Control Flow: Branching

CS10001: Programming & Data Structures

Pallab Dasgupta Professor, Dept. of Computer Sc. & Engg., Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur
Dept. of CSE, IIT KGP

Statements and Blocks

An expression followed by a semicolon becomes a statement. x = 5; i++; printf (The sum is %d\n, sum) ; Braces { and } are used to group declarations and statements together into a compound statement, or block. {

sum = sum + count; count++; printf (sum = %d\n, sum) ;

}
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Control Statements: What do they do?

Branching:
Allow different sets of instructions to be executed depending on the outcome of a logical test. Whether TRUE (non-zero) or FALSE (zero).

Looping:
Some applications may also require that a set of instructions be executed repeatedly, possibly again based on some condition.

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How do we specify the conditions?

Using relational operators.
Four relation operators: Two equality operations: <, <=, >, >= ==, !=

Using logical operators / connectives.

Two logical connectives: Unary negation operator: &&, | | !

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Expressions
(count <= 100) ((math+phys+chem)/3 >= 60) ((sex == M) && (age >= 21)) ((marks >== 80) && (marks < 90)) ((balance > 5000) | | (no_of_trans > 25)) (! (grade == A))

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The conditions evaluate to

Zero
Indicates FALSE.

Non-zero
Indicates TRUE. Typically the condition TRUE is represented by the value 1.

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Branching: The if Statement

if (expression) statement; if (expression) { Block of statements; }

The condition to be tested is any expression enclosed in parentheses. The expression is evaluated, and if its value is non-zero, the statement is executed.

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A decision can be made on any expression.

print Passed true print Good luck

zero - false nonzero - true

marks >= 40

false

if (marks>=40) { printf(Passed \n); printf(Good luck\n); } printf (End\n) ;

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Branching: if-else Statement

if (expression) { Block of statements; } else { Block of statements; } if (expression) { Block of statements; } else if (expression) { Block of statements; } else { Block of statements; }

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Grade Computation
START

READ MARKS

if (marks >= 80) printf (A) ; else if (marks >= 60) printf (B) ; else if (marks >=60) printf (C) ; else printf (Failed) ; printf (\nEnd\n) ;
NO
MARKS 40?

MARKS 80?

NO

MARKS 60?

NO

YES
OUTPUT A

YES
OUTPUT B

YES
OUTPUT C OUTPUT F

STOP
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STOP

STOP

STOP

int main () { int marks; scanf (%d, & marks) ; if (marks>= 80) { printf (A) ; printf (Good Job!) ; } else if (marks >= 60) printf (B) ; else if (marks >=60) printf (C) ; else { printf (Failed) ; printf (Study hard for the supplementary) ; } printf (\nEnd\n) ;

}
Dept. of CSE, IIT KGP

Find the larger of two numbers

START

int main () { int x, y; scanf (%d%d, &x, &y) ; if (x>y) printf (%d\n, x); else printf (%d\n, x); }
OUTPUT Y

READ X, Y

YES

IS X>Y?

NO

OUTPUT X

STOP

STOP

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Example 3: Largest of three numbers

START

READ X, Y, Z

YES

IS X > Y?

NO

Max = X

Max = Y

YES
OUTPUT Max STOP
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IS Max > Z?

NO
OUTPUT Z STOP

START

READ X, Y, Z

YES

IS X > Y?

NO

Max = X

Max = Y

YES
OUTPUT Max STOP

IS Max > Z?

NO
OUTPUT Z STOP

int main () { int x, y, z, max; scanf (%d%d%d,&x,&y,&z); if (x>y) max = x; else max = y; if (max > z) printf (%d, max) ; else printf (%d,z); }

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Example
#include <stdio.h> main() { int a,b,c; scanf (%d %d %d, &a, &b, &c); if ((a>=b) && (a>=c)) printf (\n The largest number is: %d, a); if ((b>=a) && (b>=c)) printf (\n The largest number is: %d, b); if ((c>=a) && (c>=b)) printf (\n The largest number is: %d, c); }

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Confusing Equality (==) and Assignment (=) Operators Dangerous error

Does not ordinarily cause syntax errors. Any expression that produces a value can be used in control structures. Nonzero values are true, zero values are false.

Example:
if ( payCode == 4 ) printf( "You get a bonus!\n" ); if ( payCode = 4 ) printf( "You get a bonus!\n" );

WRONG

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Nesting of if-else Structures

It is possible to nest if-else statements, one within another. All if statements may not be having the else part.
Confusion??

Rule to be remembered:
An else clause is associated with the closest preceding unmatched if. Some examples shown next.

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Dangling else problem

if (exp1) if (exp2) stmta else stmtb
if (exp1) { if (exp2) stmta else stmtb } if (exp1) { if (exp2) stmta } else stmtb

OR

Which one is the correct interpretation?

