It will cover sentence structure: adjective clauses and phrases, adverb clauses

and phrases, and relationship between ideas (time, addition, cause and effect, opposition, condition and concession)There will be an editing section, a writing section and an identification section.

Adjective clauses: Adjective Clauses are a dependent clause modify a noun or a pronoun begin with a relative pronoun occur after a main clause or inside a main clause referred to as relative clause add extra information about the noun they modify Subjects: Who and that are for people That and which are for things Relative pronouns((relative pronoun)whowhomwhosewhichthat.) that are subjects of adjective clauses cannot be omitted Objects: Whom, who and that are for people Whom is the most formal used in writing Which, that are for things Relative pronouns that are objects of adjective clauses can be omitted Possession: Whose replaces his/her/its/their + noun Whose modifies people or things Whose cannot be omitted

 Position: Where replaces there, which/that + a preposition Time: When can be omitted Nonidentifying (, ): an adjective clause that adds extra information Identifying: an adjective clause that provides necessary information Prepositions Bill is the man I spoke to (informal) Bill is the man to whom I spoke.(formal) This is the studio he works for (informal) This is the studio for which he works (formal)

If the preposition comes at the beginning of the adjective clause, only whom, which and whose + noun may be used. A preposition is never immediately followed by that or who. If the relative pronoun is omitted, the preposition moves to the end of the clause Quantifiers An adjective clause may contain an expression of quantity with of (some of, most of, a few of, little of, etc.) Only whom, which and whose are used. Use a comma. The film has many stars, few of whom I recognize. He made eight films, all of which I like. Do you know the director whose movies have won awards? With nouns An adjective clause may include a noun and the preposition of. (noun + of + which) This pattern carries the meaning of whose. Only refers to things. Use commas. Musicals, an example of which is Oklahoma, are still popular. Strikes, occurrences of which may delay work, are common.

 Reducing Adjective Clauses to Adjective Phrases An adjective phrase is a reduction of an adjective clause. It modifies a noun. It doesnt contain a subject and a verb. Only adjective clauses that have a subject pronoun are reduced to adjective phrases. Titanic, directed by James Cameron, won many awards. Changing an Adjective Clause to and Adjective Phrase If the adjective clause contains the be form of a verb, omit the pronoun and the be form. If there is no be form of a verb, omit the subject pronoun and change the verb to its ing form. If the adjective clause requires commas, so does the adjective phrase. Titanic, (which was) directed by James Cameron, won many awards. Titanic, (which stars) starring Leonardo DiCaprio, is a top-earning film. Adjective phrases in which a noun follows another noun are called appositives Paris, the capital of France, is an exciting city. An adjective clause containing be + a single adjective can be changed; the adjective is moved to its normal position in front of the noun it modifies. Fruit that is fresh tastes better than soft, mushy fruit. Fresh fruit tastes better than soft, mushy fruit.

-Reducing Adverb Clauses of Time to Adverb Phrases

If the adverb clause contains a be verb omit subject pronoun omit the be verb comma keep the subordinating conjunction When she was taking a shower, she knocked over the shampoo. When taking a shower, she knocked over the shampoo.

Once he is at work, he will forget about the accident. Once at work, he will forget about the accident. Adverb phrase can come first or last She knocked over the shampoo when taking a shower. When taking a shower, she knocked over the shampoo.

-Reducing Adverb Clauses of Time to Adverb Phrase

After Before Since While omit subject add ing to the verb keep the subordinating conjuction and comma subjects must be the same in the two clauses Upon + ing = when (in an adverb clause)
On + ing = when (in an adverb clause) omit the subordinating conjunction (While) adverb phrase with no subordinating conjunction = adverbial phrase

Before I visited Italy, I spent 2 weeks in France. Before visiting Italy, I spent 2 weeks in France. When they figured out the problem, they were able to continue the project. Upon figuring out the problem, they were able to continue the project. On figuring out the problem, they were able to continue the project.
While cleaning the house, I thought about Christmas. Cleaning the house, I thought about Christmas.

-Reducing Adverb Clauses of Time to Adverb Phrase - Special Considerations

past tense past perfect omit subject add ing to a simple past verb add having + past participle for a past perfect verb remember! subject must be the same in both clauses

After he ate dinner, he took his dog for a walk. After eating dinner, he took his dog for a walk. After he had eaten dinner, he took his dog for a walk. After having eaten dinner, he took his dog for a walk.

-Reducing Adverb Clauses of Reason to Adverbial Phrases

omit subject add ing to the verb because, since, as omitted

Since she wore short sleeves, she was cold. Wearing short sleeves, she was cold. Because she is cold, she is going to put on a sweater. Being cold, she is going to put on a sweater.

Reducing Adverb Clauses of Reason to Adverbial Phrases (past tense)

omit subject omit subordinating conjunction add having + past participle to both past perfect and present perfect verbs

As he had decided to start a new career, he needed to take some special classes. Having decided to start a new career, he needed to take some special classes. Because they have worked hard, they will receive a raise. Having worked hard, they will receive a raise. Since the students were sad, the teacher gave them some cookies. Being sad, the teachers gave the students some cookies. Since the students had been sad, the teacher gave them some cookies. Having been sad, the teacher gave them some cookies.

Reducing Adverb Clauses Containing Passive Voice

omit subject omit auxiliary verb (be verb) omit subordinating conjunction

Since I was given a terrible Christmas present, I had to return it. Given a terrible Christmas present, I had to return it.

Negative Adverb Phrases and Adverbials

omit subject add ing to verb add not, never before the ing

After I didn't exercise for a year, I was sore after my trip to the gym. After not exercising for a year, I was sore after my trip to the gym. While he never gets upset, he may raise his voice if he's nervous. While never getting upset, he may raise his voice if he's nervous.

Adverb ClausesComma: beginning. No comma: middle

Time:
After As As soon as Before By the time Once As/so long as Since Until Til When Whenever While Every time (that)

Place:
Anywhere Everywhere Where Wherever

Reason:
As Because Now that Since So (that)

Adverb clauses: Because it was hot, we went swimming. Transition words: It was hot; therefore, we went swimming. Prepositions: Because of the hot weather, we went swimming. Conjunctions: We were hot, so we went swimming.

Condition:
Even if If Only if Unless Whether or not In case In the event that Provided (that) Or else

Adverb Clauses: Even though the weather was cold, I went swimming. Transition words: It was cold; nevertheless, I went swimming. Conjunctions: It was cold, yet I still went swimming. Prepositions: I went swimming despite the cold weather.

Only if it rains will we have the picnic inside. Im going swimming tomorrow whether or not it is cold (or: whether it is cold or not) Ill be at my uncles house in case you need to reach me. In the event that you need me, Ill be at my uncles house.

Opposition:
Whereas While

Adverb clauses: Whereas Mary is rich, John is poor. Transition words: Mary is rich; on the other hand, John is poor. Conjunctions: Mary is rich, but John is poor.

Concession:
Although Even though Though Despite Nevertheless

Adverb Clauses: Even though the weather was cold, I went swimming. Transition words: It was cold; nevertheless, I went swimming. Conjunctions: It was cold, yet I still went swimming. Prepositions: I went swimming despite the cold weather.

Addition:
Coordinating conjunction: She is going to swim, and she is going to run. Transition word: She is going to swim. In addition, she is going to run. Conjunction: She is not only going to swim, but she is also going to run. Not only is she going to swim, but she is also going to run. Preposition: In addition to swimming, she is going to run.