Glossary of immunology terms

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Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) Acute-phase proteins Acute-phase response Adaptive immune response Adaptive immunity Adjuvant Afferent lymphatic vessels Affinity Affinity maturation Agglutination

Disease caused by infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). It involves a gradual destruction of the CD4 T-cell population and increasing susceptibility to infection.

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Plasma proteins made by the liver whose synthesis is rapidly increased in response to infection. They include mannosebinding lectin (MBL), C-reactive protein (CRP), and fibrinogen. A response of innate immunity that occurs soon after the start of an infection and involves the synthesis of acute-phase proteins by the liver and their secretion into the blood. The response of antigen-specific B and T lymphocytes to antigen, including the development of immunological memory.

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The state of resistance to infection that is produced by the adaptive immune response. Substance used to enhance the adaptive immune response to any antigen. To exert its effect an adjuvant must be mixed with the antigen before injection or vaccination. Vessels that bring lymph draining from connective tissue into a lymph node en route to the blood.

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A measure of the strength with which one molecule binds to another via a single binding site. The increase in affinity of the antigen-binding sites of antibodies for the antigen that occurs during the course of an adaptive immune response. The clumping together of particles, usually caused by antibody or some other multivalent binding molecule interacting with antigens on the surfaces of adjacent particles. Such particles are said to be agglutinated. When the particles are red blood cells, the phenomenon is called hemagglutination. When they are white blood cells it is called leukoagglutination. An antigen that elicits hypersensitivity or allergic reactions. Allergens are usually innocuous proteins that do not inherently threaten the integrity of the body. A state of hypersensitivity to a normally innocuous environmental antigen. It results from the interaction between the antigen and antibodies or T cells produced by earlier exposure to the same antigen. One of three pathways of complement activation. It is triggered by the presence of infection but does not involve antibody. See also classical pathway of complement activation; lectin pathway of complement activation.

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Allergen Allergy Alternative pathway of complement activation Anaphylactic shock Antibody

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IgE-mediated allergic reaction to systemically administered antigen that causes circulatory collapse and suffocation due to tracheal swelling. Also called systemic anaphylaxis. A type of glycoprotein molecule, also called immunoglobulin (Ig), produced by B lymphocytes, that binds antigens, often with a high degree of specificity and high affinity. The basic structural unit of an antibody is composed of 2 identical heavy chains and 2 identical light chains. Amino-terminal variable regions of the heavy and light chains form the antigen binding sites, whereas the carboxy-terminal constant regions of the heavy chains functionally interact with other molecules in the immune system. In an individual, there are millions of different antibodies, each with a unique antigen-binding site. Secreted antibodies perform the various effector functions, including neutralizing antigens, activating complement, and promoting phagocytosis and destruction of microbes. Membrane-bound immunoglobulin can be found on nave B lymphocytes. Originally defined as any molecule that binds specifically to an antibody, the term now also refers to any molecule that can bind specifically to an antibody or T-cell receptor. Antigens that bind to antibodies include all classes of molecules. TCRs only bind peptide fragments of proteins complexed with MHC molecules. See also epitope. The display of antigen as peptide fragments bound to MHC molecules on the surface of cells. This is the form in which antigen is recognized by most T cells.

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Antigen

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Antigen presentation

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Antigen processing Antigen receptor Antigenbinding site Antigenpresenting cells Antigenic drift Antigenic shift apoptosis Autoimmune disease Autoimmune response Autoimmunity B cells B-cell receptor

The intracellular degradation of proteins into peptides that bind to MHC molecules for presentation to T cells. For a B cell, the antigen receptor is its cell-surface immunoglobulin; for a T cell the antigen receptor is a rather similar molecule called the T-cell receptor. Each individual lymphocyte bears receptors of a single antigen specificity. The site on an immunoglobulin or T-cell receptor molecule that binds specific antigen. Cells that express either MHC class I and/or MHC class II molecules and thus display complexes of MHC molecule and peptide antigen on their surfaces. See professional antigen presenting cell. A process by which point mutations in influenza virus genes cause differences in the structure of viral surface antigens. This causes year-to-year antigenic differences in strains of influenza virus. A process by which influenza viruses reassort their segmented genomes and change their surface antigens radically. New viruses arising by antigenic shift are the usual cause of influenza pandemics. Programmed cell death Disease in which the pathology is caused by an immune response to normal components of healthy tissue. An adaptive immune response directed at an antigenic component of the individual's own body. Adaptive immunity specific for an antigenic component of the individual's own body. Lymphocytes that are dedicated to making immunoglobulins and antibodies. The antigen receptor on B cells. Each B cell is programmed to make a single type of immunoglobulin. The cell-surface form of this immunoglobulin serves as the B-cell receptor for specific antigen. Associated in the membrane with the immunoglobulin are the signal transduction molecules Ig and Ig. Diverse prokaryotic microorganisms that are responsible for many infectious diseases of humans and other animals. The tissue in the center of certain bones that is the major site of generation of all the cellular elements of blood (hematopoiesis). Foreign protein to which small non-immunogenic antigens, or haptens, can be coupled to render the hapten immunogenic. In vivo, self proteins can also serve as carriers if they are suitably modified by the hapten; this is important in allergy to drugs. Cell surface molecules expressed on various cell types in the immune system that are designated by the "cluster of differentiation" or CD nomenclature. A cell-surface glycoprotein on some T cells that recognize antigens presented by MHC class II molecules. CD4 binds to MHC class II molecules on the antigen-presenting cell and acts as a co-receptor to augment the T cell's response to antigen. The subset of T cells that express the CD4 co-receptor and recognize peptide antigens presented by MHC class II molecules. See helper CD4 T cells. A cell-surface glycoprotein on some T cells that recognize antigens presented by MHC class I molecules. CD8 binds to MHC class I molecules on the antigen-presenting cell and acts as a co-receptor to augment the T-cell's response to antigen. The subset of T cells that express the CD8 co-receptor and recognize peptide antigens presented by MHC class I molecules. See cytotoxic T cells. Any adaptive immune response in which antigen-specific effector T cells dominate. It is defined operationally as all adaptive immunity that cannot be transferred to a naive recipient with serum antibody. Cell-mediated immune responses include CD4+ T cell-mediated activation of macrophages that have phagocytosed microbes and CD8+ cytolytic T lymphocyte killing of infected cells. Large group of small proteins involved in guiding white blood cells to sites where their functions are needed. They have a central role in inflammatory responses.

