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Bogoliubov

This document summarizes key aspects of a weakly interacting Bose gas. It begins by presenting the Hamiltonian for the system in momentum space. It then describes Bogoliubov's approximation of treating the ground state occupation as a classical field. This leads to a quadratic Hamiltonian that can be diagonalized via a Bogoliubov transformation. The transformation yields quasiparticle excitations with a linear dispersion at low momenta and a free particle dispersion at high momenta. Expressions are derived for the ground state energy, chemical potential, pressure, and sound velocity. Landau's criterion for superfluidity is discussed, showing dissipation only occurs for velocities above the sound speed.

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76 views3 pages

Bogoliubov

This document summarizes key aspects of a weakly interacting Bose gas. It begins by presenting the Hamiltonian for the system in momentum space. It then describes Bogoliubov's approximation of treating the ground state occupation as a classical field. This leads to a quadratic Hamiltonian that can be diagonalized via a Bogoliubov transformation. The transformation yields quasiparticle excitations with a linear dispersion at low momenta and a free particle dispersion at high momenta. Expressions are derived for the ground state energy, chemical potential, pressure, and sound velocity. Landau's criterion for superfluidity is discussed, showing dissipation only occurs for velocities above the sound speed.

Uploaded by

bookseeker860
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Weakly interacting Bose-gas

Lecture note
Let start with the Hamiltonian in momentum representation:
H =

p
p
2
2:
a
y
p
a
p
+
q
2\

p;p
0
;q
a
y
p
a
y
p
0 a
p
0
+q
a
pq
(1)
When writing this formula we should remember that the second sum originates
from a slightly nonlocal in space interaction
H
int
=
1
2
_
q (x x
0
) c
y
(x) c
y
(x
0
) c (x
0
) c (x) d
3
rd
3
r
0
(2)
According to the Bogoliubovs idea, the average number of particle in the ground
state
0
is close to the total number of particles in the gas and is very large
( 10
23
in liquid
4
He and 10
5
in cooled gases of alkali atoms). Therefore, it is
possible to neglect non-commutativity of the operators a
0
and a
y
0
and substitute
each of them by the number
p

0
. In this approximation the Hamiltonian (1)
is reduced to a quadratic one in terms of operators a
p
and a
y
p
1
:
H =

p
p
2
2:
a
y
p
a
p
+
q
\

p
a
y
p
a
p
+
q
2\

p
_
a
y
p
a
y
p
+a
p
a
p
_
+
q
2
2\
(3)
This operator can be diagonalized by the Bogolyubovs transformation:
a
p
= n
p
c
p

p
c
y
p
; a
y
p
=
p
c
p
+n
p
c
y
p
(4)
with real coecients n
p
and
p
. It is useful to write down the transformation
for Hermitian conjugated operators:
a
y
p
= n
p
c
y
p

p
c
p
; a
p
=
p
c
y
p
+n
p
c
p
(5)
From requirement of canonical commutation relations for both sets of operators
a
p
, a
y
p
and c
p
, c
y
p
we nd the constraint:
n
2
p

2
p
= 1 (6)
The Hamiltonian (3) decays into a sum of independent Hamiltonians for particles
with momenta p and p. Let consider one of them:
H
p
=
p
_
a
y
p
a
p
+a
y
p
a
p
_
+q:
0
_
a
y
p
a
y
p
+a
p
a
p
_
, (7)
1
In the derivation of Eq. (3) we used the fact that the number of the particles in the
condensate N
0
is much larger than the number of the over-condensate particles
P
p
a
>
p
ap and
that N
0
+
P
p
a
>
p
ap = N.
1
where :
0
=
N0
V
is the condensate density and
p
=
p
2
2m
+ q:
0
. Plugging the
transformation formulae (4,5) into equation (7) and employing the permutation
relations, we nd:
H
p
=
_
c
y
p
c
p
+ a
y
p
c
p
_
_

