1.

P-N JUNCTION DIODE CHARACTERISTICS

P-N Diode IN4007. Regulated Power supply (0-30v) Resistor 1K Ammeters (0-200 mA, 0-500mA) Voltmeter (0-20 V) Bread board Connecting wires THEORY:A p-n junction diode conducts only in one direction. The V-I characteristics of the diode are curve between voltage across the diode and current through the diode. When external voltage is zero, circuit is open and the potential barrier does not allow the current to flow. Therefore, the circuit current is zero. When Ptype (Anode is connected to +ve terminal and n- type (cathode) is connected to ve terminal of the supply voltage, is known as forward bias. The potential barrier is reduced when diode is in the forward biased condition. At some forward voltage, the potential barrier altogether eliminated and current starts flowing through the diode and also in

the circuit. The diode is said to be in ON state. The current increases with increasing forward voltage. When N-type (cathode) is connected to +ve terminal and P-type (Anode) is connected ve terminal of the supply voltage is known as reverse bias and

the potential barrier across the junction increases. Therefore, the junction resistance becomes very high and a very small current (reverse saturation current) flows in the circuit. The diode is said to be in OFF state. The reverse bias current due to minority charge carriers.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:FORWARD BIAS:-

REVERSE BIAS:-

MODEL WAVEFORM:-

PROCEDURE:FORWARD BIAS:-

1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram. 2. For forward bias, the RPS +ve is connected to the anode of the diode and RPS ve is connected to the cathode of the diode,

3. Switch on the power supply and increases the input voltage (supply voltage) in Steps. 4. Note down the corresponding current flowing through the diode and voltage across the diode for each and every step of the input voltage. 5. The reading of voltage and current are tabulated. 6. Graph is plotted between voltage and current.

OBSERVATION:-

S.NO

APPLIED VOLTAGE (V)

VOLTAGE DIODE(V)

ACROSS CURRENT THROUGH DIODE(mA)

PROCEDURE:REVERSE BIAS:1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram 2 . For reverse bias, the RPS +ve is connected to the cathode of the diode and RPS ve is connected to the anode of the diode. 3. Switch on the power supply and increase the input voltage (supply voltage) in Steps 4. Note down the corresponding current flowing through the diode voltage across the diode for each and every step of the input voltage. 5. The readings of voltage and current are tabulated 6. Graph is plotted between voltage and current. OBSEVATION:-

S.NO

APPLIEDVOLTAGE VOLTAGE ACROSSDIODE(V) ACROSS DIODE(V)

CURRENT THROUGH DIODE(mA)

PRECAUTIONS:-

1. All the connections should be correct. 2. Parallax error should be avoided while taking the readings from the Analog meters.

RESULT:-

Forward and Reverse Bias characteristics for a p-n diode is observed

2. ZENER DIODE CHARACTERISTICS

APPARATUS: Zener diode. Regulated Power Supply (0-30v). Voltmeter (0-20v) Ammeter (0-100mA) Resistor (1KOhm) Bread Board Connecting wires

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:STATIC CHARACTERISTICS:-

REGULATION CHARACTERISTICS:-

Theory:A zener diode is heavily doped p-n junction diode, specially made to operate in the break down region. A p-n junction diode normally does not conduct when reverse biased. But if the reverse bias is increased, at a particular voltage it starts conducting heavily. This voltage is called Break down Voltage. High current through the diode can permanently damage the device To avoid high current, we connect a resistor in series with zener diode. Once the diode starts conducting it maintains almost constant voltage across the terminals what ever may be the current through it, i.e., it has very low dynamic resistance. It is used in voltage regulators. PROCEDURE:Static characteristics:-

1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram. 2. The Regulated power supply voltage is increased in steps. 3. The zener current (lz), and the zener voltage (Vz.) are observed and then noted in the tabular form. 4. A graph is plotted between zener current (Iz) and zener voltage (Vz).

Regulation characteristics:-

1. The voltage regulation of any device is usually expressed as percentage regulation 2. The percentage regulation is given by the formula ((VNL-VFL)/VFL)X100 VNL=Voltage across the diode, when no load is connected. VFL=Voltage across the diode, when load is connected. 3. Connection are made as per the circuit diagram 4. The load is placed in full load condition and the zener voltage (Vz), Zener current (lz), load current (IL) are measured. 5. The above step is repeated by decreasing the value of the load in steps. 6. All the readings are tabulated. 7. The percentage regulation is calculated using the above formula

OBSERVATIONS:Static characteristics:-

S.NO

ZENER VOLTAGE(VZ)

ZENER CURRENT(IZ)

Regulation characteristics:-

VNL(VOLTS) S.N0

VFL (VOLTS)

RL (K)

% REGULATION

MODEL WAVEFORMS:-

PRECAUTIONS:1. The terminals of the zener diode should be properly identified 2. While determined the load regulation, load should not be immediately shorted. 3. Should be ensured that the applied voltages & currents do not exceed the ratings of the diode.

RESULT:-

a) Static characteristics of zener diode are obtained and drawn. b) Percentage regulation of zener diode is calculated.