Puritan motive -

The original Puritans sought a large reform from what Christianity had turned into during the Middle Ages. They wanted to return Christianity to its roots and not just what people had made it. However, later, Puritan beliefs were used in the Great Awakening (mid 1700s, America) to manipulate and control people so that those in power would not lose it. The Puritans believed in religious tolerance, only among those of the protestant denomination. They wanted to leave England so they would no longer be condemned by the "corrupt" church of England.

Motive of those settling Virginia - Seek Profit First Great Awakening - Spiritual renewal that swept the colonies, particularly New England,
during first half of the 1700s. People rejected traditional worship methods and instead approached religion with great fervor and emotion in prayer. People like Wesley Brothers and George Whitefield crossed over to American colonies and began this renewal. Twas caused by Glorious revolution which made the Church of England the countrys religion. The Great Awakening challenged that. The Awakening prepared America for the war of independence.

Deism Belief in the existence of a God on the evidence of reason and nature only; rejection of
supernatural revelation. Belief in god that created the world but has since remained indifferent to it.

Albany Conference, 1754 Benjamin Franklins first attempt to unite the colonies, it failed Legal rights of women (colonial era) Women were considered weaker vessels. Legally
women could not vote, hold public office, or participate in legal matters. Many women were able to demonstrate their worth by pursuing positions such as midwives, merchants, printers, and even doctors. If the husband were indisposed at the time of the election, wives were generally allowed to cast the family vote in his place.

Stamp Congress - first gathering of elected representatives from several of the American colonies
to devise a unified protest against new British taxation. The delegates discussed and united against the act, issuing a Declaration of Rights and Grievances in which they claimed that Parliament did not have the right to impose the tax because it did not include any representation from the colonies.

Proclamation of 1763 -

issued October 7, 1763, by King George III following Great Britain's acquisition of French territory in North America after the end of the French and Indian War/Seven Years' War. The proclamation provided that all lands west of the heads of all rivers which flowed into the

Atlantic Ocean from the west or northwest were off-limits to the colonists. The proclamation, in effect, closed off the frontier to colonial expansion.

Articles of Confederation - Legally established the United States of America as a confederation

of sovereign states and served as its first constitution.

Bill of rights first ten amendments to the constitution, protected the individual liberties, and gave
the states the powers not directly given to the feds

Attitude of founding fathers towards political parties Jefferson said were all feds,
were all republicans Alexander Hamilton, was a "loose constructionist," one who believed that the Constitution should be interpreted loosely. Thomas Jefferson, Washington's Secretary of State, and James Madison, the "Father of the Constitution," were "strict constructionists," those who believed that the Constitution should be interpreted as it was written.

Hamiltion economic plans - Public credit: state IOU's the money borrowed to finance the
Revolution were viewed as nearly worthless. Hamilton proposed The federal government should pay off all CONFEDERATION (state) debts at full value. Hamilton's vision for reshaping the American economy included a federal charter for a national financial institution. He proposed a BANK OF THE UNITED STATES. Modeled along the lines of the Bank of England, a central bank would help make the new nation's economy dynamic through a more stable paper CURRENCY.

Self sufficiency of Americans manufacturers - Hamilton rightly thought that dependence

on expensive foreign goods kept the American economy at a limited level, Hamilton wanted the United States to adopt a MERCANTILIST economic policy. This would protect American manufacturers through direct government SUBSIDIES (handouts to business) and TARIFFS (taxes on imported goods). This PROTECTIONIST policy would help fledgling American producers to compete with inexpensive European imports.

Shays rebellion - The rebellion started on August 21, 1786. It was precipitated by several factors:
financial difficulties brought about by a post-war economic depression, a credit squeeze caused by a lack of hard currency, and fiscally harsh government policies instituted in 1785 to solve the state's debt problems.

August 1786 June 1787 Massachusetts, United States Economic depression Aggressive tax and debt collection State fiscal policy Goals Reform of state government, later its overthrow Characteristics Direct action to close courts; then military organization Result Rebellion crushed Date Location Causes

Parties to the civil conflict

Rural anti-government protestors

State and privately funded militia

XYZ Affair - The XYZ Affair was a 1798 diplomatic episode during the administration of John
Adams that Americans interpreted as an insult from France. It led to an undeclared naval war called the Quasi-War, which raged at sea from 1798 to 1800. The Federalist Party took advantage of the national anger to build an army and pass the Alien and Sedition Acts to damage the rival Democratic-Republican Party.