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Bacteria Bone marrow Carrier

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CD molecules CD4

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CD4 T cells CD8

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CD8 T cells Cell-mediated immunity (cellular immunity) Chemokines

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Chemotaxis Classical pathway of complement activation Clonal deletion Clonal selection

Movement of a cell directed by a chemical concentration gradient. The movement of lymphcytes, PMNs, monoctyes, and other leukocytes inoto various tissues is often directed by gradients of chemokines. One of three pathways of complement activation. It is activated by antibody bound to antigen, and involves complement components C1, C4, and C2 in the generation of the C3 and C5 convertases. See also alternative pathway of complement activation; lectin pathway of complement activation. The elimination of immature lymphocytes that bind to self antigens. Clonal deletion is the main mechanism that produces self-tolerance. The central principle of adaptive immunity. It is the mechanism by which adaptive immune responses derive only from individual antigen-specific lymphocytes, which are stimulated by the antigen to proliferate and differentiate into antigen-specific effector cells. Stem cell that gives rise to all lymphocytes and is derived from a pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell.

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Common lymphoid progenitor Complement

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A set of plasma proteins that act in a cascade of reactions to attack extracellular forms of pathogens. As a result of complement activation, pathogens become coated with complement components, which can either kill the pathogen directly or cause its engulfment and destruction by phagocytes. There are 3 pathways of complement activation that differ in how they are initiated. The classical pathway is activated by antigen-antibody complexes, the alternative pathway by microbial surfaces, and the lectin pathway by plasma lectins that bind to microbes. Each complement pathway consists of a cascade of proteolytic enzymes that generate inflammatory mediators and opsonins, and leads to the formation of a lytic complex that inserts into cell membranes. The initiation by pathogens of a series of reactions involving the complement components of plasma, leading to the death and elimination of the pathogen. See also alternative pathway of complement activation; classical pathway of complement activation; lectin pathway of complement activation. cell-surface proteins on various cell types that recognize and bind complement proteins bound to antigens (chiefly C3b) Complement receptors on phagocytes facilitate the phagocytic engulfment of pathogens coated with complement. Complement receptors include CR1, CR2, CR3, CR4, and the receptor for C1q. Epitopes on a protein antigen that are formed from several separate regions in the primary sequence of a protein brought together by protein folding. Antibodies that bind conformational epitopes bind only to native folded proteins. Also called discontinuous epitopes. The constituent domains of the constant regions of immunoglobulin and T-cell receptor polypeptides.

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Complement activation Complement receptors (CR) Conformational epitopes Constant domains (C domains) Constant region (C region) Cytokines Cytotoxic CD8 T cells Cytotoxic T cells Cytotoxins Defensins Delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH)

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The portion of immunoglobulin (Ig) or T cell receptor (TCR) polypeptide chains that does not vary in sequence among different clones of B and T cells and is not involved in Ag binding. Fro immunoglobulins there are several versions of constant regions, but within each isotype (class of antibody) the sequence will be the same. Proteins made by cells that affect the behavior of other cells. Cytokines made by lymphocytes are often called lymphokines or interleukins (abbreviated IL). Cytokines bind to specific receptors on their target cells. The subset of T cells that express the CD8 coreceptor and recognize peptide antigen presented by MHC class I molecules. T cells that can kill other cells. Almost all cytotoxic T cells are CD8 T cells. Cytotoxic T cells are important in host defense against viruses and other cytosolic pathogens, because they recognize and kill the infected cells. Proteins made by cytotoxic T cells that participate in the destruction of target cells. Perforins, granzymes or fragmentins, and granulysin are examples of cytotoxins. Peptides produced in epithelia and phagocyte granules, which act as broad-spectrum antibiotics that kill a wide variety of bacteria and fungi A form of cell-mediated immunity elicited by antigen in the skin and mediated by CD4 TH1 cells. It is called delayedtype hypersensitivity because the reaction appears hours to days after antigen is injected.

