Introduction: Contents Introduction: Contents

GSM and SBS fundamental aspects concerning Radio Network Planning Planning Objectives & Principle Planning Steps Specifics influencing Radio Network Planning Site Survey & Site Investigation Antenna Types Antenna Parameters Antenna Patterns Antenna Tilt (Mechanical and/or Electrical) (Effective) Antenna Height Antenna Diversity Antenna Cables Antenna cables and Intermodulation Antenna Near Products Exercises
TECHCOM Consulting

MN 1790

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GSM and SBS fundamental aspects concerning Radio GSM and SBS fundamental aspects concerning Radio Network Planning Network Planning
Steps Remarks

(GSM) Network planning (design)

Number and location of BTSs, BSCs, and MSCs Number and type of links between the network elements Type of BTSs and antennas (sectorised, omni-directional) Number of TRXs per cell Frequencies of serving and neighbor cells BSICs LACs BTS, BSC, TRAU, MSC Download and activation of network element specific software and databases

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Installation of the network elements Commissioning of the network elements

Network integration Network optimization

Connecting the links between the different network elements Fine tuning of the existing network without addition of new hardware Reduction of interference on Air interface Implementation of additional hardware to improve QOS Extension of coverage area Implementation of new technologies (e.g. HSCSD, GPRS, EDGE)

Network extension

MN 1790

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GSM and SBS fundamental aspects concerning Radio GSM and SBS fundamental aspects concerning Radio Network Planning: Cellular Concept Network Planning: Cellular Concept

3 Cellular network partial overlap of cells only a few frequencies per cell frequency re-use distance 7 6 3 4 1 7 5 6 2 5 4
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2 1

MN 1790

1-3

GSM and SBS fundamental aspects concerning Radio GSM and SBS fundamental aspects concerning Radio Network Planning: TDMA Concept Network Planning: TDMA Concept

Time Slot 0.577 ms

TDMA frame No. 0180

TDMA frame No. 0181

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TDMA frame: 4.615 ms Time

MN 1790

1-4

GSM and SBS fundamental aspects concerning Radio GSM and SBS fundamental aspects concerning Radio network Planning: FDMA Concept network Planning: FDMA Concept

890 MHz 1710 MHz

915 MHz 1785 MHz

GSM900 GSM1800

935 MHz 1805 MHz

960 MHz 1880 MHz

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UPLINK 25 MHz 75 MHz guard band

DOWNLINK 25 MHz 75 MHz

124 374

124 374

200 kHz

MN 1790

1-5

GSM and SBS fundamental aspects concerning Radio GSM and SBS fundamental aspects concerning Radio Network Planning: Cell Types Network Planning: Cell Types

360
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omni directional cell

180

120

180 sector cell

120 sector cell

MN 1790

1-6

GSM and SBS fundamental aspects concerning GSM and SBS fundamental aspects concerning Radio Network Planning: Cell Types Radio Network Planning: Cell Types

8 km 35 km
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Standard Cell: GSM 1800

Standard Cell: GSM 900

100 km

GSM 900 Extended Cell

MN 1790

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GSM and SBS fundamental aspects concerning GSM and SBS fundamental aspects concerning Radio Network Planning: Cell Types Radio Network Planning: Cell Types
Concentric cell Hierarchical cells

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Inner area: TRX with low power for capacity Complete area: TRX with high power for coverage

Different layers of cells for different coverage areas

MN 1790

1-8

GSM and SBS fundamental aspects concerning Radio GSM and SBS fundamental aspects concerning Radio Network Planning: Logical Channels Network Planning: Logical Channels

logical channels

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control channels

traffic channels

BCH

CCCH

DCCH TCH/F

SCH

BCCH FCCH PCH

RACH AGCH

SDCCH

SACCH

TCH/H

FACCH

MN 1790

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GSM and SBS fundamental aspects concerning Radio GSM and SBS fundamental aspects concerning Radio Network Planning: BCCH Multiframe Network Planning: BCCH Multiframe
downlink FS FS B B C C FS FS C C C C FS FS D0 D0 D1 F S D1 FS D2 D2 D3 D3 FS FS A0 A2 A1 A3 I I
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51 TDMA multiframe uplink D3 D3 RR RR A2 A0 A3 RRRR RRR RR RRR RRR RRRR RRRR A1 RRR RRR RR RR RR RRR RRRRR RRR D0 D0 D1 D1 RR D2 RR D2

F - FCCH - Frequency Correction Ch. S - SCH - Synchronization Channel B - BCCH - Broadcast Control Channel C - CCCH - Common Control Channel

