PETROLEUM GEOSCIENCES

GEOLOGY OR GEOPHYSICS MAJOR

APPLIED GRADUATE STUDIES

Content
Geology Geophysics

GEO1 Introduction to the petroleum geosciences GEO2 Seismic methods GEO3 Multi-scale geological analysis GEO4 Structural analysis GEO5 Drilling and well-site geology GEO6 Seismic methods GEO7 Well logging Evaluation of formations GEO8 Well logging Evaluation of formations GEO9 Reservoir engineering and production GEO10 Seismic interpretation GEO11 Basin analysis and evaluation GEO12 Advanced basin analysis and evaluation GEO13 Advanced seismic interpretation GEO14 Clastic deposits GEO15 Advanced seismic methods GEO16 Carbonate deposits GEO17 Reservoir geophysics GEO18 Reservoir characterization and modelling GEO19 Advanced reservoir characterization and modelling GEO20 Advanced reservoir geophysics

GEO1 INTRODUCTION TO THE PETROLEUM GEOSCIENCES

Objectives The lectures and field trip will provide the fundamentals of basin's development and architecture within the plate tectonic framework. They will be in addition an introduction to the concept and parameters of petroleum systems within these basins. At the end of this course, the student is able to: share a basic common background in Geology & Petroleum Geosciences, describe the architecture of most sedimentary basins and related petroleum system in terms of elements and processes, identify and assess the elements of a petroleum system in the field, appreciate the various scales of study: basin and reservoir, and the resolution of tools (seismic, well logging, numerical modelling).

Students taking the "Geology" major should be capable of interpreting the principal geochemical parameters in simple cases. Content Introduction to petroleum geosciences Field course (Wessex basin, UK) Petroleum geochemistry

GEO2 SEISMIC METHODS

Objectives This course unit aims at making students familiar with the process of seismic data acquisition and processing. At the end of this course, the student is able to: understand the principles of the seismic method, identify the various wave trains on seismic recording, describe the parameters of implementation and understand the choice of arrays and spreads used in surface and well seismic surveys, know the types of processing sequence applied to seismic data, recognize artefacts related to seismic data processing in order to avoid including them in the geological interpretation of results.

Content Introduction and field course (waves, equipment, implementation, seismic reflection and well seismic surveys) Seismic processing and imaging Field acquisition (Vesdun, France) Non seismic methods

GEO3 MULTI-SCALE GEOLOGICAL ANALYSIS

Objectives The aim of this course unit is to give students additional training in the area of sedimentology and sedimentary geology. It prepares the students for more specialized work in geophysics and reservoir characterization in module M3. At the end of this course, the student is able to work and reason on three main scales of standard geological analysis used in the petroleum industry: at the scale of the basin, corresponding to oil exploration activities, at the scale of the sedimentary body, corresponding to the oil field, at the scale of the porous medium, corresponding to fluid flow units.

We stress the links existing between the objects described at these various scales and the performance and limitations of the tools that enable them to be studied in the sub-surface and in the laboratory. Content Sedimentology of clastic deposits Sedimentology of carbonate deposits Field course: siliciclastic / marine sediments and reservoirs (Nyons, France)

GEO4 STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS

Objectives This course unit complements the course units GEO1 and GEO3. It aims at familiarizing the student with the analysis of ductile and brittle deformation appearing: - at the scale of the lithosphere (plate tectonics and basin formation), - at the scale of the basin (drainage areas and traps), - at the scale of the field (fault partitioning and behaviour of the cap rocks), - at the scale of the reservoir and fluid flow units (fracturing). At the end of this course, the student is able to make use of seismic data from a structural and tectonic point of view and, more particularly: to describe the network of faults and associated ductile deformation and thus restore the geometry in a consistent way, to determine the chronology of deformation by identifying the pre-, syn- and post-deformation sequences, to reconstruct the successive geometries of the basin through the course of time.

Content Structural analysis: stress and strain, folds and faults, rifts and thrust belts, stereonets Contouring and interpretation of geological maps (geophysicists) Field courses (Geology major: Vercors, France - Geophysics major: South Pyrenean foreland basin, Spain)

GEO5 DRILLING AND WELL-SITE GEOLOGY

Objectives This course unit is an introduction to well-site geology and drilling. After a series of lectures on the techniques of drilling and coring, the fundamentals of well-site geology related to oil and gas wells are presented, emphasizing on the role and the responsibilities of the well site geologist. At the end of this course, the student is able to: describe the principles of drilling and the well architecture, understand the methodology used to carry out a geological log on a well site.

