Cleaning And Grading Equipments

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S.K.Engineering & Allied Works, established in 1975, has been engaged in manufacturing & Export of Cleaning And Grading Equipments, Pea Dehusking & Splitting Plant ( Modern Dal Mill Plant) and has earned a prominent place in the world market.

Grain Destoner Machine

It is an ideal machine for the removal of stones, mudballs, glass pieces, metal pieces from Grains, Legumes, Pulses, Coffee beans, Soyabean & Oil seeds etc. This machine can be used at all such places where impurities and material are of same sizes but of different specific gravity. Main advantages of this latest design are higher capacity, better efficiency, compact design, low power consumption and dust free run.

Construction : Machine essentially comprises of a structural frame supporting on an Oscillating deck, exhaust hood and feed control device. Two vibromotors, adjustable oscillating eccentric rotor type, imparts vibrating motion to the working deck which features variable stroke and in line motion. The sieve box contains two screens one above other and is supported on frame by means of hollow rubber springs. Large glass window on deck allow proper inner view. Oscillating deck with adjustable inclination relative to the vibrating axis comprising of working deck covered by metal screen and discharge spouts, with air tight rubber fittings i.e. for stones and cleaned product ensure best efficiency with least maintenance.

Operation : The material entering the machine spread over the entire width of screen and gets stratified in side due to the negative pressure created by suitable fan. Heavy material like stone, metal/glass pieces etc. keeps on moving up along with screen deck towards stoneoutlet whereas sound grain get fluidised by air cushion and start moving down in opposite direction of stone towards product outlet and gets separated. The machine is designed two screens in the sieve box which provides

Send Enquiry more area for effective separation of stones. Degree of stone separation can be optimized by adjusting the deck inclination, air quantity and plexiglass valve adjustment.

De-Stoner
Separates Stones, Mud pieces, and other Heavy impurities of same size from any Cereal, Pulses, Paddy, Grains, Corn, Oilseeds and Spices etc. On the basis of difference in Specific gravity and exposed Surface area. Very useful Machine for Separation of Damaged Seed of Pulses from Sound Grains. Very useful Machine for Separation of Germs from Ground Corn and light kernels and ergot from Wheat.

The Dry-destoner is an ideal Machine for the separation of Stones, Mud particles, Glass, and Iron pieces and other heavy impurities of same size from food grains, pulses, oilseeds, corn and spices etc. These impurities being of equal size and shape da not separate by seiving. As this machine works on the difference in specific gravity and exposed surface area of the stocks and the specific gravity of the impurities, the cleaned material becomes air-borne and travels downward direction while the impurities on account of oscillating motion of the deck travels in opposite direction i.e. upward

Features :

Fabricated of Robust steel Construction, compact in design with bestquality components. Easy to transport, easy to install and easy to operate. Multi-purpose operation with High efficiency & low power consumption.

How Is Wheat Processed?

By Julie Elefante, eHow Contributor

How Is Wheat Processed? Other People Are Reading

How to Plant Bin-Run Wheat How do I Prepare Whole Grain Wheat?

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1. Reaping

Wheat farmers reap the wheat of its kernels after they have fully developed and mostly dried out. The farmers know it is ready when the kernels of wheat have a rich golden brown color. The kernels will contain 15 percent or less moisture at this point. This usually occurs sometime between July and September, depending

on the region. In many countries, wheat is still reaped with hand-held instruments such as scythes or sickles. In industrialized countries, the wheat is usually harvested by giant farm machines called combine harvesters, which cut the heads of the wheat off the stalks. The machine then threshes the wheat, beating it to remove the chaff. The wheat farmers then ship the wheat to millers.

