Background The heat of solution is described as the change in energy that occurs when one mole of a solute dissolves

in water. When a solid dissolves in water to form a solution, energy can either be released (exothermic) or absorbed (endothermic). To determine if reaction is exothermic or endothermic, a calorimeter can be used to measure the amount heat lost or gained. When the solid dissolves in a calorimeter there is no heat exchange between the content of the calorimeter and its outside environment, only between the components within the calorimeter. Measuring the temperature change that occurs within a calorimeter is used to determine the heat of solution of the solid. The amount of heat change occurring in the calorimeter may be calculated using the basic heat equation: q = mCT. Purpose To determine the molar heat of solution associated with dissolving Ammonium nitrate and sodium acetate. Hypothesis Materials Calorimeter Thermometer 100 ml graduated cylinder Electronic balance Stirring rod Sodium acetate, NaCH3COO Ammonium nitrate, NH4NO Procedure 1) Measured the mass of Ammonium nitrate to approximately 5.75 grams. 2) Measured the mass of the inner cup of the calorimeter and the stirrer. 3) Added approximately 99.3 grams of room temperature distilled water into the inner cup of the calorimeter and measured the mass of the cup and water. 4) The calorimeter was assembled and the thermometer was fixed into place (see diagram 1). After the water was stirred briefly, the temperature was then recorded. 5) Added the solid into the calorimeter and stirred the contents briefly, to properly dissolve the solid. The temperature of the reaction was then recorded. 6) Deposited the waste into proper containers and repeated the experiment was again with the other solid.

Data Ammonium nitrate 28.39 g 44.05 g 98.8 g 5.75 g 21 oC 17 oC Sodium acetate 28.39 g 44.05 g 99.3 g 5.01 g 21oC 22oC

Mass of stirrer Mass of Inner cup Mass of cup and water Mass of solid Initial temperature of H2O Final temperature of H2O

Analysis of data The data shows that when ammonium nitrate was dissolved in water the temperature decreased which indicated an endothermic reactions. While in sodium acetate the temperature rose which indicates an exothermic reaction, The calculations supports this because the molar enthalpy was positive for ammonium nitrate while it was negative for sodium acetate. Questions 1. NH4NO3(s)--> NH4+1(aq) + NO3-1(aq) H= +26.2kj/mol NaC2H3O2(s) ---> NaC2H3O2(aq) H= -7.76kj/mol 2. When a solid dissolves in water, the first step that occurs is that the intermolecular molecular bonds between the solute-solute and solventsolvent bonds are broken. The is classified as an endothermic process because energy must be absorbed into the system for the bonds to be broken. The next step involves the solute-solvent intermolecular bonds form, which is an exothermic process because it release energy. 3. The process of dissolving involves the making and breaking of bonds which requires energy. The reaction can be endothermic or exothermic depending of the amount of energy used to break these bonds. If more energy is released in making bonds than is used in breaking bonds, the process is exothermic. If more energy is used than is released, the process is endothermic. 4. Because distilled water is pure H20, which prevents side reaction and contamination of products. When using distilled water you know, if you get an unexpected results, that it was directly linked to your experiment, not something that could have been in the water.

Conclusion The thermorchemistry lab was done to determine the amount lost or gained when ammonium nitrate and sodium acetate is dissolved in water. The process proved the hypothesis because as predicted the ammonium nitrate yielded an endothermic reaction while sodium nitrate was exothermic.

Error Analysis Both experiment displayed noticeable percentage of error. Their are various reason that could have caused this error in the experiment. One of the most obvious ones is an inaccurate reading of the thermometer. If the thermometer was read inaccurately due to various reasons then the correct temperature change was not recorded, which leads to an inaccurate molar enthalpy. Also, a more accurate reading could been obtained if the thermometer was read for a longer time. Another possible source of error is the increase in heat by stirring due to increased kinetic energy. Error also could have been caused if the lid was not snapped onto the calorimeter correctly, which would have allowed heat to escape from the calorimeter or let cold air in. Also, an accidentally untared balance could have drastically altered the results of the experiment, although there was no note of this occurring.

Heat of Solution

Purpose- measure the energy change caused by dissolving one mole of ammonium nitrate in water. To measure experimentally the amount of heat absorbed or released during the dissolving
of ammonium nitrate and of sodium acetate in water.

Hypothesis- The reation of amonium nitrate will be exothermic while 1)

NH4NO3(s)--> NH4+1(aq) + NO3-1(aq) + 23.8kJ

H = -23.8 kJ

2) The process of dissolving requires two things to happen.

First the intermolecular forces between solute molecules and the forces between solvent molecules must be broken. This is endothermic because energy must be inputed into the system in order for the bonds to break.The second step would be for formation of solute-solvent intermolecular bonds. Forming bonds always releases energy this would be an exothermic process.
involves the breaking of solute-solute and solvent-solvent bonds, step 2 involves ordered systems becoming random, and step 3 involves the making of solute-solvent bonds. The first two steps absorb energy (i.e. they are endothermic), and the third step gives off energy (i.e. it is exothermic). When a solid dissolves the first step that happens is that the intermolecular molecular bonds between the solute-solute and solvent-solvent bonds are broken. The is classified as an endothermic process because enegy must be absorbed into the system for the bonds to be broken. The second step is

4) Because distilled water is pure H20, which prevents side reaction and contamination of products. When using distilled water you know, if you get an unexpected results, that it was directly linked to your experiment, not something that could have been in the water!

The breaking of bonds requires or absorbs energy. Using energy like that is called endothermic. The formation of bonds releases energy. That is called exothermic. Dissolution overall can be either endothermic or exothermic, depending on whether more energy was used to break the bonds, or more energy was released when new bonds were formed. If more energy is released in making bonds than is used in breaking bonds, the process is exothermic. If more energy is used than is released, the process is endothermic.

inaccuracy in reading balance 2) inaccuracy in reading thermometer 3) ice cube not dried off completely 4) water spilled or evaporated 5) water should cool the same amount below room temperaure as the warm water was initially warmed above room

temperature. 6) not all of ice was melted 7) leak in styrofoam cup

4 years ago

Inaccurate thermometer Inaccurate balance Inaccurate graduated cylinder

Heat of Solution of a Solid

The purposes of this lab, to develop an understanding of temperature, heat, heat capacity, and specific heat, and to use calorimetry to determine the specific heat of an unknown metal and to measure the heat of solution of an ammonium salt, were fulfilled. In the first part of the lab, using calorimeter #1, the specific heat of the unknown metal #5 was found to be 0.243 J/gC. In the second part of the lab, using calorimeter #1 and the salt ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3), the experimental enthalpy of solution was calculated. In the first trial, it was found to be 20 kJ/mol. In the second trial, it was found to be 21 kJ/mol. This resulted in an average experimental enthalpy of solution of 20.5 kJ/mol (21 kJ/mol when using proper significant figures). The theoretical enthalpy of solution for the salt solution was found to be 28.1 kJ/mol. Sources of error for this lab included any error related to incorrectly recorded data from the computer software. Also, if the supercooling temperature was recorded for the final value in part 2, instead of the true, leveled-off value, this would have caused the change in temperature to be incorrect, throwing off all of the calculations. Error also could have been caused if the lid was not snapped onto the calorimeter correctly. Also, an accidentally untared balance could have drastically altered the results of the experiment, although there was no note of this occurring.