This module prepares the student for the courses in well-logging and oil-field production. Content Drilling / Well-site geology Supervision / monitoring of well-drilling Visit of a drilling rig-site

GEO6 SEISMIC METHODS

Objectives This course unit deals mainly with seismic reflection, refraction and well seismic surveying methods. It aims at giving the students a knowledge of the procedures of seismic data acquisition and processing. At the end of this course, the student is able to: understand the general principles of wave propagation in the subsurface, know the tools and methods used in seismic acquisition, know the various types of seismic acquisition and understand the arrays, spreads used for their implementation, master the various signal processing tools essential for seismic data processing, know the standard processing sequences applied to seismic data, describe the tools used in seismic data processing and know their operational limits, determine the parameters required to optimize their use depending on the geological targets.

Content Wave propagation Geodesy positioning Seismic acquisition Signal processing and seismic processing Field course (Vesdun, France) Seismic imaging

GEO7 WELL-LOGGING (EVALUATION OF FORMATION)

Objectives This course unit gives the basics of the well data interpretation and a good understanding of its use in reservoir characterization. Emphasis is put on the data quality control and on the uncertainty analysis through various examples or case studies. At the end of this course, the student is able to: carry out a rapid interpretation of a conventional set of well-logs ("Quick Look"), determine the parameters of a quantitative log interpretation, and give a critical analysis of the results obtained, prepare an automatic facies analysis and define "rock types" based on the well-log data and cores, integrate the results of borehole imaging logs for geological studies (structural and sedimentological), interpret the data from wireline pressure measurements.

Content Well data acquisition and presentation of a log Description of a conventional set of tools Lithological and petrophysical log interpretation Automatic facies analysis and rock typing Borehole imaging tools and wireline pressure measurements

GEO8 WELL-LOGGING (EVALUATION OF FORMATION)

Objectives This course unit gives the basics of the well log interpretation and its practical use in reservoir characterization. At the end of this course, the student is able to: Content Well log acquisition and presentation of a log Petrophysical log interpretation Facies and data analysis recognize the main data obtained from well-log acquisition, carry out a rapid interpretation of a conventional set of well-logs ("Quick Look"), communicate with a geologist specialized in the domain, integrate well logs and surface seismic data.

GEO9 RESERVOIR ENGINEERING AND PRODUCTION

Objectives In this short introduction to reservoir engineering and production, the essential subjects are approached to help the student to have the basic fundamentals. So, he will get to work on the GEO18 unit dealing with petrophysics, PVT models in the reservoir simulator, a secondary recovery mechanism in an oil reservoir and a well test interpretation. At the end of this course, the student is able to: identify the characteristics of the rocks and fluids that govern the state and flow of the fluids in a porous medium, characterize a fluid in a diagram phase and how to read a PVT report, understand why and when a well test is done and how to qualitatively interpret a well test in terms of reservoir boundaries, differentiate between different mechanisms of oil recovery field drainage, and attribute an order of magnitude to these processes.

Content Petrophysics PVT Well-testing Recovery mechanisms and mini-project about an oil field development EOR introduction

GEO10 SEISMIC INTERPRETATION

Objectives This course unit introduces the main interpretive techniques currently in use for geological interpretation of 2D/3D seismic data and goes through the general workflow of seismic interpretation. The training is mainly based on practical exercises on two real case studies which provide participants with experience in using the interpretive techniques. At the end of this course, the student is able to: interpret 2D seismic lines with horizon/fault picking and build subsurface geological maps (paper sections), visualize and manipulate the seismic cubes using an interpretation workstation, interpret a full 3D seismic survey with horizon tracking and fault picking, seismic attribute analysis, well-toseismic calibration, synthetic trace computation, surface map building, etc., compute velocity model from well logs and perform time to depth conversion of interpretation results, apply the adapted seismic interpretation workflow in relation to the structural or stratigraphic exploration targets.

