Coverage and Capacity of GSM System

GSM&UMTS Pre-sales RNP Department

Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd.

Huawei Confidential

Foreword

The planning for the radio network mainly involves coverage and capacity. The coverage planning involves radio propagation and hardware model. The capacity planning involves channel

configuration and location area planning. This course describes the preceding contents.

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Overview
C3Q
Coverage, Capacity, Quality & Cost
Quality

Capacity

COST
Coverage

GSM Dimensioning Flow Inputs

Coverage Related Coverage Region Propagation Condition
Area Type Information

Outputs
BTS Quantity Cell Radius No. of BTS TRX Configuration per BTS Subs. per BTS Capacity Requirement Abis Configuration Configuration

Location Probability Capacity Related Spectrum Available Subscriber Growth Forecast Traffic Density Blocking Probability

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Coverage Dimensioning
Max Path Loss Propagation Model Coverage Dimensioning

Capacity Dimensioning

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Link Budget
Cell radius

EIRP Max. Path Loss Receive Sensitivity Cell Radius

Propagation Model

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Max Path Loss

Uplink Budget
BTS Antenna Diversity Gain Slow fading margin BTS Antenna Gain Interference margin TMA Gain (optional) MS Antenna Gain MS Transmit Power Body Loss Feeder Loss

Pa th

Penetration Loss

Lo ss

UPLINK BUDGET
Gain Margin Maximum allowable path loss

BTS Sensitivity MS Transmit power

Loss

BTS Rx sensitivity

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Max Path Loss

Downlink Budget
BTS Antenna Gain Slow fading margin MS Antenna Gain Interference margin BTS Transmit Power TMA Insertion Loss (optional) Combiner Loss Body Loss Feeder Loss

Pa th

Lo ss

Penetration Loss

DOWNLINK BUDGET
Maximum allowable path loss

Gain Margin

BTS Transmit power MS Sensitivity

Loss

MS Rx sensitivity

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Max Path Loss

Path Loss - Loss between BTS antenna and MS antenna

Name BTS Tx Power MS Tx Power BTS antenna gain MS antenna gain BTS antenna div. gain BTS combiner loss BTS Feeder loss

Item A B C D E F G

Name TMA gain Penetration loss Slow fading margin Body loss BTS Rx sensitivity MS Rx sensitivity Max. allowable P-loss

Item H I J K L M N

Uplink: Uplink: B + D K I IJJN + E + C (+ H) G = LL B+D K N + E + C (+ H) G =

Downlink: Downlink: A F G + C N I IJJK = M A F G+C N K=M

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Max Path Loss

MS/BTS Tx Power & Rx Sensitivity MS
Typical Tx Power: 2w (33dBm)@900MHz; 1w(30dBm)@1800MHz Typical Rx Sensitivity: -102dBm (for planning)

BTS
http://3ms.huawei.com/mm/docMaintain/mmMaintain.do?m ethod=showMMDetail&f_id=GSM200810200035
BTS3012(DTRU 900M) Transmitter power Receive Sensitivity 60W(GMSK)/40W(8PSK) -112.5dBm BTS3900(DRFU 900M) 45W(GMSK)/30W(8PSK) -113dBm

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Max Path Loss

Combiner Loss
ANTA DPX RXDI ANTB DPX RXDI ANTA DPX RXDI ANTB DPX RXDI

BTS3012 Output 47.8dBm@900M DCOM 3.3dBm@900M DDPU 0.8dBm@900M Connector 0.2dBm

COM

COM

COM TRX1

TRX2

TRX3

TRX4

TOC Output Power =

Transmitter Output Power Combiner Loss Duplexer Loss Connector Loss

TRX1

TRX2

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Max Path Loss

Antenna

Feeder Loss
Antenna stand Jumper between antenna and TTA Jumper between lightening arrester and cabinet Lightening arrester

Feeder Loss in Link Budget includes: --- Feeder loss b/w BTS and antenna --- Jumper Loss b/w BTS and antenna --- Connectors loss b/w BTS and antenna
Jumper between TTA and feeder Feeder TTA

1/2 inch 900M 1800M 11.2dB/100m 16.1dB/100m

7/8 inch 4.03dB/100m 5.87dB/100m

5/4 inch 2.98dB/100m 4.31dB/100m

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Max Path Loss

Antenna Gain
Typical gain:
Omni: 11dB Directional: 18 dB In-building: 2dB

Receive diversity gain:

2 way receive diversity: 3dB 4 way receive diversity: 6dB

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Max Path Loss

TMA Technical Theory of TMA
TMA is to reduce the noise figure of BTS, so as to improve the sensitivity of BTS.