2. Cleaning and Tempering

o

The millers clean the wheat kernels with mechanical cleaners using a series of disks and streams of water to remove any dust, stones, straw and weeds that might have come in with the kernels. A final water bath separates any heavy items from the wheat, because those items will sink while the wheat floats to the top. The moistened wheat kernels will also toughen the bran coat in a process called tempering. The toughened bran coat will separate from the wheat's endosperm. The water will also soften the endosperm, which will become flour. Sponsored Links Wheat-Flour Test Devices Flour and Dough Testing Devices Gluten Washing,Falling Number,Mills www.yucebasmakine.com.tr

3. Grinding

Millers crack and grind the wheat with their mill's grinding stones or steel rollers. Rollers are the more common way for industrialized countries to grind wheat into flour. The rollers flatten the wheat germ as the wheat is rolled through, which helps the sifters catch the germ. Some millers blow the germ away with streams of air right after the wheat is cracked and the germ is separated away. The germ is blown away when millers make white flour. If they're making whole wheat flour, the bran is ground down with the endosperm. The flour is ground continuously, making it finer and finer. Finally, the flour is passed through sifters, each with progressively smaller mesh, and sometimes as often as 25 times, to ensure very fine flour.

4. Enriching

Millers bleach the flour and, if all the bran has been removed, they enrich it with supplements such as B vitamins (thiamine, niacin, and riboflavin) and iron. If bran has been left in the flour, then these vitamins and minerals are already in the flour. Sponsored Links Read more: How Is Wheat Processed? | eHow.com http://www.ehow.com/howdoes_4914695_how-wheat-processed.html#ixzz1t2E32ts0

Sieve analysis
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search A sieve analysis (or gradation test) is a practice or procedure used (commonly used in civil engineering) to assess the particle size distribution (also called gradation) of a granular material. The size distribution is often of critical importance to the way the material performs in use. A sieve analysis can be performed on any type of non-organic or organic granular materials including sands, crushed rock, clays, granite, feldspars, coal, soil, a wide range of manufactured powders, grain and seeds, down to a minimum size depending on the exact method. Being such a simple technique of particle sizing, it is probably the most common.[1]

Contents

1 Procedure o 1.1 Preparation 2 Results 3 Methods o 3.1 Throw-action sieving o 3.2 Horizontal sieving o 3.3 Tapping sieving o 3.4 Sonic sieving o 3.5 Wet sieving o 3.6 Air Jet Sieving 4 Types of gradation 5 Limitations of sieve analysis 6 Properties 7 Engineering applications 8 Forecast o 8.1 "Sieving" with Digital Image Processing 9 See also 10 References 11 External links

Procedure

Sieves used for gradation test.

A mechanical shaker used for sieve analysis. A gradation test is performed on a sample of aggregate in a laboratory. A typical sieve analysis involves a nested column of sieves with wire mesh cloth (screen). See the separate Mesh (scale) page for details of sieve sizing. A representative weighed sample is poured into the top sieve which has the largest screen openings. Each lower sieve in the column has smaller openings than the one above. At the base is a round pan, called the receiver. The column is typically placed in a mechanical shaker. The shaker shakes the column, usually for some fixed amount of time. After the shaking is complete the material on each sieve is weighed. The weight of the sample of each sieve is then divided by the total weight to give a percentage retained on each sieve.

The size of the average particle on each sieve is then analysed to get a cut-off point or specific size range, which is then captured on a screen. The results of this test are used to describe the properties of the aggregate and to see if it is appropriate for various civil engineering purposes such as selecting the appropriate aggregate for concrete mixes and asphalt mixes as well as sizing of water production well screens. The results of this test are provided in graphical form to identify the type of gradation of the aggregate. The complete procedure for this test is outlined in the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) C 136[2] and the American Association and State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) T 27[3] A suitable sieve size for the aggregate should be selected and placed in order of decreasing size, from top to bottom, in a mechanical sieve shaker. A pan should be placed underneath the nest of sieves to collect the aggregate that passes through the smallest. The entire nest is then agitated, and the material whose diameter is smaller than the mesh opening pass through the sieves. After the aggregate reaches the pan, the amount of material retained in each sieve is then weighed.[4] Preparation

In order to perform the test, a sample of the aggregate must be obtained from the source. To prepare the sample, the aggregate should be mixed thoroughly and be reduced to a suitable size for testing. The total weight of the sample is also required.[4]

Results
The results are presented in a graph of percent passing versus the sieve size. On the graph the sieve size scale is logarithmic. To find the percent of aggregate passing through each sieve, first find the percent retained in each sieve. To do so, the following equation is used,