p
_
n
2
p
+
2
p
_
q:
0
2n
p

+
_
c
y
p
c
y
p
+c
p
c
p
_
_

p
2n
p

p
+q:
0
_
n
2
p
+
2
p
_
+ (8)
2
p

2
p
q:
0
2n
p

p
The Hamiltonian H
p
becomes diagonal in the set of states with denite values
of occupation numbers ~ :
p
= c
y
p
c
p
if the term in the second line of equation
(8) vanishes:

p
2n
p

p
+q:
0
_
n
2
p
+
2
p
_
= 0 (9)
Equation (9) together with equation (6) uniquely determines the coecients of
the Bogoliubov transformation:
n
2
p
=
1
2
_

p
-
p
+ 1
_
;
2
p
=
1
2
_

p
-
p
1
_
, (10)
where
-
p
=
_

2
p
(q:)
2
=
_
_
p
2
2:
+q:
_
2
(q:)
2
(11)
Indeed, dividing equation (9) by 2n
p

p
one obtains for the ratio .
p
=
vp
up
a
quadratic equation : .
2
p
2

p
gn0
.
p
+ 1 = 0. Its larger root is .
p
=

p
+"p
gn0
.
Substituting
p
= .
p
n
p
into equation (6) one arrives at equations (10).
The transformed Hamiltonian H
p
reads:
H
p
= -
p
c
y
p
c
p
+ 2
p

2
p
q:2n
p

p
(12)
The rst term in the right-hand side of equation (12) describes the excitations
with the spectrum -
p
, the last two terms contribute to the ground state energy.
The excitation energy can be rewritten as follows:
-
p
= j
_
q:
:
+
j
2
4:
2
(13)
This equation shows that at j
p
2:q: the spectrum is linear -
p
:j where
: =
_
gn
m
is the sound velocity. At large j
p
2:q: the spectrum coincides
with the spectrum of free particle -
p

p
2
2m
. The interaction is negligible in this
limit.
The energy of the ground state reads
1
0
=
q
2
2\
+

p
_
2
p

2
p
q:2n
p

p
_
=
q
2
2\
+

p
_
-
p

p
_
(14)
2
The sum in (14) is proportional to q
5=2
:
3=2
0
:
3=2
, (2/)
3
and is much less than
the rst term if q
h
2
n
1=3
0
m
2
. Neglecting it , we obtain an important result:
1
0

q
2
2\
(15)
The derivative of this energy over is the chemical potential, i.e. the energy
necessary to add 1 particle to the system:
j = q: (16)
Since the new particle goes with overwhelming probability to the condensate,
the same value (16) can be treated as interaction energy per one particle in
condensate. Dierentiating energy (15) by volume, one nds the pressure:
j =
01
0
0\
=
q:
2
2
(17)
According to the Laplace formula, the sound velocity : can be found from the
derivative of the pressure over mass density j = :::
: =
_
0j
0j
=
_
q:,: (18)
As it was shown by Landau, this type of the excitation spectrum leads to super-
uidity, i.e. to the absence of dissipation. Let consider a heavy ball of the mass
' moving in the Bose-gas with the velocity v. It can be deccelerated only by
exciting of the gas. The conservation of the momentum and energy reads:
1
p
= 1
pq
+-
q
, (20)
where p ='v and 1
p
=
p
2
2M
. Since the change of energy of a heavy ball is
very small, the dierence of energy can be expressed as follows: 1
p
1
pq

@E
@p
q = vq. Thus, the conservation law (20) reads:
vq =
_
:
2

2
+

4
4:
2
(20)
The left-hand side of this equation is maximal when v and q are parallel. In
this case the l.-h.side of Eq. (20)is equal to . It is denitely smaller than
the right-hand side of equation (20) as long as < :. Thus, the dissipation is
possible only if :.
2
The sum in (14) is divergent. To obtain a physically reasonable result one needs to
express the interaction constant in terms of the s-scattering amplitude to the second order
of perturbation theory. See the details in the book Landau and Lifshitz, Statistical Physics,
part 2, p. 99-102, Pergamon, 1991.
3

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