D - SDCCH - Stand alone Dedicated Control Ch. A - SACCH - Slow Associated Control Ch. R - RACH - Random Access Channel I - idle

MN 1790

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GSM and SBS fundamental aspects concerning Radio GSM and SBS fundamental aspects concerning Radio Network Planning: SDCCH Multiframe Network Planning: SDCCH Multiframe
downlink B0 B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6 B7 A0 A1 A2 A3

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B0

B1

B2

B3

B4

B5

B6

B7

A4

A5

A6

A7

51 TDMA multiframe uplink A5 A6 A7 B0 B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6 B7 A0

A1

A2

A3

B0

B1

B2

B3

B4

B5

B6

B7

A4

B0..B7 SDCCH subslots A0..A7 SACCH subslots

MN 1790

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GSM and SBS fundamental aspects concerning Radio GSM and SBS fundamental aspects concerning Radio Network Planning: TCH Multiframe Network Planning: TCH Multiframe
uplink / downlink: Traffic Channel (TCH/F) T T T T T T T T T T T T A T T T T T T T T T T T T TECHCOM Consulting

26 TDMA frame = 120 ms uplink / downlink: Traffic Channel (TCH/H) T t T t T t T t T t T t A t T t T t T t T t T t T a

T - TCH - Traffic Channel t - TCH - Traffic Channel A - SACCH - Slow Associated Control Channel a - SACCH - Slow Associated Control Channel

MN 1790

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GSM and SBS fundamental aspects concerning Radio GSM and SBS fundamental aspects concerning Radio Network Planning: Burst Types Network Planning: Burst Types
normal burst TB 3 encrypted bits 57 S training sequence S 1 1 26 encrypted bits 57 TB GP 3 8.25
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frequency correction burst TB 3 fixed bits always 0 synchronization burst TB 3 information 39 training sequence 64 access burst TB 8 training sequence 41 information 36 dummy burst TB 3 fixed bit pattern 142 TB GP 3 8.25 TB 3 GP 68.25 information 39 TB GP 3 8.25 TB GP 3 8.25

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GSM and SBS fundamental aspects concerning Radio GSM and SBS fundamental aspects concerning Radio Network Planning: RXQUAL Network Planning: RXQUAL
RXQUAL (Received signal quality, see GSM 05.08) RXQUAL = 0 RXQUAL = 1 RXQUAL = 2 RXQUAL = 3 RXQUAL = 4 RXQUAL = 5 RXQUAL = 6 RXQUAL = 7 BER < 0.2 % 0.2 % < BER < 0.4 % 0.4 % < BER < 0.8 % 0.8 % < BER < 1.6 % 1.6 % < BER < 3.2 % 3.2 % < BER < 6.4 % 6.4 % < BER < 12.8 % 12.8 % < BER Assumed value 0.14%
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Assumed value 0.28% Assumed value 0.57% Assumed value 1.13% Assumed value 2.26% Assumed value 4.53% Assumed value 9.05% Assumed value 18.1%

MN 1790

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GSM and SBS fundamental aspects concerning Radio GSM and SBS fundamental aspects concerning Radio Network Planning: RXLEV Network Planning: RXLEV
RXLEV (Received signal level, see GSM 05.08) RXLEV = 0 RXLEV = 1 RXLEV = 2 ... RXLEV = 62 RXLEV = 63 Less than 110 dBm
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110 dBm to 109 dBm 109 dBm to 108 dBm ... 49 dBm to 48 dBm

greater than 48 dBm

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GSM and SBS fundamental aspects concerning Radio GSM and SBS fundamental aspects concerning Radio Network Planning: SQI Network Planning: SQI
SQI (Speech quality index, Ericsson defined (and patented) parameter, see Pat. No. WO-9853630) Value ranges: -20 dBQ to 30 dBQ for Enhanced Full Rate (EFR) speech coders -20 dBQ to 21 dBQ for Full Rate (FR) speech coders
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SQI values 20 SQI 21 / 30

Perceived speech quality Very good for FR / EFR

1 SQI 19

good

SQI 0

bad

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GSM and SBS fundamental aspects concerning Radio GSM and SBS fundamental aspects concerning Radio Network Planning: BSIC LAI Network Planning: BSIC // LAI

BSIC (Base Station Identity Code, see GSM 03.03 and GSM 05.08) BSIC = NCC BCC NCC = Network colour code (range: 0 7) BCC = Base station colour code (range: 0 7)
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LAI (Location are Identification, see GSM 03.03) LAI = MCC MNC LAC MCC = Mobile country code MNC = Mobile network code LAC = Location area code (range: 0-65535)

