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NC OFDMA Spasojevic 2011

1) The document describes a system for opportunistic spectrum access that uses adaptive spectrum sensing and interference-suppressed secondary transmission to avoid interfering with primary users. 2) The system uses a USRP2 to perform spectrum sensing and transmit as a secondary user using NC-OFDM, deactivating subcarriers where primaries are detected. It further suppresses interference using time windowing and cancellation carriers. 3) Experimental results show the NC-OFDM with interference avoidance achieves over 12dB suppression of out-of-band emissions compared to normal DSA, allowing secondary transmissions to better avoid interfering with primary users.

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Ashraf Eltholth
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109 views

NC OFDMA Spasojevic 2011

1) The document describes a system for opportunistic spectrum access that uses adaptive spectrum sensing and interference-suppressed secondary transmission to avoid interfering with primary users. 2) The system uses a USRP2 to perform spectrum sensing and transmit as a secondary user using NC-OFDM, deactivating subcarriers where primaries are detected. It further suppresses interference using time windowing and cancellation carriers. 3) Experimental results show the NC-OFDM with interference avoidance achieves over 12dB suppression of out-of-band emissions compared to normal DSA, allowing secondary transmissions to better avoid interfering with primary users.

Uploaded by

Ashraf Eltholth
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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DESIGN AND USRP2 IMPLEMENTATION OF ADAPTIVE SPECTRUM SENSING AND INTERFERENCE SUPPRESSED SECONDARY TRANSMISSION FOR DSA
Predrag Spasojevic Samson Sequeira, Srinivas Pinagapany, Ashwin Revo, (WINLAB, Rutgers U) Yasunori Futatsugi, Masayuki Ariyoshi (NEC Corporation, Japan)

WINLAB Industrial Advisory Board Meeting December 2, 2010

Opportunistic Spectrum Access


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potential solution to the spectrum scarcity crisis. incumbent primary users are protected from opportunistic secondary interference.

secondary users assured some QoS:

do not have a dedicated bandwidth and have to overcome the interference from the primary.

adaptive sense-and-carefully-transmit system that


detects the presence of primary users provides opportunistic access to secondary users in the vacant frequencies.

Experimental Objectives: Avoiding the Primary


3
a)

On/Off:

no secondary transmission when a primary user is detected and transmit using OFDM when the primary user is not detected.

b)

NC-OFDM:

When primary is detected, the corresponding NC-OFDM sub-carriers are deactivated

c)

NC-OFDM w/ IA-PFT suppression:

time windowing and cancellation carrier schemes which result in maximum side-lobe suppression.

Opportunistic Spectrum Access


4 Quiet period Transmission data Quiet period Transmission data Quiet period

Frequency

Primary system operation


Frequency Link P1 Link P2 Ch1 Ch2 Ch3 Ch4 Time

Time
Start Spectrum Sensing

Secondary system operation


Frequency Link S1 Ch1 Ch2 Ch3 Ch4 Time

Primary existence? YES NC-OFDM transmission

NO

Regular OFDM transmission

System Model
5

Primary Tx: Wireless Mic


FM signal Emulated on VSG Spectrum Sensing NC-OFDM w/ IA-PFT suppression NC-OFDM

Secondary Tx: USRP2


Secondary Receiver: USRP2

Spectrum sensing

power spectral density (PSD) detector detection threshold: frequency dependent noise floor estimation The subcarriers used by primary transmitter are deactivated. suppresses the spectral leakage within the spectrum inactivity range

NC-OFDM transmitter

Interference Avoidance by Partitioned Frequency- and Time-domain (IA-PFT)

Primary Transmitter: Wireless Mic


6

Vector Signal Generator transmits the wireless microphone signal.


FM signal: tone frequency and frequency deviation depend on the mode of operation Signal bandwidth 200kHz The transmit power is -30dBm

Sensing Module: Block Diagram


7

PSD Calculation Noise Power Calculation


Automatic noise floor estimation based on rank-order filtering

Decision

Spectral Mask

Detection Threshold

Secondary Transmitter

Motivation for Automatic Noise Floor Estimation

Measuring the noise floor when the signal is not present requires taking the system offline. Calibrating the system in this way is a lengthy and tedious procedure. Noise floor may change with time and also with the aging of components. Changes in the signal environment will cause the noise floor to change. Noise floor may not be flat over the entire bandwidth.
Ready, M.J.; Downey, M.L.; Corbalis, L.J.; , "Automatic noise floor spectrum estimation in the presence of signals," Signals, Systems & Computers, 1997. Conference Record of the Thirty-First Asilomar Conference on , vol.1, no., pp. 877-881 vol.1, 2-5 Nov 1997

Noise Floor Estimation


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1. 2.

calculate PSD open the PSD vector: erode the vector dilate the vector.
change in the noise floor is very small?