French privateers seized nearly 300 American ships bound for British ports in the Atlantic, Mediterranean, and Caribbean seas. Adams decided to send Pinckney as part of the commission, as Franco-U.S. relations had recently been worsened by Talleyrand's rejection of Pinckney as America's minister to France. The French continued to seize American ships, and the Federalist Party, incited by Alexander Hamilton, advocated going to war. Congress authorized the build-up of an army

Marbury v. Madison - On his last day in office, President John Adams named forty-two justices
of the peace and sixteen new circuit court justices for the District of Columbia under the Organic Act. The Organic Act was an attempt by the Federalists to take control of the federal judiciary before Thomas Jefferson took office. The commissions were signed by President Adams and sealed by acting Secretary of State John Marshall (who later became Chief Justice of the Supreme Court and author of this opinion), but they were not delivered before the expiration of Adamss term as president. Thomas Jefferson refused to honor the commissions, claiming that they were invalid because they had not been delivered by the end of Adamss term.

William Marbury (P) was an intended recipient of an appointment as justice of the peace. Marbury applied directly to the Supreme Court of the United States for a writ of mandamus to compel Jeffersons Secretary of State, James Madison (D), to deliver the commissions. The Judiciary Act of 1789 had granted the Supreme Court original jurisdiction to issue writs of mandamus to any courts appointed, or persons holding office, under the authority of the United States.

Lousiana Purchase Napolean needed money for his war. Sold Louisiana territory to Jefferson Hartford Convention - an event in 18141815 in the United States in which New
England Federalists met to discuss their grievances concerning the ongoing War of 1812 and the political problems arising from the domination of the Federal Government by Presidents from Virginia. Despite many outcries in the Federalist press for New England secession and a separate peace with Great Britain, moderates dominated the Convention and such extreme proposals were not a major focus of the convention's debate. The convention discussed removing the Three-fifths compromise which gave slave states more power in Congress and requiring a 2/3 super majority in Congress for the admission of new states, declarations of war, and laws restricting trade. The Federalists also discussed their grievances with the Louisiana Purchase and the Embargo of 1807. However, weeks after the convention's end, news of Andrew Jackson's overwhelming victory in New Orleans swept over the Northeast discrediting and disgracing the Federalists, who then disbanded in most places.

Henry Clays American System High tariffs, BUS, federal funding of internal improvements) consisted of three mutually reinforcing parts: a tariff to protect and
promote American industry; a national bank to foster commerce; and federal subsidies for roads, canals, and other 'internal improvements' to develop profitable markets for agriculture.

Andrew Jackson Indian removal act, vetoed congress, opposes nullification, opposes BUS (bank
of the united states), supported Westward expansion

Trail of tears - name given to the forced relocation and movement of Native American nations from
southeastern parts of the United States following the Indian Removal Act of 1830.

John C Calhoun nullification: Calhoun opposed an increase in the protective tariff. While VicePresident in the John Quincy Adams administration (18251829), he and other southerners devised a high tariff legislation that placed burdensome duties on selected New England imports. Calhoun had been assured that the northeastern interests would reject the Tariff of 1828, exposing New England (proAdams) congressmen to charges that they selfishly opposed legislation popular among Jacksonian Democrats in the west and Mid-Atlantic States. The southern legislators miscalculated and the Tariff of Abominations passed. Frustrated, Calhoun returned to his South Carolina plantation to write "South Carolina Exposition and Protest", an essay rejecting the nationalist philosophy he once advocated. Calhoun proposed the theory of a concurrent majority through the doctrine of nullification - "the right of a State to interpose, in the last resort, in order to arrest an unconstitutional act of the General Government, within its limits." Nullification can be traced back to arguments by Thomas

Jefferson and James Madison in writing the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions of 1798. They had proposed that states could nullify the Alien and Sedition Acts.

Transcendentalism - Among the transcendentalists' core beliefs was the inherent goodness of both
man and nature. Transcendentalists believed that society and its institutions - particularly organized religion and political parties - ultimately corrupted the purity of the individual. They had faith that man is at his best when truly "self-reliant" and independent. It is only from such real individuals that true community could be formed. The major figures in the movement were Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau, John Muir, Margaret Fuller, and Amos Bronson Alcott. Other prominent transcendentalists included Louisa May Alcott, Charles Timothy Brooks, Orestes Brownson, William Ellery Channing, William Henry Channing, James Freeman Clarke, Christopher Pearse Cranch, Walt Whitman, John Sullivan Dwight, Convers Francis, William Henry Furness,Frederic Henry Hedge, Sylvester Judd, Theodore Parker, Elizabeth Palmer Peabody, George Ripley, Thomas Treadwell Stone, and Jones Very.

