/ Noble Value Appreciating the balance of nature. Thinking skills: Generating ideas Sc. Attitude/ Noble Value Love and respect each other Being kindhearted and caring Being thankful to God Being cooperative.

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2.3 Be respectful towards one another despite variation.

Participate in games and club activities involving individuals from various ethic groups. Conduct a sketch to show respect for all Gods creation.

A students is able to: accept that people are different, respect each other.