RHETORIC

Dominic Cheng, Latifah Sat, Hiu Yan Yip, Parco Cheung

WHAT IS RHETORIC?

Art of Argumentation and Persuasion through eective communication Convinces other what we believe in through speaking and writing

What is being said How is being said About the eectiveness of words Logo, Patho, Etho

ELEMENTS OF RHETORIC?

Logo (word) - Logical reasoning Inductive - Bringing out a rule through dierent examples Deductive - From general to specic Patho (experience) - Emotional eects Uses language to bring out the force of feeling to persuade Mainly anger and sympathy *Not to tell how one feel, but make the person feel it Etho (character) - Self Authority Appear to be a character that worth to be trusted Audience adaptation Uses dierent technique for dierent audience

WHY SHOULDNT I PUT THIS PUPPY INTO THE MICROWAVE?

EXAMPLE REASONS FROM THE INTERNET

1. It is unethical to torture a defenseless puppy for personal amusement 2. Torturing animals will disgust your lover or spouse, and that lover or spouse will probably have nothing to do with you afterwards. 3. Microwaves radically elevate the temperature of biological liquids, including the uids of the cardiovascular system and the inner-ear canal. 4. Cruelty to animals is a felony in Tennessee, and it could result in a ve-to-ten-year prison sentence. 5. You might damage your expensive microwave. 6. You might damage my expensive microwave. 7. Sparky belongs to me. 8. You put the last one in the microwave, and it's my turn now. 9. Huitzilopochtli, the Aztec god of war, forbids us to kill one of his holy avatars. 10. You will have to clean the microwave afterward. 11. Sparky is--gosh darn it--too cute for that! 12. Your suggestion that it will dry his coat and get rid of the "wet dog" smell is erroneous. 13. The strong always have an obligation to defend lesser creatures that are weak and helpless. 14. Burritos taste better than puppies when they are reheated. 15. All the food you cook in the microwave will taste like puppy hair afterwards. http://web.cn.edu/Kwheeler/puppies_nuked.html

RHETORIC IN HISTORY

First used in Ancient Egypt by valuing the ability to speak with wisdom and intelligence Then developed by Ancient Greece

A mans success and inuence in ancient Athens depended on his rhetorical ability Sophists http://artofmanliness.com/2010/11/30/history-of-rhetoric/

Cicero Rome philosopher On invention, On Oration

Middle Ages goes from political to religious

Used by revolutionaries as a weapon to spread the idea of freedom

FAMOUS EXAMPLES OF THE POWER OF RHETORIC

The intentional use of language to inuence an audience Rhetoric has been exercised throughout history by many leaders to garner support and rouse spirits Some of the speeches have been marked down in history as the greatest speeches ever All speeches are meant to be positive, it just depends on your perspective

SPEECH TO THE TROOPS OF TILBURY

By Elizabeth I on 19 August 1588 Masterpiece of political rhetoric Addressed to the land forces assembled in Tilbury, Essex in preparation of repelling the invasion by the Spanish Armada Spanish Armada is a eet that attempted to overthrow Elizabeth I to stop English involvement in the Spanish Netherlands, and English privateering in the Atlantic and the Pacic King Phillip II of Spain and his forces were defeated and never reached the shores of England In a time when men dominated society, Elizabeth successfully ruled England for 45 years and brought England into a Golden Age.

SPEECH TO THE TROOPS OF TILBURY

My loving people: We have been persuaded by some that are careful of our safety, to take heed how we commit ourselves to armed multitudes, for fear of treachery; but I assure you I do not desire to live to distrust my faithful and loving people. Let tyrants fear. I have always so behaved myself that, under God, I have placed my chiefest strength and safeguard in the loyal hearts and good-will of my subjects; and therefore I am come to amongst you, as you see, at this time, not for my recreation and disport, but being resolved, in the midst and heat of the battle, to live and die amongst you all; to lay down for my God, and for my kingdom, and my people, my honour and my blood even, in the dust.

SPEECH TO THE TROOPS OF TILBURY

I know that I have the body but of a weak and feeble woman; but I have the heart and stomach of a king, and of a king of England too, and think foul scorn that Parma or Spain, or any prince of Europe, should dare to invade the borders of my realm; to which rather than any dishonour shall grow by me, I myself wi! take up arms, I myself will be your general, judge, and rewarder of every one of your virtues in the eld.

SPEECH TO THE TROOPS OF TILBURY

I know already, for your forwardness you have deserved rewards and crowns; and We do assure you in the word of a prince, they shall be duly paid you. In the meantime, my lieutenant general shall be in my stead, than whom never prince commanded a more noble or worthy subject; not doubting but by your obedience to my general, by your concord in the camp, and your valour in the eld, we shall shortly have a famous victory over those enemies of my God, of my Kingdom, and of my people.

EXAMPLE OF THE SPEECH IN MOVIES

Cate Blanchett from Elizabeth: The Golden Age (2007): http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T3Bq1h728X0 Anne-Marie Du from The Virgin Queen (2006): http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4bk7l3RMLf8

WOMENS RIGHTS TO THE SUFFRAGE

By Susan B. Anthony in 1873 Susan B. Anthony was ned $100 for casting an illegal ballot inSeething at the injustice, she embarked on a speaking tour in support of female voting rights, during which she gave this speech. The 19th Amendment enfranchised women in 1920. Anthony never paid the ne. In TIMEs Top Ten Greatest Speeches list

WOMENS RIGHTS TO THE SUFFRAGE

It was we, the people; not we, the white male citizens; nor yet we, the male citizens; but we, the whole people, who formed the Union. And we formed it, not to give the blessings of liberty, but to secure them; not to the half of ourselves and the half of our posterity, but to the whole people women as well as men. And it is a downright mockery to talk to women of their enjoyment of the blessings of liberty while they are denied the use of the only means of securing them provided by this democratic-republican government--the ballot.