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Dendritic cells

Professional antigen-presenting cells with a branched, dendritic morphology. They are the most potent stimulators of T-cell responses. Also known as interdigitating reticular cells, they are derived from the bone marrow and are distinct from the follicular dendritic cell that presents antigen to B cells. Immature dendritic cells take up and process antigens but cannot yet stimulate T cells. Mature or activated dendritic cells are present in secondary lymphoid tissues and are able to stimulate T cells. The movement of white blood cells from the blood across blood vessel walls into tissues. The existence of a large number of lymphocytes with different antigenic specificities in any individual (i.e. the lymphocyte repertoire is large and diverse). The lymph node to which extracellular fluid collected at a site of infection first travels. delayed-type hypensensitivity Abnormal accumulation of fluid in connective tissue, leading to swelling. The cells that perform effector functions during an immune response, such s secreting cytokines (e.g. helper T cells), killing microbes (e.g., macrophages, neutrophils, and eosinophils), killing microbe-infected host cells (e.g., CTL's), or secreting antibodies (e.g., dirrentiated B cells). B cell efector cells would be memory cells or plasma cells; T cell effector cells would be T helper cells or sytotoxic T cells. The physiological and cellular processes used by the immune system to destroy pathogens and remove them from the body. Vessel in which lymph and lymphocytes leave a lymph node en route to the blood.

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Diapedesis Diversity Draining lymph node DTH Edema Effector cells

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Effector mechanisms Efferent lymphatic vessel Encapsulated bacteria Endocytic vesicle Endocytosis Endothelium Endotoxin

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Bacteria that possess thick carbohydrate coats that protect them from phagocytosis. Encapsulated bacteria cause extracellular infections and can be dealt with by phagocytes only if the bacteria are first coated with antibody and complement. Membrane vesicle that is pinched off from the plasma membrane and takes extracellular material into cells. The uptake of extracellular material into cells by endocytic vesicles that form by pinching off pieces of plasma membrane. The cell layer that lines blood vessels. A component of the outer leaflet of gram negative bacteria, also called lipopolysaccharide, which is released from dying bacteria, which stimulates many innate immune responses including the secretion of cytokines and induction of microbicidal activities in macrophages and the expression of adhesion molecules for leukocytes on endothelium. White blood cell that is one of the three types of granulocyte. It contains granules that stain with eosin and whose contents are secreted when the cell is stimulated. Eosinophils contribute chiefly to defense against parasitic infections. The specific portion of a macromolecule antigen to which an antibody binds. In the case of a protein antigen recognized by a T cell, an epitope is the peptide portion that binds to a major histocompatibility complex molecule for recognition by the T cell receptor. Also called an antigenic determinant. Red blood cell. The movement of cells and/or fluid from within blood vessels to the surrounding tissues. A proteolytic fragment of IgG that consists of the two Fab arms held together by a disulfide bond. It is produced by digesting IgG with pepsin. A proteolytic fragment of IgG that consists of the light chain and the amino-terminal half of the heavy chain held together by an interchain disulfide bond. It is called Fab because it is the Fragment with antigen binding specificity. In the intact IgG molecule the parts corresponding to the Fab fragment are often called Fab or Fab arms. A fragment of an antibody, resulting from proteolytic cleavage, that consists of the carboxy-terminal halves of the two heavy chains disulfide-bonded to each other. It is called Fc because it was the Fragment that was most readily crystallized in early studies of IgG antibody structure. In an intact antibody the part corresponding to the Fc fragment is called Fc, Fc region, or Fc piece.

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Eosinophil Epitope

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Erythrocyte Extravasation F(ab')2 Fab fragment

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Fc fragment

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Fc receptors Fever Framework regions Fungi Gene segments

Cell-surface receptors for the Fc portion of some immunoglobulin isotypes. They include the Fc (Fc RI) receptors.