%Retained =

100%

where WSieve is the weight of aggregate in the sieve and WTotal is the total weight of the aggregate. The next step is to find the cumulative percent of aggregate retained in each sieve. To do so, add up the total amount of aggregate that is retained in each sieve and the amount in the previous sieves. The cumulative percent passing of the aggregate is found by subtracting the percent retained from 100%. %Cumulative Passing = 100% - %Cumulative Retained. The values are then plotted on a graph with cumulative percent passing on the y axis and logarithmic sieve size on the x axis.[4]

There are two versions of the %Passing equations. the .45 power formula is presented on .45 power gradation chart, whereas the more simple %Passing is presented on a semi-log gradation chart. version of the percent passing graph is shown on .45 power chart and by using the .45 passing formula. .45 power Percent Passing Formula:

% Passing = Pi = Where:

x100%

SieveLargest - Largest diameter sieve used in (mm). Aggregatemax_size - Largest piece of aggregate in the sample in (mm).

Percent Passing Formula:

%Passing = Where:

x100%

WBelow - The total mass of the aggregate within the sieves below the current sieve, not including the current sieve's aggregate. WTotal - The total mass of all of the aggregate in the sample.

Methods
There are different methods for carrying out sieve analyses, depending on the material to be measured.

Throw-action sieving

Throw-Action Sieving Here a throwing motion acts on the sample. The vertical throwing motion is overlaid with a slight circular motion which results in distribution of the sample amount over the whole sieving surface. The particles are accelerated in the vertical direction (are thrown upwards). In the air they carry out free rotations and interact with the openings in the mesh of the sieve when they fall back. If the particles are smaller than the openings, they pass through the sieve. If they are larger, they are thrown upwards again. The rotating motion while suspended increases the probability that the particles present a different orientation to the mesh when they fall back again, and thus might eventually pass through the mesh. Modern sieve shakers work with an electro-magnetic drive which moves a spring-mass system and transfers the resulting oscillation to the sieve stack. Amplitude and sieving time are set digitally and are continuously observed by an integrated control-unit. Therefore sieving results are reproducible and precise (an important precondition for a significant analysis). Adjustment of parameters like amplitude and sieving time serves to optimize the sieving for different types of material. This method is the most common in the laboratory sector[citation needed].

Horizontal sieving

Horizontal Sieving In a horizontal sieve shaker the sieve stack moves in horizontal circles in a plane. Horizontal sieve shakers are preferably used for needle-shaped, flat, long or fibrous samples, as their horizontal orientation means that only a few disoriented particles enter the mesh and the sieve is not blocked so quickly. The large sieving area enables the sieving of large amounts of sample, for example as encountered in the particle-size analysis of construction materials and aggregates.

Tapping sieving

Tapping Sieving A horizontal circular motion overlies a vertical motion which is created by a tapping impulse. These motional processes are characteristic of hand sieving and produce a higher degree of sieving for denser particles (e.g. abrasives) than throw-action sieve shakers.

Sonic sieving

The particles are lifted and forcibly dropped in a column of oscillating air at a frequency of thousands of cycles per minute. Sonic sievers are able to handle much finer dry powders than woven mesh screens. Wet sieving

Most sieve analyses are carried out dry. But there are some applications which can only be carried out by wet sieving. This is the case when the sample which has to be analysed is e.g. a suspension which must not be dried; or when the sample is a very fine powder which tends to agglomerate (mostly < 45 m) in a dry sieving process this tendency would lead to a clogging of the sieve meshes and this would make a further sieving process impossible. A wet sieving process is set up like a dry process: the sieve stack is clamped onto the sieve shaker and the sample is placed on the top sieve. Above the top sieve a water-spray nozzle is placed which supports the sieving process additionally to the sieving motion. The rinsing is carried out until the liquid which is discharged through the receiver is clear. Sample residues on the sieves have to be dried and weighed. When it comes to wet sieving it is very important not to change to sample in its volume (no swelling, dissolving or reaction with the liquid). Air Jet Sieving

Air jet sieving machines are ideally suited for very fine powders which tend to agglomerate and cannot be separated by vibrational sieving. The reason for the effectiveness of this sieving method is based on two components: A rotating slotted nozzle inside the sieving chamber and a powerful industrial vacuum cleaner which is connected to the chamber. The vacuum cleaner generates a vacuum inside the sieving chamber and sucks in fresh air through the slotted nozzle. When passing the narrow slit of the nozzle the air stream is accelerated and blown against the sieve mesh, dispersing the particles. Above the mesh, the air jet is distributed over the complete

sieve surface and is sucked in with low speed through the sieve mesh. Thus the finer particles are transported through the mesh openings into the vacuum cleaner.