Calculate PSD

3.

while change_in_power > epsilon Yes

No Noise-Floor

Yes: stop No: Go to 2

Increase kernel size K

why open? eliminates the spectral peaks from the PSD at each step.

Open Erode

Dilate

Rank-Order Filter
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A rank-order filter of rank m takes a vector of length N as the input and outputs the mth smallest value in the vector.
N length vector

Sort in ascending order

Output mth value

mth smallest value

Erode: Rank-order filter the bins corresponding to the kernel in the PSD vector with rank 1, i.e. R(K, 1). Dilate: Rank-order filter the bins corresponding to the kernel in the PSD vector with rank K, i.e. R(K, K).

Noise Floor Estimation: Results


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Secondary Transmitter:
Non-Contiguous OFDM
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Non-Contiguous OFDM (NC-OFDM) transceiver: a modified OFDM transceiver in which few of the subcarriers are deactivated as dictated by the carrier mask
Center frequency Secondary Primary

000011000 1000111011100 111


Carrier mask

NC-OFDM Transceiver Architecture


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Serial-toParallel

Sub-carrier mapper

OFDM Modulator

Digital-toAnalog

RF up convert

Carrier Mask

Adaptive Spectrum Sensor

Channel

Parallelto-Serial

OFDM Demodulator

Sub-carrier mapper

Analog-toDigital

RF down convert

NECs IA-PFT System Model


Sub-carrier Mapper NC-OFDM Modulator Time Windowing

Modulator

IA-PFT Transmission

Cancellation Carriers

NC-OFDM Modulator

IA-PFT System Description

Time Windowing (TW) :


The

time windowing block shapes the CP to reduce the spectral leakage in the notch Time windowing is more efficient in reducing leakage at the center of the notch

Cancellation Carriers (CC):


Lobes

on either side of the notch are suppressed by CC tones 2 CC tones are added on either side of the notch CC is more efficient in suppressing leakage at the
edges of the notch

Cancellation Carriers

CC:

CC suppressed sub-carriers CC tones

Sub-carrier index

2 CC sub-carriers added on either side of notch

IA-PFT: TW+CC

CC Zero Padding:

CC symbol are zero padded to match the length of the time windowing OFDM symbols CC and Time Windowing streams are combined

IA-PFT:

Frequency

ZP CP

CC tones symbol (i) OFDM symbol (i) OFDM symbol (i)

ZP CP

CC tones symbol (i+1) OFDM symbol (i+1) OFDM symbol (i+1) Time

Spectrum Diagram
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FFT size = 256 Resource Block (RB) bandwidth = 180 kHz No. of frequency bins in each RB = 12 Total number of significant frequency bins = 144
3.84 MHz

2.16 MHz
RB0 RB1 RB2 RB3 RB4 RB5 RB6 RB7 RB8 RB9 RB10 RB11

180 kHz
BIN0 BIN1 BIN2 BIN3 BIN4 BIN5 BIN6 BIN7 BIN8 BIN9 BIN10 BIN11

15 kHz

Interference avoidance
19 Primary OFF LTE RB 180 kHz During sensing time Sensing result NC-OFDM mask During sensing time Sensing result NC-OFDM mask Primary ON WM 200 kHz

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 1

1 1

0 1

0 0

Transmitted RBs During transmission time During transmission time

Transmitted RBs

When a RB is occupied, the particular RB and its 2 adjacent RBs are nulled out from the NC-OFDM transmission In addition to this IA-PFT technique is used to reduce the out of band emissions in the notch.

Simulation
20

Experimental setup
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USRP2 Wireless Microphone (Vector Signal Generator Antenna)

16.5 m

Monitor

19.1 m

10.4 m

Sensing Unit & Secondary Transmitter

Results: MATLAB Simulated


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Spectrum of MATLAB simulated IA-PFT based NC-OFDM transmitter.

Results: GNU Radio Output


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~12 dB

Results: Spectrograms
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Primary transmitter (Wireless Mic: FM BW = 200 kHz) Secondary transmitter (OFDM: BW = 500 kHz)

Normal DSA

Secondary transmitter (NC-OFDM: BW = ~ 2.16 MHz) Primary transmitter (Wireless Mic: FM 200 kHz)

Advanced DSA
video: http://www.orbit-lab.org/~srinivas/videos/ADSA_FINAL.mpeg

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