Ralph Waldo Emerson - an American essayist, lecturer, and poet, who led the
Transcendentalist movement of the mid-19th century. He was seen as a champion of individualism and a prescient critic of the countervailing pressures of society, and he disseminated his thoughts through dozens of published essays and more than 1,500 public lectures across the United States.

William Lloyd Garrison - was a prominent American abolitionist, journalist, and social reformer.
He is best known as the editor of the abolitionist newspaper The Liberator, and was one of the founders of the American Anti-Slavery Society, he promoted "immediate emancipation" of slaves in the United States. Garrison was also a prominent voice for the women's suffrage movement.

Missouri Compromise - an agreement passed in 1820 between the pro-slavery and antislavery factions in the United States Congress, involving primarily the regulation of slavery in the western territories. It prohibited slavery in the former Louisiana Territory north of the parallel 3630 north except within the boundaries of the proposed state of Missouri.

Kansas-Nebraska Act -

created the territories of Kansas and Nebraska, opening new lands for settlement, and had the effect of repealing the Missouri Compromise of 1820 by allowing settlers in those territories to determine through Popular Sovereignty whether they would allow slavery within each territory

Douglass Freeport doctrine Stated that popular sovereignty can exclude slavery anywhere

Primary cause of Civil War Maintain the Union Emancipation Proclamation gave the north the high moral ground to win support of foreign entities ( Britain and france) Radical Reconstruction - The Radical Republicans believed blacks were entitled to the same
political rights and opportunities as whites. They also believed that the Confederate leaders should be punished for their roles in the Civil War. THADDEUS STEVENS and Massachusetts SENATOR CHARLES SUMNER vigorously opposed Andrew Johnson's lenient policies. A great political battle was about to unfold. Congress turned its attention to amending the Constitution. In 1867 they approved the farreaching Fourteenth Amendment, which prohibited "states from abridging equality before the law." The second part of the Amendment provided for a reduction of a state's representatives if suffrage was denied. Republicans, in essence, offered the South a choice accept black enfranchisement or lose congressional representation. A third clause barred ex-Confederates from holding state or national office.

Compromise of 1877 - refers to a purported informal, unwritten deal that settled the disputed 1876
U.S. Presidential election, regarded as the second "corrupt bargain", and ended Congressional ("Radical") Reconstruction. Through it, Republican Rutherford B. Hayes was awarded the White House over Democrat Samuel J. Tilden on the understanding that Hayes would remove the federal troops whose support was essential for the survival of Republican state governments in South Carolina, Florida and Louisiana. The compromise took effect even before Hayes was sworn in, as the incumbent president, Republican Ulysses S. Grant, removed the soldiers from Florida.

Knights of Labor -

largest and one of the most important American labor organizations of the 1880s. Its most important leader was Terence V. Powderly. The Knights promoted the social and cultural uplift of the workingman, rejected Socialism and radicalism, demanded the eight-hour day, and promoted the producers ethic of republicanism. In some cases it acted as a labor union, negotiating with employers, but it was never well organized, and after a rapid expansion in the mid-1880s, it suddenly lost its new members and became a small operation again.

Dawes Act Assimilate Native Americans into mainstream America kill tribal identity Social Gospel - A Protestant Christian intellectual movement that was most prominent in the early
20th century United States and Canada. The movement applied Christian ethics to social problems, especially issues of social justice such as excessive wealth, poverty, alcoholism, crime, racial tensions, slums, bad hygiene, child labor, inadequate labor unions, poor schools, and the danger of war. Theologically, the Social Gospellers sought to operationalize the Lord's Prayer (Matthew 6:10): "Thy kingdom come, Thy will be done on earth as it is in heaven."

Populists Farmers Party, wanted the coinage of free silver

Yellow Press Hearst, Pulitzer called for war with spain remember the maine New Immigration From Southeastern Europe, happened after civil war Open Door Policy Open access to china for American investment Du Bois and booker t. Washington Bois: rose to national prominence as the leader of the Niagara Movement, a group of AfricanAmerican activists who wanted equal rights for blacks. Du Bois and his supporters opposed the Atlanta Compromise, an agreement crafted by Booker T. Washington which provided that Southern blacks would work and submit to white political rule, while Southern whites guaranteed that blacks would receive basic educational and economic opportunities. Instead, Du Bois insisted on full civil rights and increased political representation, which he believed would be brought about by the African-American intellectual elite. He referred to this group as the talented tenth and believed that African Americans needed the chances for advanced education to develop its leadership.