Air jet sieving machine

Types of gradation
Dense gradation A dense gradation refers to a sample that is approximately of equal amounts of various sizes of aggregate. By having a dense gradation, most of the air voids between the material are filled with particles. A dense gradation will result in an even curve on the gradation graph.[5] Narrow gradation Also known as uniform gradation, a narrow gradation is a sample that has aggregate of approximately the same size. The curve on the gradation graph is very steep, and occupies a small range of the aggregate.[4] Gap gradation A gap gradation refers to a sample with very little aggregate in the medium size range. This results in only coarse and fine aggregate. The curve is horizontal in the medium size range on the gradation graph.[4] Open gradation An open gradation refers an aggregate sample with very little fine aggregate particles. This results in many air voids, because there are no fine particles to fill them. On the gradation graph, it appears as a curve that is horizontal in the small size range.[4] Rich gradation A rich gradation refers to a sample of aggregate with a high proportion of particles of small sizes.[5]

Limitations of sieve analysis

Sieve analysis has, in general, been used for decades to monitor material quality based on particle size. For coarse material, sizes that range down to #100 mesh (150m), a sieve analysis and particle size distribution is accurate and consistent. However, for material that is finer than 100 mesh, dry sieving can be significantly less accurate. This is because the mechanical energy required to make particles pass through an opening and the surface attraction effects between the particles themselves and between particles and the screen increase as the particle size decreases. Wet sieve analysis can be utilized where the material analyzed is not affected by the liquid - except to disperse it. Suspending the particles in a suitable liquid transports fine material through the sieve much more efficiently than shaking the dry material. Sieve analysis assumes that all particle will be round (spherical) or nearly so and will pass through the square openings when the particle diameter is less than the size of the square opening in the screen. For elongated and flat particles a sieve analysis will not yield reliable mass-based results, as the particle size reported will assume that the particles are spherical, where in fact an elongated particle might pass through the screen end-on, but would be prevented from doing so if it presented itself side-on.

Properties
Gradation affects many properties of an aggregate. It affects bulk density, physical stability and permeability. With careful selection of the gradation, it is possible to achieve high bulk density, high physical stability, and low permeability. This is important because in pavement design, a workable, stable mix with resistance to water is important. With an open gradation, the bulk density is relatively low, due to the lack of fine particles, the physical stability is moderate, and the permeability is quite high. With a rich gradation, the bulk density will also be low, the physical stability is low, and the permeability is also low. The gradation can be affected to achieve the desired properties for the particular engineering application.[5]

Engineering applications
Gradation is usually specified for each engineering application it is used for. For example, foundations might only call for coarse aggregates, and therefore an open gradation is needed. Gradation is a primary concern in pavement mix design. Concrete could call for both coarse and fine particles and a dense graded aggregate would be needed. Asphalt design also calls for a dense graded aggregate. Gradation also applies to subgrades in paving, which is the material that a road is paved on. Gradation, in this case, depends on the type of road (i.e. highway, rural, suburban) that is being paved.

Forecast
Within the last years[when?] some methods for particle size distribution measurement were developed which work by means of laser diffraction or digital image processing.

"Sieving" with Digital Image Processing

The scope of information conveyed by sieve analysis is relatively small. It does not allow for a clear statement concerning the exact size of a single particle it is just classified within a size range which is determined by two sieve sizes ("a particle is < than sieve size x and > than sieve size y"). And there is no additional information concerning other relevant properties like opacity or shape available. Devices which work with digital image processing enable to recall even this information and a lot more (surface analysis, etc.). The results can be fitted to sieve analysis so that a comparison between measurement results obtained with different methods is possible. Digital image processing is being used to sieve materials in mining, agriculture, and forestry industries on a regul

Mechanical screening
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search Mechanical screening, often just called screening, is the practice of taking granulated ore material and separating it into multiple grades by particle size. This practice occurs in a variety of industries such as mining and mineral processing, agriculture, pharmaceutical, food, plastics, and recycling.[1]

Contents

1 General categories 2 Applications 3 Process 4 Physical principles 5 Screening terminology 6 Types of mechanical screening o 6.1 Circle-throw vibrating equipment o 6.2 High frequency vibrating equipment o 6.3 Gyratory equipment 7 References

General categories
Screening falls under two general categories: dry screening and wet screening. From these categories, screening separates a flow of material into grades, these grades are then either further processed to an intermediary product or a finished product. Additionally the machines can be categorised into moving screen and static screen machines, as well as by whether the screens are horizontal or inclined.