MN 1790

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GSM and SBS fundamental aspects concerning Radio GSM and SBS fundamental aspects concerning Radio Network Planning: ARFCN Network Planning: ARFCN
RFC (Radio frequency carrier, see GSM 05.01 and GSM 05.05) The carrier frequency is related to the absolute radio frequency channel number (ARFCN) as given in the following table:

Frequency band

UL-frequencies

ARFCN value range

DL-frequencies

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Primary GSM 900 band (P-GSM band) Extended GSM 900 band (E-GSM band) DCS 1800 band

890 915 MHz F(UL) = 890 + 0.2 x n

1 n 124

935 960 MHz F(DL) = F(UL) + 45

880 915 MHz F(UL) = 890 + 0.2 x n F(UL) = 890 + 0.2 x (n-1024) 1710 1785 MHz F(UL) = 1710.2 + 0.2 x(n-512)

0 n 124 975 n 1023

925 - 960 MHz F(DL) = F(UL) + 45

512 n 885

1805-1880 MHz F(DL) = F(UL) + 95

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GSM and SBS fundamental aspects concerning Radio GSM and SBS fundamental aspects concerning Radio Network Planning: Frequency Bands Network Planning: Frequency Bands
Frequency band GSM 900 Primary band GSM 900 Extended band GSM 1800 GSM 1900 GSM 850 GSM 450 GSM 480 GSM 750 Railway GSM Uplink freq. (MHz) 890 915 880 890 1 710 - 1785 1850-1910 824 849 450.4 457.6 478.8 486 747 - 762 876 - 880 Downlink freq. (MHz) 935 - 960 925 935 1 805 - 1 880 1930-1990 869 894 460.4 467.6 488.8 496 777 - 792 921 - 925 Duplex distance (MHz) 45 45 95 80 45 10 10 30 45 Numbering of ARFC (Uplink freq.) Fl(n) = 890 + 0.2*n Fl(n) = 890 + 0.2*(n-1024) 1710.2 + 0.2*(n-512) FI(n) = 1850.2 + 0.2*(n-512) Fl(n) = 824.2 + 0.2*(n-128) Fl(n) = 450.6 + 0.2*(n-259) Fl(n) = 479 + 0.2*(n-306) Fl(n) = 747.2 + 0.2*(n-438) Fl(n) = 890 + 0.2*(n-1024) 1 = n = 124 975 = n = 1023
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512 = n = 885 512 = n = 810 128 = n = 251 259 = n = 293 306 = n = 340 438 = n = 511 955 = n = 973

MN 1790

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GSM and SBS fundamental aspects concerning Radio GSM and SBS fundamental aspects concerning Radio Network Planning: BA Network Planning: BA
Neighbour cell list (BA, BCCH Allocation, see GSM 04.08 and GSM 05.08) The BA is a list of ARFCN which are used in the neighbour cells. GSM distinguishes the BA (BCCH) and the BA (SACCH). The carriers to be monitored by the MS in idle mode (for cell reselection) are given by the BA (BCCH). The carriers to be monitored by the MS while being in connected mode (TCH or SDCCH) are given by the BA (SACCH). The parameter BA-IND discriminates between measurement results related to different BA (BA (BCCH) and BA (SACCH)). The parameter BA-USED shows the value of the BA-IND used for BCCH allocation.

TECHCOM Consulting

MN 1790

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GSM and SBS fundamental aspects concerning Radio GSM and SBS fundamental aspects concerning Radio Network Planning: Network Planning: SIEMENS BASE STATION Types SIEMENS BASE STATION Types
BTSone BS20, BS21, BS22, BS60, BS61
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BTSplus

BS40, BS41, BS240, BS241

Special types

BS82 BS242

E-Micro-BTS Pico-BTS

Naming convention: last digit: 0 = indoor 1 = outdoor 2 = special purpose number of TRX supported

first digit(s)

MN 1790

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GSM and SBS fundamental aspects concerning Radio GSM and SBS fundamental aspects concerning Radio Network Planning: BTSone Network Planning: BTSone

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BS-20

BS-21

BS-22

BS-60

BS-61

MN 1790

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GSM and SBS fundamental aspects concerning Radio GSM and SBS fundamental aspects concerning Radio Network Planning: BTSplus Network Planning: BTSplus

TECHCOM Consulting

BS40

BS41

BS240

BS241

MN 1790

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GSM and SBS fundamental aspects concerning Radio GSM and SBS fundamental aspects concerning Radio Network Planning: BTSplus Network Planning: BTSplus

TECHCOM Consulting

BS240 XL More carriers per rack than normal BS240

MN 1790

1 - 24

GSM and SBS fundamental aspects concerning Radio GSM and SBS fundamental aspects concerning Radio Network Planning: Special BTS Types Network Planning: Special BTS Types

