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Problems 1

This document contains 7 sample problems related to optical communications. Each problem provides an introduction, relevant equations, and step-by-step workings to arrive at the solution. The problems cover topics such as calculating the number of photons received, determining the maximum fiber length, wavelength to frequency conversion, calculating transmitted photons, laser threshold gain, fiber mode conditions, and Raman amplification. Complex equations and multiple steps are required to solve most of the problems.

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Franko Ney Félix
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© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
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192 views

Problems 1

This document contains 7 sample problems related to optical communications. Each problem provides an introduction, relevant equations, and step-by-step workings to arrive at the solution. The problems cover topics such as calculating the number of photons received, determining the maximum fiber length, wavelength to frequency conversion, calculating transmitted photons, laser threshold gain, fiber mode conditions, and Raman amplification. Complex equations and multiple steps are required to solve most of the problems.

Uploaded by

Franko Ney Félix
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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15.05.

05

Introduction to Optical Communications.


Problems and Solutions
Dr. B.I. Lembrikov
Department of Communication Engineering.
Holon Academic Institute of Technology
I.

Sample Problem 1

A = 1:55 m digital communication system operating at B = 1Gb=s


receives an average power P (dBm) = 40dBm at the detector. Assuming
that 1 and 0 bits are equallylikely to occur, calculate the number of
photons Nph received within each 1 bit.
Solution.
P (dBm) = 10 log10

P
1mW

! P (mW ) = 10P (dBm)=10

= 10 4 mW = 10 7 W
The energy E is given by
E = P T; T =

1
= 10 9 s ! E = 10
B

10

= 10

The number of photons Nph


Nph =
10 16 1:55 10 6
6:6260755 10 34 3 108

E
E
10 16
=
=
h
hc
6:6260755

= 779: 75
780 photons
1

1:55 10
10 34 3

108

16

Joule

II.

Sample Problem 2

A = 0:8 m optical receiver needs at least Nmin = 1000 photons to detect


the 1 bit accurately. The ber loss is loss = 2dB=km at = 0:8 m. Assume
the NRZ format and a rectangular pulse shape. What is the maximum
possible length Lmax of the ber link for a B = 100M b=s optical
communication designed to transmit P (dBm) = 10dBm of average
power?
Solution.

Popt (dBm) = 10 log10

Popt
1mW

! Popt (mW ) = 10Popt (dBm)=10

= 10 1 mW = 10 4 W
Nmin h
1
(Preceiver )min =
; T =
T
B
Nmin hc
(Preceiver )min =
B
Popt
(Preceiver )min
Lmax =

Popt
(Preceiver )min

= 10 log
=

10
log
2

1000

10 4 0:8 10 6
1000 6:6260755 10 34 3 108 108

Popt

(dB) = 10 log

(Preceiver )min

(dB)

Popt
Nmin hcB

1
loss (dB=km)

1
loss (dB=km)

10 4 0:8
6:6260755 10

10
34

108

= 4024: 5

= 5 log10 (4024: 5)

5 (log10 4 + 3)

4 = 10x , Solution is : fx = : 602 06g


log10 4 = 0: 602 06
Lmax = 15 + 5

0: 602 06
2

18km

108

III.

Sample Problem 3

Calculate the carrier frequency and energy in eV for optical


communication systems operating at 1;2;3 = 0:8, 1:3, and 1:55 m.
Solution.
=
3 108
0:8 10

= 3: 75

3
3 108
1:55 10

3
=
1:3

108
10

= 3: 75

1014 Hz

= 2: 307 7

1014 Hz

3 108
1:55 10

= 1: 935 5

1014 Hz

10 34 3: 75
1:6 10 19

6:626
h
! E1 (eV ) =
e

6:626 10 34 3: 75 1014
1:6 10 19

1014

= 1: 553eV

= 1: 553

E2 (eV ) =
6:626 10 34 2: 307 7 1014
1:6 10 19

E3 (eV ) =
6:626 10 34 1: 935 5 1014
1:6 10 19

IV.

