VISIT REPORT Submitted By: Arsalan Shaukat Submitted To: Sir Shakeel Hassan Reg #: Bsce01103092 Section: A Subject:

Hydrology & Water Management

THE UNIVERSITY OF LAHORE

Summary:
We visited the meteorological and hydrological station in Lahore on 26-42012. It was a very informative visit where we observed many instruments how they work and how the readings are taken and then transferred to the other centers in Pakistan and how it is transferred to other countries. They visit consists of two parts.
-1- Hydrological centre -2- Seismic centre

In hydrological centre we studies the arrangement of clouds and their colors which show the intensity of rain fall expected. There is a relation between the hydrological, metrological and sesmic because they are all interconnected to each other. By this visit we got the field knowledge about the meteorological, hydrological and sesmic effects. We came to know that how earthquake can be detected when it generates from a specific area. The detection is in 2 forms one is manual and other was automatic. However we didnt see the instrument which measures the earthquake, other objection was that, when I asked the operator that I want to see the report of 8th of October 2005s earthquake they didnt have that report. So as my observation I gained lots of practical knowledge regarding weather forecasting, seismic and flood routing etc etc. In weather forecasting division we saw how the movement of clouds and in every 30 mins was the data was again refreshed and a warning was given if necessary. They also showed us the certificate in which the flood warning was given of the flood in 2010. Overall it was a great informative visit which helped me in removing many confusions because the things which we studied in theory were not 100% clear but after visiting I can feel that I have improved a lot regarding this subject.

Weather and Flood forecasting division:

First of all we visited the weather and flood forecasting division where we saw the arrangement of clouds that how they form and they also showed us the intensity of clouds by different colors some colors are written below.

-1-Red Color: -2-white Color: -3-Dark blue Red Color:

Red color on the satellite image shows us that there are no clouds present in the sky or atmosphere.

White Color:
White color shows that there are very swear clouds present which can cause a rainfall of very high intensity and also can cause flood so a warning is given before because the streams are filled after some time of rainfall.

Dark Blue Color: Dark blue Color shows that there are very heavy clouds present in the atmosphere and there is no confirm guarantee of rainfall.

Types of detectors:
There are two types of detectors which detect the weather which are as follows.

-1- Infrared -2- Visible

Infrared:
This type of detector can see the clouds in night as well so it is useful in measurement during night. It can measure both in day and in night as well so it is more useful.

Visible:
This type of detector can only measure in day which is 24hrs, it is effected by night so it is not much useful. Other than this they told us that what is the movement of satellite is 500km2.. As we know that the monsoon period is between july to September so the more work is done in this period. This division tells us about the prediction of floods and rainfalls etc. The radar used for measuring precipitation is doppler radar which is 10cm Doppler radar, this radar tells us about the direction, movement and intensity of rainfall it is very useful component for measuring precipitation. There are 2 radars which are located in Sialkot and mangla these radars only tells us about the intensity of rainfall. Doppler radar was first discovered by christen Doppler in 1842 by studying sound waves uses electromagnetic radio waves to detect weather particularly precipitation.

PBO (Pilot Balol Observatory):

It is used for measuring the atmospheric pressure and it also tells us about the room temperature. The reading is taken and then written on a register and there are some anemometer which measures the direction of wind, there are some meters fitted in the room and it is digital which directly tells us about the readings of wind, and there is also a graph. It is used at airports for aviation purposes.

Different Instruments In the Field:

There were different instruments which were installed in the field and their description is given as follows.

(a)- Stevens Screen:

It is an instrument which is installed 4m above the ground level because we can easily feel the temperature on our faces and there are four thermometers installed in it on 4 different positions. On the top of the instrument, thermometer which is installed is used for the measurement of maximum temperature attained during the 24 hours and usually this time is between 3-5pm. On the bottom of the instrument, thermometer which is installed is used for the measurement of minimum temperature attained during 24 hours and usually this time is between 5-8am. On the left of the instrument, thermometer which is installed is used for the current temperature and is also called dry bulb temperature. On the right of the instrument, thermometer which is installed is used for the current temperature and is also called wet bulb temperature, it was given moisture.

The dew point or humidity can be measured by the difference of dry bulb temperature and wet bulb temperature. Humidity/Dew point=Dry Bulb Temp-Wet Bulb Temp

(b)-Nephoscope:
There was another instrument which was used for measuring the height of clouds. The rays were passed and when they strike to the instruments the observation can be make that how far are the clouds from earth.

(c)-RVR:
It is abbreviated as Radio Visible Range, it is used to find the visibility in fogs and it is used in the traffic and as well as aviations purposed so that minimum accident occur.

(d)-Anemometer/Wind weins:
These were the instruments which show us the direction and speed of the wind.

(e)-Solar Maximum:
A instrument which shows us the intensity of heat, the instrument was a thermometer and its head was painted black so that it can absorb maximum heat radiation from the sun.

(f)-Soil Thermometer:
This instrument was used to measure the tempreture of the soil and different thermometers were installed in the soil at the distance of 5-10-20-30-50 and 100cm from the ground level.

(g)-Solar Clock:
There was a type of clock by which we can measure the time accurately even in minutes by using latitude and longitude values, and the shadows guides us the time so where the shadow forms the time can be seen on the specific area.

Radars:
There are two types of radars DWSR & SWR, mostly DWSR radar is used for measuring weather forecasting it is based on Doppler effect which is roughly stated as The appearance change between source and observer. And SWR radar is Supplementary weather radar and is used for warning and surveillance of severe weather phenomena There are different radars installed in different cities such as Lahore, Sialkot, Islamabad, DI khan, Rahim yar khan, Karachi. The Doppler radar measures the precipitation of specific quantity, the flood season is from 15th june-15th October, The range of Lahore radar is 450 Kms and similarly the range of Islamabad radar is 300 kms.

Seismic Observation:
There was also a seismic observation center where we measured the earthquake and we also came to know about the generation of that specific earthquake, there were 2 soft wares used for measurement of earthquake. (1)- Siscom (2)- Screen Software (4.5 ver) There were different stations where the instrument was placed all over the Pakistan and if earthquake is generated from one place it disturbes the other instruments, and that specific point starts blinking, we were told that due to the movement of heavy vehicles the disturbance is observed, and the other software was in the form of life lines, which tells us about the disturbance when the earthquake is felt. The relationship between the earthquake and hydrology is that, we can do some safety because after the earthquake there are some chances of after shocks.