BS82 E-Micro-BTS

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4 carriers per cabinet in Dual carrier units Built-in antenna or external antenna

MN 1790

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GSM and SBS fundamental aspects concerning Radio GSM and SBS fundamental aspects concerning Radio Network Planning: Special BTS Types Network Planning: Special BTS Types

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Carrier Agent

BS242 Pico-BTS Up to 24 carrier agents at remote locations

Server rack

MN 1790

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GSM and SBS fundamental aspects concerning Radio GSM and SBS fundamental aspects concerning Radio Network Planning: BS240 XS Network Planning: BS240 XS

BS240 XS Up to 6 carriers with small rack and BTSplus Hardware

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MN 1790

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GSM and SBS fundamental aspects concerning Radio GSM and SBS fundamental aspects concerning Radio Network Planning: BSC and TRAU Network Planning: BSC and TRAU
Base station controller BSC
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Transcoding and Rate Adaptation Unit TRAU

MN 1790

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GSM and SBS fundamental aspects concerning Radio GSM and SBS fundamental aspects concerning Radio Network Planning: Capacity Numbers Network Planning: Capacity Numbers
Capacity TRX Cells BTSE TRAU PCMx LAPD GPRS TS Process. Cap. (Erl) Switch. Cap. (Erl) BR4.0 120 120 60 12 36 112 n. a. 1000 1000 BR5.0 250 150 100 20 46 112 n. a. 3200 2000 BR5.5 250 150 100 20 46 48-112 128 3200 2000 BR6.0 500 250 200 32 72 > 240 1536 3200 3500 BR7.0 900 400
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200 36 120 > 240 2880 3200 4000

MN 1790

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Planning Objectives & Principle Planning Steps Planning Objectives & Principle Planning Steps

General planning objectives: To realize service(s) with maximum coverage maximum capacity maximum Quality of Service (QoS) minimal interference
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at minimum costs

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Planning Objectives & Principle Planning Steps Planning Objectives & Principle Planning Steps

Principle planning steps 1) Basic planning data acquisition (data about: expected traffic load and planned service area) nominal cell plan Terrain data acquisition & installation of a digital terrain database (including topographical and morphological data) into a planning tool Coarse coverage prediction and initial site determination for a first site selection process using the digital terrain data and standard propagation models Site survey and site selection Survey measurements (to fine tune the propagation models) Detailed network design (to determine final network structure: Number and configuration of BTS, BSC, TRAU; needed antennas and transmission lines; frequency plan; future evolution strategy) Transmission planning
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2)

3)

4) 5) 6)

7)

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Planning Objectives & Principle Planning Steps Planning Objectives & Principle Planning Steps

Nominal Plan
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Detailed Plan

Modification & Optimization

MN 1790

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Specifics influencing Radio Network Planning Specifics influencing Radio Network Planning
External factors influencing radio network planning:

Physics (propagation of electromagnetic waves, interaction of electromagnetic waves with matter, ...) Government restrictions (concerning coverage, blocking, maximum output power levels, ...) Topography Statistics (population distributions, population development, ) ...
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MN 1790

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Site Survey & Site Investigation Site Survey & Site Investigation
Site survey and site investigation: Selection of the sites to be used from alternative locations (if available) Contract for site leasing exists? Adaption of the cell plan to the real locations that are used (nominal positions must be replaced by the real ones) Antenna installation possible? Antenna separation possible? Predicted antenna height realistic? First Fresnel Zone free of obstacles (for the nearest 50 to 100 meters)? Enough place for the radio (BTS and microwave) equipment, the battery backups, ...? Find out from where the primary power can be taken Find antenna cable path and measure required cable length Find out how the transport network can be brought into the site Sketch the earthing and lightning protection system ...
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MN 1790

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Antenna Types Antenna Types

Antenna types used in GSM: Omni-directional antennas (often used in rural areas) Directional antennas (preferable used in urban areas) Multi antenna systems Leaking cables (used e.g. in tunnels, buildings,)
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Parabolic antennas (used for microwave and satellite links)

Antenna locations: Outdoor Indoor

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Antenna Patterns Antenna Patterns

Antenna pattern: The (real) distribution of the radiated power as function of the direction is usually displayed in horizontal and/or vertical antenna radiation patterns. For these diagrams, usually polar coordinates graduated in decibels (dB) are used. Since an antenna is a passive component, due to the conservation of energy an increase of the radiated power in one direction will reduce the radiated power in an other direction. For sector antennas, the main lobe in the front direction should be maximised whereas the back lobe should be minimised. The sector width (e.g. 120 sector) should not be confused with the half power beam width. For example, often 60 65 half power beam width antennas are used to realise 120 sectors.