Applications
The mining and mineral processing industry uses screening for a variety of processing applications. For example, after mining the minerals, the material is transported to a primary crusher. Before crushing large boulder are scalped on a shaker with 0.25 in (6.4 mm) thick shielding screening. Further down stream after crushing the material can pass through screens with openings or slots that continue to become smaller. Finally, screening is used to make a final separation to produce salable product based on a grade or a size range.

Process
A screening machine consist of a drive that induces vibration, a screen cloth that causes particle separation, and a deck which holds the screen cloth and the drive and is the mode of transport for the vibration. There are physical factors that makes screening practical. For example, vibration, g force, bed density, and material shape all facilitate the rate or cut. Electrostatic forces can also hinder screening efficiency in way of water attraction causing sticking or plugging, or very dry material generate a charge that causes it to attract to the screen itself. As with any industrial process there is a group of terms that identify and define what screening is. Terms like blinding, contamination, frequency, amplitude, and others describe the basic

characteristics of screening, and those characteristics in turn shape the overall method of dry or wet screening. In addition, the way a deck is vibrated differentiates screens. Different types of motion have their advantages and disadvantages. In addition cloth types also have their different properties that lead to advantages and disadvantages. Finally, there are issues and problems associated with screening. Screen tearing, contamination, blinding, and dampening all affect screening efficiency.

Physical principles

Vibration - either sinusoidal vibration or gyratory vibration. o Sinusoidal Vibration occurs at an angled plane relative to the horizontal. The vibration is in a wave pattern determined by frequency and amplitude. o Gyratory Vibration occurs at near level plane at low angles in a reciprocating side to side motion. Gravity - This physical interaction is after material is thrown from the screen causing it to fall to a lower level. Gravity also pulls the particles through the screen cloth. Density - The density of the material relates to material stratification. Electrostatic Force - This force applies to screening when particles are extremely dry or is wet.

Screening terminology
Like any mechanical and physical entity there are scientific, industrial, and layman terminology. The following is a partial list of terms that are associated with mechanical screening.

Amplitude - This is a measurement of the screen cloth as it vertically peaks to its tallest height and troughs to its lowest point. Measured in multiples of the acceleration constant g (g-force). Acceleration - Applied Acceleration to the screen mesh in order to overcome the van der waal forces Blinding - When material plugs into the open slots of the screen cloth and inhibits overflowing material from falling through.[2] Brushing - This procedure is performed by an operator who uses a brush to brush over the screen cloth to dislodged blinded opening. Cloth, screening cloth - it is the material defined by mesh size, which can be made of any type of material such steel, stainless steel, rubber compounds, brass, etc.[3] Contamination - This is unwanted material in a given grade. This occurs when there is oversize or fine size material relative to the cut or grade. Another type of contamination is foreign body contamination. o Oversize contamination occurs when there is a hole in the screen such that the hole is larger than the mesh size of the screen. Other instances where oversize