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Dangling else problem

if (exp1) if (exp2) stmta else stmtb
if (exp1) { if (exp2) stmta else stmtb }

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More examples
if e1 s1 else if e2 s2 if e1 s1 else if e2 s2 else s3 if e1 if e2 s1 else s2 else s3 if e1 if e2 s1 else s2

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Answers
if e1 s1 else if e2 s2 if e1 s1 else if e2 s2 else s3 if e1 if e2 s1 else s2 else s3 if e1 if e2 s1 else s2 if e1 s1 else { if e2 s2 } if e1 s1 else { if e2 s2 else s3 } if e1 { if e2 s1 else s2 } else s3 if e1 { if e2 s1 else s2 }

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Common Errors
c = getchar( ); if ((c == y) && (c == Y)) printf(Yes\n); else printf(No\n);

c = getchar( ); if ((c != n) || (c != N)) printf(Yes\n); else printf(No\n);

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The Conditional Operator ?:

This makes use of an expression that is either true or false. An appropriate value is selected, depending on the outcome of the logical expression. Example:
interest = (balance>5000) ? balance*0.2 : balance*0.1;

Returns a value
Equivalent to: if (balance > 5000) interest = balance*0.2; else interest = balance*0.1;

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More examples
Examples: x = ((a>10) && (b<5)) ? a+b : 0 (marks>=60) ? printf(Passed \n) : printf(Failed \n);

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The switch Statement

This causes a particular group of statements to be chosen from several available groups.
Uses switch statement and case labels. Syntax of the switch statement:
switch (expression) { case expression-1: { .. } case expression-2: { .. } case expression-m: { .. } default: { } }

where expression evaluates to int or char

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Examples
switch ( letter ) { case 'A': printf ("First letter \n"); break; case 'Z': printf ("Last letter \n"); break; default : printf ("Middle letter \n"); break; }

Will print this statement for all letters other than A or Z

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Examples
switch (choice = getchar()) { case r : case R: printf(Red); break; case b : case B : printf(Blue); break; case g : case G: printf(Green); break; default: printf(Black); Dept. of CSE, IIT KGP }

Since there isnt a break statement here, the control passes to the next statement (printf) without checking the next condition.

Another way
switch (choice = toupper(getchar())) { case R: case G: case B: default: } printf (RED \n); break; printf (GREEN \n); break; printf (BLUE \n); break; printf (Invalid choice \n);

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Rounding a Digit
switch (digit) { case 0: case 1: case 2: case 3: case 4: result = 0; printf (Round down\n); break; case 5: case 6: case 7: case 8: case 9: result = 10; printf(Round up\n); break; }

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case - : nt main () { result=operand1-operand2; int operand1, operand2; break; int result = 0; case * : char operation ; result=operand1*operand2; /* Get the input values */ break; printf (Enter operand1 :); case / : scanf(%d,&operand1) ; if (operand2 !=0) result=operand1/operand2; printf (Enter operation :); scanf (\n%c,&operation); else printf(Divide by 0 error); printf (Enter operand 2 :); break; scanf (%d, &operand2); default: switch (operation) { printf(Invalid operation\n); case + : } result=operand1+operand2; printf (The answer is %d\n,resul break; }
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The break Statement

Used to exit from a switch or terminate from a loop. With respect to switch, the break statement causes a transfer of control out of the entire switch statement, to the first statement following the switch statement. Can be used with other statements also

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Example: Pattern Matching

Write a program that reads an arbitrarily long sequence of bits terminated with a null character and counts the number of occurrences of the sequence 0100

0 0

1 1

s0 0

s1 1

s2 2

s3 3

s4 4

1 0

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Example: Pattern Matching

1 0 0 1 1

s0 0

s1 s1

s2 s2

s3 s3

1 0

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c = getchar( ); switch (state) { s4 s4 case 0: if (c == 0) state = 1 else state = 0; break case 1: if (c == 0) state = 1 else state = 2; break case 2: if (c == 0) state = 3 else state = 0; break case 3: if (c == 0) state = 4 else state = 2; count++; break; case 4: if (c == 0) state = 1 else state = 2; break }

Example: Pattern Matching

c = getchar( ); count = 0; state = 0; while (c != \0) { switch (state) { case 0: if (c == 0) state = 1; else state = 0; break; --------------case 3: if (c == 0) state = 4; else state = 2; count++; break; case 4: if (c == 0) state = 1; else state = 2; break; } c = getchar( ); } printf(No of matches: %d\n, count);
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A Look Back at Arithmetic Operators: The Increment and Decrement

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Increment (++) and Decrement (--)

Both of these are unary operators; they operate on a single operand. The increment operator causes its operand to be increased by 1.
Example: a++, ++count

The decrement operator causes its operand to be decreased by 1.

Example: i--, --distance

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Pre-increment versus post-increment

Operator written before the operand (++i, --i))
Called pre-increment operator. Operator will be altered in value before it is utilized for its intended purpose in the program.

Operator written after the operand (i++, i--)

Called post-increment operator. Operator will be altered in value after it is utilized for its intended purpose in the program.

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Examples
Initial values :: a = 10; b = 20; x = 50 + ++a; x = 50 + a++; x = a++ + --b; x = a++ ++a; a = 11, x = 61 x = 60, a = 11 b = 19, x = 29, a = 11 ??

Called side effects:: while calculating some values, something else get changed.
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