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RI) and Fc

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A rise of body temperature above the normal. It is caused by cytokines produced in response to infection. Relatively invariant regions within the variable domains of immunoglobulins and T-cell receptors that provide a protein scaffold for the hypervariable regions. Single-celled and multicellular eukaryotic organisms, including the yeasts and molds, that can cause a variety of diseases. Immunity to fungi involves both humoral and cell-mediated responses. Multiple short DNA sequences in the immunoglobulin and T-cell receptor genes. These can be rearranged in many different combinations to produce the vast diversity of immunoglobulin or T-cell receptor polypeptide chains. See also D gene segments; I gene segments; V gene segments. Area in secondary lymphoid tissue that is a site of intense B-cell proliferation, selection, maturation, and death. Germinal centers form around follicular dendritic cell networks when activated B cells migrate into lymphoid follicles. White blood cells with irregularly shaped, multilobed nuclei and cytoplasmic granules. There are three types of granulocyte: neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils. They are also known as polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Lymphoid tissues closely associated with the gastrointestinal tract, including the palatine tonsils, Peyer's patches in the intestine, and layers of intraepithelial lymphocytes. The larger of the two component polypeptides of an immunoglobulin molecule. Each heavy chain has a variable domain and constant domains. The different antibody isotypes, Including IgM, IgG, IgD, IgA, and IgE, are distinguished by structural differences in their heavy chain constant regions. The heavy chain constant regions also mediate the distinctive effector functions on the antibody molecule. CD4 T cells are sometimes generally known as helper cells because their function is to help other cell types to perform their functions. The term helper T cell sometimes refers to TH2 cells only, the cells that help B cells to produce antibody. The generation of the cellular elements of blood, including the red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. These cells all originate from pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells whose differentiated progeny divide under the influence of various hematopoietic growth factors. The phenomenon whereby those people in a population who have no protective immunity against a pathogen are largely protected from infection when the majority of the population is resistant to the pathogen. The region of immunoglobulin heavy chains that can assume multiple comformations, thereby imparting a flexibility in the orientation of the 2 antigen-binding sites. Because of the hinge region the Ab can simultaneously bind 2 epitopes that are anywhere within reach of one another. A vasoactive amine stored in mast cell granules. Histamine is released when antigen binds to IgE molecules on mast cells and causes dilation of local blood vessels and contraction of smooth muscle, producing some of the symptoms of immediate hypersensitivity reactions. Anti-histamines are drugs that counter histamine action. Itchy red swellings in the skin caused by IgE-mediated reactions. Also called urticaria or nettle rash. The acronym for Human Leukocyte Antigen. It is the genetic designation for the human MHC. Individual loci are designated by capital letters, as in HLA-A, and alleles are designated by numbers, as in HLA-A*0201. The name for the human version of the MHC class I molecules. The name for the human version of the MHC class II molecules. The combination of HLA class I and class II allotypes that a person expresses. The highly polymorphic human MHC class I genes. The highly polymorphic human MHC class II molecules. Each class II molecule is made from and chains encoded by A and B genes respectively. For example, the HLA-DP and HLA-DP chains are encoded by the HLA-DPA and HLA-DPB genes respectively. All the genes are in the MHC.

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Germinal center Granulocytes Gut-associated lymphoid tissues (GALT) Heavy chain (H chain)

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Helper CD4 T cells Hematopoiesis

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Herd immunity Hinge region

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Histamine

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Hives HLA HLA class I molecules HLA class II molecules HLA type HLA-A, HLAB, and HLA-C HLA-DP, HLADQ, and HLADR

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Homing

The directed migration of subsets of circulating lymphocytes into particular tissue sites. Lymphocyte homing is regulated by the selective expression of adhesion molecules on the lymphocytes and the tissue-specific expression of endothelial ligand for these homing receptors. These migrations typically involve the movement of naive T cells into secondary lymphoid tissues, or of effector T cells to an effector site. The causative agent of the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). HIV is a retrovirus of the lentivirus family that infects CD4 T cells, leading to their slow depletion, which eventually results in immunodeficiency. The human major histocompatibility complex (MHC).

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Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) complex Humoral immunity HV regions Hybridomas

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The type of adaptive immunity that is mediated by antibodies. Humoral immunity is the principal defense mechanism against extracellular microbes and their targets. Humoral immunity can be transferred to a nonimmune recipient by serum. hypervariable regions Hybrid cell lines that make monoclonal antibodies of defined specificity. They are formed by fusing a specific antibody-producing B lymphocyte with a myeloma cell that grows in tissue culture and does not make any immunoglobulin chains of its own. Immune responses to innocuous antigens that lead to symptomatic reactions on reexposure. These can cause hypersensitivity diseases if they occur repetitively. This state of heightened reactivity to an antigen is called hypersensitivity. Hypersensitivity reactions are classified by mechanism: type I hypersensitivity reactions involve the triggering of mast cells by IgE antibodies; type II hypersensitivity reactions involve IgG antibodies against cell-surface or matrix antigens; type III hypersensitivity reactions involve antigen:antibody complexes; and type IV hypersensitivity reactions are mediated by effector T cells. Small regions of high aminoacid sequence diversity within the variable regions of immunoglobulin and T-cell receptors. They correspond to the complementarity-determining regions. The class of immunoglobulin having heavy chains, IgA antibodies in dimeric form are the antibodies present in mucosal secretions. IgA in monomeric form is present in the blood. The class of immunoglobulin having heavy chains. It appears as surface immunoglobulin on mature naive B cells but its function is unknown. The class of immunoglobulin having heavy chains. It is involved in allergic reactions. The class of immunoglobulin having heavy chains. It is the most abundant class of immunoglobulin in plasma. The class of immunoglobulin having heavy chains. It is the first immunoglobulin to appear on the surface of B cells and the first antibody secreted during an immune response. It is secreted in pentameric form. Dendritic cells present in tissues, which take up antigen but do not express co-stimulatory molecules and cannot yet act as professional antigen-presenting cells to naive T cells. Resistant to infection. The protein complex formed from the binding of antibodies to soluble antigens. The size of the immune complexes formed depends on the relative concentrations of antigen and antibody. Large immune complexes are cleared by phagocytes bearing Fc and complement receptors. Small soluble immune complexes tend to be deposited on the walls of small blood vessels, where they can activate complement and cause damage. The tissues, cells, and molecules involved in host defense mechanisms, primarily against infectious agents. The ability to resist infection. The deliberate provocation of an adaptive immune response by introducing antigen into the body. A group of inherited or acquired disorders in which some part or parts of host defense are either absent or defective. The antigen-binding molecules of B cells.

