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Knowledge Byte
In this section, you will learn about:

Casting and conversion in Java Overloading constructors

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Lesson 3C / Slide 1 of 22

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Casting and Conversion in Java

Java supports implicit conversion of one data type to another type. are inbuilt in Java. Implicit conversions are the conversions from one data type to another, which occur automatically in a program. For example, you can assign a value of int type to a variable of long data type. When you assign a value of a particular data type to another variable of a different data type, the two types must be compatible with each other. The two data types are compatible to each other if the size of the destination data type variable is larger than or equal to the size of the source data type variable. Widening conversion takes place when the destination type is greater than the source type. Assigning a wider type to a narrow type is known as narrowing conversion. The widening conversion is implicit while the narrowing conversions are explicit.

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Lesson 3C / Slide 2 of 22

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Casting and Conversion in Java (Contd.)

Explicit conversion occurs when one data type cannot be assigned to another data type using implicit conversion. In an explicit conversion, you must convert the data type to the compatible type. Explicit conversion between incompatible data types is known as casting. The following syntax shows how to use a cast to perform conversion between two incompatible types: (type) value Explicit conversion between incompatible data types is known as casting.

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Lesson 3C / Slide 3 of 22

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Casting and Conversion in Java (Contd.)

You can use the following code to perform type casting of an int number, 259 and a double number, 350.55 to byte type: class TypeCast { public static void main(String arr[]) { byte b; int i = 259; double d = 350.55; b = (byte) i; System.out.println("Value of int to byte conversion " + b);

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Lesson 3C / Slide 4 of 22

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Casting and Conversion in Java (Contd.)

b = (byte) d; System.out.println("Value of double to byte conversion " + b); i = (int) d; System.out.println("Value of double to int conversion " + i); } }

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Lesson 3C / Slide 5 of 22

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Overloading Constructors

A constructor is a method that is automatically invoked every time an instance of a class is created. Constructors share the same name as the class name and do not have a return type. You can use the following code to overload the Cuboid() constructor to calculate the volume of a rectangle and a square: class Cuboid { double length; double width; double height;

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Lesson 3C / Slide 6 of 22

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Overloading Constructors (Contd.)

// Constructor declared which accepts three arguments Cuboid(double l, double w, double h) { length = l; width = w; height = h; } // Overloaded constructor declared which accepts one argument Cuboid(double side) { length = width = height = side; } double volume() { return length*width*height; } }

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Lesson 3C / Slide 7 of 22

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Overloading Constructors (Contd.)

class ConstrOverloading { public static void main(String args[]) { Cuboid cub1 = new Cuboid(5, 10, 15); Cuboid cub2 = new Cuboid(5); double vol;
vol = cub1.volume(); System.out.println("Volume of the Cuboid is: "+ vol); vol = cub2.volume(); System.out.println("Volume of the Cube is :" + vol); } }

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Lesson 3C / Slide 8 of 22

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From the Experts Desk

In this section, you will learn:

Best practices on: Short-circuiting Use of switch-case and if-else construct Using the for loop construct Using brackets with the if statement Tips and Tricks on: Ternary Operator FAQs on Java Constructs and Operators

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Lesson 3C / Slide 9 of 22

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Best Practices
Short-circuiting

Short-circuiting is the process in which a compiler evaluates and determines the result of an expression without evaluating the complete expression but by partial evaluation of one of the operands. Java supports conditional operators, such as AND (&&) and OR (||), which are also called short-circuit operators. For example, the expression, op1 && op2 && op3 evaluates true only if all the operands, op1, op2, and op3 are true.

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Lesson 3C / Slide 10 of 22

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Best Practices
Short-circuiting (Contd.)

You can use the following code snippet to print a result if both of the conditions specified by the && operator are true: if(3<5 && 3>2) System.out.println(Result); else System.out.println(No result); You can use the following code snippet to use && operator as a short circuit operator. if(3>5 && 3>2) System.out.println(Result); else System.out.println(No result);

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Lesson 3C / Slide 11 of 22

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Best Practices
Use of switch-case and if-else Construct

When you have multiple options and one choice, you use the switch-case construct. When you have multiple conditions out of which only one condition can be true, you use the nested if-else construct.

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Lesson 3C / Slide 12 of 22

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Best Practices
Using the for Loop Construct

When the control variable of the looping statement is of int type and the number of times a loop should execute is known in advance, you use the, for, loop. In the, for, loop, all the three parts, such as initialization, condition, and increment or decrement are defined initially at one place.

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Lesson 3C / Slide 13 of 22

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Best Practices
Using Brackets with the if Statement

You should use opening and closing brackets with the if statement. When the if block consists of more than one statement, place the statements in brackets. If the if block consists of only one statement, it is not necessary to place single statement in brackets. However, it is advisable to place even a single statement in brackets because brackets enhance the code clarity and minimize the chances of errors.

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Lesson 3C / Slide 14 of 22

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Tips and Tricks

Ternary operator

The conditional operator (?:) operates on three operands and is therefore called the ternary operator. The syntax of the ternary operator is: (boolean_expr) ? val1 : val2 Ternary operator is used to replace the if-else statements. You can use the following code snippet to display the grade scored by a student using the ternary operator: Score = 95; (Score>=90) ? System.out.println(Grade is A.); : System.out.println(Grade is B.);

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Lesson 3C / Slide 15 of 22

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FAQs

Can you use a switch statement inside another switch statement? Yes, you can use a switch statement within another switch statement. This is called nested switch. Each switch statement creates its own block of case statements. Therefore, no conflict occurs between the case labels of the inner and outer switch statements .

How does the program stop running if a loop never ends? A program stops running when it enters an infinite loop by pressing the keys Ctrl and C simultaneously .

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Lesson 3C / Slide 16 of 22

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FAQs (Contd.)

Can you add the numeric value of one string to the value of another if the + operator is used with strings to link up two different strings? Yes, you can use the value of a String variable as an integer only by using a method that converts the value of the string variable into a numeric form. This is known as type casting because it casts one data type, such as a string into another data type, such as int.

Can the == operator be used to determine whether two strings have the same value as in name == "John"?

Yes, the == operator can be used to determine whether two strings have the same value. In Java, you can also compare two strings using the equals() method.

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Lesson 3C / Slide 17 of 22

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Challenge
1. Match the following: a. ++ i. Logical AND b. && ii. Logical OR c. % iii. Logical NOT d. & iv. Unsigned Shift e. || v. Bit-wise XOR f. >>> vi. Arithmetic Assignment g. ! vii. Unary Increment h. ^ viii. Bit-wise AND i. += ix. Ternary j. ? x. Modulus 2. The if decision construct is used when there are multiple values for the same variable. (True/False).

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Lesson 3C / Slide 18 of 22

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Challenge (Contd.)
3. Predict the output of the following code snippet int n=5, d=4; int remainder = n % d; if (div != 0) System.out.println(n + is not completely divisible by + d); else System.out.println(n + is completely divisible by + d); a) 5 is not completely divisible by 4 b) 5 is completely divisible by 4

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Lesson 3C / Slide 19 of 22

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Solutions to Challenge
1. 2. 3. a-vii, b-i, c-x, d-viii, e-ii, f-iv, g-iii, h-v, i-vi, j-ix False a 5 is not completely divisible by 4

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Lesson 3C / Slide 20 of 22