TMA Affect link budget

Improve uplink
Generally, the TMA gain can be calculated as to against feeder loss between BTS and TMA.

Worsen downlink
Introduce insertion loss (0.5~1 dB) to downlink

Affect the Stability of network

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Max Path Loss

Fading Margin Slow fading (long term fading) Fast fading (short term fading)
Caused by multi-path propagation Fast fading margin: 3dB

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Max Path Loss

Fading Margin Slow Fading
Signal levels obey Log-Normal distribution

Slow Fading Margin depends on:

Area Coverage Probability

The higher coverage probability is, the more SFM required

Standard Deviation
Probability Density

The higher standard deviation is, the more SFM required

SFM required

Coverage Probability: Coverage Probability: P COVERAGE (x) = P [ [F(x) > Fthreshold ] ] P (x) = P F(x) > F
COVERAGE threshold

Fthreshold
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Fmedian (x)

Received Signal Level [dBm]

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Max Path Loss

Penetration Loss & Body Loss
Building Penetration Loss
W1

W2

E2

Relate to frequency and building character

Frequency Penetration loss
E1

Wall: 5~30 dB (concrete / brick / wood / ) Glass / Car: 6~10 dB Elevator: ~30dB

Typical penetration loss value (dB)

Frequency 1.8/1.9/2.1 GHz Scenario Dense urban Urban Suburban Rural Highway Body loss Page 16 18~28 16~23 11~19 8 8 800/900 MHz 18~25 14~20 10~16 8 8 2~3 450 MHz 14~22 10~18 8~14 6~12 8

W dBm

X dBm

Penetration Loss=X - -W Penetration Loss=X W

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Max Path Loss

Path Loss
Name BTS Tx Power MS Tx Power BTS antenna gain MS antenna gain BTS antenna div. gain BTS combiner loss BTS Feeder loss Item A B C D E F G Name TMA gain Penetration loss Slow fading margin Body loss BTS Rx sensitivity MS Rx sensitivity Max. allowable P-loss Item H I J K L M N

Uplink: Uplink: B + D K I IJJN + E + C (+ H) G = LL B+D K N + E + C (+ H) G =

Downlink: Downlink: A F G + C N I IJJK = M A F G+C N K=M

EiRP: Equivalent isotropic Radiation Power

(BTS) EiRP = A F G + C (MS) EiRP = B + D
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Coverage Dimensioning
Max Path Loss Propagation Model Coverage Dimensioning

Capacity Dimensioning

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Propagation Model
What is Propagation Model
Tradition model is an empirical mathematical formulation
describe radio wave propagation as a function of frequency, distance, antenna height and other conditions. Path Loss = f (frequency, distance, antenna height, etc.)

The model is usually used to predict the behavior of propagation for all similar links under similar constraints.
Predict the path loss along a link or effective coverage area of a transmitter.

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Propagation Model
Common Models
Okumura/Hata
Frequency: 150~1500 MHz Distance: 1~20 Km Tx antenna height: 30~200m

Cost231/Hata
Frequency: 1500~2000 MHz Distance: 1~20 Km Tx antenna height: 30~200m

Lp = 69.55 + 26.16*lg(f) 13.82*lg(Hb))+ [44.9 6.55*lg(Hb)]*lg(d) a(Hm)) Cm Lp = 69.55 + 26.16*lg(f) 13.82*lg(Hb + [44.9 6.55*lg(Hb)]*lg(d) a(Hm Cm
a(Hm) ) = [1.1*lg(f) 0.7]*Hm [1.56*lg(f) 0.8] (for city) a(Hm = [1.1*lg(f) 0.7]*Hm [1.56*lg(f) 0.8] (for city) Cm = 00(for urban area) C = (for urban area)
m

= 2*[lg(f/28)]22+ 5.4 (for suburban area) = 2*[lg(f/28)] + 5.4 (for suburban area) = 4.78*[lg(f)]2218.33*lg(f) + 40.94 (for open area) = 4.78*[lg(f)] 18.33*lg(f) + 40.94 (for open area)

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Propagation Model
Typical Propagation Models
U-Net SPM model
Based on Hata model Suitable for more macro cell scenarios Be used to do coverage prediction and simulation by software

Lp = K1 + K2 **lg(d) + K3 **lg(Hb))+ K4 **Diffraction_loss + K5 **lg(d) **lg(Hb)) Lp = K1 + K2 lg(d) + K3 lg(Hb + K4 Diffraction_loss + K5 lg(d) lg(Hb + K6 **Hm + Kclutter **f(clutter) + K6 Hm + Kclutter f(clutter)
K1, ,constant, relate to frequency K1 constant, relate to frequency K2, ,distance factor, show the speed of signal fading along with distance K distance factor, show the speed of signal fading along with distance
2