1014

= 1: 935 5

E (eV ) =

108
10

3
0:8

1014

= 2: 307 7

1014
2

3 108
1:3 10

6:626

10 34 2: 307 7
1:6 10 19

1014

= 0: 955 68eV

= : 955 68
6:626

10 34 1: 935 5
1:6 10 19

1014

= 0: 801 54eV

= : 801 54

Sample Problem 4

A = 1:3 m optical transmitter is used to obtain a digital bit stream


at a bit rate of B = 2Gb=s. Calculate the number of photons Nph
3

contained in a single 1 bit when the average power emitted by the


transmitter is P = 4mW . Assume that the 0 bits carry no energy.
Solution
1
c
P T
; T = ; =
h
B
3
P
4 10
1:3 10 6
=
=
hcB
6:626 10 34 3 108 2
Nph =

Nph
4 10
6:626 10

3
34

1:3 10 6
3 108 2 102

1014

= 1: 308
13

V.

102

1013 photons

Sample Problem 5

The active region of a 1:3 m Fabri-Perot InGaAsP laser is L = 250 m,


internal loss coe cient int = 30cm 1 , mode refraction index n = 3:3, the
connement factor a = 0:4. Neglect the material dispersion.
Find the material gain gm required for the laser to reach threshold. Find the distance
L between the FP cavity modes.
Solution
I
1. The evaluation of the reection coe cents R1;2
.

I
R1;2
3:3 1 2
3:3+1

n 1
n+1

3:3 1
3:3 + 1

= : 286 1
= 0: 286 1

2. The evaluation of the threshold gain g.


g=
30 +

int

1
2 250 10

1
ln
2L
4

ln

1
R1I R2I

1
0: 286 12

= 30 +

1
250 10

= 80: 057
= 80: 057cm
4

ln

1
0: 286 12

3. The material gain.


g=

a gm

! gm =

80: 057
0:4

200cm

4. The distance between modes.


m

=
L

3 1010
2 3:3 250 10

VI.

m 1

c
2nL

1011

= 1: 818 2
L

c
m; m = 1; 2; 3; :::
2nL

3
3:3

1010
250 10

= 1: 818 2

1011 Hz

Sample Problem 6

A single-mode ber has an in index step


n1

n2 = 0:005

where n1 = 1:45. Calculate the core radius a if the ber has a cuto
wavelength of c = 1 m.
Solution
The conditon of a single-mode regime is
V = p01 = 2:405
where
V =

2 a
c

n21

n22

and p01 is the rst root of the rst kind Bessel function of the zeroth order
J0 (x).
2:405
p01 c
p
a= p 2
=
2
2
1:452 1:4452
2
n1 n2
2

p 2:405
1:452 1:4452

= 3: 181 5

= 3: 181 5 m
5

VII.

Sample Problem 7

A Raman amplier is pumped in the backward direction using a pumping


power Pp (L) = 1W . The ber length L = 5km, a signal is injected into the
amplier: Ps (0) = 1 W . The Raman gain is gR = 6 10 14 m=W ; the cross
section area Aef f = 50 m2 ; the losses are p (dB=km) = 0:25dB=km and
s (dB=km) = 0:2dB=km. Find the output signal power Ps (L) .
Solution
1. Evaluation of losses.
p L (dB)

s L (dB)

(dB=km) L = 0:25
s

(dB=km) L = 0:2

sL

= 10

5 = 1:25dB
5 = 1dB

s L(dB)=10

= 100:1 = 1: 258 9
100:1 = 1: 258 9
pL

= 10

p L(dB)=10

= 100:125 = 1: 333 5
1: 333 5
m 3
p =
5 103
100:125 = 1: 333 5
2. Evaluation of Lef f . Taking into account the backward pumping we
have
Pp (L) = Pp (0) exp ( p L)
and
Lef f =

exp (

p L)

(1
(1 exp(1:3335)) 5 103
1:3335

exp (1:3335))
1:3335

= 10477:
= 10477m

103

3. Evaluation of the output signal power.


Ps (L) = Ps (0) exp

10
10

exp

exp

6 10 14 1 10477
50 10 12

gR Pp (L) Lef f
Aef f

10 14 1
50 10

10477
12

1: 258 9 = 0:081 92

= 0:081 92W = 82mW

sL

1: 258 9

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