Content General presentation: interpretation workflow, case studies (seismic date and geological settings) 2D seismic interpretation (paper sections) 3D seismic interpretation (industry software) Detailed presentation of geological mapping, well calibration, time-depth conversion, use of seismic attributes

GEO11 BASIN ANALYSIS AND EVALUATION

Objectives The aim of this course unit is to give students an overview about basin analysis and evaluation and make them aware about importance of these two aspects into the exploration process. At the end of this course, the student is able to: replace the main different types of sedimentary basin in their geodynamic context and describe them in terms of overall geometry, apply the principles of sequence stratigraphy from seismic and well-data and recognize the signatures of various sedimentary system tracts, use this method to analyze the basin fill, with particular attention to the elements of the petroleum system, apply the principles of basin analysis through some simple examples and exercises, make the difference between a petroleum system, a play and a prospect, describe the methodologies for play mapping and prospect evaluation, point out the physical principles used in basin modelling, describe the main geological risks assessed during the exploration process, apply the principles of risk evaluation through case studies.

Content Basin analysis and evaluation in the context of exploration Sequence stratigraphy, from the interpretation of seismic examples (theory and exercices) Use of basin modelling to reduce risks in the exploration process

GEO12 ADVANCED BASIN ANALYSIS AND EVALUATION

Objectives This course unit focuses on the evaluation of the petroleum potential of sedimentary basins. The courses on geochemistry (GEO1) and basin analysis (GEO11) are prerequisites. At the end of this course, the student is able to: define a basin evaluation methodology with its principal steps (definition of the petroleum systems, definition of the plays, prospect evaluation, etc.), describe the basin evaluation methodology and its final objectives, particularly in the choice of exploration acreage, identify the key risk factors after the analysis and evaluation of the basin, make a prospects evaluation in terms of hydrocarbon volumes and associated risks, describe the non-technical aspects (economic, strategic and environmental) implied in the exploration process.

Content Basin evaluation Case studies illustrating some different exploration contexts

GEO13 ADVANCED SEISMIC INTERPRETATION

Objectives This course unit provides the complements in seismic interpretation techniques needed for geophysicists expertise especially in complex geological areas: advanced interpretation of seismic attribute analysis and knowledge on seismic modeling for interpretation purposes. The courses on structural analysis (GEO4), seismic methods (GEO6) and seismic interpretation (GEO10) are prerequisites. At the end of this course, the student is able to: evaluate the difficulties of seismic techniques in case of complex geological settings: salt tectonic, highly faulted structures, thrust belts, identify the pitfalls of seismic images for detailed stratigraphical studies: sand pinchout, carbonate deposits, thin layers, etc., propose an adapted workflow for seismic interpretation based on multi-seismic images analysis and on multiseismic attributes study, know how and when using seismic modelling for interpretation purposes.

Content General presentation: seismic interpretation in complex geology, published case studies Seismic modelling by ray-tracing, wave equation Structural interpretation in complex structures: pre-stack seismic, time and depth images Stratigraphical interpretation: multi seismic attributes, thin bed tuning

GEO14 CLASTIC DEPOSITS

Objectives This course unit aims at giving students a detailed knowledge of clastic depositional environments and associated sedimentary architectures, teaching them the correlation techniques used at the scale of exploration (seismic stratigraphy) and at the scale of the reservoir (high-resolution sequence stratigraphy) to build up a geological model. At the end of this course, the student is able to: recognize the principal characteristics (sedimentological and reservoir architecture) of the various siliciclastic environments, describe a core in terms of depositional environments and specific surfaces, implement correlation techniques based on the concepts of sequence stratigraphy, starting from a real data set, tackle problems linked with the construction of a geological reservoir model.

Content Sedimentology Sequence stratigraphy Biostratigraphy Core description Log-core tying Well log correlation Field course (South Pyrenean foreland basin, Spain)

GEO15 ADVANCED SEISMIC METHODS

Objectives The aim of this course unit is to give students the opportunity to apply and enhance their knowledge in seismic acquisition and processing, to acquire knowledge on new techniques (migration schemes, geostatistics, sigma processing, HPC, electro seismic and CSEM methods ) and to be able combine seismic and non seismic methods in order to improve knowledge of complex geological models. At the end of this course, the student is able to: design 2D or 3D seismic surveys and process seismic data (use of an industrial software), know the industrial processing sequences applied to 3D seismic data (understand in which case a given migration scheme can be applied) use the geostatistical techniques to process seismic data (filtering velocity models and artifacts such as survey footprints), to solve time to depth conversion issues, to compute 3D statics and to quantify uncertainties, know the objectives and conditions for using potential methods, electro seismic and CSEM methods, more generally concerning complementary methods to seismic reflection,

Content Seismic acquisition & processing (migration schemes, geostatistics, sigma processing, HPC) Gravity Magnetism methods, CSEM, electro-seismic methods Engineering geophysics

