Integral Calculus

Indefinite Integrals Definition: A function F(x) is the antiderivative of a function (x) if for all x in the domain of , F'(x) = (x) (x) dx = F(x) + C, where C is a constant. Basic Integration Formulas General and Logarithmic Integrals
1. k(x) dx = k (x) dx 3. 5. k dx = kx + C ex dx = ex + C 2. 4. 6. [(x) xn dx = ax dx = g(x)] dx = (x) dx + C, n -1 1 g(x) dx

+ C, a 0, a

7.

= ln |x| + C

Trigonometric Integrals
1. 3. 5. 7. 9. 11. 13. sin x dx = -cos x + C sec2 x dx = tan x + C sec x tan x dx = sec x + C tan x dx = -ln |cos x| + C sec x dx = ln |sec x + tan x| + C 2. 4. 6. 8. 10. 12. cos x dx = sin x + C csc2 x dx = -cot x + C csc x cot x dx = -csc x + C cot x dx = ln |sin x| + C csc x dx = -ln |csc x + cot x| + C

Integration by Substitution

(g(x))g'(x) dx = F(g(x)) + C If u = g(x), then du = g'(x) dx and Integration by Parts u dv = uv v du (u) du = F(u) + C

Distance, Velocity, and Acceleration (on Earth) a(t) = s''(t) = -32 ft/sec2 v(t) = s'(t) = s''(t) dt = -32 dt = -32t + C1

at t = 0, v0 = v(0) = (-32)(0) + C1 = C1 s(t) = v(t) dt = (-32t + v0) dt = -16t2 + v0t + C2

Separable Differential Equations It is sometimes possible to separate variables and write a differential equation in the form (y) dy + g(x) dx = 0 by integrating: (y) dy +
Exercise: Solve for 2x dx + y dy = 0 x2 + =C

g(x) dx = C

Applications to Growth and Decay Often, the rate of change or a variable y is proportional to the variable itself.
separate the variables integrate both sides

= ky = k dt ln |y| = kt + C1

y = Cekt

Law of Exponential Growth and Decay Exponential growth when k 0 Exponential decay when k 0

Definition of the Definite Integral The definite integral is the limit of the Riemann sum of on the interval [a, b]

(x) dx Properties of Definite Integrals 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. [(x) + g(x)] dx = k(x) dx + k (x) dx = 0 (x) dx = (x) dx + (x) dx (x) dx = (x) dx (x) dx g(x) dx (x) dx + g(x) dx

(x) dx

6. If (x) g(x) on [a, b], then

Approximations to the Definite Integral Riemann Sums

(x)dx = Sn = Trapezoidal Rule (x)dx [ (x0) + (x1) + (x2) + ... + (xn-1) + (xn)]

The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus If is continuous on [a, b] and if F' = , then

(x) dx = F(b) - F(a) The Second Fundamental Theorem of Calculus If is continuous on an open interval I containing a, then for every x in the interval, (t) dt = (x) Area Under a Curve
If If If (x) (x) (x) (x) Exercise 0 on [a, b] 0 on [a, b] 0 on [a, c] and 0 on [c, b] The area enclosed by the graphs of y = 2x2 and y = 4x + 6 is: (A) 76/3 (B) 32/3 (C) 80/3 (D) 64/3 (E) 68/3 2x2 = 4x + 6 2x2 - 4x + 6 = 0 x = -1, 3 A= A=A= (x) dx (x) dx (x) dx (x) dx

The answer is D. Intersection of graphs:

A=

4x + 6 - 2x2

= (2x2 + 6x ) = 18 + 18 - 18 - (2 - 6 + 2/3) = 64/3

Average Value of a Function on an Interval (x) dx Volumes of Solids with Known Cross Sections 1. For cross sections of area A(x), taken perpendicular to the x-axis:

V=

A(x) dx

2. For cross sections of area A(y), taken perpendicular to the y-axis: V= A(y) dy

Volumes of Solids of Revolution: Disk Method

Rotated about the x-axis: Rotated about the y-axis:

Volumes of Solids of Revolution: Washer Method

Rotated about the x-axis: Rotated about the y-axis: Exercise:

Find the volume of the region bounded by the y-axis, y = 4, and y = x2 if it is rotated about the line y = 6. [(x2 - 6)2 - (4 - 6)2 ]dx = cubic units

Volumes of Solids of Revolution: Cylindrical Shell Method

Rotated about the x-axis: Rotated about the y-axis:

Some Useful Formulas

sin2x + cos2x = 1 1 + tan2x = sec2x 1 + cot2x = csc2x sin 2x = 2 sin x cos x cos 2x = cos2x - sin2x sin2x = (1- cos 2) cos2x = (1+ cos 2) Volume of a right circular cylinder = Volume of a cone = Volume of a sphere = r2h r3 r2 h

Double Integrals Over General Regions

In the previous section we looked at double integrals over rectangular regions. The problem with this is that most of the regions are not rectangular so we need to now look at the following double integral,

where D is any region. There are two types of regions that we need to look at. Here is a sketch of both of them.

We will often use set builder notation to describe these regions. Here is the definition for the region in Case 1

and here is the definition for the region in Case 2.

This notation is really just a fancy way of saying we are going to use all the points, inequalities. , in which both of the coordinates satisfy the two given

The double integral for both of these cases are defined in terms of iterated integrals as follows. In Case 1 where the integral is defined to be,

In Case 2 where the integral is defined to be,

Here are some properties of the double integral that we should go over before we actually do some examples. Note that all three of these properties are really just extensions of properties of single integrals that have been extended to double integrals. Properties

1.