K3, ,affect the relation between path-loss and transmitter antenna height K3 affect the relation between path-loss and transmitter antenna height Diffraction_loss, according to the selected diffraction algorithm Diffraction_loss, according to the selected diffraction algorithm f(clutter), avg. clutter loss according to the digital map f(clutter), avg. clutter loss according to the digital map
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Propagation Model
Model Tuning Why
Propagation environment is very complicated No universal model Its necessary to calibrate the model based on the on-site test

How
On-siteTest
CW (Continuous Wave) test Accurate but high cost (money and workload) Existing telecommunication network DT

Calibrate the model by software (U-Net)

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Coverage Dimensioning
Max Path Loss Propagation Model Coverage Dimensioning

Capacity Dimensioning

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Coverage Dimensioning
Cell Radius
Path Loss = f (frequency, distance, BTS antenna height)
Allowable max. path loss, calculated through link budget Frequency, confirmed BTS antenna height, designed according to: Distance, i.e. cell radius, can be figured out

UL/DL Balance
Balance or Not? Cell radius? UL or DL?
UL DL

Difference:
BTS/MS Tx power Tx Combiner loss BTS/MS Rx sensitivity Rx diversity gain UL/DL Frequency TMA gain

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Coverage Dimensioning
Coverage Area of Single Site Coverage area of single site
R

3-cell site with 65degree H-BW antenna

Area = 9 3R2 8

Omni site 3-cell site with 90degree H-BW antenna

Area = 3 3R 2 2

Distance between 2 sites

Normal site: D = 1.5 * R Highway site: D = 2 * R
D R

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Coverage Dimensioning
BTS Quantity Dimensioning Coverage Requirement
Total coverage area: XXX Km2 Divided into several scenarios
CBD, Dense urban, Urban, Suburban, Rural, Highway, etc. Area of each scenario

BTS Quantity Dimensioning

Except for highway:

BTSQuantity =
Highway:

Total Area of EachScenario CoverageArea of Single Site Total Length of Highway 2 * CellRadiusof Single Site
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BTSQuantity =

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Coverage Dimensioning
BTS Layout Shortcoming of Dimensioning
Too simple, based on the theoretic calculation only Lack of consideration of actual situation
Scrambling of coverage area Unnecessary area Possibility of sites acquisition

How to improvement
Field survey
Terrain, scenario division, buildings, population, existing networks,

Lay out BTS depends on both dimensioning and map

Digital map, GoogleEarth, traditional map, photographs,
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Coverage Dimensioning
Max Path Loss Propagation Model Coverage Dimensioning

Capacity Dimensioning

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Capacity Dimensioning
Capacity Planning Process
Coverage area per Site Traffic model Distribution of Subscribers Traffic Load per Site GoS Limitation Judgment
Capacity limitation Erlang-B

TRX/Channel/ Configuration

Coverage limitation

END

Frequency Planning

Figure out the max. configuration

Coverage Dimensioning BTS Quantity

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Capacity Dimensioning
Key Factor: Traffic Model Traffic Model
Traffic refers to the usage of channels and is usually thought as the holding time per time unit for one or several circuits.

Erlang
Erlang (E) is the unit of measurement for traffic intensity. Measure of Traffic: 1 Erlang = 1 Call with duration 1 Hour A = n x T / 3600 Erlang where, A = offered traffic from one or more users in the system n = number of calls per hour T = average call time in seconds

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Capacity Dimensioning
Key Factor: GoS GoS (Grade of Service)
It is the probability of a call in a circuit group being blocked or delayed for more than a specified interval. For a Lost Call system, the GoS can be measured using such equation:

Grade of Service=

Number of lost calls Number of offered calls

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Capacity Dimensioning
Key Factor: Erlang-B

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Capacity Dimensioning
Example
How many 3 sectored sites needed for Area X if Traffic per subscriber = 25mE Number of Subscribers = 10,000 Max Configuration of BTS is S222 GoS = 2% Answer: Traffic channels per Cell = 2 x 8 1 (Control Channels) = 15 TCH Traffic per cell = 15 TCH with 2% GoS = 9.01Erlangs (from Erlangs B Table) The number of subscribers per cell = 9.01 E / 25 mE = 328 No of cells needed = 10,000 / 328 = 28 cells No of 3 sector sites needed = 10

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Thank you
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