Scribd
Upload
81 views

CDMA

CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) is a channel access method that allows multiple users to access the same physical channel simultaneously through the use of spread spectrum technology and special coding. Each transmitter is assigned a unique code, allowing multiple signals to occupy the same frequency band at the same time. This provides more efficient use of the fixed frequency spectrum compared to TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access) and FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Access), which require guard times/bands that reduce spectral efficiency. Asynchronous CDMA also offers flexible allocation of resources, as the number of users is not strictly limited like TDMA and FDMA, making it well-suited for bursty traffic environments like mobile networks.

Uploaded by

Rewaa Maher
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
81 views

CDMA

CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) is a channel access method that allows multiple users to access the same physical channel simultaneously through the use of spread spectrum technology and special coding. Each transmitter is assigned a unique code, allowing multiple signals to occupy the same frequency band at the same time. This provides more efficient use of the fixed frequency spectrum compared to TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access) and FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Access), which require guard times/bands that reduce spectral efficiency. Asynchronous CDMA also offers flexible allocation of resources, as the number of users is not strictly limited like TDMA and FDMA, making it well-suited for bursty traffic environments like mobile networks.

Uploaded by

Rewaa Maher
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 2

CDMA

Code division multiple access

CDMA is a channel access method used by various radio communication technologies. It should not be confused with themobile phone standards called cdmaOne, CDMA2000 (the 3G evolution of cdmaOne) and WCDMA (the 3G standard used by GSM carriers), which are often referred to as simply CDMA, and use CDMA as an underlying channel access method. One of the concepts in data communication is the idea of allowing several transmitters to send information simultaneously over a single communication channel. This allows several users to share a band of frequencies (see bandwidth). This concept is called multiple access. CDMA employs spread-spectrum technology and a special coding scheme (where each transmitter is assigned a code) to allow multiple users to be multiplexed over the same physical channel. By contrast, time division multiple access (TDMA) divides access by time, while frequency-division multiple access (FDMA) divides it by frequency. CDMA is a form of spread-spectrum signalling, since the modulated coded signal has a much higher data bandwidth than the data being communicated.

Advantages of asynchronous CDMA over other techniques


Efficient Practical utilization of Fixed Frequency Spectrum

In theory, CDMA, TDMA and FDMA have exactly the same spectral efficiency but practically, each has its own challenges power control in the case of CDMA, timing in the case of TDMA, and frequency generation/filtering in the case of FDMA. TDMA systems must carefully synchronize the transmission times of all the users to ensure that they are received in the correct time slot and do not cause interference. Since this cannot be perfectly controlled in a mobile environment, each time slot must have a guard-time, which reduces the probability that users will interfere, but decreases the spectral efficiency. Similarly, FDMA systems must use a guard-band between adjacent channels, due to the unpredictable doppler shift of the signal spectrum because of user mobility. The guard-bands will reduce the probability that adjacent channels will interfere, but decrease the utilization of the spectrum.

Flexible Allocation of Resources

Asynchronous CDMA offers a key advantage in the flexible allocation of resources i.e. allocation of a PN codes to active users. In the case of CDM (synchronous CDMA), TDMA, and FDMA the number of simultaneous orthogonal codes, time slots and frequency slots respectively is fixed hence the capacity in terms of number of simultaneous users is limited. There are a fixed number of orthogonal codes, time slots or frequency bands that can be allocated for CDM, TDMA, and FDMA systems, which remain underutilized due to the bursty nature of telephony and packetized data transmissions. There is no strict limit to the number of users that can be supported in an asynchronous CDMA system, only a practical limit governed by the desired bit error probability, since the SIR (Signal to Interference Ratio) varies inversely with the number of users. In a bursty traffic environment like mobile telephony, the advantage afforded by asynchronous CDMA is that the performance (bit error rate) is allowed to fluctuate randomly, with an average value determined by the number of users times the percentage of utilization. Suppose there are 2N users that only talk half of the time, then 2N users can be accommodated with the same average bit error probability as N users that talk all of the time. The key difference here is that the bit error probability for N users talking all of the time is constant, whereas it is a random quantity (with the same mean) for 2N users talking half of the time. In other words, asynchronous CDMA is ideally suited to a mobile network where large numbers of transmitters each generate a relatively small amount of traffic at irregular intervals. CDM (synchronous CDMA), TDMA, and FDMA systems cannot recover the underutilized resources inherent to bursty traffic due to the fixed number of orthogonal codes, time slots or frequency channels that can be assigned to individual transmitters. For instance, if there are N time slots in a TDMA system and 2N users that talk half of the time, then half of the time there will be more than N users needing to use more than N time slots. Furthermore, it would require significant overhead to continually allocate and deallocate the orthogonal code, time slot or frequency channel resources. By comparison, asynchronous CDMA transmitters simply send when they have something to say, and go off the air when they don't, keeping the same PN signature sequence as long as they are connected to the system.

You might also like