WOMENS RIGHTS TO THE SUFFRAGE

For any State to make sex a qualication that must ever result in the disfranchisement of one entire half of the people is to pass a bill of attainder, or an ex post facto law, and is therefore a violation of the supreme law of the land. By it the blessings of liberty are for ever withheld from women and their female posterity. To them this government has no just powers derived from the consent of the governed. To them this government is not a democracy. It is not a republic. It is an odious aristocracy; a hateful oligarchy of sex; the most hateful aristocracy ever established on the face of the globe; an oligarchy of wealth, where the right govern the poor. An oligarchy of learning, where the educated govern the ignorant, or even an oligarchy of race, where the Saxon rules the African, might be endured; but this oligarchy of sex, which makes father, brothers, husband, sons, the oligarchs over the mother and sisters, the wife and daughters of every household--which ordains all men sovereigns, all women subjects, carries dissension, discord and rebellion into every home of the nation.

WOMENS RIGHTS TO THE SUFFRAGE

Webster, Worcester and Bouvier all dene a citizen to be a person in the United States, entitled to vote and hold oce. The only question left to be settled now is: Are women persons? And I hardly believe any of our opponents will have the hardihood to say they are not. Being persons, then, women are citizens; and no State has a right to make any law, or to enforce any old law, that shall abridge their privileges or immunities. Hence, every discrimination against women in the constitutions and laws of the several States is today null and void, precisely as in every one against Negroes.

EXAMPLES OF RHETORIC IN THE LORD OF THE FLIES

Targeting

Repetition

rhetoric(rtr-k) The art or study of using language eectively and persuasively.

Lying

Embarrassment Comparing

JACK
Hes like Piggy. He says things like Piggy, hes not a proper chief. when Roger and me went on he stayed back Hes not a hunter. Hed never have got us meat. He isnt a prefect and we dont know anything about him. He just gives orders and expects people to obey for nothing. All this talk

Page 112

In this scene.. Jack tries to persuade the boys to overthrow Ralphs position as chief. Hes like Piggy. He says things like Piggy, hes not a proper chief. Jack intentionally compares Ralph to an unpopular member of the group, Piggy, so that the majority would dislike him for being cowardly, weak and annoying.

when Roger and me went on he stayed back Embarrasses Ralph for staying behind on the mountain when they were hunting for the beast. Jack also makes a comparison to stress how he is braver than Ralph. He does not reveal the full truth.

 Hes not a hunter. Hed never have got us meat. He isnt a prefect and we dont know anything about him. He just gives orders and expects people to obey for nothing. All this talk Another comparison between Jack and Ralph. stresses the importance of the hunters to the tribe (maintains survival by providing food). Repetition: Ralph is manipulative and is not t to be leader.

RALPH
You let the re go out. There was a ship. There was a ship. Out there. You said youd keep the re going and you let it out. I was chief, and you were going to do what I said. You talk. But you cant even build huts then you go o hunting and let out the re Page 59

In this scene.. Jack led the hunters to kill a sow, allowing the re to go out, which infuriates Ralph. You let the re go out. There was a ship. These are the two phrases that Ralph keeps repeating in his responses to Jacks reasons. Emphasizes to the group, that maintaining the re increases the chances of survival.

I was chief, and you were going to do what I said. You talk. But you cant even build huts then you go o hunting and let out the re Like Jack, Ralph also employs comparisons to make himself appear more capable. He embarrasses Jack by saying he cant build huts, scorns his obsession for hunting and questions his trust.

However. In this argument, rhetoric triumphs for Jack because he use apologies to end the conict with Ralph. - I apologize. The buzz from the hunters was one of admiration at this handsome behavior. Clearly they were of the opinion that Jack had done the decent thing, had put himself in the right by his generous apology and Ralph, obscurely, in the wrong. (page 61)

 He also manages to drive the groups attention away from his misplaced priorities and ignorance by humiliating (targeting/ embarrassing) Piggy.

Piggy and the parody was so funny that the hunters began to laugh. Jack felt encouraged. Unwillingly Ralph felt his lips twitch; he was angry with himself for giving way (page 61)

HOW RHETORIC IS IMPORTANT TO THE THEME OF POWER

Rhetoric or the persuasive use of language is an eective device employed by people who deliver speeches, particularly, leaders in politics and in religious sectors. The aim is to persuade the audience to accept his/her views. It is an extremely powerful means as seen in David Cameron, the Prime Minister of the UKs, maiden speech after he was elected.

In this speech, a variety of rhetoric techniques are used to convince his supporters and the citizens that they had chosen the right prime minister. In Camerons speech, he often uses the three-part list and the inclusive pronoun, we, to make the audience think that they are working together towards the common goal, that is, to overcome the diculties England is facing, to share the load in the advancement of the country. We have deep and pressing problems we clearly have is to rebuild trust in our political system we must take everyone through with us on some of the dicult decisions we have ahead.

In addition, he uses contrast of imagery eectively in his speech, and that the politicians are always their servant and never their masters. The contrastive imagery between servant and master is successful in appealing to the public that even though he has attained the top job as the PM, he is only a servant to serve the country. This servitude attitude aims to show his humility in order to gain the trust from the people and to further consolidate his power in running the country.

Moreover, Camerons uses of emotive words believe demonstrate his vision and ability to lead the country. I believe together we can provide that strong and stable government that our country needs. This further conrms his leadership skills and strength to lead the country.