GEO16 CARBONATE DEPOSITS

Objectives The aim of this course unit is to give students a detailed knowledge of parameters that control the carbonate reservoirs petrophysical properties, studying main carbonate producers, different depositional environments, associated sedimentary geometries, and possible changes in petrophysics related to diagenesis. At the end of this course, the student is able to: identify sedimentary textures, surfaces, structures and depositional environments, work on various scales and with different techniques (thin sections, well logs, outcrop data, seismic), identify shelf/slope/basin facies and associate geometry of the sedimentary bodies, understand the links between accomodation, sediment supply and the geometry of a carbonate platform, understand the importance of diagenesis in the preservation/destruction of the reservoir quality.

Content Carbonate and evaporites sedimentology Carbonate diagenesis Sequence stratigraphy applied to carbonate Field course (Marseille area, France) Joana practical: well-log correlations, wireline logs interpretation Carbonate reservoirs

GEO17 RESERVOIR GEOPHYSICS

Objectives This course unit provides fundamental knowledge on elactic wave propagation and petro-acoustic relations. It presents how to map elastic properties from post-stack and pre-stack seismic data, and how to integrate well information with seismic data in order to extract petrophysical properties at the reservoir level. At the end of this course, the student: is aware of the various stages in the work flow of petrophysical properties extraction and reservoir characterization from a geophysical point of view, can assess the contribution of various approaches to reservoir geophysics, such as AVO/AVA (Amplitude Versus Offset - Amplitude Versus Angle) (importance of anomalies according to different contexts, in relation to the petrophysical data), post-stack and pre-stack seismic inversion, seismic monitoring and analysis of seismic attributes (qualitative and quantitative approaches).

Content Accoustics of porous media & Petroelastic AVO/AVA/AVAZ Theory, principles and uses Inverse problem theory, seismic inversion course & workshop Seismic monitoring Seismic attributes for reservoir characterization Seismic contribution to reservoir models

GEO18 RESERVOIR CHARACTERIZATION AND MODELLING

Objectives The aim of this course unit is to give the students a good understanding of the reservoir characterisation and geological modelling, with integration of the various geological data and static and dynamic well data. At the end of this course, the student is able to: make a critical analysis of data and integrate them as well as possible into the various stages of the reservoir characterization process, implement an integrated methodology of reservoir characterization and modelling, including dynamic data integrate the effects of uncertainties on the parameters and working hypotheses at the various stages of the study, compute the volume of oil and gas in place, understand how to upscale a geological fine grid model in order to build a reservoir model and to perform a fluid flow simulation.

Content Integrated reservoir characterization Geostatistics and geological modelling Layering and geological reservoir modelling (application to a deterministic modelling) Stochastic modelling and uncertainties Geological modelling and dynamic constraints Production simulation 10

GEO19 ADVANCED RESERVOIR CHARACTERIZATION AND MODELLING

Objectives The aim of this course unit is to run through the workflow of reservoir modelling, when using software routinely used in industry, and integrating the seismic data and dynamic data. This presentation is mainly based on practical case studies. At the end of this course, the student is able to: understand the benefit of integration of geophysical data in a geological modelling for advanced reservoir studies, implement an integrated methodology of reservoir characterization and modelling, up to calculate the volume of oil and gas in place,

He has also acquired the basics for a geological fractured reservoir modelling and basics on economics for a development project. Content Application of a stochastic geological modelling flow chart to a case study (using software) Economics notions (capital budgeting) Fractured reservoirs studies Integrated reservoir characterization case study: geological model building (using software)

GEO20 ADVANCED RESERVOIR GEOPHYSICS

Objectives This course unit aims at describing the geophysical methods and tools applied to better characterize the reservoir, particularly for reservoir simulation and production monitoring studies. The unit is divided into two main tasks: interpretation of 4D seismic data and monitoring data (microseismicity) to follow the fluid movement into the reservoir and improve HC production processes, application of the workflow integrating seismic, geological and petrophysical data to build the static geological model

The emphasis will be given on data integration techniques by application on real case studies. After practical workshops, the student is able to: apply and evaluate the benefits of seismic methods to follow and improve the production processes, including risk analysis and seismic monitoring analysis, understand the advantages and carry out integration of data and techniques for advanced reservoir studies. Content 4D seismic: practical & economical guidelines, 4D seismic case study, risk analysis Integrated reservoir characterization case study: geological model building

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