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Hypersensitivity reactions

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Hypervariable regions (HV regions) IgA IgD IgE IgG IgM Immature dendritic cells Immune Immune complex

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Immune system Immunity Immunization Immunodeficiency diseases Immunoglobulins (Ig)

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Immunological memory Inflammation

The capacity of the immune system to make quicker and stronger adaptive immune responses to successive encounters with an antigen. Immunological memory is specific for a particular antigen and is long-lived. A general term for the local accumulation of fluid, plasma proteins, and white blood cells that is initiated by physical injury, infection, or a local immune response. This is also known as an inflammatory response. The cells that invade tissues undergoing inflammatory responses are often called inflammatory cells or an inflammatory infiltrate. A variety of substances released by various cell types that contribute to the production of inflammation at a site of infection or trauma. The host defense mechanisms that act from the start of an infection and do not adapt to a particular pathogen. Also called the innate immune response. Cytokines that help cells to resist viral infection. Interferon- (IFN-) and interferon- (IFN-) are produced by leukocytes and fibroblasts respectively, as well as by other cells, whereas interferon- (IFN-) is a product of CD4 TH1 cells, CD8 T cells, and NK cells. IFN- acts principally to activate macrophages. A generic term used for many of the cytokines produced by leukocytes. See also IL-1, IL-2, IL-3, etc. The process by which a B cell changes the class of immunoglobulin made while preserving the antigenic specificity of the immunoglobulin. Isotype switching involves somatic recombination that attaches a different heavy-chain constant-region gene to the variable-region exon. Classes of immunoglobulinIgM, IgG, IgD, IgA, and IgEeach of which has a distinct heavy-chain constant region encoded by a different constant-region gene. The heavy-chain constant region determines the effector properties of each antibody class. One of the three pathways of complement activation. It is activated by the binding of a mannose-binding lectin present in blood plasma to mannose-containing peptidoglycans on bacterial surfaces. See also alternative pathway of complement activation; classical pathway of complement activation. A general term for a white blood cell. Lymphocytes, granulocytes, and monocytes are all leukocytes. The smaller of the two types of polypeptide chain that make up immunoglobulins. It consists of one variable and one constant domain, and in the immunoglobulin molecule it is disulfide-bonded to a heavy chain. There are two classes of light chain, known as and . Epitope of a protein recognized by antibody that consists of a linear sequence of amino acids within the protein's primary structure. Mixture of extracellular fluid and cells that is carried by the lymphatic system. A type of secondary lymphoid tissue found at many sites in the body where lymphatic vessels converge. Antigens are delivered by the lymph and presented to lymphocytes within the lymph node where adaptive immune responses are initiated. A system of vessels throughout the body that collects tissue fluid (lymph) originally derived from the blood, and returns it, via the thoracic duct to the circulation. Lymph nodes are interspersed along these vessels to trap and retain antigens present in the lymph. Thin-walled vessels that carry lymph from tissues to secondary lymphoid tissues (with the exception of the spleen) and from secondary lymphoid tissues to the thoracic duct. A class of white blood cells that consist of small and large lymphocytes. The small lymphocytes bear variable cellsurface receptors for antigen and are responsible for adaptive immune responses. There are two main classes of small lymphocyteB lymphocytes (B cells) and T lymphocytes (T cells). Large granular lymphocytes are natural killer (NK) cells, lymphocytes of innate immunity. Containing lymphocytes, or pertaining to lymphocytes. All types of lymphocyte, and the bone marrow cells that give rise to them.

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Inflammatory mediators Innate immunity Interferons

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Interleukin (IL) Isotype switching Isotypes

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Lectin pathway of complement activation Leukocyte Light chain (L chain) Linear epitope Lymph Lymph nodes

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Lymphatic system Lymphatic vessels (lymphatics) Lymphocytes

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Lymphoid Lymphoid lineage

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Lymphoid organs (lymphoid tissues) Lymphoid progenitor Lysosome Lytic granules M cells Macrophage activation Macrophages