2. , where c is any constant. 3. If the region D can be split into two separate regions D1 and D2 then the integral can be written as

Lets take a look at some examples of double integrals over general regions.
Example 1 Evaluate each of the following integrals over the given region D.

(a)

,
[Solution]

(b) by (c) vertices

, D is the region bounded and . [Solution] , D is the triangle with , , and .

Solution

(a)

Okay, this first one is set up to just use the formula above so lets do that.

[Return to Problems]

(b) and .

, D is the region bounded by

In this case we need to determine the two inequalities for x and y that we need to do the integral. The best way to do this is the graph the two curves. Here is a sketch.

So, from the sketch we can see that that two inequalities are,

We can now do the integral,

[Return to Problems]

(c) vertices , , and

, D is the triangle with .

We got even less information about the region this time. Lets start this off by sketching the triangle.

Since we have two points on each edge it is easy to get the equations for each edge and so well leave it to you to verify the equations. Now, there are two ways to describe this region. If we use functions of x, as shown in the image we will have to break the region up into two different pieces since the lower function is different depending upon the value of x. In this case the region would be given by where,

Note the is the union symbol and just means that D is the region we get by combing the two regions. If we do this then well need to do two separate integrals, one for each of the regions. To avoid this we could turn things around and solve the two equations for x to get,

If we do this we can notice that the same function is always on the right and the same function is always on the left and so the region is,

Writing the region in this form means doing a single integral instead of the two integrals wed have to do otherwise. Either way should give the same answer and so we can get an example in the notes of splitting a region up lets do both integrals. Solution 1

That was a lot of work. Notice however, that after we did the first substitution that we didnt multiply everything out. The two quadratic terms can be easily integrated with a basic Calc I substitution and so we didnt bother to multiply them out. Well do that on occasion to make some of these integrals a little easier. Solution 2 This solution will be a lot less work since we are only going to do a single integral.

So, the numbers were a little messier, but other than that there was much less work for the same result. Also notice that again we didnt cube out the two terms as they are easier to deal with using a Calc I substitution.
[Return to Problems]

As the last part of the previous example has shown us we can integrate these integrals in either order (i.e. x followed by y or y followed by x), although often one order will be easier than the other. In fact there will be times when it will not even be possible

to do the integral in one order while it will be possible to do the integral in the other order. Lets see a couple of examples of these kinds of integrals.
Example 2 Evaluate the following integrals by first reversing the order of integration.

(a)

[Solution]

(b) Solution

[Solution]

(a) First, notice that if we try to integrate with respect to y we cant do the integral because we would need a y2 in front of the exponential in order to do the y integration. We are going to hope that if we reverse the order of integration we will get an integral that we can do. Now, when we say that were going to reverse the order of integration this means that we want to integrate with respect to x first and then y. Note as well that we cant just interchange the integrals, keeping the original limits, and be done with it. This would not fix our original problem and in order to integrate with respect to x we cant have xs in the limits of the integrals. Even if we ignored that the answer would not be a constant as it should be. So, lets see how we reverse the order of integration. The best way to reverse the order of integration is to first sketch the region given by the original limits of integration. From the integral we see that the inequalities that define this region are,

These inequalities tell us that we want the region with boundary and and on the upper boundary that lies between . Here is a sketch of that region.

on the lower

Since we want to integrate with respect to x first we will need to determine limits of x (probably in terms of y) and then get the limits on the ys. Here they are for this region.

Any horizontal line drawn in this region will start at

and end at

and so these are the limits on the xs and the range of ys for the regions is 0 to 9. The integral, with the order reversed, is now,

and notice that we can do the first integration with this order. Well also hope that this will give us a second integral that we can do. Here is the work for this integral.

[Return to Problems]

(b) As with the first integral we cannot do this integral by integrating with respect to x first so well hope that by reversing the order of integration we will get something that we can integrate. Here are the limits for the variables that we get from this integral.

and here is a sketch of this region.

So, if we reverse the order of integration we get the following limits.

The integral is then,

[Return to Problems]

The final topic of this section is two geometric interpretations of a double integral. The first interpretation is an extension of the idea that we used to develop the idea of a double integral in the first section of this chapter. We did this by looking at the volume of the solid that was below the surface of the function and over the rectangle R in thexy-plane. This idea can be extended to more general regions. The volume of the solid that lies below the surface given by and above the region D in the xy-plane is given by,

Example 3 Find the volume of the solid that lies below the surface given by bounded by and and lies above the region in the xy-plane .

Solution Here is the graph of the surface and weve tried to show the region in the xy-plane below the surface.

Here is a sketch of the region in the xy-plane by itself.

By setting the two bounding equations equal we can see that they will intersect at and . So, the inequalities that will define the region D in the xyplane are,

The volume is then given by,

Example 4 Find the volume of the solid enclosed by the planes , , , .

Solution This example is a little different from the previous one. Here the region D is not explicitly given so were going to have to find it. First, notice that the last two planes are really telling us that we wont go past the xy-plane and the yz-plane when we reach them. The first plane, and so we are really looking for the volume under, and above the region D in the xy-plane. The second plane, plane), gives one of the sides of the volume as shown below. , is the top of the volume

(yes that is a

The region D will be the region in the xy-plane (i.e. by , , and the line where

) that is bounded

intersects the xy-plane. We can determine

where plugging

intersects the xy-plane by into it.

So, here is a sketch the region D.

The region D is really where this solid will sit on the xy-plane and here are the inequalities that define the region.

Here is the volume of this solid.

The second geometric interpretation of a double integral is the following.

This is easy to see why this is true in general. Lets suppose that we want to find the area of the region shown below.

From Calculus I we know that this area can be found by the integral,

Or in terms of a double integral we have,

This is exactly the same formula we had in Calculus I.