Washington:

Representative of the last generation of black American leaders born in slavery, he spoke on behalf of the large majority of blacks who lived in the South but had lost their ability to vote through disfranchisement by southern legislatures. While his opponents called his powerful network of supporters the "Tuskegee Machine," Washington maintained power because of his ability to gain support of numerous groups: influential whites; the black business, educational and religious communities nationwide; financial donations from philanthropists, and his accommodation to the political realities of the age of Jim Crow segregation.

Muckraker - closely associated with reform-oriented journalists who wrote largely for popular
magazines, continued a tradition of investigative journalism reporting, and emerged in the United States after 1900 and continued to be influential until World War I, when through a combination of advertising boycotts, dirty tricks and patriotism, the movement, associated with the Progressive Era in the United States, came to an end.

Leaders: Sinclair Louis/ Mother Jones Germanys unrestricted submarine warfare Main reason for US joining WW1 Wilsons 14 points - The report made as negotiation points, and later the Fourteen Points was
accepted by France and Italy on November 1, 1918. Britain later signed off on all of the points except the freedom of the seas. Loat vote in senate for the points because they couldnt compromise on wording. Senate was disenfranchised by League of Nations charter

Bonus Army (1932) - WW1 vets wanted reparations for their service

100 Day Congress - Roosevelt responded with a remarkable series of new programs in the first
hundred days of the administration, in which he met with Congress for 100 days. During those 100 days of lawmaking, Congress granted every request Roosevelt asked, and passed a few programs (such as the FDIC to insure bank accounts) that he opposed. Ever since, presidents have been judged against FDR for what they accomplished in their first 100 days.

Civilian Conservation Corps. -

Public work relief program that operated from 1933 to 1942 in the United States for unemployed, unmarried men from relief families, ages 1723. A part of the New Deal of President Franklin D. Roosevelt, it provided unskilled manual labor jobs related to the conservation and development of natural resources in rural lands owned by federal, state and local governments. The CCC was designed to provide employment for young men in relief families who had difficulty finding jobs during the Great Depression while at the same time implementing a general natural resource conservation program in every state and territory. Maximum enrollment at any one time was 300,000; in nine years 2.5 million young men participated.

Cuban Missile Crisis Brown v. Board of Education overturned separate but equal ruling in Plessy v. Ferguson Sputnik, 1957 Arms, space, and education receive greater emphasis in US Sit-ins, 1960, Greensboro, NC Seeking integration of public facilities Civil Rights Act 1960 established federal inspection of local voter registration rolls and introduced penalties for anyone who obstructed someone's attempt to register to vote or to vote. It was designed to deal with discriminatory laws and practices in the segregated South, by which blacks had been effectively disfranchised since the late nineteenth and turn of the twentieth century.

Civil Rights Act 1964 -

landmark piece of legislation in the United States that outlawed major forms of discrimination against African Americans and women, including racial segregation. It ended unequal application of voter registration requirements and racial segregation in schools, at the workplace and by facilities that served the general public ("public accommodations").

Malcolm x - To his admirers, he was a courageous advocate for the rights of African Americans, a
man who indicted white America in the harshest terms for its crimes against black Americans. Detractors accused him of preaching racism, black supremacy, discrimination, and violence. He has been called one of the greatest and most influential African Americans in history.

Gulf of Tonkin Incident

On August 2, 1964, the destroyer USS Maddox, while performing a signals intelligence patrol as part of DESOTO operations, engaged three North Vietnamese Navy torpedo boats of the 135th Torpedo Squadron. A sea battle resulted The outcome of these two incidents was the passage by Congress of the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, which granted President Lyndon B. Johnson the authority to assist any Southeast Asian country whose government was considered to be jeopardized by "communist aggression". The resolution served as

Johnson's legal justification for deploying U.S. conventional forces and the commencement of open warfare against North Vietnam.

Watergate - You know Tet Offensive, 1968 - The operations are referred to as the Tet Offensive because there was a prior
agreement to "cease fire" during the Tet festivities. The Viet Cong broke the agreement, and launched an attack campaign that began during the early morning hours of 30 January 1968, on Tt Nguyn n. The main wave of attacks was carried out the next morning. Both North and South Vietnam announced on national radio broadcasts that there would be a two-day cease-fire during the holiday. In Vietnamese, the offensive is called Cuc Tng tin cng v ni dy ("General Offensive and Uprising"), or Tt Mu Thn (Tet, year of the monkey). Although the offensive was a military defeat for the communists, it had a profound effect on the US government and shocked the US public, which had been led to believe by its political and military leaders that the communists were, due to previous defeats, incapable of launching such a massive effort.

Camp david Accords Carter, Begin & Sadat, peace in the middle east