Organized tissues that contain very large numbers of lymphocytes held in a non-lymphoid stroma. The primary lymphoid organs, where lymphocytes are generated, are the thymus and bone marrow. The main secondary lymphoid tissues, in which adaptive immune responses are initiated, are the lymph nodes, spleen, and mucosaassociated lymphoid tissues such as tonsils, Peyer's patches, and the appendix. Stem cell in bone marrow cell that gives rise to all lymphocytes. A membrane-bound, acidic organelle abundant in phaogocytic cells, which contains proteolytic enzymes that degrade proteins derived mainly form the extracellular environment. Intracellular storage granules of cytotoxic T cells and NK cells that contain perforin and granzymes. Specialized cells in intestinal epithelium through which antigens and pathogens enter gut-associated lymphoid tissue from the intestines. Short for microfold cells. Stimulation of macrophages, which increases their phagocytic, antigen-presenting, and bacterial killing functions. It occurs in the course of infection. Large mononuclear phagocytic cells resident in most tissues. They are derived from blood monocytes and contribute to innate immunity and early nonadaptive phases of host defense. They function as professional antigen-presenting cells and as effector cells in humoral and cell-mediated immunity. A cluster of genes on the short arm of human chromosome 6 that encodes a set of polymorphic membrane glycoproteins called the MHC molecules, which are involved in presenting peptide antigens to T cells. mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues A carbohydrate binding receptor (lectin) expressed by macorphages that binds mannose and fucose residues on microbial cell walls and mediates phagocytosis of the organisms. An acute-phase protein in the blood that binds to mannose residues on pathogen surfaces and when bound activates the complement system. It is also known as mannose-binding protein (MBP) and mannan-binding lectin. Large bone marrow derived cells found resident in connective tissues throughout the body. They contain large granules that store a variety of chemical mediators including histamine. Mast cells have high-affinity Fc receptors (FcRI) that bind free IgE. Antigen binding to mast cell associated IgE triggers mast cell activation and degranulation, producing a local or systemic immediate hypersensitivity reaction. Mast cells have a crucial role in allergic reactions. Dendritic cells in secondary lymphoid tissues that express co-stimulatory molecules and other cell-surface molecules that enable them to present antigen to naive T cells and activate them. The complex of terminal complement components that forms a pore in the membrane of the target cell, damaging the membrane and leading to cell lysis. Long-lived antigen-specific B cells that are produced from activated naive B cells during the primary immune response to an antigen. On subsequent exposure to their specific antigen they are reactivated to differentiate into plasma cells as part of the secondary and subsequent immune responses. General term for lymphocytes that are responsible for the phenomenon of immunological memory and protective immunity. Long-lived antigen-specific T cells that are activated in secondary and subsequent immune responses to an antigen. major histocompatibility complex The class of MHC molecules that present peptides generated in the cytosol to CD8 T cells. They consist of a heterodimer of a class I heavy chain associated with 2-microglobulin. The class of MHC molecules that present peptides generated in intracellular vesicles to CD4 T cells. They consist of a heterodimer of class II and chains.

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Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) MALT Mannose receptor Mannose-binding lectin (MBL) Mast cells

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Mature dendritic cells Membrane-attack complex Memory B cells

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Memory cells Memory T cells MHC MHC class I molecules MHC class II molecules

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MHC molecules

Major histocompatibility complex molecules. Highly polymorphic glycoproteins encoded by the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). They form complexes with peptides and present peptide antigens to T cells. There are two classesMHC class I and MHC class II moleculeswith different roles in the immune response. They are also known as major histocompatibility antigens because they are the main alloantigens involved in the rejection of transplanted tissues. Antibodies produced by a single clone of B lymphocytes and that are therefore identical in structure and antigen specificity. White blood cells with a bean-shaped nucleus. They are the precursors of tissue macrophages. The mucus-secreting epithelia that line the respiratory, intestinal, and urogenital tracts. The conjunctiva of the eye and the mammary glands are also in this category. Aggregations of lymphoid cells in mucosal epithelia and in the lamina propria beneath. The main mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues are the gut-associated lymphoid tissues (GALT) and the bronchial-associated lymphoid tissues (BALT). Slimy protective secretion produced by many internal epithelia. Any agent, such as a chemical or radiation, that can cause a mutation. An alternation in the DNA sequence of a gene. A subset of bone-marrow derived cells comprising granulocytes, monocytes, and macrophages. Stem cells in the bone marrow that give rise to granulocytes, monocytes, and macrophages. A mature B cell that has left the bone marrow but has not yet encountered its specific antigen. A mature T cell that has left the thymus but not yet encountered its specific antigen. Large, granular, cytotoxic lymphocytes that circulate in the blood. NK cells are important in innate immunity to viruses and other intracellular pathogens and also kill certain tumor cells. They are the cytotoxic cells in antibodydependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC). The death of cells by lysis that results from chemical or physical injury. It leaves extensive cellular debris that must be removed by phagocytes. Neighboring tissue is also damaged by the molecules released from necrotic cells. The mechanism by which antibodies binding to sites on pathogens prevent growth of the pathogen and/or its entry into cells. The toxicity of bacterial toxins can similarly be neutralized by bound antibody. Phagocytic white blood cells that enter infected tissues in large numbers. They contain granules that stain with neutral dyes. After their entry into infected tissues, neutrophils engulf and kill extracellular pathogens in large numbers. They are also known as neutrophilic polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) and are a type of granulocyte. The most abundant white blood cell. A biologic effector molecule with a broad range of activities that, in macrophages, function as a potent microbicidal agent that kills ingested organisms. A microorganism that causes disease only in individuals whose immune systems are in some way compromised. A macromolecule that becomes attached to the surface of a microbe that can be recognized by surface receptors of neutrophils and macrophages and that increases the efficiency of phagocytosis of the microbe. Opsonins include, antibodies and complement components that bind to pathogens and facilitate their phagocytosis by neutrophils or macrophages. The coating of the surface of a pathogen or other particle with any molecule that makes it more readily ingested by phagocytes. Antibody and complement opsonize extracellular bacteria for phagocytosis by neutrophils and macrophages because the phagocytic cells carry receptors for these molecules. The unicellular protozoa and multicellular worms that infect animals and humans and live within them. The injection of specific antibodies to provide protection against a pathogen or toxin. The administered antibodies may derive from human blood donors, immunized animals or hybridoma cell lines.