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MN 1790

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Antenna Patterns Antenna Patterns

Antenna patterns display the distribution of radiated energy in the horizontal and vertical direction:

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horizontal pattern

electrical down-tilted antenna

vertical pattern

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Antenna Parameters Antenna Parameters

Frequency range Polarization Gain Half-power beam width Electrical tilt
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Front to back ratio Impedance VSWR and return loss Maximum power per input Input connectors Connector position Dimensions (height, width, depth) Weight Wind load (frontal, lateral, rearward) Maximum wind velocity

MN 1790

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Antenna Parameters Antenna Parameters

Example values for a sector antenna:
Frequency range Polarization Gain Half-power beam width Electrical tilt Front to back ratio Impedance VSWR and return loss Maximum power per input Input connectors Connector position Dimensions (height, width, depth) Weight Wind load (frontal, lateral, rearward) Maximum wind velocity 870 - 960 MHz Vertical 17dBi H-plane: 90o / E-plane: 6.5o 6o electrical downtilt > 23 dB 50 Ohm < 1.3 500 W (at 50o C ambient temperature) 7/16 female Rearside 2574 / 258 / 103 mm 12 kg 460 N, 300 N, 1020 N at 150 km/h 200 km/h
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MN 1790

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Antenna Parameters Antenna Parameters

Half power beam width: The opening angle between the points where the radiated power is 50 % (3 dB) lower than the power transmitted in the main direction is called the half power beam width.

Antenna gain: The gain of an antenna is given either in dBi (with respect to an ideal, isotropic antenna) or in dBd (with respect to a dipole antenna): Gain (dBi) = Gain (dBd) + 2.15 dB
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Antenna tilt: Two different tilt types can be distinguished: electrical tilt and mechanical tilt. Mechanical tilt is achieved by corresponding mounting of the antennas using special mounting devices. Electrical tilt is a built-in function of an antenna. Either an antenna has or does not has this function. Usually an electrical down-tilted antenna has just one (fixed) electrical (down)-tilt but there also exist antennas where the electrical (down)-tilt is settable. In addition to an electrical tilt also a mechanical tilt can be applied. The effective tilt is the sum of both tilts.

MN 1790

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Antenna Parameters Antenna Parameters

Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR): The VSWR-ratio is a measure for the reflected output power. If the impedance of the antenna does not match to the impedance of the feeder, the output power is reflected to the transmitter. As a consequence the transmitter performance and the radiated power will be reduced. The closer the VSWR-ratio is to 1, the lower the reflected output power.
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Polarisation: The polarisation plane is given by the electrical field vector. Usually antennas are vertically or cross polarised.

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Antenna Tilt (Mechanical and/or Electrical) Antenna Tilt (Mechanical and/or Electrical)
Mechanical downtilt: J Advantages: Downtilt adjustable, simple method (requires only some mounting hardware: downtilt kit) L Disadvantages: Downtilt angle varies for different azimuth directions
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Horizontal half-power beam width increases with downtilt angle Gain reduction depending on azimuth direction

Electrical downtilt: J Advantages: Downtilt angle is constant for all azimuth directions Horizontal half-power beam width does not increase with downtilt angle L Disadvantages: Downtilt angle is fixed

MN 1790

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Antenna Tilt (Mechanical and/or Electrical) Antenna Tilt (Mechanical and/or Electrical)
Adjustable electrical downtilt: J Advantages: Downtilt adjustable Downtilt angle is constant for all azimuth directions Horizontal half-power beam width does not increase with downtilt angle
TECHCOM Consulting

Optimum downtilt angle: Must be calculated Depends on the surrounding Field strength reduction in the horizontal direction is maximum if minimum between main and first upper side lobe is pointing towards horizon

MN 1790

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(Effective) Antenna Height (Effective) Antenna Height

Several methods to calculate effective antenna height:

Absolute calculation method: Effective height = Base station antenna height above ground H eff = H BS Relative calculation method: Heff = H BS + HTHatBS HTHatMS Heff = HBS if HTHatBS > HTHatMS if HTHatBS HTHatMS
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HBS = Base station antenna height above ground at base station site HTHatBS = Terrain height above sea level at base station site HTHatMS = Terrain height above sea level at mobile station site Averaged calculation method: Effective height = Base station antenna height above the averaged terrain height of the prediction area

MN 1790

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Antenna Diversity Antenna Diversity

