TISSUES

cell junctions points of contact between plasma membranes of cells by which they are tightly joined

I. EPITHELIAL TISSUE - linings of body cavities, hollow organs, ducts, and form glands - two types: o covering and lining o glandular - outer covering of skin and organs; linings of body cavities, blood vessels, ducts and interiors of respiratory, reproductive, urinary and digestive system - composed of closely packed cells arranged in continuous sheets - has apical, lateral and basal surface o basement membrane: composed of protein fibers located between the epithelium and underlying connective tissue - avascular; nourishment occurs by diffusion - has nerve supply -regenerates quickly COVERING AND LINING EPITHELIUM CLASSIFICATION A. According to arrangement of cells in layers 1. Simple single layer; diffusion, osmosis, filtration, secretion (production and release of substances) and absorption (intake of substances) 2. Pseudostratified single-layered but appears layered 3. Stratified two or more layers B. According to cell shapes 1. Squamous thin; allows rapid passage of substances 2. Cuboidal cubed/hexagonal; may have microvili at apical surface for secretion and absorption 3. Columnar much taller than wider; often specialized for absorption and secretion 4. Transitional varies shape; from flat to cuboidal and back C. Combination 1. Simple Squamous - single layer of flat cells - nucleus is flattened oval or sphere and is centrally located - found in parts where filtration and diffusion are priority processes like kidney, lungs, heart (endothelium), serous membranes like pleura, peritoneum or pericardium (mesothelium) 2. Simple Cuboidal - cell nuclei are usually round and centrally located - found in thyroid glands and kidneys - perform absorption and secretion 3. Simple Columnar a. Nonciliated - columnar epithelium cells with microvilli and goblet cells

microvilli fingerlike projections which increase absorption capacity o goblet cells modified columnar cells secreting mucus (lubricant) b. Ciliated upper respiratory tract 4. Pseudostratified ciliated ones secrete mucus or bear cilia; noncilaited perform absorption and protection 5 .Stratified Squamous apical layer: flat cells; deeper layer: cuboidal/columnar - keratinized/nonkeratinized 6. Stratified Cuboidal protective; sometimes for secretion/absorption 7. Stratified Columnar apical layer is the only columnar shaped; protection and secretion 8. Transitional lines structures subject to expansion like urinary bladder

GLANDULAR EPITHELIUM - secretion GLAND - group of highly specialized epithelial cells that secrete substances into ducts, a surface or blood A. Endocrine secretes hormones w/c regulate metabolic and physiological processes B. Exocrine secretes products into ducts that empty at the surface of covering and lining epithelium II. CONNECTIVE TISSUES - most abundant; widely distributed - binds together, supports and strengthens other body tissues - protects/insulates organs - compartmentalizes structures - two basic elements a. extracellular matrix material between cells; protein fibers and ground substance - secreted by connective tissue cells b. cells - vascular - supplied with nerves except cartilage TYPES OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE CELLS A. Fibroblasts - branched, large, flat - usually most numerous - secrete fibers and ground substance B. Macrophages- develop from monocytes - irregularly shaped; shortly branched (pseudopods) - phagocyte C. Plasma Cells - small; develop from B lymphocyte - secrete antibodies D. Mast Cells - abundant alongside blood vessels - produce histamine; kill bacteria E. Adipocytes - fat cells; store triglycerides - around heart and kidneys

CONNECTIVE TISSUE EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX A. Ground Substance contains water and organic molecules like polysaccharides and proteins o hyaluronic acid viscous, slippery substance that bind cells together, lubricates joints, help maintain shape of eyeballs o hyaluronidase an enzyme w/c breaks apart hyaluronic acid watery o chondroitin sulfate provide support and adhesiveness in connective tissues o glucosamine protein-polysaccharide molecule B. Fibers - strengthens and support connective tissues - three types: a. Collagen very strong; promotes flexibility - occur in bundles; parallel - found in bonds, cartilage, tendons and ligaments b. Elastic fibers - branched hence forms network - smaller in diameter than collagen - composed of elastin surrounded by fibrillin (glycoprotein) - several in skin, blood vessel walls, lung tissue c. Reticular fibers- consist of collagen surrounded by glycoprotein - thinner than collagen - produced by fibroblasts - supports, strengthens - forms stroma and basement membrane CLASSIFICATION OF CONNECTIVE TISSUES A. Loose Connective 1. Areolar - most widely distributed - contains fibroblasts, macrophages, plasma cells, mast cells and adipocytes - forms subcutaneous layer together with adipose tissue 2. Adipose - stores triglycerides - good insulator; reduces heat loss through the skin 3. Reticular - forms stroma; binds, filters B. Dense Connective 1. Dense Regular

2. Dense Irregular 3. Elastic Connective

- collagen fibers arranged regularly - silvery white and tough, somewhat pliable - tendons and ligaments - occurs in sheets like in the dermis - heart valves, perichondrium, periosteum - yellowish - has fibroblasts

C. Cartilage

- dense network of collagen/elastic fibers firmly embedded in chondroitin sulfate - resilient - chondrocytes (cells) occur within lacunae (spaces) - perichondirum surrounds cartilage - does not have blood supply - secretes antiangiogenesis factor which prevents blood vessel growth

1. Hyaline

- has resilient gel - bluish-white and shiny - surrounded by perichondrium - most abundant; affords flexibility; weakest 2. Fibrocartilage has chondrocytes; no perichondrium - strongest; rigid - located between disks in the vertebrae 3. Elastic - chondrocytes in threadlike arrangement; has perichondrium D. Bone Tissues - osseus - supports soft tissues, protect delicate structures and works with skeletal muscles to generate movement

E. Liquid Connective 1. Blood tissue - has liquid extracellular matrix called blood plasma (pale yellow fluid) - contains red blood cells (oxygen transport), white blood cells (phagocytosis, immunity and allergic reactions) and platelets (blood clotting) 2. Lymph - flows in lymphatic vessels MEMBRANES - flat sheets of pliable tissue covering or lining a body part EPITHELIAL MEMBRANE - combination of epithelial layer and underlying connective tissue layer A. Mucous Membrane - aka mucosa - lines a body cavity that opens directly to the exterior - digestive, respiratory, reproductive and urinary - mucus: prevents cavities from drying out - traps particles in respiratory passageways - lubricates and absorbs food - secretes digestive enzymes B. Serous Membrane - lines body cavities that do not open directly to the exterior - covers organs within the cavity - two layers: * parietal attached to the cavity wall * visceral covers and attaches organs inside the cavities - mesothelium: simple squamous epithelium which secretes serous fluid (watery lubricant) - covers lungs pleura - lines heart cavity pericardium - lines abdominal cavity peritoneum C. Synovial Membranes - lines cavities of joints - composed of areolar connective and adipose tissues; no epithelium

- contains cells called synoviocytes which secrete synovial fluid (lubricates, nourishes, removes microbes) MUSCULAR TISSSUE - composed of muscle fibers (elongated) which generate force - produces motion, maintains posture, generates heat - three types: skeletal, cardiac and smooth NERVOUS TISSUE - two cells: 1. Neurons nerve cells; sensitive to various stimuli 2. Neuroglia do not conduct nerve impulses; supportive functions TISSUE REPAIR - process that replaces worn-out, damaged, dead cells STROMA/PARENCHYMA - origin of new cells formed by cell division STEM CELLS immature, undifferentiated cells which divide and replace damaged/old cells TISSUE REGENERATION successful repair FIBROSIS fibroblasts synthesize collagen and other extracellular matrix materials that aggregate to form scar tissue