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Monoclonal antibodies Monocytes Mucosa Mucosaassociated lymphoid tissue (MALT) Mucus Mutagen Mutation Myeloid lineage Myeloid progenitors Naive B cell Naive T cell Natural killer cells (NK cells) Necrosis Neutralization Neutrophils

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Nitric oxide Opportunistic pathogen Opsonins

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Opsonization

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Parasites Passive immunization

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Passive transfer of immunity Pathogen Pathology Pattern recognition receptors Perforin Peyer's patches Phagocyte Phagocytosis Phagolysosome Phagosome Plasma cells Pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell Polymorphonuclear leukocytes Present Primary immune response or primary response Primary lymphoid tissues Professional antigen-presenting cells Protective immunity Pus Pyogenic bacteria Recirculation

Transfer of immunity to a non-immune individual by the injection of specific antibody, immune serum, or T cells. An organism, most commonly a microorganism, that can cause disease. The scientific study of disease or detectable damage to tissue caused by disease. Receptors of the innate immune system that recognize frequently encountered structures called "molecular patterns" produced by microorganisms and that facilitate innate immune responses against the microorganism. Examples of pattern recognition receptors of phagocytes include Toll-like receptors. One of the proteins released by cytotoxic T cells on contact with their target cells. It forms pores in the target cell membrane that contribute to cell killing. Gut-associated lymphoid tissue present in the wall of the small intestine, especially the ileum. A cell specialized to perform phagocytosis. The principal phagocytic cells in mammals are neutrophils and macrophages. Cellular internalization of particulate matter, such as bacteria, by means of endocytosis. Intracellular vesicle formed by fusion of a phagosome with a lysosome, in which the phagocytosed material is broken down by degradative lysosomal enzymes. Intracellular vesicle containing material taken up by phagocytosis. Terminally differentiated B lymphocytes that secrete antibody. Stem cell in bone marrow that gives rise to all the cellular elements of the blood.

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granulocytes Cells carrying cell-surface complexes of peptide antigens and MHC molecules are said to present these antigens to T lymphocytes. The adaptive immune response that follows a person's first exposure to an antigen.

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Anatomical sites of lymphocyte development. The bone marrow and the thymus gland. Cells that can present antigen to naive T cells and activate them. A professional antigen-presenting cell not only displays peptide antigens bound to appropriate MHC molecules but also has co-stimulatory molecules on its surface that are needed to activate the T cell. Only dendritic cells, macrophages, and B cells can be professional antigen-presenting cells. The specific immunological resistance to a pathogen that follows either from specific vaccination or recovery from an infection with the pathogen. Thick yellowish-white fluid that is formed in infected wounds. It is composed of dead and dying white blood cells (principally neutrophils), tissue debris, and dead microorganisms. Extracellular encapsulated bacteria that cause the formation of pus at sites of infection. Of lymphocytes, their continual movement from blood to secondary lymphoid tissues to lymph and back to the blood. An exception to this pattern is traffic to the spleen; lymphocytes both enter and leave the spleen in the blood. Antigen-specific CD4 T cells whose actions can suppress immune responses. Metabolic change accompanied by a transient increase in oxygen consumption that occurs in neutrophils and macrophages when they have taken up opsonized particles. It leads to the generation of toxic oxygen metabolites and other anti-bacterial substances that attack the phagocytosed material.

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Regulatory CD4 T cells (TR) Respiratory burst

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Secondary immune response or secondary response Secondary lymphoid tissues Secretory component (secretory piece) Self antigens Self peptides

The adaptive immune response provoked by a second exposure to an antigen. It differs from the primary response by starting sooner and building more quickly.

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The lymph nodes, spleen and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues. These are the tissues in which immune responses are initiated. The more highly organized tissues such as lymph nodes and spleen are also often known as secondary lymphoid organs. Fragment of the poly-Ig receptor left attached to dimeric IgA after its transport across epithelial cells.