occurs is material overflow falling into the grade from overhead, or there is the wrong mesh size screen in place. o Fines contamination is when large sections of the screen cloth is blinded over, and material flowing over the screen does not fall through. The fines are then retained in the grade. o Foreign body contamination is unwanted material that differs from the virgin material going over and through the screen. It can be anything ranging from tree twigs, grass, metal slag to other mineral types and composition. This contamination occurs when there is a hole in the scalping screen or a foreign material's mineralogy or chemical composition differs from the virgin material. Deck - a deck is frame or apparatus that holds the screen cloth in place. It also contains the screening drive. It can contain multiple sections as the material travels from the feed end to the discharge end. Multiple decks are screen decks placed in a configuration where there are a series of decks attached vertically and lean at the same angle as it preceding and exceeding decks. Multiple decks are often referred to as single deck, double deck, triple deck, etc. Frequency - Measured in hertz (Hz) or revolutions per minute (RPM). Frequency is the number of times the screen cloth sinusoidally peaks and troughs within a second. As for a gyratory screening motion it is the number of revolutions the screens or screen deck takes in a time interval, such as revolution per minute (RPM). Gradation, grading - Also called "cut" or "cutting." Given a feed material in an initial state, the material can be defined to a have a particle size distribution. Grading is removing the maximum size material and minimum size material by way of mesh selection.[4] Shaker - A generic term that refers to the whole assembly of any type mechanical screening machine. Stratification - This phenomenon occurs as vibration is passed through a bed of material. This causes coarse (larger) material to rise and finer (smaller) material to descend within the bed. The material in contact with screen cloth either falls through a slot or blinds the slot or contacts the cloth material and is thrown from the cloth to fall to the next lower level.[5] Mesh - Mesh refers to the number of open slots per linear inch. Mesh is arranged in multiple configuration. Mesh can be a square pattern, long-slotted rectangular pattern, circular pattern, or diamond pattern.[6] Scalp, scalping - this is the very first cut of the incoming material with the sum of all its grades. Scalping refers to removing the largest size particles. This includes enormously large particles relative to the other particle's sizes. Scalping also cleans the incoming material from foreign body contamination such as twigs, trash, glass, or other unwanted oversize material.

Types of mechanical screening

There are generally three types of mechanical screening equipment that cause segregation. These types are based on the motion of the machine through its motor drive.

Circle-throw vibrating equipment - This type of equipment has an eccentric shaft that causes the frame of the shaker to lurch at a given angle. This lurching action literally throws the material forward and up. As the machine returns to its base state the material falls by gravity to physically lower level. This type of screening is used also in mining operations for large material with sizes that range from six inches to +20 mesh.[7] High frequency vibrating equipment - This type of equipment drives the screen cloth only. Unlike above the frame of the equipment is fixed and only the screen vibrates. However, this equipment is similar to the above such that it still throws material off of it and allows the particles to cascade down the screen cloth. These screens are for sizes smaller than 1/8 of an inch to +150 mesh.[8] Gyratory equipment - This type of equipment differs from the above two such that the machine gyrates in a circular motion at a near level plane at low angles. The drive is an eccentric gear box or eccentric weights.[9][10] Circle-throw vibrating equipment

Circle-throw vibrating equipment is a shaker or a series of shakers as to where the drive causes the whole structure to move. The structure extends to a maximum throw or length and then contracts to a base state. A pattern of springs are situated below the structure to where there is vibration and shock absorption as the structure returns to the base state. This type of equipment is used for very large particles, sizes that range from pebble size on up to boulder size material. It is also designed for high volume output. As a scalper, this shaker will allow oversize material to pass over and fall into a crusher such a cone crusher, jaw crusher, or hammer mill. The material that passes the screen by-passes the crusher and is conveyed and combined with the crush material. Also this equipment is used in washing processes, as material passes under spray bars, finer material and foreign material is washed through the screen. This is one example of wet screening. High frequency vibrating equipment

High frequency vibrating equipment is a shaker whose frame is fixed and the drive vibrates only the screen cloth. High frequency vibration equipment is for particles that are in this particle size range of an 1/8 in (3 mm) down to a +150 mesh. These shakers usually make a secondary cut for further processing or make a finished product cut. These shakers are usually set at a steep angle relative to the horizontal level plane. Angles range from 25 to 45 degrees relative to the horizontal level plane.

Gyratory equipment

This type of equipment has an eccentric drive or weights that causes the shaker to travel in an orbital path. The material rolls over the screen and falls with the induction of gravity and directional shifts. Rubber balls and trays provide an additional mechanical means to cause the material to fall through. The balls also provide a throwing action for the material to find an open slot to fall through. The shaker is set a shallow angle relative to the horizontal level plane. Usually, no more than 2 to 5 degrees relative to the horizontal level plane. These types of shakers are used for very clean cuts. Generally, a final material cut will not contain any oversize or any fines contamination. These shakers are designed for the highest attainable quality at the cost of a reduced feed rate.