Diversity techniques: Space diversity: horizontal separation (effective separation depends on azimuth) vertical separation Polarization diversity:
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+/- 45 polarization horizontal plus vertical polarization Combining techniques: Switched combining Maximum ratio combining Diversity gain: Depends on the combining technique Increases with the number of receive antennas Increases with decreasing correlation of the individual received signals

MN 1790

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Antenna Cables Antenna Cables

The radio planner has to know the exact loss of the system: Jumper cable / Feeder cable / Connectors which must be specified in the link budget. Cables are characterized by: Cross-section and length
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Loss in [dB/m] Impedance Frequency range Reflection factor 3rd order inter-modulation product Minimum bending radius (for repeated bending)

Hints concerning the selection of antenna cables: The power dissipation increases exponentially with the cable length. Thick cables have lower losses, but larger bending radii and they are more expensive. Avoid unnecessary long cables!

MN 1790

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Antenna cables and Intermodulation Antenna cables and Intermodulation

What is intermodulation (IM)? Occurrence of frequencies different from the transmitted frequencies in the spectrum Example: Two frequencies are used: f1 = 942.6 MHz, f2 = 945.6 MHz Additionally frequency fIM = 936.6 MHz is measured
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Responsible for Intermodulation are non-linearities in the transmission path Example: non-linear amplifier dirty surfaces oxidized contacts treated surfaces, e.g. antennas on printed circuit boards

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Antenna cables and Intermodulation Antenna cables and Intermodulation

Order of an Intermodulation Product (IMP) IM-Frequencies are related to the transmitted frequencies by sums and differences: fIM = | n * f1 m * f2 |
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Order O of IM-Product is O=n+m

Examples:

n,m 1 * f1 - 1 * f2 2 * f1 - 1 * f2 2 * f1 2 * f2 3 * f1 - 2 * f2

order 2 3 4 5

remark far away from f1 or f2 close to f1 and f2 far away from f1 or f2 close to f1 and f2

Odd orders of IMP are close to the original frequencies!

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Antenna cables and Intermodulation Antenna cables and Intermodulation

Why can Intermodulation Products be dangerous? IMP can be located in a frequency band where they interfere! Example 1 (Extended GSM, f 1 = 942.6 MHz, f2 = 945.6 MHz):
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n,m 2 * f1 - 1 * f2 3 * f1 - 2 * f2 4 * f1 - 3 * f 2 5 * f1 - 4 * f2 1 * f1 - 2 * f2 2 * f1 - 3 * f2 3 * f1 - 4 * f 2 4 * f1 - 5 * f2

fIM [MHz] 939.6 936.6 933.6 930.6

948.6 951.6 954.6 957.6 925 MHz

Frequency 960 MHz

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Antenna cables and Intermodulation Antenna cables and Intermodulation

Why can Intermodulation Products be dangerous? IMP can be located in a frequency band where they interfere! Example 2 (Extended GSM, f 1 = 933 MHz, f 2 = 955.6 MHz):
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n,m 2 * f1 - 1 * f2 3 * f1 - 2 * f2 4 * f1 - 3 * f 2 1 * f1 - 2 * f2

fIM [MHz] 910.4 887.8 865.2

978.2

880 MHz

915 MHz 925 MHz

960 MHz

Freq.

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Antenna Near Products: Overview Antenna Near Products: Overview

Antenna near products: Antenna combiners Receiver modules Additional equipment

TECHCOM Consulting

Equipment depends on base station type: BTSone BTSplus BS20, BS21, BS22, BS60, BS61 BS40, BS41, BS240, BS241, BS240XL

Specific solutions: BS82 BS242 BS240XS

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Antenna Near Products: Output Power Antenna Near Products: Output Power

BTSone:

PA version Low Power High Power

GSM900 25 W 60 W

GSM1800/1900 25 W 40 W
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BTSplus:

CU version GSM CU EDGE CU GMSK EDGE CU 8PSK DCU version CU with DUAMCO CU without DUAMCO

GSM900 60 W 63 W 40 W GSM900 8W 14 W GSM900 100 mW

GSM1800/1900 40 W 50 W 32 W GSM1800/1900 8W 14 W GSM1800/1900 200 mW

BS82:

BS242:

CA version CA without Duplexer

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Antenna Near Products: Combiners Antenna Near Products: Combiners

Tasks of combiners: reducing amount of antenna for transmitting combining concepts: combining on air hybrid couplers filter combiners duplex function for using the antenna in RX path
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Antenna Near Products: HYCOM Antenna Near Products: HYCOM

HYCOM 1:1
ANT VSWR TX 0
Isolator

TESTLOOP

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HYCOM 2:1
TX 0 ANT VSWR 3 dB Hybrid
Isolato r