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A term used to describe all the normal constituents of the body to which the immune system would respond were it not for the mechanisms of tolerance that destroy or inactivate self-reactive B and T cells. Peptides produced from the body's own proteins. In the absence of infection these peptides occupy the peptidebinding sites of MHC molecules on cell surfaces. In a normal functioning immune system, seof peptides would not elicit an immune response. The ability of a population of cells to renew itself. the normal situation whereby a person's immune system does not respond to constituents of the person's body. In connection with allergy, the first exposure to an allergen that elicits an IgE response. Allergic reactions occur only in individuals who have already been sensitized. The toxic effects of infection of the bloodstream. Usually caused by Gram-negative bacteria. See also septic shock. Shock syndrome that is frequently fatal, caused by the systemic release of the cytokine TNF- after bacterial infection of the bloodstream, usually with Gram-negative bacteria. Bacterial invasion of the blood. The phase of an infection when antibodies against the infecting agent are first detectable in the blood. The study of the blood (serum) antibodies and their reactions with antigen. The term serology is often used to refer to the diagnosis of infectious disease by detection of microbe-specific antibodies in the serum of the patient. Antigenically different strains of a bacterium or other pathogen that can be distinguished by immunological means, for example by antibody-based detection tests. Also used to describe human alloantigens such as HLA and blood group antigens. The cell-free fluid that remains when blood or plasma forms a clot. Blood antibodies are found in the serum fraction. The property of antibodies and other antigen-binding molecules for selective interaction with only one or a few types of molecule or cell. Organ situated adjacent to the cardiac end of the stomach. One function of the spleen is to remove old or damaged red blood cells from the circulation; the other is as a secondary lymphoid organ that responds to blood-borne pathogens and antigens. The undifferentiated cell that divides continuously and gives rise to additional stem cells and to cells of multiple different lineages. Fro example, all blood cells arise from a common hematopoetic stem cell in the bone marrow. Molecules that, by binding non-specifically to MHC class II molecules and T-cell receptors, stimulate the polyclonal activation of T cells. Several staphylococcal enterotoxins are superantigens. Their importance lies int eh ability to activate many T cell, resulting in the production and release of large amounts of cytokines. Toxic Shock syndrome is mediated by a superantigen. A rapid-onset and potentially fatal form of IgE-mediated allergic reaction, in which antigen in the bloodstream triggers the activation of mast cells throughout the body, causing circulatory collapse and suffocation due to tracheal swelling. Lymphocytes that develop in the thymus and are responsible for cell-mediated immunity. Their cell-surface antigen receptor is called the T-cell receptor.

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Self-renewal Self-tolerance Sensitization Sepsis Septic shock Septicemia Seroconversion Serology Serotypes

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Serum Specificity Spleen

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Stem cell Superantigens

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Systemic anaphylaxis T cells (T lymphocytes)

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T-cell activation T-cell areas T-cell priming T-cell receptor

The stimulation of mature naive T cells by antigen presented to them by professional antigen-presenting cells. It leads to their proliferation and differentiation into effector T cells. Parts of secondary lymphoid tissues where the lymphocytes are predominantly T cells. The activation of mature naive T cells by antigen presented to them by professional antigen-presenting cells. The highly variable antigen receptor of T lymphocytes. On most T cells it is composed of a variable chain and chain and is known as the : T-cell receptor. On a minority of T cells, the variable chains are and chains, and this receptor is known as the : T-cell receptor. Both types of receptor are present at the cell surface in association with the complex of invariant CD3 chains and chains, which have a signaling function. Any cell that is acted on directly by effector T cells, effector cells or molecules. For example, virus-infected cells are the targets of cytotoxic T cells, which kill them, and naive B cells are the targets of effector CD4 T cells, which help to stimulate them to produce antibodies. A subset of CD4 T cells that are characterized by the cytokines they produce. They are involved mainly in activating macrophages. Also called inflammatory T cells. A subset of CD4 T cells that are characterized by the cytokines they produce. They are involved mainly in stimulating B cells to produce antibody. Also called helper T cells. A precursor of a mature T lymphocyte present in the thymus. A lymphoepithelial organ in the upper part of the middle of the chest, just behind the breastbone. It is the site of T-cell development. When the immune system of a person does not or cannot respond to an antigen. In such cases the individual is said to be tolerant of the antigen. Large aggregates of lymphoid cells lying on each side of the pharynx. Toxins that have been deliberately inactivated by heat or chemical treatment so that they are no longer toxic but can still provoke a protective immune response on vaccination. A cytokine produced by macrophages and T cells that has several functions in the immune response and is the prototype of the TNF family of cytokines. These cytokines function as cell-associated or secreted proteins that interact with receptors of the tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) family. Cytokines (interferons- and -) produced by virus-infected cells that interfere with viral replication by the infected cell, and also signal neighboring uninfected cells to prepare for infection. The deliberate induction of protective immunity to a pathogen by the administration of killed or non-pathogenic forms of the pathogen, or its antigens, to induce an immune response. Any preparation made from a pathogen that is used for vaccination and provides protective immunity against infection with the pathogen. DNA sequence in the immunoglobulin or T-cell receptor genes that encodes the first 95 or so amino acids of the V domain. There are multiple different V gene segments in the germline genome. To produce a complete exon encoding a V domain, one V gene segment must be rearranged to join up with a J or a rearranged DJ gene segment. The amino-terminal domain of immunoglobulin and T-cell receptor polypeptide chains. Paired variable domains make up the antigen-binding site. The extracellular amino-terminal region of an immunoglobulin heavy or light chain or a T-cell receptor that contains variable amino acid sequences that are different between every clone of a lymphocyte and that are responsible for specificity for antigen. The antigen-binding variable sequences are localized to hypervariable segments. Submicroscopic pathogens composed of a nucleic acid genome enclosed in a protein coat. They replicate only in a living cell because they do not possess all the metabolic machinery required for independent life. A viral particle is called a virion.

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Target cell

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TH1 cells TH2 cells Thymocytes Thymus Tolerance Tonsils Toxoids Tumor necrosis factor- (TNF-) Type I interferon Vaccination Vaccine Variable (V) gene segment Variable domain (V domain) Variable region (V region) Viruses

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