TX 1
Isolato r

TESTLOOP

HYCOM 4:1
TX 0

3 dB Hybrid ANT VSWR 3 dB Hybrid 3 dB Hybrid

Iso lator

TX 1
Iso lator

TX 2
Iso lator

TX 3
Iso lator

TESTLOOP

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Antenna Near Products: DUCOM Antenna Near Products: DUCOM

TESTOUT 0
TESTOUT 0

RX-FIL ANT 0 VSWR

TX-F IL Isola tor

RX 0
RX-FIL TX 0 ANT 0 VSW R TX-FIL 3 dB H ybrid
Is olat or

RX 0 TX 0 TX 1
Is olat or

RX 1 RX-FIL
AN T1 RX-FIL ANT1

RX 1 VSW R TX-FIL 3 dB Hybrid

I s olat or

VSWR TX-FIL
Isola tor TE STO U T 1

TX 1

TX 2

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TX 3
I s olat or

TESTO UT 1

DUCOM (DUKIT) 2:1

DUCOM 4:1

ANTdiv 0 RX-FIL

RXdiv 0 TESTOUT 0 RX 0 RX-FIL

ANT 0

VSWR TX-FIL Isolator

TX 0

RX-FIL ANT 1 VSWR TX-FIL Isolator ANTdiv 1

RX 1

TX 1 TESTOUT 1 RXdiv1

RX-FIL

DUKIT 2*1:1

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Antenna Near Products: FICOM Antenna Near Products: FICOM

ANT OUT VSWR

TECHCOM Consulting

TX 0

TX 1

TX 2

TX 3

TX 4

FICOM Base 2:1

FICOM Expansion 2:1

FICOM Expansion 1:1

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Antenna Near Products: Combiner Losses BTS1 Antenna Near Products: Combiner Losses BTS1
Combiner losses for BTS one:

Combiner type HYCOM 1:1 HYCOM 2:1 HYCOM 4:1 DUCOM 2:1 DUCOM 4:1 DUKIT FICOM 2:1 FICOM 4:1 FICOM 6:1

Loss for GSM (dB) 2.0 3.7 6.5 2.5 5.7 2.8 2.4 3.0 3.3

Loss for DCS/PCS (dB) 1.8

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3.9 7.6 2.5 5.7 2.8 3.5 4.2 4.9

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Antenna Near Products: DUAMCO 2:2 Antenna Near Products: DUAMCO 2:2

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Antenna Near Products: DUAMCO 4:2 Antenna Near Products: DUAMCO 4:2

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Antenna Near Products: DUAMCO 8:2 Antenna Near Products: DUAMCO 8:2

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Antenna Near Products: DUAMCO 2:1, 4:1 Antenna Near Products: DUAMCO 2:1, 4:1

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Antenna Near Products: FICOM Antenna Near Products: FICOM

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Antenna Near Products: Combiner Losses BTSplus Antenna Near Products: Combiner Losses BTSplus

Combiner losses for BTS plus and BS82:

Combiner type DUAMCO 2:2 DUAMCO 4:2 DUAMCO 8:2 DUAMCO 2:1 DUAMCO 4:1 FICOM 2:1 FICOM 4:1 FICOM 6:1 FICOM 8:1

Loss for GSM (dB) 2.5 5.7 8.9 5.3 8.5 2.7 3.2 3.7 4.2

Loss for DCS/PCS (dB) 2.5

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5.7 8.9 5.3 8.5 3.7 4.2 4.6 5.8

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Antenna Near Products: RX Sensitivity Antenna Near Products: RX Sensitivity

BTSone: -109 dBm at rack input

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BTSplus: - 116 dBm with TMA

BS82: = -110 dBm

BS242:-88 dBm (GSM900), -95 dBm (GSM1800/GSM1900)

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Antenna Near Products: Receiver Modules Antenna Near Products: Receiver Modules
Tasks of receiver modules:

amplifying received signals

different concepts: receiver module in BTS rack Tower mounted amplifiers

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splitting of received signal for TRX equipment

comparison of different signals (RX diversity)

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Antenna Near Products: RXAMOD/RXMUCO, Antenna Near Products: RXAMOD/RXMUCO, RXAMCO RXAMCO
Rx Antenna

RXAMOD at Rx antenna LNA R x C A B L E

RXMUCO within BTSE rack LNA

TPU
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DUCOM

Cascading Output

TXFIL RXAMCO RXFIL TPU LNA Cascading Output

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Antenna Near Products: Values Antenna Near Products: Values

Gain and loss of various BTS1 equipment:

Equipment type DUCOM DUKIT RXFIL

RX Loss for GSM (dB) 2.2 2.5 1.7

RX Loss for DCS/PCS (dB) 2.2

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2.5 1.7

Equipment type RXMUCO RXAMOD RXAMCO

RX Gain for GSM (dB) 2 30 20

RX Gain for DCS/PCS (dB) 2 30 22.5

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Antenna Near Products: DIAMCO Antenna Near Products: DIAMCO

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Antenna Near Products: TMA Antenna Near Products: TMA

Antenna

TMA Rx LNA Tx
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Rx

Tx

Encoder

Triplexer

DUAMCO/DIAMCO

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Antenna Near Products: Values Antenna Near Products: Values

Gain and loss of various BTS plus equipment:

Equipment type DUAMCO DIAMCO TMA

RX Gain for GSM (dB) 19.5 (without TMA) 19.5 (without TMA) 25.0

RX Gain for DCS/PCS (dB) 19.5 (without TMA) 19.5 (without TMA) 25.5
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Equipment type TMA

TX Loss for GSM (dB) 0.4

TX Loss for DCS/PCS (dB) 0.6

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Antenna Near Products: Additional Equipment Antenna Near Products: Additional Equipment
Additional equipment: DULAMO D4EM HPDU DUBIAS DIPLEXER
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Antenna Near Products: DULAMO Antenna Near Products: DULAMO

DULAMO for BTSone: Allows to use TMA with BTSone Works with HYCOM, DUCOM and FICOM
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Antenna Near Products: D4EM Antenna Near Products: D4EM

D4EM for BTSone: Allows to use 2 DUCOM 2:1 for one cell with 4 TRX Reduced combiner loss
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Antenna Near Products: HPDU Antenna Near Products: HPDU

High Power Duplexer: HPDU Duplex filter for combining RX and TX path

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HPDU technical data GSM TXLoss (dB) RXLoss (dB) <= 0.6 dB <= 2.2 dB DCS/PCS <= 0.75 dB <= 2.2 dB

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Antenna Near Products: DUBIAS Antenna Near Products: DUBIAS

TX/RX antenna BIAS-TEE for HPDU: DUBIAS Allows use of HPDU with TMA

TMA

TMA
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DUBIAS technical data DUBIAS TXLoss (dB) HPDU RXLoss (dB) GSM <= 0.2 dB <= 0.7 dB DCS/PCS <= 0.2 dB <= 0.7 dB

FICOM
CU1 CU8

DIAMCO
RX1 RX8

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Antenna Near Products: DIPLEXER Antenna Near Products: DIPLEXER

800 - 1000 MHz TX/RX ant. 1700 - 2000 MHz TX/RX ant. DIPLEXER Allows use of one feeder cable or even one antenna for GSM900 and GSM 1800/1900 Dimensions: 274mm * 126mm * 51mm Insertion loss: 0,15 dB (800 - 1000 MHz) 0,25 dB (1700 - 2000 MHz)
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DIPLEXER Feeder cable 800 - 1000 MHz DIPLEXER 1700 - 2000 MHz

Antenna Combiner 900

Antenna Combiner 1800

Base Station

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Antenna Near Products: Specific Solutions Antenna Near Products: Specific Solutions
BS82 Enhanced Micro-BTS: Solution without DUAMCO

Output Power: 14 W

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Antenna Near Products: Specific Solutions Antenna Near Products: Specific Solutions
BS82 Enhanced Micro-BTS: Solution with DUAMCO Output Power: 8 W

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Antenna Near Products: Specific Solutions Antenna Near Products: Specific Solutions
BS242 Pico-BTS: Losses of antenna near equipment

Equipment type DUPL EXTSPLIT

GSM900

GSM1800/ GSM1900 1.7 dB 3.8 dB

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1.7 dB 3.8 dB

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Antenna Near Products: Specific Solutions Antenna Near Products: Specific Solutions

BS240XS antenna near equipment

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Exercises Exercises
1) What are the units for: - the power? - the level? - the loss? - the gain?
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2) Write down the formula which expresses the level as function of the power.

3) Write down the formula which expresses the power as function of the level.

4) Consider a device with 10 mW output power and 1 W input power. What is the amplification/attenuation in dB?

5) Consider a device with 100 W output power and 1 W input power. What is the amplification/attenuation in dB?

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Exercises Exercises
6) Fill in the following table: L -110 dBm -100 dBm
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P [W]

-90 dBm ... -10 dBm 0 dBm 10 dBm 20 dBm 30 dBm 40 dBm 50 dBm 60 dBm +/- 10 dB Factor of:

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